一切經音義 59

English (machine translation) 59

Language: English

59.2

Glossing only the Dharmaguptaka-vinaya in Sixty Fascicles

律藏 (The first character has the fanqie *lì-chū. The Sanskrit word is vinaya, also rendered 鞞泥迦 [veṇika], 毘那耶 [vinaya], 鼻那夜 [vinaya], or 毘奈耶 [vinaya]; these are all corruptions arising from variations in phonetic stress in Sanskrit. This is translated as 'conduct of departure'—'conduct' also means the path, meaning that this conduct can lead away from the evil destinies, hence its name. Or it is translated as 'extinguishing evil'. Or it is said to mean 'converting and saving', referring to how the Sanskrit scriptures convert and save sentient beings. Or it is said to mean 'subduing', subduing greed, hatred, and delusion; this is just as the Mañjuśrī-śuddha-vinaya-sūtra says: 'Comprehending craving is called the vinaya.' Checking the Erya: '律 means law', referring to rules and models. It also says: '律 means to assess', meaning that laws are used to weigh and evaluate severity. It also says: '律 means constant', meaning that it can be practiced constantly. Therefore, the character takes the step radical 彳—彳 means action—and takes the brush radical 聿—聿 means a writing brush; for determining crimes and fixing punishments cannot be decided without a brush. The Shiming says: '律 means to bind (縲); it watches over people, necessarily preventing them from being unrestrained.' As for the term śīla, it translates as 'cessation and attainment', meaning ceasing evil and attaining good. Old translations rendering it as 'purity' or 'innate goodness' are all interpretive translations. 縲 has the fanqie *lì-zhuī; 縲 means to bind).

59.5

稽首 (The Zhigu gives the ancient script as [(二/日)*(首-目+日)], same; *kǔ-lǐ fan. The Baihutong says: "Why does one bow with稽首? 稽 means to reach; 首 means the head; it means touching one's head to the ground." The Sancang says: "稽首 means knocking the head [to the ground]." The Shuowen says: "Bowing down the head." The Rites of Zhou states that the Grand Invoker distinguishes nine types of bows, the first of which is the head-to-ground bow [(二/日)*(首-目+日)]首; this is it).

59.6

說戒 (*gǔ-xiè fan. 戒 is also another meaning of vinaya. The Sanskrit word is saṃvara; this is translated as 'restraint' (禁戒), which also has the meaning of prohibition. The Guangya says: "戒 means to guard against." The Book of Changes says: "By this means one observes fast and restraint." Han Kangbo says: "Cleansing the mind is called fasting; guarding against peril is called restraint." The character structure takes 廾 holding a halberd 戈 to guard against unforeseen events; this is the ideographic meaning of the character. 廾 is also written 拜, same; *jù-lóng fan).

59.7

諷誦 (*fú-fèng fan. 諷 means chanting and reciting; 誦 means reciting from memory).

59.8

罣礙 (Also written 罫, same; *hú-guà fan. Character dictionaries say: "Snagged in a net." The Shuowen says: "礙 means stopped").

59.9

垣牆 (*yú-fán fan; an enclosing wall on four sides. The Shiming says: "垣 means assistance (援); that which people rely on for defense to assist and guard them. 牆 means an obstruction (障); that by which one obstructs and screens oneself").

59.10

飈火 (*bǐ-yáo fan; small fire. Examining the character structure, it is properly written 熛. The Shuowen says: "熛 means flying fire." The Sancang says: "Bursting fire." The Lüshi Chunqiu says: "A single spark leaking from a chimney burned down palaces and consumed bedding"; this is it).

59.11

醒者 (*sī-tǐng fan. The Zilin says: "Sobering up from drunkenness").

59.12

除愈 (The ancient script writes 瘉, same; *yú-rǔ fan. The Shuowen says: "瘉 means recovery from illness." The Fangyan says: "To improve, remit, or recover").

59.13

身康 (*gé-gāng fan. 康 means peace. The Zilin says: "Rest." The Erya says: "康 means joy").

59.14

難詰 (*qù-zhì fan. The Guangya says: "詰 means to reprove." The Shuowen says: "詰 means to interrogate").

59.15

饉飢 (The ancient script writes 𩚮, also written 饑, same; *jǐ-zhì fan. The Erya says: "Failure of cereal crops is called 飢; failure of vegetables is called 饉." The Guliang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals says: "When two cereals do not ripen, it is called 飢; when three cereals do not ripen, it is called 饉; when five cereals do not ripen, it is called disaster." The Shuowen says: "飢 means famine").

59.16

梵行 (*fán-fàn fan. The Sanskrit word is brahma; here rendered 'pure' or 'spotless'; the proper rendering is 'tranquil and quiescent'. Ge Hong's Ziyuan says: "梵 means clean", taking this sense. Thus in the Sanskrit text of the two, it is purāṇa-[dvitīya], which in translation means the former second. The Abhidharma-saṃyuktābhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra states: "requisites... fan, the second"; this is it).

59.17

髮被 (*pí-jì fan. 被 means worn or draped; also wearing clothing. In the vinaya text it is written as the 披 of 'to spread open', which is incorrect).

59.18

袈裟 (The first character has the fanqie *jǔ-qū; the second has *suǒ-jiā. The Yunji gives the sound *jiā-shā. The characters originally took the wool radical, written in the two forms [(己*殳)/毛] and [渻-目+毛]; later, Ge Hong composed the Ziyuan and first changed them to take the clothing radical. Examining foreign lands, it is universally called kaṣāya, translated here as 'improper color'. Among various trees, if their bark, leaves, flowers, etc., do not make up the five flavors and are mixed to make food, they are called kaṣāya. When this substance is used to dye robes, its color is turbid red; thus in Sanskrit texts the 'turbid' of the five turbidities is also called kaṣāya. Most Indian bhikṣus use this color. Some call it 'dark robes' (緇衣), which was likely named when it was first translated upon seeing its turbid color. Furthermore, examining the Māyopama-samādhi-sūtra, it says: 'In the Jin language, it means undefiled.' In another sense, it is called 'robes free from dust'. Or it is called 'robes of emaciation'. Or it is called 'lotus robes'. Or it is called 'robes of mixed color'. These are all names established according to meaning. Tripiṭaka Master Paramārtha said: 'Kaṣāya translates here as blood-red robes.' He states that although foreign lands have five different schools, all use red. What is called blue-black or magnolia-color differs only in the spotting/marking).

59.19

利戟 (*jū-nì fan. The Zilin says: "A weapon with branches." The Rites of Zhou says: "A halberd is six chi long." The Shiming says: "A halberd (戟) means a hurdle (格), referring to having branching hurdles on its sides").

