Yāska's Nirukta 13
Ṛjvarthā (Niruktavṛtti) 13
- Language
- Sanskrit
13.1
"athāpīdamantareṇa padavibhāgo na vidyate" | śāstrārambhaprayojanādhikāre varttamāne apīdamantareṇa mantreṣvarthāvadhāraṇaṃ nāstītyukta yadi mantretyādinānarthakyahetubhirbahubhirānarthakya upapādite niruktaśāstrasya kautsena, mantrāṇāmarthavattāṃ sthāpayitvā parapakṣahetavaḥ pratyuktāḥ | teṣu sthitamarthavattvaṃ mantrāṇām | teṣāmarthanirvacanāyedamārabhyamāṇamarthavadityapapannamarthavattvaṃ niruktaśāstrasya | tadetat sarvamapi codakaśāstrakāravyājena prasaktānuprasaktamuktaṃ prajñāyā vivṛddhaye śiṣyasya | kathaṃ nāmāsāvavivṛddhaprajñaḥ śabdārtha yāyatasaṅkareṣu hetusamayānabhijñaḥ paraiḥ pratibadhyamāno'pi padārthān vākyārthāṃścāsammohena nirbrūyāditi | evaṃ tāvat, etadantareṇa mantrārthapratyayo nāsti | athedamaparamārambhaprayojanamityevaṃ viśeṣādhikārārtho'yamathaśabdaḥ | api mantrārthapratyaya idamantareṇa nāsti, nāpyasti yadidaṃ vakṣyamāṇam, ityapiśabdaḥ evaṃ sambhāvane ||
āha-kiṃ punastad vakṣyamāṇam iti ? ucyate-padavibhāgaḥ | 'evaṃ padāni vaktavyāni'--ityetad vibhāgaparijñānaṃ nāstītyarthaḥ | kiṃ kāraṇam ? arthavaśena hi padānyavatiṣṭhante, na cedamantareṇārthaparijñānamasti | tasmādata eva padavibhāgaprasiddhiriti | idamarthavattvaṃ mantrāṇāmantareṇa padavibhāgo'pyakiñcitkaraḥ | prasiddhaścaiṣa sarvaśākhāsu | tasmāt padavibhāgārthavattvāya pārthavanto mantrā iti kecid varṇayanti |
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13.2
evaṃ pratijñāya samānasaṃhiteṣu grantheṣvarthahetukaṃ padavibhāgaviśeṣaṃ darśayati,–tadyathā– “ava̱sāya̍ pa̱dvate̍ rudramṛḷeti”| “padvat” pādavat pādasaṃyuktam | “avasaṃ gāvaḥ pathyadanam” iti nigamaprasaktasya paryāyavavacanam | “avatergatyarthasyāsau nāmakaraṇaḥ” pratyayaḥ | “tasmāt” asamāsatvādasya “nāvagṛhṇanti” etatpadakārā iti śeṣaḥ || “ma̱yo̱bhūrvāto̍ a̱bhivā̍tū̱srā ūrja̍svatī̱roṣa̍dhī̱rāvi̍śantām | pīva̍svatīrjī̱vadha̍nyāḥ pibantvava̱sāya̍ pa̱dvate̍ rudra mṛḷa” (ṛ0 saṃ0 8,8, 27, 1)|| śrobaro nāmaṃ kākṣīvataḥ, sa mayobhūrityasyāstriṣṭubhaḥ pūrvaistribhiḥ pādaiḥ gavāmāśiṣamāśāsyottamena tāsāmeva ca rudrāt sukhamayācata | gavāmupasthāne viniyuktā | ‘mayobhūḥ’ mayobhāvayitā pāścātyaḥ ‘vātaḥ', etāḥ ‘usrāḥ’ ‘abhivātu’ ābhimukhyena vātu | kiñca, tena sukhabhuvā vātenānudvejanīyena spṛśyamānāḥ ‘ūrjasvatīḥ’ prabhūtarasāḥ ‘oṣadhīḥ’ ‘āriśantām’ āsvādayantu | āsvādyāsvādya ca salavaṇasvādamātmābhiprete kāle udakaṃ ‘pibantu’ | tacca pītamoṣadhisahitamāsāṃ tathā koṣṭhe vipacyatāṃ rasaśoṇitamāṃsamedomajjā'sthikrameṇa yathaitāḥ ‘pīvasvatīḥ’ pīvasvatyaḥ pīvaguṇayuktāḥ sthūlā balavatyo bahupayaskā bhaveyuḥ | sati ca bahupayastve ‘jīvadhanyāḥ’ jīvadhaninyo rogaduṣṭyāttukāḥ | he ‘rudra!’ vayam etāsāṃ gavām etām āśiṣam āśāsmahe | tvamapyasmai gaulakṣaṇāya ‘avasāya’ pathyadanāya ‘padvate’ pādayuktāya ‘mṛḷa’ sukho bhava | mainā hiṃsīstvamāsāmīśvara ityabhiprāyaḥ || “avasāyāśvāniti” | idamaparamudāharaṇam | asmin pūrveṇa rūpeṇa sarūpameva padamarthakṛtādaviśeṣādavagṛhṇanti || dvayoḥ padayoḥ bahūnāṃ vā yadavicchedenoccāraṇaṃ sa samāsaḥ | tayorevārthapravibhāgopadarśanārthamavacchedena grahaṇamavagrahaḥ | tadetadavagṛhyate padam–“syatiḥ” dhātuḥ “vimocane” arthe varttate, sa punaḥ “upasṛṣṭaḥ” upasargeṇāvetyanenopasṛṣṭaḥ saṃyukta ityarthaḥ | yato dhātūpasargavibhāgopapradarśanārthameva tat padamavagṛhyate avasāyetyetat ||
etayā triṣṭubhā kutsa āṅgirasa indraṃ tuṣṭāva | “yoniṣṭe” he ‘indra!’ yoniḥ sthānaṃ ‘te’ tava yadidaṃ ‘niṣade’ niṣadanāya, mayā ‘akāri’ kṛtam, ‘taṃ’ yoniṃ tat sthānam ‘ā niṣīda’ etya niścayena sīda | kathaṃ punarniṣīda ? ‘svāno na ’ svanyamāna iva ‘arvā’ aśvaḥ | saṃśabyamāna ivāśvabandhane sa yathā sve sthāne niṣīdedevaṃ mayā tvamapi śabdyamānaḥ stutibhiretasmin mayā saṃskṛte svāstīrṇe barhiṣi sthāne niṣīda | kathaṃpunarniṣīda ? ‘vimucya’ etān ‘vayaḥ aśvān’ | kutaḥ ? rathāt | punarapi ca etān ‘avasāya’ viyojya raśmibhyo'śvān labdhodakayavasān kṛtvā ‘doṣāvastorvahīyasaḥ’ ahani ca rātrau ca ye kecid vahanti, tebhyo'pi vahīyasaḥ śīghratareṇa javena voḍhṛtamān tatastvaṃ svastho bhūtvā niṣīda | etasmin yonau etasmin saṃskṛte barhiṣi ‘prapitve’ prāpte asmākaṃ tvadyajanakāle mā no vighnaṃ kārṣīrityabhiprāyaḥ || evaṃ tāvadidamavagṛhyamidamanavagṛhyamityarthaparijñānadvāreṇa | “tasmāt” etanniruktaśāstrād vijñāyate |
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13.3
yānyapi ca khalvanavagṛhyāṇi padāni samānasaṃhitāni, teṣāmapyarthakṛtameva vibhāgavaiśeṣyaṃ bhavati|tadyathā-“dūto nirṛtyā idamājagāma-iti-pañcamyarthaprekṣā vā” asmin pade nirucyamāne pañcamyarthadarśanaṃ vetyarthaḥ, pañcamyartho'tra dṛśyate? “ṣaṣṭhyarthaprekṣā vā”ṣaṣṭhyarthadarśanaṃ vetyarthaḥ, ṣaṣṭhyartho'tra dṛśyate ? ata etat “āḥkārāntam” padaṃ nirṛtyā iti |
pracetā nāmāṅgirasaḥ, teneyaṃ kapotasūkte dṛṣṭā | kapotanilayanaśāntyai kapotapadanirharaṇa etat sūktam | triṣṭuveṣā || he ‘devāḥ!’ ‘kapotaḥ’ ‘iṣitaḥ’ preṣitaḥ ‘nirṛtyāḥ’ svabhūtaḥ, tayaivānupreṣitaḥ ityevaṃ ṣaṣṭhyartha | athavā nirṛtyāḥ sakāśādityevaṃ pañcamyarthaḥ|‘dūtaḥ’‘yat’ kartum ‘icchan’ ‘idam’ asmadgṛham ‘ājagāma’ | yasya naḥ pāpasya ca pāpakarmaṇo janmāntaravṛttasya etat kapotagṛhanilayanaṃ tatpadadarśanaṃ ca kuḍyādiṣu vipākāliṅgam | 'tasmai' karmaṇe tadarthaṃ yuṣmānneva 'arcāma' | samarthā yūyametat pāpakarma vipacyamānamasmākamapahartumṛju vipākaṃ vā kartum vayamapi ca tasmai pāpāya karmaṇe 'kṛṇavāma' 'niṣkṛtim' niṣkramaṇaṃ nirṇejanam, tapasā etadgatāmurūpeṇa | yato brūmaḥ- 'śaṃ naḥ' sukhaṃ naḥ 'astu' 'dvipade śaṃ catuṣpade' yuṣmatprasādena ca svena ca tapasetyabhiprāyaḥ || "paro nirṛtyā ācakṣeti" | etasmin pade "caturthyarthaprekṣā" caturthyarthadarśanam ata etat padam "aikārāntam" || "apohi manasaspate'paikrāma puraścara | paro nirṛtyā ācakṣva bahudhā jīvato manaḥ || ( ṛ0 saṃ0 8, 8, 22, 1)" | • pracetā nāma āṅgirasa etāmanuṣṭubhamapaśyat | duḥsvapnadarśane viniyuktā | mana iti hi vijñānamucyate, buddhyādiḥ, tasya patiḥ manasaspatirātmā, iha punarmṛtyurvyādhirvā manasaspatiḥ| ubhāvapi svakṛtakarmāpekṣayā prāṇināṃ buddhyādijñānopasaṃhārasyeśāte| tayoranyataraḥ sambodhyate, he 'manasaspate !' 'apaihi' apagaccha | asmatto gatvā ca tvamīṣadapagamya asmattaḥ, samīpa eva mā sthā asmākam | kintarhi ? 'apakrāma' dūramapetya krama | apakramya ca 'paraḥ'parataḥ, anyetrāsmattaḥ 'cara' apunarāvarttamāno'smān prati | kiñca 'paraḥ' parāgatya, yasyāḥ tvaṃ dūtaḥ nirṛtyāḥ, tasyai 'nirṛtyai' 'ācakṣva' | kimiti ? 'bahudhā jīvataḥ' mama 'manaḥ' | athavā paraḥ prakṛṣṭa āptastvaṃ tasyāḥ nirṛtyā dūto māṃ prāptaḥ | avijñātamaraṇakāla evātisammohāt | ato bravīmi | tasyai 'nirṛtyai' gatvā 'bahudhā' anekaprakāram 'ācakṣva' kathaya | 'jīvitaḥ' yādṛśaṃ manaḥ bhavati, tādṛśaṃ mama 'manaḥ' buddhyādhikaraṇaṃ jñānaṃ hi na karaṇaspaṣṭavṛtti na tāvat sa mumūrṣurityetadācakṣva | mumūrṣorhi upakṣīṇakarmaṇo nātispaṣṭā indriyavṛttayo bhavanti, na ca mama tathetyabhiprāyaḥ || evaṃ samānasahitānāmapi padānāmarthabhedakṛtaṃ vibhāgavailakṣaṇyam | sa cārtha idamantareṇa na vijñāyate | ata idamuktam,-'athāpīdamantareṇa padavibhāgo na vidyate' iti |
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13.4
• padavibhāgaprasaktamadhunā saṃhitālakṣaṇamāha- "paraḥ sannikarṣaḥ saṃhitā (pā0 1, 4, 109)"- iti | paraḥ prakṛṣṭo yaḥ sannikarṣaḥ saṃśleṣaḥ, paraspareṇa svarāṇāṃ svarādhirūḍhānāṃ ca vyañjanānāṃ sā saṃhitetyucyate | sā ca punariyaṃ "padaprakṛtiḥ saṃhitā (ṛ0 prātiśā0 2, 1 )" || atra dvidhā varṇayanti-padānāṃ yā prakṛtiḥ, seyaṃ padaprakṛtiḥ saṃhitā | kiṃ kā-
raṇam ? saṃhitāto hi padāni prakriyante, tasmāt saṃhitaiva prakṛtiḥ, vikāraḥ padānītyevameke manyante | apare punaḥ, padaprakṛtiḥ saṃhiteti padāni prakṛtiryasyāḥ seyaṃ padaprakṛtiriti | kiṃ kāraṇam ? padānyeva hi saṃhanyamānāni saṃhitā bhavati, tasmāt padānyeva prakṛtiḥ, vikāraḥ saṃhiteti ||
evaṃ ca kṛtvā "padaprakṛtīni sarvacaraṇānāṃ pārṣadānī" | sarveṣāṃ caraṇānāṃ śākhāntarāṇāmityarthaḥ | kim ? pārṣadānī, svacaraṇaparṣadyeva yaiḥ pratiśākhāniyatameva padāvagrahapragṛhyāpragṛhyakramasaṃhitāsvaralakṣaṇamucyate, tānīmāni pāṣadvāni prātiśākhyānītyarthaḥ | āha-kiṃ teṣām iti? ucyate-tāni padaprakṛtīni | padaṃ yeṣu saṃhitāyāḥ prakṛtitvena cintyate, tānīmāni padaprakṛtīni | teṣāmapi sa eva samaya ityabhiprāyaḥ ||
āha-kiṃ punaratra sādhīyaḥ-padānāṃ prakṛtitvam, saṃhitāyā vikāratvam ? uta vā vikāratvaṃ padānām, prakṛtitvaṃ saṃhitāyā iti ? ucyate-saṃhitāyāḥ prakṛtitvaṃ jyāyaḥ |
āha-kiṃ kāraṇam ? ucyate-mantro hyabhivyajyamānaḥ pūrvamṛṣermantradṛśaḥ saṃhitayaivābhivyajyate, na padaiḥ, ataśca saṃhitāmeva pūrvamadhyāpayantyanūcānā brāhmaṇāḥ, adhīyate cādhyetāraḥ|| api ca yajñakarmaṇi saṃhitayaiva viniyujyante mantrā na padaiḥ | yadi hi padāni prakṛtirabhaviṣyat, na saṃhitā, padaireva mantro'bhivyajyeta padānyeva ca pūrvamadhyāpayiṣyan brāhmaṇā adhyaiṣyanta cādhyetāraḥ| padaireva vinyayokṣyanta mantrāḥ karmasu| na tvetat sarvamasti| tasmādetairviśeṣahetubhiḥ saṃhitaiva prakṛtirna padānīti paśyāmaḥ || samayamātramitarat svaśāstraniyatameva || yaduktaṃ 'padaprakṛtīni sarvacaraṇānāṃ pārṣadāni' || teṣveva hi vyākhyāyamāneṣu padānāṃ prakṛtitvaṃ bhavati, na sarvatraiva | tasmāt saṃhitaiva prakṛtirityetadeva sādhīya iti |
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13.5
"athāpi yājñe daivatena bahavaḥ pradeśā bhavanti" | athedamparamārambhaprayojanamasya śāstrasyetyaivaṃ viśeṣādhikārārtho'yamathaśabdaḥ| apīdaṃ vakṣyamāṇamapi yānyuktānītyevamapiśabdaḥ
sambhāvyate | āha-ki punastat iti? ucyate-yājñe karmaṇi pravarttamāne daivatena bahavaḥ pradeśā bhavanti, daivatena liṅgena bahavo vidhipradeśā bhavanti | tadyathā-"upatiṣṭhate vyucchantyāmaindryā sadaḥ, āgneyyāgnīdhraṃ vaiṣṇavyā "havirddhānam" ityevamādi | nyāyavidaḥ khalvapi yājñikāḥ| paṭhanti,-liṅgato mantrāṇāṃ śeṣabhāvamadhikṛtya, "liṅgakramasamākhyānāt kāmyayuktaṃ samāmnānam"ityadhikāre, "mantravidhistadaukhyeṣu viśiṣṭatvāt" iti caivamādi | tatraivaṃ sati "te ced brūyurliṅgajñā atra sma iti" | te yadyatra brūyuḥ | kimiti ? liṅgajñāḥ liṅgajñātāro vayamatra etasminnāmnāye | liṅgato vayamatra yā yasmin devatā tāṃ tatra vijānīmaḥ | vijñāya ca taddevata eva karmaṇi viniyuñjmahe taṃ mantram | evaṃ ca sati na no niruktaśāstreṇa prayojanamastīti liṅgamasmākaṃ jñāpakamiti kecid varṇayanti || ta evaṃ bruvanto vaktavyāḥ,-yadi yūyaṃ liṅgato mantradevatāṃ vijānīdhve, tarhi "indra̱ṃ natvā śava̍sā de̱vatā̍ vā̱yuṃ pṛ̍ṇanti̱ (ṛ0 ma0 4, 5, 6, 2) "-ityetasmin mantre kā devatā ? iti || āha-kena punarabhiprāyeṇāsmin mantre devatā pṛcchyate ? iti | ucyate- "vāyuliṅgaṃ caindraliṅgaṃ cāgneye mantre"| atha tāvadayamāgneyo mantraḥ, atha ca tāvadetasmin mantre indravāyū api śrūyete, tadetad duṣparijñānaṃ liṅgamātreṇa katamadatra pradhānaṃ devatābhidhānam ? katamadatra naighaṇṭukam ? iti | te ceda yājñikā liṅgamātrānniruktamupekṣya mantrān karmasu viniyuñjānā guṇapradhānabhāvamajānanto devatābhidhānānāmekamantragatānāmanyadevatamantramanyadevate karmaṇi viniyuñjīran, tataścāyathākaraṇāt karmasamṛddhiḥ syāt | na ca kevalaṃ karmasamṛddhireva, kiṃ tarhi ? apadhvaṃso'pi syādeva duriṣṭahetukaḥ | tasmāt parijñeyaṃ niruktam | tena hi guṇapradhānabhāvaḥ śakyate vijñātumekamantragatānāṃ devatābhidhānānāmiti tadetadevaṃ devatāparijñānadvāreṇa puruṣasya prati viśiṣṭopakārakāri | tasmād yujyate prārabdhumiti ||
bārhaspatyasya bharadvājasyārṣam | āgneyī | prātaranuvākāśvinayorviniyogaḥ | he 'agne !' 'tvāṃ hi' tvāmeva 'mandratamaṃ' mudutamaṃ sukhārādhyatamam, tvaṃ hi deveṣu sarveṣu mṛdu''khyāto yataḥ, atastvāmadya 'vavṛmahe' sambhajāmahe | kena? 'arkaśokaiḥ'| ekapadametat, arcanairmantraiḥ śokairityarthaḥ| athoktalakṣaṇaiyyaijanitavīryyaiḥ | atastvaṃ bhajyamānaḥ taiḥ mantraiḥ saṃsevyamānaḥ 'naḥ'
asmākaṃ 'mahi' mahat stotraṃ taireva mantrairyuṣmadguṇānusmṛtisantānagarbharupagrathitaṃ 'śroṣi' śṛṇu | kiñca, evaṃ tvaṃ mahatī devatā, yena 'tvā' tvāmevaikaṃ 'devatāḥ' api sarvāḥ 'indraṃ na' indramiva ca 'vāyum' iva ca 'śavasā' balena valabatībhiḥ stutibhiḥ abhyarcanti | kiṃ punaḥ svaiḥ karmabhiḥ ? ye'pi ca kecidanye triloke nṛṇāṃ madhye baladhanaśrutaḥ 'nṛtamāḥ' te'pi ca tvāmeva 'pṛṇanti' pālayanti pūrayanti vā | 'rādhasā' havirlakṣaṇena dhanena | evaṃ sadevamanuṣyasya jagataḥ pūjyastvaṃ na kevalamasmākamiti ||
evamagramāmeye mantraḥ, sa eṣa liṅgamātradarśanenāvijñātapradhānadevato viniyujyamāna aindre vāyavye vā karmaṇi karturabhipretaphalasiddhaye nālaṃ syāt, karmavaiguṇyācca karturapadhvaṃsāya syāt | tasmād vijñeyaṃ mantradevatāniścayajñānāya niruktamiti || "agniriva manyo tviṣitaḥ sahasva senānīrnaḥ sahure hūta edhi | hṛtvāya śatrūnvibhajasva veda̱ ojo̱ mimā̍no vimṛdho nudasva || ( ṛ0 saṃ0 8, 3, 19, 2)" iti ||
yathā pūrvasminnāgneye vāyuliṅgamandraliṅgaṃ ca, "tathā" etasminnapi "mānyave mantre" " agniḥ " agniliṅgaṃ naighaṇṭukam | evamanekadevatāliṅgamantreṣu duravadhāraṃ devatānvayamneruktenāprasiddhamantravyākhyānasamayena ||
yaduktam-liṅgajñātāro vayamatra liṅgata eva mantrān karmasu viniyokṣyāmahe, na nau niruktena prayojanamasti-iti etadayuktamiti | "tviṣirityapyasya dīptināma bhavati" apaṭhitamapi dīptināmasu na kevalaṃ yānyeva paṭhitāni, anyānyapīti |
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Linked texts (1)
- Nirukta — Yāska, Sanskrit