Karnatakabhashabhushana 8

English (machine translation) 8

Language: English

8.1 — 2 parts
8.2 — 8 parts
8.3 — 23 parts
8.4 — 8 parts
8.5 — 11 parts
8.6 — 8 parts
8.7 — 16 parts
8.8 — 6 parts
8.9 — 12 parts
8.10 — 5 parts
8.11 — 5 parts
8.12 — 14 parts
8.13 — 27 parts
8.14 — 11 parts
8.15 — 8 parts
8.16 — 8 parts
8.17 — 17 parts
8.18 — 17 parts
8.19 — 13 parts
8.20 — 10 parts
8.21 — 5 parts
8.22 — 7 parts
8.23 — 18 parts
8.24 — 9 parts
8.25 — 6 parts
8.26 — 12 parts
8.27 — 8 parts
8.28 — 7 parts
8.29 — 6 parts
8.30 — 8 parts
8.31 — 6 parts
8.32 — 8 parts
8.33 — 15 parts
8.34 — 6 parts
8.35 — 10 parts
8.36 — 11 parts
8.37 — 4 parts
8.38 — 4 parts
8.39 — 4 parts
8.40 — 4 parts
8.41 — 6 parts
8.42 — 5 parts
8.43 — 10 parts
8.44 — 4 parts
8.45 — 11 parts
8.46 — 10 parts
8.47 — 2 parts

8.1.2

That whose very meaning is an action denotes an action. It receives the technical term 'root' [dhātu].

8.2.1

After that [occur] the case inflections am, ar, ay, ir, en, and evu.

8.2.2

Following that which has the technical term 'root', these case inflections occur: am, ar, ay, ir, en, and evu.

8.3.1

However, those beginning with the sounds da, dapa, and va are respectively the past, present, and future.

8.3.2

Those case inflections, however, beginning with da, dapa, and the sound va, are to be known, in order, by the technical terms 'past' [bhūtavatī], 'present' [vartamānā], and 'future' [bhaviṣyantī].

8.4.2

When the sense of negation is understood, those verbal terminations do not occur beginning thus with the sounds da, dapa, and va; they remain purely in their own form.

8.5.1

Among them, pairs of two are the third, second, and first persons.

8.5.2

When those verbal terminations are divided threefold, becoming pairs of two numbers each, they take the technical terms 'third person', 'second person', and 'first person'.

8.6.1

When another referent is meant, [there is] the third person.

8.6.2

When another referent is intended to be expressed, after the root expressing action, the third person occurs.

8.7.1

For yuṣmad and asmad, [there are] the second and first [persons].

8.7.2

When the sense of yuṣmad and when the sense of asmad [is to be expressed], the second and first persons occur respectively.

8.8.1

In simultaneous use, the subsequent among them [prevails].

8.8.2

When there is simultaneous use of those third, second, and first persons, that which is subsequent is the very person that occurs.

8.8.3

ātanuṁ nīnuṁ māḍidir, māḍidapir, māḍuvir;

8.8.4

ātanum ānuṁ māḍidevu, māḍidapevu, māḍuvevu.

8.8.5

nīnum ānuṁ māḍidevu, māḍidapevu, māḍuvevu (‘You and I made, make, will make’);

8.8.6

ātanuṁ nīnum ānuṁ kūḍi māḍidevu, māḍidapevu, māḍuvevu (‘He, you, and I together made, make, will make’).

8.9.1

[Tense-suffixes apply] in their own tense.

The suffixes denoting the past and so forth are to be prescribed in their own respective tense. This is what is meant: the past tense suffix is to be prescribed in past time; the present tense suffix in present time; the future tense suffix in future time. For example:

8.9.3

In the past:

8.9.4

puṭṭidaṁ (‘he was born’);

8.9.5

puṭṭidar (‘they were born’).

8.9.6

In the present:

8.9.7

puṭṭidapaṁ (‘he is being born’);

8.9.8

puṭṭidapar (‘they are being born’).

8.9.9

In the future:

8.9.10

puṭṭuvaṁ (‘he will be born’);

8.9.11

puṭṭuvar (‘they will be born’).

8.9.12

Likewise also in the second and first persons.

8.10.1

When one [is meant], the singular [occurs].

8.10.2

When a single referent is intended to be expressed, only the singular occurs:

8.10.3

ātan orvane māḍidaṁ, māḍidapaṁ, māḍuvaṁ (‘he alone made, makes, will make’);

8.10.4

nīn orvane māḍiday, māḍidapay, māḍuvay (‘you alone made, make, will make’);

8.10.5

ān orvane māḍideṁ, māḍidapeṁ, māḍuveṁ (‘I alone made, make, will make’).

8.11.1

In duality and multiplicity, the other [occurs].

8.11.2

In duality and in multiplicity, only that which is other, namely the plural, occurs:

8.11.3

avar māḍidar, māḍidapar, māḍuvar (‘they made, make, will make’);

8.11.4

nīṁ māḍidir, māḍidapir, māḍuvir (‘you [all] made, make, will make’);

8.11.5

āṁ māḍidevu, māḍidapevu, māḍuvevu (‘we made, make, will make’).

8.12.1

udu and uvu [are the substitutes] of the third person in the neuter.