59.20

伺之 (The Picang writes 覗. The Zilin gives the sound *jiā. Sometimes written 司; 司 has two fanqie readings: *xū-máo and *xū-lì. The Guangya says: "伺 means to spy or watch; also to inspect; to ambush." 狙 is pronounced *qiān-xù fan).

59.21

羯磨 (*jū-yè fan. Translated here as 'performing the ritual' or 'transacting business'. In the Upāliparipṛcchā-sūtra it is written as 劒暮 [kamma], which is a Prakritic corruption).

59.22

和上 (In the Bodhisattva-uttara-śīla-sūtra it is written 和闍 [upajjhāya], which are both corruptions from Khotan and other regions. It should be said as upādhyāya, translated here as 'close recitation', because when a disciple is young and does not leave his teacher, he always follows and stays close to receive the scriptures and recite them. It is also said as upādhyāya, translated here as 'personal instructor'. Old translations say: 'Knowing what is sinful and knowing what is sinless is called an upādhyāya.' 鄔 is pronounced *yū-gǔ fan; 柁 is pronounced *tú-wǒ fan).

59.23

Ācārya (經中或作阿祇利皆訛也應言阿遮利夜此云正行又言阿遮利耶此云軌範舊云於善法中教授令知名阿闍梨也; sometimes written 阿祇利 in scriptures, which are all corruptions; one should say ācārya [阿遮利夜], which translates as "correct conduct", or ācārya [阿遮利耶], which translates as "model of conduct"; the older explanation says: instructing [disciples] in good dharmas to cause them to understand is called ācārya).

59.24

Kuṇḍikā (君持; sometimes written 軍遲 in scriptures; translates as "vase", referring to a double-spouted water flask; written 鍕鏘 in the Vinaya text, which is incorrect).

59.25

Rājagṛha (羅閱; fanqie: 以 + 拙 [jié]; the Shier you jing says this means "Rājagṛha"; one should say rājā, whose meaning is "regulation/governance", using kingly rule to subdue, meaning able to govern the people).

59.26

Gṛhe (揭梨醯; translates as "in the house"; the name of a city in Magadha).

59.27

Potter (陶師; also written 匋, both fanqie: 大 + 勞 [táo]; the Shiji says: "Pottery is earthenware"; the Cang Jie pian says: "Pottery is the maker of earthenware"; Shun first made pottery along the river bank, which exemplifies this; note that the soil in the Western Regions is mostly low-lying and damp, where kilns cannot be built, so they only stack the unbaked vessels and fire them in the open; it is also borrowed phonetically as 姚 [yáo]).

59.28

Firewood (柴薪; [薪 is] fanqie: 仕 + 隹 [chái]; the Liji says: "Gather the sacrificial firewood to supply the郊-sacrifice"; Zheng Xuan says: "Large pieces that can be broken are called 薪 [xīn]; small pieces tied together are called 柴 [chái]; 薪 is used for cooking, while 柴 is used to supply torches").

59.29

Leading one another (相率; fanqie: 所 + 律 [shuài]; means commanding and marching; 率 means to guide and lead).

59.30

King Bimbisāra (瓶沙王; this rendering is corrupt; the correct form is Bimbisāra [頻婆娑羅], which translates as "firm form"; he was a king of Magadha).

59.31

Palisade and fence (柵㰚; [柵 is] fanqie: 叉 + 白 [chè]; the Shuowen says: "Erected stakes woven together"; 㰚 is also written with the two forms 籬 and 陀, both fanqie: 力 + 支 [lí]; the Tongsu wen says: "A brushwood enclosure is called a 拕; a wooden enclosure is called a 柵"; the Shiming says: "Made with brushwood, sparse and spaced apart"; written 柟楀 in the Vinaya text, which is not the standard form; 柟 is pronounced nán, and 楀 is pronounced jǔ).

59.32

Intimate and close (親厚; in ancient script 屋 is identical, fanqie: 胡 + 苟 [hòu]; note that 厚 means not thin, substantial; in the Vinaya text it is sometimes written 友, fanqie: 于 + 久 [yǒu]; the Shuowen says: "友 means having the same purpose"; the Guangya says: "友 means to love, to be close"; whichever character is used is acceptable).

59.33

Patrol (若邏; fanqie: 力 + 賀 [luò]; belonging to a garrison, referring to mobile soldiers warding off bandits; the Yunlüe says: "邏 means patrolling against transgressions"; written 儸 in the Vinaya text, which is not the standard form).

59.34

Fascicle Two

59.35

Blowing on down (吹毳; fanqie: 充 + 芮 [cuì]; the Zilin says: "Fine sheep wool"; the Shijing mentions "down garments", which the Son of Heaven and grand masters of antiquity wore when patrolling the feudal states).

59.36

Cotton (劫貝; or called 劫波育, or called 劫婆娑; the correct form is karpāsa [迦波羅], which translates as the name of a tree flower; it can be made into cloth; in Gaochang it is called 㲲, which is the name of a garment; south of Jibin, the large ones grow into trees; north [of it], they are small in size, resembling the mallow; it has pods that open to produce flowers like willow catkins, which can be spun and woven into cloth and used for clothing; 紉 is fanqie: 女 + 珍 [rèn]).

59.37

Kṣārapāṇi (差羅波尼; or written 叉羅波膩, or called 讖羅半尼; translates as "ash-water").

59.38

Kṣauma (蒭摩; fanqie: 惻 + 俱 [chū]; or called 蘇摩, or called 讖磨; translates as "coarse cloth garment"; it should be called "coarse grass garment"; note that in foreign countries it is also said that they have little silk and hemp, and mostly use the fruit of the *vaśuka* [婆叔迦] as well as grass, sheep wool, and wild-silkworm floss to make clothes).

59.39

Lāmba (嵐婆; fanqie: 力 + 含 [lán]; or written 鉢耽娑婆; this is a country, and the garment is named after the country; the garment is also called *dukūla* [頭求羅] garment, or also *dukūla* [頭鳩羅] garment, which translates as "twisted cloth").

59.40

On a stake (杙上; fanqie: 余 + 職 [yì]; the Erya says: "A 樴 is called a 杙"; Guo Pu says: "A 杙 is a stake"; 樴 is fanqie: 徒 + 得 [zhí]).

59.41

Market stall (市肆; fanqie: 相 + 利 [sì]; the Gujin zhu says: "肆 means display; 店 means setting up; a 肆 is where goods for sale are displayed; a 店 is where goods for sale are set up"; 肆 also means arraying, meaning arraying one's commodities in the market).

59.42

Joined boats (船舫; fanqie: 甫 + 妄 [fǎng]; the Shuowen writes it in the two forms 方 and 汸; the Erya says: "舫 means boat"; Guo Pu says: "Joining two boats"; the Tongsu wen says: "Connecting boats forms a 舫, which is 方"; in the Vinaya text some write 枋, pronounced fāng; the Shuowen says: "枋 is wood that can make [shafts]", which is not the meaning of the character here).

59.43

Oared boat (櫓船; also written in the two forms 樐 and 艫, both fanqie: 力 + 古 [lǔ]; the large oar at the side of a boat is called a 櫓, used to advance the boat; it also means a turreted superstructure on a boat).

59.44

Raft boat (筏船; the Tongsu wen writes 𦪑; the Yunji writes 撥, both fanqie: 抉 + 月 [fá]; the Fangyan says: "A 𥱼 is called a 筏"; bamboo or wood lashed together to float on a river to transport goods; in the south it is called 𥱼, while northerners call it 筏; 𥱼 is fanqie: 蒲 + 佳 [pá]).

59.45

Otter (水獺; two fanqie: 他 + 曷 [tā] and 他 + 轄 [tà]; the Shuowen says: "In shape like a small dog, living in water and eating fish"; written 狙 in the Vinaya text, which is incorrect, fanqie: 丁 + 曷 [dá]; the Zilin says: "The 獦狙 is the name of a beast resembling a wolf with a red head"; 狙 is not the standard character form; 獦 is fanqie: 古 + 曷 [gé]).

59.46

Śiśumāra (失收摩羅; or written 失守; the Samantapāsādikā says: "A crocodile, over twenty feet long, with four legs, resembling an alligator, with extremely sharp teeth; when birds or deer enter the water, it bites their waists and instantly snaps them in two"; some say it is a child-killing fish).

59.47

Monkey River (獼猴江; the Sanskrit word markaṭa [未迦吒] means "monkey"; hrada [賀邏䭾] means "pool"; it is beside the Āmrapālī grove in Vaiśālī; formerly, monkeys assembled together to dig a pool for the Buddha; the present use of "river" is an interpretive phrasing by the translator, just as the Gaṅgā River is also rendered as "Gaṅgā River" [恒江]).

59.48

Exclaiming at a man (咄男; fanqie: 丁 + [一/几] [duō]; the Zilin says: "咄 means addressing one another"; the Zishu says: "咄 means to rebuke").

59.49

Release of a mechanism (倚發; fanqie: 府 + 越 [fā]; refers to the release of a mechanism, the trigger that governs releasing; the Shuowen says: "Shooting and releasing"; written 撥 in the Vinaya text, fanqie: 㭪 + 沫 [bō]; the Guangya says: "撥 means to eliminate, or to discard"; 撥 does not have this meaning).

59.50

Ferocious beast (𢙣獸; the Erya Yinyi says: "狩 is also 獸 [beast]; those with two feet and feathers are called 禽 [birds]; those with four feet and fur are called 獸 [beasts]").

59.51

Snake bite (虵螫; [虵 is] fanqie: 式 + 亦 [shì]; the Zilin says: "A crawling insect"; this pronunciation is used west of the Pass; also fanqie: 呼 + 各 [hè], which is used east of the Mountains; 螫 is fanqie: 知 + 列 [zhē], which is common speech in both north and south).

59.52

Saṅghārāma (僧伽藍; this rendering is corrupt; the correct form is saṅghārāma [僧伽羅摩], which translates as "monastic garden").

59.53

Familiarity through habit (狎習; in ancient script 𧆥 and 狹 are identical forms, fanqie: 胡 + 甲 [xiá]; means getting close to and practicing, referring to attaching oneself and drawing near to someone to adopt their practices; written 洽 in the Vinaya text, which is not the standard form).

59.54

Sacrificing to the devas (祠天; fanqie: 似 + 茲 [cí]; the Erya says: "祠 means to sacrifice"; furthermore, a spring sacrifice is called a 祠).

59.55

Defiling the body (汙身; two fanqie: 鳥 + 故 [wù] and 紆 + 坐 [wū]; the Shuowen says: "Conduct that is filthy; smearing and soiling"; the Shiming says: "汙 means muddy, like pool mud").

59.56

Groping and feeling (捫摸; two fanqie: 莫 + 昆 [mēn] and 莫 + 本 [měn]; the Shenglei says: "捫 means feeling"; the Zilin says: "捫 means caressing and holding"; note that 捫摸 means grasping and holding objects).

59.57

Pressing the thigh (捺髀; in ancient script 䠋 is identical, fanqie: 蒲 + 米 [bì]; the Shuowen says: "The outer thigh"; northerners use this pronunciation; also pronounced 方 + 爾 [bǐ], which is used south of the Yangtze; written 䏶 in the Vinaya text, which is a vulgar character).

59.58

Straw stalks (草秸; also written in the three forms 稭, 𩋧, and 鞂, all fanqie: 公 + 八 [jiē]; 秸 means stalk; the Shuowen says: "稭 is grain stalk with the husks removed, used as a mat when sacrificing to Heaven"; written 𦮽 in the Vinaya text, fanqie: 古 + 木 [gǔ], which means grain shoots; 𦮽 is not the character used here).

59.59

Fascicle Three

59.60

Maheśvara (摩[醠-央+三]; [the last character is] fanqie: 呼 + 奚 [xī]; translated as Maheśvara [大自在天]).

59.61

Chanting praise (唄匿; fanqie: 蒲 + 介 [bài]; in Sanskrit bhāṣā [婆師], which here means singing praises; saying 唄匿 is suspected to be a corruption; 婆 is borrowed phonetically as fanqie: 蒲 + 賀 [bó]).

59.62

Wound aperture (創孔; in ancient script 戧 and 刃 are two forms, now written 創, both fanqie: 初 + 良 [chuāng]; the Shuowen says: "創 means a wound"; the Liji says: "If there is a wound on the head, one washes the hair", which exemplifies this; also fanqie: 楚 + 亮 [chuàng], which means beginning, not the intended meaning here; nowadays it is commonly written 瘡, which is a recent character).

59.63

Ball of food (摶食; fanqie: 徒 + 丸 [tuán]; the Shuowen says: "摶 means making round"; the Tongsu wen says: "Rolling round with the hands is called 摶", which is this; written 揣 in the Vinaya text; the Shuowen says: "揣 means measuring", fanqie: 都 + 果 [duǒ], which is used by northerners; also fanqie: 初 + 委 [chuǐ], which is used south of the Yangtze; 揣 is not the proper sense of the character here).

59.64

Pleasing the mind (適意; fanqie: 尸 + 亦 [shì]; the Guangya says: "適 means good"; meaning things and affairs suitably match a person's wishes).

59.65

What is protected (所保; in ancient script [估-十+(而-(百-日)+刀)], [刀/呆], and 葆 are three identical forms, fanqie: 補 + 道 [bǎo]; the Shuowen says: "保 means to nurture; also to guard").

59.66

Flower garland (華鬘; Sanskrit mālā [摩羅] means garland; 鬘 is pronounced mán; note that garland-makers in the Western Regions mostly use sumanā flowers strung together in rows to form strings, worn as ornaments by all regardless of whether male or female, noble or base; the heavenly garlands, jeweled garlands, flower garlands, and the like in various sutras are all this; written 鬚 in the Vinaya text, which is not the standard form).

59.67

Withered and spent (乾消; [乾 is] fanqie: 古 + 寒 [gān]; the second character in ancient script is 消, fanqie: 思 + 遙 [xiāo]; the Shuowen says: "消 means to be exhausted"; written 𤴲 in the Vinaya text, which is incorrect).

59.68

Hemorrhoids (痔病; fanqie: 直 + 理 [zhì]; a disease of the anus; the Shiming says: "痔 means to eat, referring to worms eating it").

59.69

Lanes and alleys (里巷; the Zhouli states that five families make a neighborhood [鄰], and five neighborhoods make a hamlet [里], referring to twenty-five families; 里 means dwelling, occupying the space within a square li).

59.70

You all (汝曹; also written 曹, both fanqie: 自 + 勞 [cáo]; 曹 means peers, a group).

59.71

Two wings (兩翅; in ancient script [(工/土)*(厂-一)*氏] and [(工/土)*(厂-一)*是] are two identical forms, fanqie: 𧦧 + 智 [chì]; the Shuowen says: "翅 means wings").

59.72

Spread hands (磔手; in ancient script 㡯 is identical, fanqie: 知 + 格 [zhé]; the Guangya says: "磔 means to stretch out; 磔 means to spread open"; the Tongsu wen says: "Stretching and extending is called 磔"; the Shuowen also says: "To tear apart"; written 桀 in the Vinaya text, fanqie: 渠 + 列 [jié]; the Zilin says: "Violent and cruel"; also written 磔, its provenance being unclear).

59.73

Filled to capacity (填滿; in ancient script 寘 is identical, fanqie: 徒 + 堅 [tián]; the Guangya says: "填 means to block up").

59.74

Soaked and steeped (淹漬; fanqie: 在 + 賜 [zì]; the Tongsu wen says: "Steeping in water is called 漬"; the Shuowen says: "漬 means to soak").

59.75

Embankment and dike (隄防; in ancient script 䧑 is identical, fanqie: 都 + 奚 [dī]; the Erya says: "A 隄 is called a bridge/dyke"; Li Xun says: "A 隄防 is a barrier"; the Hanshu says: "Having no 隄 to border it"; Zhang Zhao says: "Mounding earth to form a boundary").

59.76

What is identified (所認; fanqie: 而 + 證 [rèn]; when one who has lost property recognizes it, that is called 認; written in the two forms 訒 and 仞 in the Vinaya text, which are not the standard form).

59.77

Leather sandals (革屣; in ancient script 𩎉, 𩌦, and 𨁾 are three identical forms, two fanqie: 所 + 倚 [xǐ] and 所 + 解 [xiè]; the Shenglei says: "屣 belongs to the category of shoes").

59.78

Snapping a line on the ground (拼地; fanqie: 補 + 耕 [bēng]; nowadays refers to snapping an inked cord to mark a straight line; south of the Yangtze it is called 拼, fanqie: 普 + 庚 [pēng]).

59.79

Late afternoon (晡時; fanqie: 補 + 胡 [bū]; the Huainanzi says: "When the sun reaches the Feigu Valley"; today this corresponds to the hour of the monkey [shen hour, 3–5 p.m.]).

59.80

Spittoon (唾壺; fanqie: 戶 + 孤 [hú]; the Shuowen says: "A round vessel").

59.81

Disturbing and harassing (觸嬈; fanqie: 奴 + 了 [rǎo]; the Sancang says: "嬈 means playing with"; the Shuowen says: "嬈 means disturbing and playing tricks on").

59.82

Fascicle Four

59.83

Castrated ram (𦍞): Ding and xi fan. The Sancang says: 'A castrated ram (jiete yang).' The Guangya says: 'A male sheep.'

59.84

In charge of (典領): Also written as [敲-高+(曲/八)], identical. Ding and jian fan. The Guangya says: 'Dian means to be in charge.'

59.85

Suck up (欶太): Also written as 嗽, identical. Suo and jiao fan. It means to suck. The Tongsu wen says: 'To draw in with the mouth is called sou (欶/嗽).'

59.86

Aged (老邁): Sometimes written as 勱, identical. Mo and jie fan. The Guangya says: 'Mai means to return or go.' The Shuowen says: 'To travel far.' The Classic of Poetry says: 'The days and months pass by (mai).' The commentary says: 'Mai means to go.'

59.87

Senile (老耄): Two glyph forms, now written as 耗, identical. Mo and bao fan. The Book of Rites says: 'At eighty, one is called mao.' Zheng Xuan says: 'Mao means confused and forgetful.' The Zuo zhuan says: 'When getting old, one should know that senility (mao) will also catch up with him.' Du Yu says: 'Mao means muddled.'

59.88

Just born (適生): The Shuowen gives the fanqie as shi and chi. It means to happen; that is, newly or recently.

59.89

Bursting stones (迸石): The ancient character is 跰, also written as 𧻓, identical. Ban and meng fan. Beng means to scatter and flee.

59.90

Self-folding (自襞): Bing and chi fan. The Guangya says: 'Bi means to bend or fold.' The Shuowen says: 'To hem garments.' Qu (詘) is pronounced qu (屈); juan (韏) has the fanqie qiang and ruan.

59.91

Four layers (四疊): Tu and jia fan. The Sancang says: 'Die means a layer.' Also written as 褺; the Zilin says: 'Layered clothing.' The two forms are interchangeable. The Vinaya text writes it as 牒, which means a brief or tablet; 牒 does not fit the meaning here.

59.92

Ache and pain (疼痛): Also written in the two forms 痋 and 𦙭, identical. Tu and dong fan. The Shenglei writes it as 癑. The Shuowen says: 'Teng means throbbing pain.' The Shiming says: 'Teng means numb aches.' The popular pronunciation is teng (騰).

59.93

Fascicle Five

59.94

Watering and irrigating (溉灌): Ge and lai fan. The Shuowen says: 'Gai means to irrigate; guan means to pour into.'

59.95

Plucking flowers (擿花): Du and ge fan. The Cang Jie pian says: 'To pick with the fingers.' The Vinaya text writes it as 擿; the Zilin gives the fanqie ta and di, meaning to remove; or cheng and yi fan, meaning to cast or throw—neither of these matches the meaning here.

59.96

Performers (倡伎): Chi and yang fan. The Shuowen says: 'Theatrical entertainment.' We note: 'Pai' refers to comedic performances by entertainers to bring amusement and pleasure. The Vinaya text writes it as 啡, with the fanqie pi and kai, meaning to spit; 啡 does not have this meaning.

59.97

Settlement (聚落): The ancient characters are 鄹 and 𨞮, two forms, identical. Cai and ju fan. It is a name for a hamlet or village; a small township is called a ju (聚). The Guangya says: 'Luo means to dwell.' It refers to a place where people assemble and dwell. The Book of Han says: 'There was no scattering of the settlements'—this is it.

59.98

Jumping and stamping (趒躑): The upper character has the fanqie ta and diao, or tu and diao. The lower character has the fanqie chi and yi. The Yunji says: 'Tiao means to leap.' Nowadays people say tiaozhi (趒躑).

59.99

Fascicle Six

59.100

The saṅghāṭī among the three robes (三衣僧伽梨): This sound is corrupt; it should be said as saṃghāti (僧伽致) or saṃghāṭī (僧伽𦙁). It is translated as 'joined' or 'double', meaning that it is cut into strips and joined together, and made with double layers. This single robe must be made of cut strips, whereas the other two robes may or may not be cut. According to the Dharmaguptaka school, the Sarvāstivādins and most others, it is not cut; according to the *Bhadrayānīya school, the Mahāsāṃghika and others, it is cut. If it is not cut, one simply attaches patches (tie, jue and fan) with fine stitches and that is all.

59.101

Uttarāsaṅga (欝多羅僧): Also called yutuoluosengjia (郁多羅僧伽), youduoluoseng (優多羅僧), or written as oudouluoseng (漚多羅僧); these are merely corrupt variants of the Sanskrit word. It is translated as 'upper-worn robe'. 'Worn' means closely fitting the body; it means that among everyday clothing it is the topmost, hence the name. It is also called the 'robe covering the left shoulder'.

59.102

Antarvāsa (安多會): Also written as antuowei (安多衛), antuopoxuo (安多婆娑), or antuoluobasa (安陀羅跋薩). It is translated as 'inner garment', meaning that it stays close to the body; or 'under-robe'.

59.103

Exchange (更𧵍): Also written as 𧴵, identical. Mo and hou fan. The Sancang says: 'Xie-gou (詰𧴵) means to exchange.' The Erya says: 'Gou (𧴵) means trade and purchasing in the market.' Guo Pu says: 'To exchange goods is called gou.' The Classic of Poetry says: 'Embracing bolts of cloth to barter for silk'—this is it.

59.104

Drying in the sun (中曬): Also written as 𱤅. The Fangyan says: 'Shai means to expose to the sun, to dry objects.' Guo Pu gives the pronunciation as shuang and zhi fan; the northern regions use this sound. It also has the fanqie suo and ai; the regions south of the Yangtze use this sound.

59.105

Five grains (五穀): We note: The 'Yueling' (Monthly Ordinances) of the Book of Rites states that in spring the Son of Heaven eats wheat. Zheng says: 'Wheat has husks and belongs to wood.' In summer he eats pulse; pulse is beans; pulse has firm and closed husks and belongs to water. In late summer he eats millet; millet is the chief of the five grains and belongs to earth; earth occupies the center. In autumn he eats hemp seeds; the seeds have grain patterns and belong to metal. In winter he eats broomcorn millet; broomcorn millet blooms freely and disperses, belonging to fire. All these follow the seasons in eating them so as to bring peace to one's constitution.

59.106

Exposed and uncovered (敞露): Chi and zhang fan. The Cang Jie pian says: 'Chang means high and prominent.' The Shuowen says: 'A leveled, high, and large place from which one can look far.' The Vinaya text writes it as 閶, pronounced chang; in the Chu ci it refers to the Gate of Heaven, and it is also the name of the west wind; 閶 is not the right meaning.

59.107

Stored up (儲積): Zhi and yu fan. The Sancang says: 'Chu means prepared; to hoard goods as a provision is called chu.' The Shuowen says: 'Chu means stored up, accumulated, and awaiting.' Zhi (偫) has the fanqie zhi and li.

59.108

Plucking the chalk-line (綫栟): Bu and geng fan. Beng means to snap a line. The Vinaya text writes it as 絣, the same character as beng (迸), with the fanqie bai and geng; the Zilin says it means plain damask without patterns.

59.109

Barefoot (徒跣): Da and hu fan. The lower character has the two fanqie qian and dian, and xi and dian. It means treading the earth with bare feet. The Sancang writes it as 踱 or 跅, both with the fanqie tai and ge.

59.110

Fingernail scraper (爪扴): Also written as [木*(葛-人+乂)], identical. Gong and ba fan. The Shuowen says: '[木*(葛-人+乂)] means to scrape.'

59.111

Fascicle Seven

59.112

Solemn chariot (嚴駕): The ancient character is 格, identical. Jia and xia fan. The Zilin says: 'Horses harnessed within the yoke are called jia.' The Guangya says: 'Jia means to go; jia means to ride.'

59.113

Pick open (擿解): Ta and di fan. It means to remove; to pick out; to pick apart.

59.114

Should be patched (應帖): Ta and jia fan. The Tongsu wen says: 'To apply a title is called tie (帖).' The Shuowen says: 'Tie means a label on a silk document.' The Vinaya text writes it as 𧚦, with the fanqie tu and jia; the Fangyan says: 'An unlined garment.' 𧚦 is not used in this sense.

59.115

Dry cocoons (𱹖繭): Pu and gu fan. The Shuowen says: '𱹖 means to dry in the sun.' The ancient character for cocoon (繭) is 絸, with the fanqie gong and tian. Jian means reeling silk.

59.116

With an adze (以斤): Ju and yin fan. The Shuowen says: 'Jin means an axe for hewing wood.' The Guoyu says: 'Jin means a mattock.' The Shiming says: 'Jin means careful (jin); when a plank is wide and cannot be pared, and has knots, one uses this jin to carefully make it smooth and erase axe marks.' The Vinaya text writes it as 釿, with the fanqie yu and jin; the Cang Jie pian says: '釿 means a hoe'; it also has the fanqie niu and yin; the Shuowen says: '釿-ji (釿劑, pronounced zi and sui fan) means shears.' 釿 does not have this meaning.

59.117

Finely minced (細剉): Dan and wo fan. The Shuowen says: 'To break and damage.' We note: Cuo is like chopping. The Vinaya text writes it as 挫, which is incorrect.

59.118

Clay lump (塗埵): Du and guo fan. The Zilin says: 'Hardened earth.'

59.119

Foreign sheep (羺羊): Nu and gou fan. The Picang says: 'The nuanou (䍲羺) is a Hu sheep, called nuanou.' Nuan (䍲) has the fanqie nü and jia.

59.120

Close to the bowl (𭣋鉢): Cha and jin fan. 𭣋 means close; hidden and fitting close to the inside.

59.121

Making a cap (作帽): Mo and bao fan. Headwear.

59.122

Making socks (作袜): The ancient character is 韈, also written as 襪, 𭘕, or 襪, three forms identical. Wu and fa fan. Footwear. The Shiming says: 'Wa means extremity (mo), the extremity of the foot.'

59.123

Fascicle Eight

59.124

Piebald (分牻): Wang and jiang fan. The Shuowen says: 'An ox with mixed black and white hair.' Nowadays it is often written as 尨, a dog with heavy fur; the Classic of Poetry says: 'Do not let the dog (mang) bark'—this is it.

59.125

Dye and tear (染擗): Fang and mai fan. The Shuowen says: 'Pi means to rip open; to tear apart.' The Guangya says: 'Pi means to divide.'

59.126

Fascicle Nine

59.127

Repentance (懺悔): This is an abbreviated, corrupt form; the character 懺 did not exist in older writings. It should be kṣama (叉磨), which translates here as 'forbearance', meaning to pardon my transgressions. The semi-monthly kṣama increases the roots of morality. Poṣadha (逋沙他) translates here as 'increasing the precepts'. Pratideśayāmi (鉢羅帝提舍耶寐) translates here as 'I confess before [others]', meaning to declare one's sins face-to-face. The older name busa (布薩) is an abbreviated corruption; translating it as 'pure abode' (jingzhu) is a semantic translation.

59.128

Five stitches (五綴): Zhang and wei fan. The Shuowen says: 'Zhui means to join together; zhui means to connect.'

59.129

Inside the threshold (閾內): The ancient character is 閾, identical. Xu and yu fan; also pronounced yu. The Erya says: 'Chi (抶) is called the threshold (yu).' Guo Pu says: 'The door threshold.' Chi (抶) has the fanqie tian and jie.

59.130

Door leaf (戶扉): Dictionaries state: 'A single leaf is called a hu; two leaves are called a men. Furthermore, on an inner room, it is called hu; for the outer boundaries of a residence, it is called men.' The Vinaya text writes it as 𨵈, whose origin has not yet been seen.

59.131

Making a spinning wheel (作繀): Su and dui fan. The Fangyan says: 'The reel frame (suiche) is called lilu in the Zhao and Wei regions.'

59.132

On the peg (橜上): Qu and yue fan. The Guangya says: 'Jue means a peg (yi).' Yi (杙) has the fanqie yi and zhi.

59.133

Fascicle Ten

59.134

Ferocious shock (震烈): Li and zhe fan. The Shuowen says: 'Lie means fierce fire.' The Guangya says: 'Lie means intense.'

59.135

Inside the basin (𢀴中): Zhi and yi fan. The Shuowen says: 'A round vessel, also called an 𧣞.' Ying Shao's commentary on the Book of Han says: 'An e (厄) holds four dou.' The Vinaya text writes it as 枝, the branch of a tree, which is not the proper character. 𧣞 has the fanqie tu and dan.

59.136

Inside the tub (𥯕中): Ta and lang fan. The Shuowen says: 'A large cylinder, made of wood or earthenware, shorter and wider than a bucket.' The Vinaya text writes it as [欓-口], pronounced dang and lang fan; the Guangya says: '[欓-口] means the Evodia (zhuyu)'; [欓-口] is not used in this sense.

59.137

North-facing window (戶向): Xu and liang fan. The Sancang says: 'Xiang means a window opening to the north; it also means a window.'

59.138

Sundry utensils (什物): Shi and li fan. Shi refers to a counted collection; it also means an assembly, miscellaneous goods, or items for daily livelihood. Nowadays people refer to household properties and utensils as shiwu; wu means vessels. South of the Yangtze they are called shiwu; in this land they are called wuxing. The Records of the Grand Historian states: 'Shun made sundry utensils (shiqi) at Shouqiu'; the Book of Han states: 'Poor people were bestowed fields, residences, and sundry utensils'—this is precisely it.

59.139

Beating and striking (打撲): Pi and mu fan. The Tongsu wen says: 'Continuous blows with a staff are called pu (撲).'

59.140

Fascicle Eleven

59.141

Nourish and feed (養𩚅): The Shuowen gives the fanqie qiu and zhi, meaning provisions. The Guangya says: 'Wei means si (𩚅).' The Cang Jie xungu says: 'Si means satiated.' Giving food to others is called si. Wei (萎) has the fanqie yu and wei. The Vinaya text writes it as 飼, which is a vulgar character.

59.142

Rub and wipe (摩抆): The ancient character is 捪, identical. Wang and fen fan. Wen means to wipe clean. The Vinaya text sometimes writes it as 捫, meaning to stroke.

59.143

䞈金 (In ancient script, identical to 脆, fanqie 几髲 [jì]. Guangya: 䞈 means to wager. Shuowen: 䞈 means goods.)

59.144

毀呰 (Fanqie 子爾 [zǐ]. Shuowen: 呰 means to scold. The Liji says: 'Among those who disparage, none know whence propriety arises.' Zheng Xuan says: 'Slanderous reproach with the mouth is called 呰.')

59.145

禿瞎 (Now written as [瞙-大+(句-口+虫)], the same. Fanqie 呼鎋 [xiā]. Character books: to have one eye closed.)

59.146

皮韋 (Fanqie 于非 [wéi]. Zilin: soft leather.)

59.147

野干 (Note that the 'Zixu fu' says: 'Soaring afar are the shegan.' The commentaries of Sima Biao and Guo Pu both state: 'The shegan resembles a fox but is smaller and able to climb trees.' 射 is pronounced yè; it is also written as 野.)

59.148

甘膳 (Fanqie 上扇 [shàn]. Shuowen: prepared food. Guangya: 善 [膳] means meat. Yili: 膳 means to present food. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhouli states: '膳 (delicacy) is said of 善 (good).' Nowadays, delicious items are also called precious delicacies (珍膳).)

59.149

俹臥 (Fanqie 於嫁 [yà]. The Yunji states: 'To lean against is 俹.' Nowadays people say 俹息 [to rest leaning] or 却俹 [to lean back], both being this.)

59.150

謦欬 (Fanqie 空頂 [qǐng]; the second character is fanqie 苦代 [kài]. The Tongsu wen states: 'Clearing the throat is called 謦.' The character follows the vinaya text where it is written as 𡄇. 咳 is pronounced with the fanqie 苦經 [kēng], which is the name of a musical instrument; the second is fanqie 苦愛 [kài], infant coughing; it is not the standard character form.)

59.151

Fascicle 12

59.152

掘地 (Fanqie 渠勿 [jué]. Shuowen: 掘 means 搰 [to excavate]; that is, to unearth the ground using an implement. 搰 is fanqie 胡沒 [hú].)

59.153

钁斵 (In ancient script, identical to [訊-言+畫]. Fanqie 竹角 [zhuó]. Shuowen: 斵 means to chop.)

59.154

掐傷 (Fanqie 枯狹 [qiā]; also written as 㓣, the same, fanqie 枯洽 [qià]. The Tongsu wen states: 'Pressing with the fingernails is called 掐.' The Yunji states: '㓣 means to harm someone.' In Jiangnan there are 'engraved precious vessels' (㓣寶器), which should be written with this character.)

59.155

竿蔗 (Pronounced gān. The second character is also written as 柘, the same, fanqie 諸夜 [zhè]. Nowadays the people of Shu call it '竿蔗' [pole-cane], whereas '甘蔗' [sugarcane] is the common term.)

59.156

自炒 (In ancient script, it has the four forms 鬻, 𱪰, 焣, and 𤌉; now written as 𰣕. Cui Shi's Simin yueling writes it as 炒. Ancient forms of the character 寄 write it as 𤍕, all fanqie 初狡 [chǎo]. Fangyan: 熬, 煎, and 㷶 (fanqie 皮逼 [pí]) all mean to dry by fire. Shuowen: to roast.)

59.157

黑縹 (Fanqie 匹眇 [piǎo]. Shiming states: 'It is a light bluish-green colour.' There is 'sky-piǎo' and 'bone-piǎo', each named according to its colour.)

59.158

毳紵 (Also written as 苧, the same, fanqie 直呂 [zhù]. Shuowen: of the abutilon kind; the fine ones make quan-cloth; white and fine cloth is called zhù; it is also the name of a plant. 絟 is pronounced with the fanqie 七泉 [quān], fine kudzu cloth. 檾 is fanqie 苦逈 [qǐng].)

59.159

何與 (Fanqie 余據 [yù]. 会 [hui], 暨 [ji], and 與 [yu] all mean 'and' or 'to participate'.)

59.160

覆苫 (Fanqie 舒鹽 [shān]. Erya: 'A white cover is called a 苫.' Li Xun states: 'Weaving cogon grass to cover a roof is called 苫.' Another pronunciation is fanqie 舒焰 [shàn]. 苫 also means to cover.)

59.161

憒𠆴 (Fanqie 公對 [kuì]; the second character is fanqie 奴教 [nào]. Shuowen: 憒 means disordered. Yunji: 𠆴 means chaotic and crowded; 猥 means many. In vinaya texts it is written as 閙, which is a popular variant.)

59.162

百臘 (Fanqie 力盍 [là]. Note that the Fengsu tong states: 'The Han dynasty called it là (臘), which means hunting (獵). They hunted birds and beasts to offer sacrifice to their ancestors.' This is the name of the sacrifice to the spirits at the end of the year. When the scriptures speak of 'holding the là for the Buddha' (臘佛), it carries this meaning. Some say: '獵 (là) means joining (接), the transition between the old and the new.' In various scriptures and vinayas it is also called 'year' (歲), as in the Xinsui jing (Sūtra of the New Year). The commentary on the Erya states: 'One complete cycle is called a suì (year); it is also derived from the orbital station of the Year Star (Jupiter).' The Xia called it suì; the Shang called it sì; the Zhou called it nián; the Tang and Yu called it zài; all are named on the basis of one complete cycle. Nowadays, bhikṣus say either là or xià (summer retreat), meaning the two refer to the same event: the meaning of one complete cycle. Note that in India there is much rain; the rains retreat (varṣā) runs from the sixteenth day of the fifth month to the sixteenth day of the eighth month. In Tokhara and other regions, the retreat is held in the twelfth month. In this land, it is called the summer retreat (vassa), running from the sixteenth day of the fourth month to the fifteenth day of the seventh month. Each establishes its designation according to its circumstances.)

59.163

Fascicle 13

59.164

相遺 (Fanqie 余季 [wèi]. Guangya: 遺 means to give; that is, to give someone pleasing objects, as in oral gifting (贈遺).)

59.165

熨治 (Also written as 尉, the same, fanqie 於謂 [yùn]. Shuowen: pressing down smoothly from above; also the implement used to iron out and stretch silk fabrics.)

59.166

田殖 (Fanqie 時力 [zhí]. Cangjie pian: 殖 means to plant. Guangya states: 殖 means to grow.)

59.167

撩理 (Fanqie 力條 [liáo]. The Tongsu wen states: 'Ordering confusion is called liaoli.' It means combing and arranging neatly. Nowadays people mostly write it with the character 料 [liào] as in liaoliang [measuring]. 捋 is pronounced with the fanqie 力活 [luō].)

59.168

Fascicle 14

59.169

斟酌 (In ancient script, identical to [甚*斤]. Fanqie 之任 [zhēn]. Shuowen: 斟 means to ladle. Guoyu: 'The king deliberated (斟酌) on it.' Jia Kui says: '[甚*斤] is like taking and ladling to administer.' Guangya states: '斟酌 means to increase or decrease.' In vinaya texts it is written as 斟; its origin is not yet known.)

59.170

跟劈 (In ancient script, it has the two forms 䤨 and 𤖼. Zilin: fanqie 匹狄 [pī], meaning to split open. This pronunciation is used in Guanzhong. Shuowen gives the sound as hidden, fanqie 披厄 [pè]. In Jiangnan both pronunciations are commonly used.)

59.171

𧷮賈 (Fanqie 公戶 [gǔ]. Zhouli: of the nine occupations, the sixth is 'traveling traders and settled merchants' (賈). Zheng Xuan says: 'Traveling is called 賈 [gǔ]; settled is called 賈 [jiǎ].' Baihu tong states: 'Merchants (賈) store goods to await the people coming to seek them for profit.' Nowadays they are all traders.)

59.172

貪餮 (Also written as 飻, the same, fanqie 他結 [tiè]. Shuowen: greedy. Old vinaya editions mostly write taotie (饕飻), with 他勞 [tāo] fanqie. Note that the Zuozhuan states: 'The Jinyun clan had an unworthy son who was greedy for food and drink, covetous of goods and bribes, accumulating without knowing limit or end; the people called him Taotie.' Du Yu says: 'Coveting wealth is called tāo; coveting food is called tiè.')

59.173

哯出 (In ancient script, identical to 咞. Fanqie 下殄 [xiàn]. Shuowen: vomiting without retching. Nowadays said of an infant spitting up milk.)

59.174

鉢𥁄 (Fanqie 補沫 [bō]. Pātra, also called pātala; translated here as 'thin' (薄), meaning working thick material thin to make a vessel. 鉢 is also a recent character. The second character is fanqie 羽俱 [yǔ]. Shuowen: an eating vessel. In vinaya texts it is written as 釫, an ancient script for 鏵, fanqie 胡瓜 [huá], a plowshare. A plowshare is not used for this purpose.)

59.175

孔罅 (In ancient script, it has the two forms [土*雩] and 𨬆, both fanqie 呼亞 [xià]. Shuowen: 𨬆 means to fissure or crack.)

59.176

Fascicle 15

59.177

賦與 (Fanqie 方句 [fù]. Guangya: 賦 means to distribute, to equalize. Erya: 賦 means to disperse; dispersing widely to give. In vinaya texts it is written as 傅, meaning tutor; it is also written as 付, meaning entrustment; neither carries this meaning.)

59.178

餅黏 (Fanqie 女廉 [nián]. Shuowen: 黏 means adhering to one another. Sancang: 黏 means joining together.)

59.179

甘饌 (Shuowen: 饌 is sometimes written as 饌, the same, fanqie 仕眷 [zhuàn], meaning prepared food. Lunyu: 'When there is food and drink, the elders partake of delicacies (饌).' Ma Rong says: '饌 means food and drink.')

59.180

脫過 (Two fanqie readings: 吐活 [tuō] and 吐外 [tuì]. Guangya: 脫 means perhaps or near to; that is, an expression of uncertainty.)

59.181

須鈍 (In ancient script, identical to 錐, fanqie 余招 [yáo]. Guangya: a xuan (鋗) is called a dun (鈍). Shuowen: a warming vessel, resembling a tripod cauldron (li) with rings on top; this pronunciation is used east of the mountains. Another reading is fanqie 徒弔 [diào], which is nowadays used in Jiangnan. The shape of a dun resembles a boiler without feet, surmounted by a crouching dragon to serve as a handle. 鋗 is fanqie 呼玄 [xuān]; 鬲 is pronounced lì.)

59.182

毛氀 (Zilin: fanqie 力于 [lǘ], coarse woollen cloth. The Tongsu wen states: 'Woollen cloth is called 氀.' Another reading is fanqie 所俱 [shū], as in qūshū [fine wool carpet]. 㲒 is pronounced qū.)

59.183

Fascicle 16

59.184

辮髮 (The Sancang also has the character 偏, the same, fanqie 平典 [biàn]. Shuowen: 辮 means intertwining.)

59.185

蕤汁 (Fanqie 汝誰 [ruí]. Erya: 'Huò is white ruí.' Guo Pu states: 'A small thorny shrub growing in clumps; its fruit is purplish-red and edible.' In the Bencao it is written as 蕤; nowadays it is the ruí kernel (ruíhé). The character follows 生 with a 豕 phonetic. 掝 is pronounced yù.)

59.186

嬉戲 (Fanqie 虛之 [xī]. Shuowen: 僖 means joyful. Cangjie pian: 嬉戲 means laughing and playing.)

59.187

澆灒 (Fanqie 子且 [zàn]. Shuowen: splashing liquid. In Jiangnan they say 灒; east of the mountains they say 𱩹. 𱩹 is fanqie 子見 [jiàn]. The Tongsu wen states: 'Wetting sideways is called 𱩹.')

59.188

若𥱼 (Also written as 𥱼, the same, fanqie 步隹 [féi]. Guangya states: '𥱼 and 𣻜 mean a raft.' Nowadays, binding bamboo and timber to transport on water is a 𥱼. The people of Qin call it a raft (筏); in Jiangnan it is called a 𥱼. 𣻜 is pronounced fū.)

59.189

掉臂 (Fanqie 徒弔 [diào]. Guangya: 掉 means to move. Shuowen: 掉 means to shake.)

59.190

皰沸 (In Huainanzi it is written as 皰, the same, fanqie 彭孝 [pào]. Shuowen: heat blisters breaking out on the face. The Tongsu wen states: 'When the body itches with blisters, it is called 㿎沮 (fanqie 扶分 [fén] and 才與 [jǔ]).' In Jiangnan they call it 沸子; east of the mountains it is called 㿎沮. In vinaya texts it appears in the two forms 庖 and 䶌, whose sources have not been identified.)

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掃[麩-夫+戈] (Pronounced yì, wheat bran. Only in the Jinyang chunqiu is there a person with the surname Yao whose given name is [麩-夫+弋] written with this character; it is found in no other books.)

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彷徉 (Zilin: pronounced fáng; the second character is fanqie 余章 [yáng]. Guangya: 彷徉 means pacing up and down. Note: 彷徉 is like wandering back and forth (徘徊).)

59.193

櫨楝 (Fanqie 祿都 [lú]. Shuowen: 欂櫨 is the bracket-arm (枅) atop a pillar. Sancang: the square timber atop a pillar is called 枅, also named 㭼. East of the mountains and in Jiangnan it is called 枅; west of Shanzhou it is called 㭼. Shiming states: 'The 櫨 sits at the edge of the roof; all together they support the roof's weight.' The second character is fanqie 都弄 [dòng]. Shuowen: 棟 is the ridgepole of a roof. The Zhouyi says: 'Above is the ridgepole, below is the eaves.' Nowadays, east of the mountains, calling the ridgepole 檼 is fanqie 一靳 [yìn]. Shiming states: '棟 (ridgepole) means middle (中); it occupies the middle of the roof, supporting it, using the 檼 to buttress it.' 欂 is fanqie 蒲夌 [bó].)

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不禁 (Two fanqie readings: 急林 [jīn] and 居鴆 [jìn]. Note that 禁 is like restraint.)

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Fascicle 18

59.196

口噤 (In ancient script, identical to 唫. Fanqie 渠飲 [jìn]. Chuci: 'The mouth is locked (噤) without speaking.' Wang Yi says: 'Closing the mouth is called 噤.')

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桎者 (Fanqie 猪栗 [zhì]. Guangya: 柱 [桎] means to prick; that is, poking someone with a finger.)

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手搏 (Fanqie 補各 [bó]. 搏 is like clapping or striking. Guangya: 搏 means to strike. Shiming states: 'Striking with the full breadth of four fingers.')

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罰摘 (The first character is fanqie 扶發 [fá]. Shuowen: small crimes receive punishment (罰). Guangya: 罰 means to subdue and humble. The character is composed of 'knife' (刀) and 'reproach' (詈). 謫: Shuowen gives fanqie 都革 [zhé], meaning to penalize. Zilin: to blame for an error. Fangyan: 謫 means fault and offense. The Tongsu wen states: 'To punish an offense is called 謫.' In vinaya texts it is written as 㒀, which is incorrect.)

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Fascicle 19

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese