一切經音義 70

English (machine translation) 70

Language: English

70.1

Compiled by the Translation Śramaṇa Huilin

Glossing the earlier translation of the Kośabhāṣya in 22 fascicles,
the Kośakārikā in 1 fascicle, and the later translation of the Kośabhāṣya in 30 fascicles:
these 53 fascicles share the pronunciations in this fascicle.

70.3

Kośabhāṣya, Fascicle One

70.4

Compiled by Xuanying

70.5

Kośa (俱舍: translated here as "treasury" (藏), which is the general term for a storehouse; in essence it refers to a silkworm cocoon, borrowed here as a metaphor).

70.6

All darkness (諸冥: has the two fanqie mò + tíng and mò + dìng. The Shuowen says: '冥 means secluded; dark and dim. 冥 also means night; at night nothing can be seen. The character is derived from 日 [sun] and 六 [six]; counting six days after the tenth day, the moon begins to wane, which is 冥; 冖 is phonetic'; 冖 has the sound of the fanqie míng + bì).

70.7

What burden (何負: has the two fanqie hú + kě and méi + duō. The Xiao Erya says: '何 means to lift and carry on the shoulder.' The Guangya says: '何 means to bear.' Nowadays all are written as 荷).

70.8

Aperture and cavern (竅穴: has the fanqie kǒu + diào. 竅 means an opening. The Shuowen says: '竅 means a hole; 穴 means an earthen chamber').

70.9

Turtles and alligators (龜鼉: has the fanqie tú + duō. The Sancang says: 'Resembles a flood-dragon (jiāo) but larger.' The Shanhaijing says: 'The Jiang River has an abundance of alligators.' Guo Pu says: 'Resembles a lizard; large ones are ten feet long, with colourful scales, and can be made into drums. The Shijing says, "The alligator-skin drums sound féng-féng," which refers to this.' The character form is derived from 黽 [toad/reptile] with 𠹈 phonetic; 𠹈 has the sound nà; 黽 has the fanqie mò + gěng).

70.10

Collared scops owl (鉤鵅: the upper character has the sound gǔ + hóu; the lower has the fanqie jiā + é. The Erya says: 'The luò is the jīqī.' Guo Pu says: 'Now east of the Yangtze they call the collared scops owl (xiūliú) a gōuluò, pronounced gé.' The Guangya says: 'The xiūliú is a screech owl (chīxiāo); it is also an uncanny bird, blind by day and seeing by night. West of the Pass they call it the xùnhóu; east of the Mountains they call it the xùnhú.' In the treatise it is written with the graph 鴝, which has the same sound as 𮭠, with the fanqie jù + yú, which is the crested myna (qúyù) bird; 鴝 does not have this meaning).

70.11

Fascicle Two

70.12

To strike one another (相[木*(蔑-戍+貝)]: has the fanqie chī + wèi. Southerners call striking each other 相㩌).

70.13

Colliding with one another (相磕: has the fanqie kǔ + hé. The Shuowen says: '磕 is the sound of stones.' Nowadays south of the Yangtze, whenever one speaks of striking an object and breaking it to pieces, it is called 磕破; it also denotes a loud crash).

70.14

In a fissure (隙中): The ancient character is written the same as 𡭽. Fanqie: 去逆 [qì]. Shuowen jiezi: 'A fissure (隙) is a hole along a wall.' Guangya: 'A fissure means separated.'

70.15

Drum cylinder (鼓𣞙): Fanqie: 桑朗 [sǎng]. Picang: 'A drum-cylinder (𣐎).' Lexicons state: 'The wooden cylinder of a drum.' The treatise writes it as 顙. Fangyan: '顙 means forehead; in eastern Qi it is called 顙.' That is not the meaning here.

70.16

Arresting and detaining (執駐): The ancient characters 住, 討, 𠊪, and 𨔦 have four shared forms. Two fanqies: 雉具 [zhù] and 徵具 [zhù]. It is the name of suffering punishment in hell. According to character analysis, the Cangjie pian states: '駐 means to halt.' Shuowen jiezi: '駐 means a horse standing still.'

70.17

Eyelid (眼瞼): Fanqie: 居儉 [jiǎn]. The Zilüe says: 'It refers to the outer skin of the eye.'

70.18

Weak faculties (愞根): Fanqie: 奴臥 [nuò]. Sancang: '愞 means weak.'

70.19

Three continents (三洲): Fanqie: 之由 [zhōu]. Erya: 'Habitable land amid water is called an islet (洲).' Sun Yan says: 'Flat land amid water where one can dwell.' Shiming states: 'An islet (洲) means an assembly (聚); a place where humans, birds, and beasts assemble and rest.'

70.20

Fascicle Three

70.21

Fascicle Four

70.22

Dwelling in ease (住預): Ancient characters: 預 and 忬, two forms; now written the same as 豫. Fanqie: 余據 [yù]. Cangjie pian: '預 means ease; also to prepare beforehand.' Providing equipment in advance is therefore called 預. The Zhouyi: '豫 means indolence.' Han Kangbo says: '豫 means to relax and ease.'

70.23

Dewlap and tail (𩑶尾): Also written in the two forms 胡 and 𦙶. Fanqie: 戶孤 [hú]. It refers to the hanging flesh under an ox's chin. The Shijing says: 'The wolf steps on his dewlap (胡)'—this is it. The treatise writes it as 壺. Shuowen jiezi: 'A round vessel.' 壺 is not used in this sense here.

70.24

Alternately becoming (遞為): The ancient character is the same as 递. Fanqie: 徒禮 [dǐ]. Erya: '遞 means alternating (迭).' Guo Pu says: '遞 means to exchange or replace.' The treatise has it written as 迭, fanqie: 徒結 [dié]. Fangyan: '迭 means alternate.' The two forms are interchangeable; one should read it according to the character.

70.25

Fascicle Five

70.26

Rice stalk (稻穰): Fanqie: 如羊 [ráng]. Guangya: 'Rice stalks are called straw (桿); also, 穰 means tangled.' The treatise writes it as 蘘. 蘘 is the name of a wild ginger plant (蘘荷); 蘘 is not the present meaning.