8.12.2

In the scope of the neuter gender, these two substitutes, udu and uvu, occur respectively for the singular and the plural of the third person:

8.12.3

ādudu (‘it became’);

8.12.4

āduvu (‘they became’);

8.12.5

ādapudu (‘it becomes’);

8.12.6

ādapuvu (‘they become’);

8.12.7

appudu (‘it will become’);

8.12.8

appuvu (‘they will become’);

8.12.9

pōdudu (‘it went’);

8.12.10

pōduvu (‘they went’);

8.12.11

pōdapudu (‘it goes’);

8.12.12

pōdapuvu (‘they go’);

8.12.13

pōpudu (‘it will go’);

8.12.14

pōpuvu (‘they will go’).

8.13.1

And in [the sense of verbal] action.

8.13.2

When the sense of the verbal action is intended to be expressed, these two, udu and uvu, occur for the third person:

8.13.3

irpudu (‘being’);

8.13.4

irpuvu (‘beings’);

8.13.5

māḻpudu (‘doing’);

8.13.6

māḻpuvu (‘doings’);

8.13.7

kūrpudu (‘loving’);

8.13.8

kūrpuvu (‘lovings’);

8.13.9

barpudu (‘coming’);

8.13.10

barpuvu (‘comings’);

8.13.11

nōḍidudu (‘having seen’);

8.13.12

nōḍiduvu (‘having seen [pl.]’);

8.13.13

bēḍidudu (‘having begged’);

8.13.14

bēḍiduvu (‘having begged [pl.]’);

8.13.15

māḍidudu (‘having done’ [nominative]);

8.13.16

māḍidudaṁ (‘having done’ [accusative]);

8.13.17

māḍidudaṟiṁ (‘by having done’ [instrumental]);

8.13.18

māḍidudarke (‘for having done’ [dative]);

8.13.19

māḍidudaṟattaṇiṁ (‘from having done’ [ablative]);

8.13.20

māḍidudaṟa (‘of having done’ [genitive]);

8.13.21

māḍidudaṟoḷ (‘in having done’ [locative]); nōḍiduvu (‘having seen’ [nominative plural]);

8.13.22

nōḍiduvaṁ (‘having seen’ [accusative plural]).

8.13.23

nōḍiduvaṟiṁ,

8.13.24

nōḍiduvarke,

8.13.25

nōḍiduvaṟattaṇiṁ,

8.13.26

nōḍiduvaṟa,

8.13.27

[and] nōḍuduvaṟoḷ.

8.14.1

For its singular, tu and tū [are substituted] optionally according to others.

8.14.2

For the third-person singular prescribed in the neuter gender, tu and tū are optionally substituted according to the opinion of others.

8.14.3

puṭṭitu,

8.14.4

puṭṭittu,

8.14.5

sogayisitu,

8.14.6

sogayisittu,

8.14.7

aḷkitu,

8.14.8

[and] aḷkittu. By fixed option, in some cases it is something else altogether: kēṭṭattu,

8.14.9

sattattu,

8.14.10

ādattu,

8.14.11

[and] pōdattu.

8.15.1

In the feminine, aḷ at the end.

8.15.2

When the feminine is intended, aḷ occurs at the end of the third-person singular.

8.15.3

aṟidaḷ,

8.15.4

aṟidapaḷ,

8.15.5

aṟivaḷ,

8.15.6

janiyisidaḷ,

8.15.7

janiyisidapaḷ,

8.15.8

[and] janiyisuvaḷ.

8.16.1

gum and kum [occur] everywhere in the future.

8.16.2

In the future of the third person, gum and kum are substitutes everywhere across genders and numbers, in accordance with usage.

8.16.3

mōṟugum ātaṁ,

8.16.4

mōṟugum āke,

8.16.5

mōṟugum adu,

8.16.6

irkum ātaṁ,

8.16.7

irkum āke,

8.16.8

[and] irkum adu.

8.17.1

Before [an ending] beginning with d, the augment iD is diverse.

8.17.2

When a set of endings beginning with the phoneme d follows, the augment i occurs diversely.

8.17.3

meccidaṁ,

8.17.4

meccidapaṁ,

8.17.5

meccidar,

8.17.6

[and] meccidapar.

8.17.7

Because of the word bahuḷam ("diverse"), it occurs elsewhere too:

8.17.8

urcitu,

8.17.9

urcittu,

8.17.10

bercitu,

8.17.11

[and] bercittu.

8.17.12

In some cases it is something else altogether:

8.17.13

naḍedattu,

8.17.14

oḍedaṁ,

8.17.15

naḍedaṁ,

8.17.16

kaḷedaṁ,

8.17.17

[and] beḷedaṁ.

8.18.1

And i and u before [an ending beginning with] v.

8.18.2

When a set of endings beginning with the phoneme v follows, i and u are augments.

8.18.3

jaḍivaṁ,

8.18.4

niḍuvaṁ,

8.18.5

baḍivaṁ,

8.18.6

kuḍivaṁ,

8.18.7

māḍuvaṁ,

8.18.8

bēḍuvaṁ,

8.18.9

āḍuvaṁ,

8.18.10

[and] pāḍuvaṁ.

8.18.11

From the word ca ("and"), something else also [occurs]:

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Linked texts (1)

Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa — Nāgavarma II, Sanskrit

Karnatakabhashabhushana 8

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