70.27

Fascicle Six

70.28

Jambudvīpa (剡浮): Fanqie: 以漸 [yǎn]. Some say 閻浮 [Yanfu] or write it as 譫浮 [Zhanfu]; these are all erroneous. Correctly it is Jambū (贍部), named after the tree. An older translation called it 'the realm of the defiled tree'. 譫 has the fanqie: 之含 [zhān]; 贍 has the fanqie: 時焰 [shàn].

70.29

Ear-pendant (耳璫): Fanqie: 都堂 [dāng]. Shiming: 'Piercing the ear to wear a pearl is called a dāng. It originally came from the Western Rong.'

70.30

Suburbs (郊外): Fanqie: 古包 [jiāo]. Sima Fa: 'Within one hundred li of a royal capital is the suburb: fifty li is the near suburb, and one hundred li is the far suburb.' Baihu tong says: 'Why must kings and feudal lords have suburbs? Above, the suburban sacrifice connects with heavenly spirits; below, the suburb receives feudal lords, and the lords' suburbs receive neighboring states.'

70.31

Only removing (但撥): Fanqie: 補末 [bō]. Guangya: '撥 means to remove; also, leaves.'

70.32

Wielding a whip (乘策): Ancient characters: 𠕋, 𥬰, and [(?*(囗@卄))/日], three forms. Fanqie: 楚革 [cè]. A whip (策) is a horse-switch, used to strike a horse into galloping.

70.33

Boatman (船人): Fanqie: 連專 [chuán]. Shiben: 'Gonggu and Huodi made boats and ships.' Song Zhong says: 'They were ministers of the Yellow Emperor.' Fangyan: 'West of the Pass, a boat (舟) is called a 船.' Shiming: 'A ship (船) follows along (循), meaning it proceeds by following along the water.' The treatise writes it as 舡, fanqie: 呼江 [qiāng], which is not this meaning.

70.34

Dragonfly (蜻蜓): Guangya writes it as 蜻蜓; the pronunciation is qīng-tíng. Zhuangzi writes it as 蜻蛉; 蛉 has the fanqie: 力了 [liǎo].

70.35

Barely emerged (纔出): Fanqie: 在灾 [cái]. Guangya: '纔 means briefly.' The Hanshu writes it as 纔, meaning barely, poorly, or not long. Zheng Xuan's commentary to the Liji writes it as 裁. The Dongguan Hanji, various histories, and Jia Kui's commentary to the Guoyu all write it as 財; it varies in writing without a fixed graph.

70.36

Feeble and senile (衰耄): Ancient characters: 𠅸 and 耄, two forms; now written the same as 耗. Fanqie: 莫報 [mào]. Liji: 'At eighty, one is called mào.' Zheng Xuan says: 'Mào means muddled and forgetful; mào means senility and confusion.'

70.37

Still relying on (仍託): Ancient characters: 礽, 䚮, and 㭁, three forms. Fanqie: 如陵 [réng]. Erya: '仍 means then (乃); also, 仍 means based on (因).' Guo Pu says: 'It refers to relying on causes and conditions.'

70.38

Boiling and turbulent (沸撓): Fanqie: 乃教 [nào]. Guangya: '撓 means disorder.' Shuowen jiezi: '撓 means disturbance.' Shenglei: '撓 means disturbance.'

70.39

Fascicle Seven

70.40

Piśāca (俾尸): Fanqie: 比爾 [bǐ]. Translated as a raw clump, or forming a clump. According to character analysis, 俾 means to cause.

70.41

Fierce ashes (烈灰): Fanqie: 力折 [liè]. Shuowen jiezi: '烈 refers to a fierce fire.' Guangya: '烈 means scorching.'

70.42

Supplying with (含以): The character is written 唅. Fanqie: 胡紺 [hàn]. It means providing sustenance for people to thrive.

70.43

Next, maltose (次飴): Also written in the two forms 𩞫 and 䬮; the seal script writes it as 弇. Fanqie: 弋之 [yí]. Shuowen jiezi: 'Simmered rice starch.' Shiming says: 'Slightly weaker in consistency than yáng candy, its form is soft and smooth.' The character 鍚 is pronounced with the fanqie: 似盈 [xíng].

70.44

Essential arts (要術): Fanqie: 脣聿 [shù]. 術 means methods and techniques. Also, a thoroughfare in a town is called a shù; shù means passable, with nowhere not open to passage.

70.45

Trailing (波扡): Fanqie: 太何 [tuō]. According to character analysis, 扡 means dragging along.

70.46

Fascicle Eight

70.47

Swallowing former [deeds] (吞故): Two fanqies: 土根 [tūn] and 他田 [tián]. Shuowen jiezi: '吞 means to swallow down.' Guangya: '吞 means to swallow and extinguish.'

70.48

Cured of disease (病癒): The ancient character is the same as 瘉. Fanqie: 榆主 [yù]. Fangyan: 'Recovery from illness is called yù.' Shuowen jiezi: '愈 means a disease being healed.'

70.49

Hanging up (挂置): Ancient character: written the same as 卦. Fanqie: 古賣 [guà]. Guangya: '挂 means suspended.'

70.50

Great surging (大浡): Now written the same as [邱-丘+浡]. Fanqie: 蒲沒 [bó]. The Shanglin fu mentions 'swamp waters churning and densely gathering.' The Hanshu yinyi says: 'The appearance of water surging, whirlpooling, and gathering.'

70.51

Withered and desiccated (萎燥): Also written as 𣨙. Fanqie: 於危 [wēi]. Shenglei: '萎 means vegetation greatly withered (菸).' West of the Pass they say 菸; east of the Mountains they say 蔫; south of the Yangtze they also say 𣨙; these are dialect terms. The lower character has the fanqie: 乘道 [zào]; 燥 means dried.

70.52

Without choking (不噎): Fanqie: 於結 [yē]. Shuowen jiezi: '噎 means rice choking the throat.' 窒 has the fanqie: 知栗 [zhì], meaning obstructed. Treatises often write it as 咽, with the two fanqies: 於見 [yàn] and 於賢 [yān]; 咽 means swallowing, or the throat; 咽 is not the standard character form.

70.53

Square and upright (畟方): Fanqie: 楚力 [cè]. It means perfectly square.

70.54

Gazing levelly (瞞陁): Fanqie: 忌安 [jiān]. According to character analysis, Shuowen jiezi states: 'To look straight ahead.'

70.55

Iron pincers (鐵鉆): Fanqie: 奇沾 [qiān]. According to character analysis, Shuowen jiezi states: 'An iron tweezer.' Cangjie pian: '鉆 means to grip.' 銸 is also the same character.

70.56

Swirling pool (迴復): Also written as 垘. Fanqie: 扶福 [fú]. Hanshu: 'Streams blocked and ravines pooling.' Su Lin says: '垘 means deep and submerged.' The Annals of Emperor Xuan write it as 澓, meaning swirling water.

70.57

To the tip (至杪): Fanqie: 彌遶 [miǎo]. A thin branch of a tree is called a chāo. The Tongsu wen states: 'The sharp tip of a tree is called a chāo.' Fangyan: '杪 means small.' Guo Pu says: 'Chāo means slender and minute.'

70.58

Fascicle Nine

70.59

Donning armor (擐甲): Two fanqies: 胡慢 [huàn] and 工患 [guàn]. Zuozhuan: 'Donning armor and grasping weapons.' Du Yu says: '擐 means putting on.' Guoyu: 'Bearing weapons and donning armor.' Jia Kui says: 'Wearing armor.'

70.60

Storing up (儲蓄): Fanqie: 直於 [chú]. Shuowen jiezi: '儲 means to wait for; 儲 means to prepare; another says it means storing up wealth.' The lower character 蓄 is in ancient script the same as 稸. Fanqie: 恥六 [chù]. 蓄 means amassing or gathering.

70.61

Inviting each other (相要): Fanqie: 於遙 [yāo]. 要 means summoning or calling; 要 also means seeking (徼); 徼 means striving for. 徼 has the fanqie: 古堯 [jiào].

70.62

Taking a surplus (長取): Fanqie: 除亮 [zhàng]. It means an excess or increase, as well as a remainder.

70.63

Casket (匳子): Now written as 籢. Fanqie: 力占 [lián]. Shuowen jiezi: 'A mirror-casket, referring to one with a square base.' Today in Jiangnan there are go-piece caskets, which are this.

70.64

Splitting open (開𡍩): Picang writes it as 脺. Fanqie: 恥格 [chè]. Shuowen jiezi: '𡍩 means cracking open.' Guangya: 'It means dividing.'

70.65

Bamboo mat (竹笡): Fanqie: 都達 [dá]. Shuowen jiezi: '笡 means a zheng zither.' Pronounced like sǔn, it is the name of bamboo skin. Guo Pu's commentary to Fangyan says: 'East of the Yangtze, a coarse rush mat with straight weave is called 笡, while one with diagonal weave is called fāi (fanqie: 廢), also named hángtáng. Between Song and Wei, a coarse dān mat was called a qúchú.' Shuowen jiezi: 'A qúchú is a coarse bamboo mat, woven from reeds.'

70.66

Cotton (古貝): Fanqie: 府蓋 [bèi]. It refers to five-colored fine cloth (karpāsa). It is the name of a tree; its blossoms are used to make cotton cloth.

70.67

Fascicle Ten

70.68

Detesting (厭惡): Fanqie: 鳥路 [wù]. Note: 惡 means hating. Liji: 'How would I use my feelings?' Analects: 'I detest the purple displacing vermilion.' These are all examples. When the human mind accepts or rejects, it is termed liking and detesting (好惡); both 好 and 惡 are pronounced in the falling tone.

70.69

Making an embankment (為䧜): Fanqie: 徒當 [táng]. Shuowen jiezi: 'A dike or embankment.' Picang says: 'In Changsha they call a dike a táng; this is it.' A dike is a barrier, used to stop water; it is also a partition, piling up earth to make a bound to block water.

70.70

Outer walls and hamlets (郭邑): Fanqie: 古鑊 [guō]. Cangjie pian: '郭 means outer city walls.' Gongyang zhuan says: 'What is a 郭? It is an expansion (恢郭).' Shiming says: 'A 郭 is an outer ring surrounding the outer limits of the city.' As for 邑, the Zhouli says: 'Four wells make an yī.' Zheng Xuan says: 'An area of two square li.' Zuozhuan: 'Any settlement with the ancestral shrine and spirit tablets of former rulers is called a capital (都); one without is called a hamlet (邑).' 鑊 has the fanqie: 胡郭 [huò].

70.71

Fascicle Eleven

70.72

Sprouting reeds (生荑): Fanqie: 弟奚 [tí]. The Shijing says: 'From the pasture she brought me white cogon shoots (荑).' The commentary says: '荑 refers to white cogon grass when first sprouting.'

70.73

Barren field (瘠田): Ancient characters: 𤹠, 𤶬, and 膌, three forms. Fanqie: 才赤 [jí]. 瘠 means poor soil, and also lean.

70.74

Fine sprouts (嘉苗: in ancient script the same as 恕; fanqie 賈遐 [jiǎ + xiá = jiā]; 嘉 means fine; the Erya says: '嘉 means beautiful').

70.75

Fascicle Twelve

70.76

Pitfall (坑穽: in ancient script occurring as 阱 and 菜, both the same; fanqie 慈性 [cí + xìng = jìng]; the Shuowen says: '穽 means a great pitfall'; the Guangya says: '穽 means a pit'; the Sancang says: '穽 refers to hollowing the earth to make a pit, used to trap birds and beasts').

70.77

Conjecture and touch (揣觸: in ancient script written as [耑*ㄆ]; fanqie 初委 [chū + wěi = chuǐ], meaning to measure or fathom others; this pronunciation is used in Jiangnan; another pronunciation is fanqie 都果 [dū + guǒ = duǒ], meaning to measure or to test; northerners use this pronunciation; examining the treatise's meaning, the character should properly be 㨊, fanqie 初委 [chū + wěi = chuǐ]; 㨊 means to feel or grope; the Tongsu wen says: 'To grope and feel is called 㨊', which is this).

70.78

Kitchen (庖廚: fanqie 蒲交 [pú + jiāo = páo]; 庖 conveys the sense of wrapping; wrapping meat is called 包; the Shuowen says: '庖 means kitchen; a 廚 is a kitchen house'; the Cang Jie pian says: 'The person in charge of food').

70.79

Islet (水渚: fanqie 之與 [zhī + yǔ = zhǔ]; the Erya says: 'A small islet is called 渚'; Li Xun says: 'Having water on four sides, yet elevated alone so that one can reside there, hence called a 渚'; the Shiming says: 'A 渚 acts to obstruct [遮]; its body is elevated and can obstruct the water, making it flow around the sides').

70.80

Digging a subterranean cellar (穿窖: fanqie 古孝 [gǔ + xiào = jiào]; the Shuowen says: 'An underground storehouse').

70.81

Augmenting to complete (增足: fanqie 子喻 [zǐ + yù = zù/jù]; 足 is like 'complete'; mutually supplementing to completion).

70.82

Flattery and sycophancy (諂佞: upper character fanqie 丑𮉼 [chǒu + chàn = chǎn]; lower character fanqie 奴定 [nú + dìng = nìng]; pandering to another's will and echoing their words is called flattery [諂]; the Shuowen says: 'Cunning flattery with high talent is called sycophancy [佞]; furthermore, acting virtuously is also called 佞').

70.83

Vulgar talk (俗話: written in big seal script as 譮; in ancient script written as 𦧵 and 䛡, both identical; fanqie 胡怏 [hú + yàng = huà]; the Guangya says: '話 means to tease', referring to jesting; the Shenglei says: '話 means erroneous speech').

70.84

Fascicle Thirteen

70.85

Harmonious and respectful (和穆: also written as 睦, identical; fanqie 亡鹿 [wáng + lù = mù] and 亡竹 [wáng + zhú = mù]; 穆 means harmonious and respectful).

70.86

Bitter creeping vine (薟苦: ancient script 薟, nowadays written as 蘞, identical; fanqie 理儉 [lǐ + jiǎn = liǎn] and 理沾 [lǐ + zhān = lián]; the Shuowen says: '薟 is the white vine, creeping in the wild').

70.87

Perverse and skewed (剌那: fanqie 力達 [lì + dá = là]; according to the character form, it is 剌那; 剌 means contrary and perverse; the glyph's form derives from 束 [bundle] and 刀 [knife]).

70.88

Fascicle Fourteen

70.89

Fine dust (埃塵: fanqie 鳥來 [niǎo + lái = āi]; the Tongsu wen says: 'Ashes and dust are called 埃; 埃 is also dust').

70.90

Sole of the foot (跖下: fanqie 之石 [zhī + shí = zhí]; the Shuowen says: '跖 is the sole of the foot; nowadays it is also written as 蹠, meaning to tread'; here it means water not adhering).

70.91

Fascicle Fifteen (previously without phonetic glosses)

70.92

Fascicle Sixteen

70.93

Learning to swim (學泅: the Shuowen writes it as 汓; or with the 囚 component as 泅; fanqie 似流 [sì + liú = qiú], meaning floating atop water; in Jiangnan they say 拍浮 [treading water]).

70.94

Stretching out the hand (磔手: in ancient script the same as 㡯; fanqie 竹格 [zhú + gé = zhé]; the Guangya says: '磔 means to stretch; 磔 means to spread open'; the Tongsu wen says: 'To spread and extend is called 磔'; in the treatise text it is written as 磔, but its textual source is not yet found).

70.95

One fathom (一尋: ancient script 𡬰, or written as […], both identical; fanqie 似林 [sì + lín = xín/xún]; refers to the span of a person's two arms as a fathom [xún]; the Huainanzi says: 'A person's height is eight chi; their fathom matches their own height, hence eight chi is called a fathom').

70.96

Fascicle Seventeen

70.97

What is subdued (所鎮: fanqie 知陣 [zhī + zhèn = zhèn]; the Shuowen says: '鎮 means to suppress; it also means to pacify'; the Cang Jie pian says: '鎮 means to press down').

70.98

Habituated cultivation (串脩: ancient script 摜 and 遦, both forms identical; written in the treatise as 慣, identical; fanqie 古患 [gǔ + huàn = guàn]; the Erya says: '串 means to practice'; Sheren says: '串 means practice of the mind').

70.99

Deviant view (僻見: fanqie 疋赤 [pǐ + chì = pì]; 僻 means perverse and deviant, referring to engaging in affairs crookedly and unreasonably).

70.100

Fascicle Eighteen

70.101

Though stumbling (雖跌: fanqie 徒結 [tú + jié = dié]; the Guangya says: '跌 means to stumble or err'; the character dictionaries say: 'To lose one's footing'; the Fangyan says: '跌 means to stumble and fall'; Guo Pu says: 'To fall prone onto the ground').

70.102

Not falling prostrate (不躃: fanqie 毗亦 [pí + yì = bì]; 躃 is also [read like] 僻 [lame/prostrate]).

70.103

Fascicle Nineteen

70.104

Deciding and measuring (決度: fanqie 唐各 [táng + gè = dù]; 度 means measuring; assessing and deliberating).

70.105

Galloping and moving (馳動: fanqie 直知 [zhí + zhī = chí]; the Guangya says: '馳 means to gallop'; the Shuowen says: 'Driving at full speed; running swiftly is called走').

70.106

Peg debate (弋論: also written as 杙, identical; fanqie 余軄 [yú + zhí = yì]; the Erya says: '𢴠 is called 杙'; the commentary says: 'A 杙 is a stake'; 𢴠 is fanqie 徒得 [tú + dé = dé]; in the speech of Guanzhong they say 阿𢴠; in Jiangnan they say 㭬杙 [wooden stake]).

70.107

Tribute and offering (貢獻: fanqie 古弄 [gǔ + nòng = gòng]; 貢 means offering up; the Guangya says: '貢 means presenting to superiors'; lower character fanqie 虛建 [xū + jiàn = xiàn]; 獻 means presenting forward; in antiquity, presenting goods to an honoured person's boat/mat was called 獻).

70.108

Fascicle Twenty (previously without phonetic glosses)

70.109

Fascicle Twenty-One

70.110

Suiting the heart (適心: fanqie 尸亦 [shī + yì = shì]; the Guangya says: 'Passable and fine', meaning fine and pleasing to the mind of a person).

70.111

Hairbreadth (毫氂: also written as 毫, identical; fanqie 胡高 [hú + gāo = háo]; the lower character in ancient script is written as 氂 or 綀, two forms; nowadays written as 耗, identical; fanqie 力之 [lì + zhī = lí]; the Lüli zhi of the Hanshu says: 'Not erring by a single hairbreadth'; Meng Kang says: '毫 is a rabbit hair; ten 毫 make one 氂'; the Sancang says: '氂 means hair; nowadays both mean subtle threads'; ancient characters were used interchangeably).

70.112

Villages and hamlets (聚落: fanqie 慈𡦗 [cí + luò = luò]; the Hanshu says: 'For school academies, a gathering is called 序, and a township is called 庠'; Zhang Yan says: 'Names of hamlets and villages'; Wei Zhao's commentary to the Minor Odes says: 'A township is called a聚, where people gather; the Guangya says: '落 means dwelling, where people live'; the Hanshu's 'do not burn settlements and hamlets' is this).

70.113

Verses on the Abhidharmakośa-śāstra, one fascicle (phonetic glosses by Huilin)

70.114

Hot ashes (煻煨: upper character pronounced 唐 [táng]; lower character fanqie 猥𢌞 [wěi + huí = wēi]; the name of a hot hell; 煻煨 refers to hot ashes and embers; also known as the Ash River Hell; all manifest according to one's own evil karma; sinners see it themselves; all create it themselves and receive it themselves; all its painful affairs are just like undergoing pain and pleasure in a dream).

70.115

Firm-Handed and Garland-Wearer (堅手及持鬘: fanqie 馬班 [mǎ + bān = mán]; the gods Firm-Handed [Śūra-pāṇi/Dṛḍha-hasta], Garland-Wearer [Mālā-dhāra], and Ever-Proud [Sadā-matta] all dwell on the tiers of Mount Sumeru; all are terrestrial gods, subordinate states of the Four Heavenly Kings, and the troops and generals of Śakra, Lord of the Gods).

70.116

Ṣaṇḍha (扇搋: fanqie 所皆 [suǒ + jiē = shāi]; Sanskrit; an alternate designation for a eunuch, fully explained in the preceding text).

70.117

First and last buds in pair before (初後皰雙前: fanqie 彭貌 [péng + mào = pào]; this refers to the Pārijāta flower tree in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, translated into the Tang language as 'Round-Growing Tree'; when its flower buds appear, their fragrance is heard from afar and the gods rejoice).

70.118

Boundaries and latent proliferation (𡱈隨增: upper character fanqie 卭獄 [qióng + yù = qù]; the Kaosheng says: '𡱈 means boundary, division, bend, or department'; the Shuowen says: 'Urgent, near; from 尺 and 口'; 卭 is fanqie 共顒 [gòng + yóng = qióng]).

70.119

Yoke of torrential currents ([涅-土+(出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))]流軶: upper character fanqie 袍[曰/月] [páo + yuè = bó]; lower character pronounced 厄 [è]; Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'The end of the chariot shaft pressing down on the ox's neck'; this yoke [軶] is also like that; the Kaosheng says: '[涅-土+(出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))] is the flow of water from a sudden downpour; it is an analogy for the great river of saṃsāra, taking karma as water, sweeping away and drowning sentient beings; bound by the yoke of the torrential current, they transmigrate, appearing and disappearing, dying and being reborn without independence; 㲻 is fanqie 女力 [nǚ + lì = nì]).

70.120

Chain of bones (骨鎖: fanqie 莎果 [shā + guǒ = suǒ]; the Kaosheng says: 'A chain connects and records'; the Shuowen says: 'Interlinked rings; deriving from 金 [metal] with 𧴪 as phonetic'; 𧴪 has the same pronunciation as above, deriving from 小 [small] and 貝 [shell]; writing it with 𧴲 as 鎖 is an error; in the treatise text it is written with 玉 [jade] as 瑣, which is the sound of jade and is not used here).

70.121

Unicorn's horn (麟角: upper character fanqie 栗𭹀 [lì + zhèn = lìn]; the name of an auspicious beast having one horn atop its head; this single horn is used as an analogy for the pratyekabuddha, also called solitary horn).

70.122

Spokes, etc. (輻等: pronounced 福 [fú]; like the spokes of a chariot wheel).

70.123

Diminishing (貶𣊹: upper character fanqie 筆奄 [bǐ + yǎn = biǎn]; the Kaosheng says: '貶 means reduction of wealth'; Sima Xiangru wrote it as 㝵, an ancient character; the Shuowen says: 'Reduction; deriving from 貝 [shell] with 乏 as phonetic'; the character 𣊹 derives from 曰 and 童, being the standard glyph).

70.124

Abhidharmakośa-śāstra in Thirty Fascicles

70.125

Fascicle One (phonetic glosses by the śramaṇa Xuanying)

70.126

Kośa (俱舍: translated here as 'treasury' [藏], which is a general name for storehouses, cocoons, and sheaths; because they share the identical sense of containing and concealing, it is so named; 繭 [cocoon] is fanqie 經演 [jīng + yǎn = jiǎn]; 韒 [sheath] is fanqie 私妙 [sī + miào = xiào], a knife scabbard; 'treasury' has many designations, and this is one of its names).

70.127

All darkness (諸冥: fanqie 覓經 [mì + jīng = míng], also fanqie 迷定 [mí + dìng = mìng]; the Cang Jie pian says: '諸 means not one'; the Shenglei says: '諸 is a general term in phrasing'; the Erya says: '冥 means dark and obscure'; the Shuowen says: '冥 means hidden and deep, also night; the character derives from 冖 [冖 is fanqie 銘壁 [míng + bì = mì/mìng]], and from 日 [sun] and 六 [six]; the number six means on the sixteenth day the moon begins to wane, which is the meaning of the character 冥').

70.128

Sunk and drowned (淪沒: fanqie 力均 [lì + jūn = lún]; the Guangya says: '淪 means sunken; 沒 means drowned; furthermore, 淪 means deep; 沒 means fallen').

70.129

Admonishing and exhorting (誡勗: upper character fanqie 居薤 [jū + xiè = jiè]; lower character fanqie 虛玉 [xū + yù = xù]; warning and commanding is called 誡; encouraging oneself is called 勗; furthermore, 誡 also means warning and cautioning; 勗 means exerting oneself).

70.130

Kātyāyanīputra (迦多衍尼子: fanqie 以善 [yǐ + shàn = yǎn]; formerly referred to as 迦旃延子; this derives his name from his clan surname; some say it is a phonetic shift from Kātyāyana).

70.131

Udāna (鄔柁南: upper character fanqie 烏古 [wū + gǔ = wū]; lower character fanqie 徒我 [tú + wǒ = tuǒ]; here translated as 'self-spoken', meaning expounded of oneself without waiting to be asked; formerly referred to as 優陁那, which is the class of sūtras spoken unprompted).

70.132

Vibhāṣā (毘婆沙: or pronounced 鼻婆沙, and according to colloquial speech written as 毗頗沙; translated here as 'broad exposition', or 'detailed explanation', also 'diverse explanations', or 'analytical explanations', all having the identical meaning).

70.133

Equally passing away (等謝: fanqie 似夜 [sì + yè = xiè]; the Guangya says: '謝 means to pass away or depart').

70.134

Swallowed (所吞: two fanqie: t[ā] + [h]ēn and t[ā] + [xi]án; swallowing and departing without chewing. The Guangya states: 'Tun means to extinguish.' The Shuowen states: 'Tun means to swallow down [the throat].').

70.135

Having dispute (有諍: also written 爭, the same; two fanqie: z[è] + [y]ì and z[è] + ... The Cangjiepian states: 'Zheng means dispute and litigation; it also means to pull.' The Shuowen states: 'It refers to contending with one another to pull an object.').

70.136

Qi rising (氣騰: fanqie: d[ú] + [d]ēng; the Guangya states: 'Teng means to ascend upward; it also means to gallop.').

70.137

Cavity and fissure (竅隙: first character fanqie: k[ǒu] + [di]ào; the latter is also written 𡭽, the same; fanqie: q[iū] + [n]ì. The Guangya states: 'Qiao means a hole; xi means a crack.' The Shuowen states: 'Qiao means an opening; xi means a hole in a wall.' The character is formed from 𨸏 and 白; narrower at the top and bottom).

70.138

Agagha (阿伽伽: translated here as 'obstruction'. 'A' has two meanings: it may mean 'non-existent', or it may mean 'utmost'. Because it still contains both explanations, the original name is retained).

70.139

Fascicle Two

70.140

Piśāca (畢舍遮: named 毘舍闍 in older scriptures, also called 臂舍柘; the name of a spirit, the superior among hungry ghosts).

70.141

Śiśumāra (室獸摩羅: shaped like an elephant. In older scriptures and vinayas it is written either 失收摩羅 or 失守摩羅, which are merely shifts in the Sanskrit sound. Translated, it means 'child-killing fish'. The Samantapāsādikā states: 'An alligator, over twenty feet long, with four legs, resembling a soft-shelled crocodile, with extremely sharp teeth; when animals, deer, or people enter the water, biting them cuts them off immediately.' It is found in the land of Guangzhou).

70.142

Bat (蝙蝠: first character fanqie: f[āng] + [mi]án; the latter fanqie: f[āng] + [m]ù. Cui Bao's Gujin zhu states: 'The bat is also called the immortal rat, and also called the flying rat. At five hundred years of age its color turns white and its brain becomes heavy; when roosting on objects its head hangs down, hence it is called upside-down hanging. If eaten, one becomes a divine immortal.').

70.143

Screech-owl (鵂鶹: first character fanqie: x[ǔ] + [ni]ú; the latter fanqie: l[ì] + [zh]ōu. The Erya says: 'Ge, ji, qi.' Guo Pu says: 'Now east of the Yangtze they call the xiumao the hook-ge; ge is pronounced ge.' The Guangya states: 'Xiumao is the jiaochi; jiao has the sound of the fanqie m[ǎo] + [ji]ǎng; it is also called the omen-bird; blind by day, it sees by night; its calling is regarded as an omen.' In Guanxi it is called xunhou; east of the mountains it is called xunhu. The Zhuanwen states: 'At night it gathers human fingernails.').

70.144

Jackal (野干: in Sanskrit, śṛgāla. Its shape and color are blue-yellow like a dog; it moves in packs, and its cries at night sound like a wolf. The character is also written 射干. According to the Zixu fu: 'Tengyuan and shegan.' Sima Biao, Guo Pu, and others all annotate: 'The shegan resembles a fox but is smaller and can climb trees.' She is pronounced ye. The Guangzhi states: 'It nests in perilous cliffs and tall trees.' The Chan scripture saying 'seeing a wild fox and also seeing a yegan' refers to this).

70.145

Dhole and wolf (豺狼: first character fanqie: sh[ì] + [ji]ē. The Cangjie xungu states: 'The dhole resembles a dog, is white in color, has claws and teeth, is swift and nimble, and excels at seizing and biting.' The Erya states: 'The dhole has dog's feet.' Shi is pronounced with the fanqie sh[í] + [zh]ì).

70.146

Cat and wildcat (猫貍: 猫 is also written 猫, two fanqie: m[áng] + [zh]āo and m[áng] + [b]āo; the latter fanqie: l[ì] + [q]í. The cat is what catches mice. The Guangya states: 'Li; also called the wildcat.').

70.147

Kumāralāta (鳩摩羅多: translated here as 'Youth Chief', meaning the foremost leader among all youths).

70.148

Womb (胞胎: first character fanqie: b[ǔ] + [m]áo. The Shuowen states: 'Bao is the inner wrap of a child's birth.').

70.149

Nasal mucus and saliva (洟唾: ancient form is 𪖦, the same; fanqie: t[ā] + [j]ì. The Sancang states: 'Ti is fluid from the nose.' The Zhouyi says: 'Weeping and sniveling, alas, alas.' Coming from the eyes is called ti [tears]; coming from the nose is called ti [mucus]).

70.150

Protect and defend (防援: fanqie: y[ǔ] + [ju]ǎn; an expression meaning guarding, protecting, watching over, and defending. Yuan also means to seize; the character is formed with the hand radical).

70.151

Sphaṭika (頗胝迦: zhi is pronounced with the fanqie zh[ì] + [sh]ī; also called sapojia; the name of a jewel in the Western regions. What was formerly called poli is an erroneous abbreviation. Translated here as 'water jade', or called 'white pearl'. The Dazhidulun states: 'The jewel comes from mountain caves; after a thousand years, ice transforms into poli beads.' This might occur, but in the Western regions this material is extremely abundant, yet there is no ice there—from what would it be transformed? It is simply a kind of stone).

70.152

Grasp and pull (樝掣: first character also written 抯, the same; fanqie: z[è] + [ji]ā; the latter also written 摩, the same; fanqie: ch[ōng] + [sh]ì. The Shiming states: 'Zha means to branch; it means all five fingers reaching out together to seize and take.' Che means to control; to restrain and overpower someone to make them comply with oneself. Che also means to drag).

70.153

Magnet (礠石: fanqie: c[ú] + [z]ī. The Picang states: 'Cishi refers to that which attracts iron.').

70.154

Clap hands (拊手: fanqie: f[āng] + [zh]ǔ. Fu is like clapping. The Guangya states: 'Fu means to strike.' Note that fu also means to caress).

70.155

Mixed together (相糅: ancient forms are 籾 and 𦙤, both the same; fanqie: n[ǚ] + [ji]ù. The Guangding states: 'Rou means mixed.' Nowadays, mixing together items of different colors is called rou).

70.156

Facing (謂向: fanqie: x[ǔ] + [li]àng. The Sancang states: 'Xiang is a window facing north.' Xiang also means a window).

70.157

Coriander (香荾: also written 荽; the Ziyuan writes it 䕑, the same; fanqie: s[ī] + [zhu]ī. The Yunlüe states: 'Husu is fragrant coriander.' The Bowuzhi states: 'Zhang Qian was sent as envoy to the Western Regions and obtained husu', which is this. Nowadays south of the Yangtze, husu is also called hu[xi]; pronounced huxi, and recently it has also been changed to xiangrui).

70.158

Birch bark (樺皮: fanqie: h[ú] + [b]à. The name of a tree; its bark can be used to ornament bows).

70.159

Crowned with a garland (冠花鬘: fanqie: g[ǔ] + [w]àn; guan is like wearing. Below, the Sanskrit word is mālā; translated here as 'garland' [man], pronounced with the fanqie m[ò] + [b]ān. In the Western regions garland-makers mostly use sumana flowers, stringing them in rows to make cords; regardless of men or women, noble or lowly, they all adorn themselves with these, either on their heads or on their bodies as embellishment. Thus in various sūtras there are 'garland markets', 'heavenly garlands', 'jeweled garlands', etc., which are the same thing. The character is formed from 髟, pronounced with the fanqie sh[uǒ] + [xi]án, with 臱 as phonetic; 臱 is pronounced with the fanqie m[í] + [r]án).

70.160

Drum frame (鼓𣞙: fanqie: s[āng] + [l]ǎng. The Picang states: 'Drum frame [fan].' Character dictionaries state: 'Wood for a drum.' Nowadays south of the Yangtze the frame of a drum is called a xiang; fan is pronounced with the fanqie w[ǔ] + [gu]ǎ).

70.161

Archer's thumb ring (指𩎽: now written 㧺, the same; fanqie: t[ú] + [d]á. The Shuowen states: 'Zhitā is a leather thumb cover.' It is today's archery thumb ring).

70.162

Naraka (捺落迦: fanqie: n[ú] + [g]é; a place where suffering is undergone. Also called Nāraka, referring to the persons undergoing retribution. Translated here as 'unpleasurable', and also called 'non-conduct', meaning a place where unrighteous deeds are undergone. It is located either between mountains or by the great ocean, not solely beneath the earth. Calling it 'earthly prison' [hell] is a translation according to one meaning).

70.163

Fascicle Three

70.164

Ṣaṇḍha-paṇḍaka (扇搋半擇迦: fanqie: ch[ì] + [zhu]ī. In older sūtras and treatises it is called般吒 or 般茶迦, which are all differences in regional accents. Paṇḍaka is translated here as eunuch, which is a general name. There are five types of them; here, the third, the ṣaṇḍha-paṇḍaka, refers to one whose male organ was fundamentally deficient from birth and who cannot sire children).

70.165

Eyelid (眼瞼: fanqie: j[ū] + [y]ǎn. The Zilüe states: 'It refers to the outer skin of the eye.').

70.166

Fascicle Four

70.167

Alert and awaken (警覺: ancient form has the two shapes of 儆, the same; fanqie: j[ū] + [y]ǐng. Warning and admonishing with caution; to command and make understand; it also means to arise. The Guangya states: 'Jing means restless; it means preparing.').

70.168

Approve and seal (印可: fanqie: y[ī] + [zh]èn. A seal of trust; written documents are put into effect and trusted wherever they are. The character is formed from 爪 and 卩; 卩 is pronounced jie).

70.169

Valiant and fierce (勇悍: first character fanqie: y[ú] + [zh]ǒng; the latter fanqie: h[ú] + [qi]ě. Yong means heroic, martial, resolute, and decisive. The Posthumous Titles Rules say: 'Knowing death and not avoiding it is called yong; staking one's life for benevolence is called yong.' The Shuowen states: 'Han means brave and forceful.' The Sancang states: 'Han means heroic; heroic means wisdom exceeding that of a thousand men.').

70.170

Unversed (不閑: character form written 𢡿, the same; fanqie: h[é] + [ji]ān. Xian is a designation for trained understanding; being practiced and skilled is called xian).

70.171

Purport of sound (音旨: fanqie: zh[ī] + [y]ǐ. The Shuowen writes it 恉; zhi means intention; purpose).

70.172

Never before (未甞: fanqie: sh[ì] + [y]áng. The Guangya states: 'Chang means to try; for a time; bright.' Weichang means never having been).

70.173

Flattery and deceit (諂誑: first character fanqie: ch[ǒu] + ... Going along with another's intention and saying what they want said is called flattery; it means humbling oneself to defer to another. Chan also means sycophancy. Kuang means to mislead; to deceive).

70.174

Deceptive and disordered (撟亂: fanqie: j[ū] + [y]ǎo; meaning counterfeit, deceitful, and misleading. The Shuowen states: 'Jiao means to usurp; to usurpingly proclaim a superior's command is called jiao.' The character form is composed of hand and qiao; nowadays it is commonly written 矯).

70.175

Blazing sun (烈曰: fanqie: l[í] + [zh]é. The Guangya states: 'Lie means flourishing.' The Shuowen states: 'Lie means ferocious fire.').

70.176

Relying on pride (舉恃: ancient form is 怖, the same; fanqie: sh[í] + [zh]ǐ. Shi means to rely upon. The Han Odes say: 'Without a mother, on whom can one rely?' It means depending on).

70.177

Disparage and insult (淩懱: first character fanqie: l[ì] + [sh]ēng; the latter also written [仁-二+蔑], the same; fanqie: m[ò] + [ji]é. The Cangjiepian states: 'Ling means to encroach and violate.' The Shuowen states: 'Mie means to slight and despise one another.').

70.178

Arrogant and unrestrained (傲逸: fanqie: w[ǔ] + [d]ào. The Guangya states: 'Ao means arrogant; disrespectful; slighting others.' Yi means unrestrained).

70.179

Burn and consume (焚燒: ancient forms are 炃 and 燌, both the same; fanqie: f[ú] + [y]ún. The Shuowen states: 'Fen means burning fields.' The character conveys the sense of fire burning a forest).

70.180

In vain (唐捐: fanqie: y[ǐ] + [zhu]ān. Tang means futile; futile means empty. The Shuowen states: 'Juan means to discard.').

70.181

Fascicle Five

70.182

Panasa (半袲娑: fanqie: n[ǎi] + [k]ě. Formerly called nasa; a fruit shaped like a wax gourd, with an extremely sweet taste).

70.183

Kuru continent (俱盧洲: translated here as 'Superior and Excellent', also called 'Born of Excellence'. In older sūtras it is written Uttarakuru [欝單越, 欝怛羅越, or 欝多羅拘樓], which are all phonetic variations in Sanskrit).

70.184

Form marketplace (色廛: fanqie: zh[ì] + [li]án. The Sanskrit term is avacara, translated here as 'marketplace'. The Liji says: 'Tax the fields and marketplaces without levying tribute.' Zheng [Xuan] says: 'Chan refers to inns and shops where market goods are stored.' Chan means dwelling; what people inhabit. The Fangyan says: 'Between Eastern Qi and the sea and Mount Dai, dwelling is called chan.' Old translations gave 'desire realm practice', which is suspected to be erroneous. Note that the Sanskrit term for practice (saṃskāra) is saṃsekala).

70.185

Standard of conduct (軌範: also written 笵, the same; pronounced fan. Gui means a rule; fan means a model. It refers to what can serve as a rule and also instructing others in rules. The Sanskrit term is ācārya; the older form ācāri is an error).

70.186

Fall flat (僵仆: first character fanqie: j[ū] + [li]áng; the latter anciently written 踣, the same; fanqie: p[ú] + [b]ěi. Facing upward is called jiang; lying prone is called pu. It refers to lying flat on one's back or falling forward on one's face).

70.187

Indignant rage (憤恚: fanqie: f[ú] + [f]ěn. The Fangyan states: 'Fen means overflowing.' The Shuowen states: 'Fen means full.' It means the qi of anger filling to overflowing).

70.188

Perish and die (殞歿: also written 隕, the same; fanqie: w[èi] + [m]ǐn. The Shenglei states: 'Yun means to die; it also means to fall down.').

70.189

Dharmila (達弭羅: fanqie: m[í] + [’]ěr; translated here as 'protecting and conferring the Dharma').

70.190

Uttara (嗢怛羅: fanqie: w[ū] + [m]ò; translated here as 'superior reception of excellence'). Qīlar (耆羅: fanqie: q[ú] + [j]īn; translated here as 'reception of Ganges sands'. These are all names of people).

70.191

White egret (白鷺: fanqie: l[ái] + [g]ù. The white egret is a water bird; its head, wings, and back all have long plumage. East of the Yangtze they take them to make plumes. The Lisao says: 'White egrets flutter'; [flutter] is pronounced with the fanqie s[ū] + [l]éi).

70.192

Succeeding the preceding (嗣前: ancient form is 孠, the same; fanqie: c[í] + [l]ì. The Erya states: 'Si means to succeed; to continue; to follow in succession.').

70.193

Hump and dewlap (犎胡: first character fanqie: f[ēi] + [f]ēng, also pronounced feng; the latter also written with the two shapes 頡 and 咽, the same; fanqie: h[ù] + [g]ū. Having a flesh-saddle on the spine like a dromedary camel is called a feng; today we have this kind of ox, small in body with a hump on its shoulders, which is this. The Shuowen states: 'Hu is the hanging flesh beneath an ox's chin.' The Shiming states: 'Hu is that which hangs down beneath the throat.').

70.194

仍未 Still not (also written as 𰴩, the initial [and this variant] being the same shape; ér + líng fanqie; Guangya: 仍 means repeated; Erya: 仍 means to follow upon, or thereupon).

70.195

中名 Name therein (mí + chéng fanqie; a "name" is a banner or sign; it is also that by which an entity is named; it designates itself. Zuozhuan: "Names are used to institute meanings." Guangya: 名 means to complete or achieve. The character is composed of "mouth" (口) and "evening" (夕); in the evening people cannot see one another and must use the mouth to name themselves—this is the intended sense of the character).

70.196

文字 Written characters (the first character has the pronunciation cí + zì fanqie. According to the Shuowen: Cangjie originally created writing by categorising and depicting shapes, hence it was called wén (graphs); afterwards, form and sound were combined to augment them, which was called zì (characters). Zì means to bear; they breed and proliferate, gradually increasing).

70.197

𧙃阿 *ṣ-a* (wū + kě; referring to characters without intrinsic meaning).

70.198

嗢遮 *Ucca* (wū + mò fanqie; a grammatical root / element (dhātu); here translated as "assembled/collected". The root of meaning refers to the mātṛkās).

70.199

Fascicle Six

70.200

羯剌藍 Kalala (lú + gé fanqie; also written as 羯羅藍 or 歌羅邏, all being identical. Here translated as "coagulated slip", and also called "mixture". It refers to the impurities of father and mother, blended like honey mixed with curds, fusing into a single whole. During the first seven days of receiving life, it is coagulated and slippery like curds or grease).

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese