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Historical Geography of Ancient India c9: Chapter IV: Western India

Historical Geography of Ancient India c9

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Chapter IV: Western India

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Ablūr.—It is a village about two miles west of Koḍ, the chief town of the Koḍ taluk in the Dharwar district of the Bombay State. Its name occurs in ancient records in a fuller form as Abbalūr (*E.I.*, V, 213ff.).

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Adrijā.—This river is mentioned in the *Mahābhārata* (Anuśāsana-parva, CLXV, 7648). It issues from the Ṛkṣa and the Vindhya mountains.

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Agastya-āśrama.—This hermitage was situated at Akolha to the east of Nasik (*Rāmāyaṇa*, Āraṇyakāṇḍa, Ch. 11; *Mahābhārata*, Ch. 96. 1-3; cf. Padma Purāṇa, Ch. 6, śl. 5). It is stated in the *Rāmāyaṇa* (Āraṇyakaṇḍa, 11 sarga, verses 40-41) that this hermitage was situated on the south side of his brother’s hermitage, at a distance of one mile from the latter. The *Yoginītantra* (2. 7. 8) has a reference to this hermitage. Some hold that at a distance of twenty-four miles to the south-east of Nasik at Agastipurī there existed the hermitage of the sage Agastya. Some think that this hermitage was situated on the summit of the Malaya range or Malayakūṭa which was also known as Śrīkhaṇḍādri or even as Candanādri (Ch. Dhoyi’s *Pavanadūtam*). It was visited by Balarāma. Manu performed austerities here (*Bhāgavata*, VI. 3. 35; X. 79. 16; *Matsya*, I. 12). Agastya, who was the famous author of the *Agastyasaṃhitā*, introduced Aryan civilization into South India. This hermitage was rendered impregnable to all kinds of trouble, as the mighty sage killed the demons by his spiritual prowess. He was met by Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and Sītā while he was engaged in offering oblations. The sage welcomed them and gave Rāma his divine bow, arrow and other weapons. At a distance of about seven miles from this hermitage lay the Pañcavaṭī forest.

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Alandatirtha.—This may be identified with the modern Ālundah, five miles north-east of Bhor, the chief town of the Bhor State, and about thirty-five miles north of Satara (*I.A.*, XX, 304).

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Alinā.—The Alinā Copperplate Inscription of Śīlāditya VII (the year 447) refers to this village situated about fourteen miles north-east of Naḍiād, the chief town of the Naḍiād taluk in Gujarat (*C.I.I.*, III).

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Amalaḳaṭaka.—It is Amod, 12 miles to the south-west of Āmti (*Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State*, Vol. I, p. 20).

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Ambarnāth.—This place contains a beautiful temple which is a fine specimen of genuine Hindu architecture dated the 9th century A.D. It is near Kalyan (Law, *Holy Places of India*, p. 42).

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Ambāpāṭaka.—It is the same as Āmaḍpur, situated on the Pūravī or Pūrṇā and about five miles from Nausārī. This village was some centuries ago called Āmrapura (*E.I.*, XXI, July, 1931).

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Amreli.—It is the headquarters of a district of this name belonging to the Baroda State in the south of Kathiawar. Its antiquity is proved by the Amreli plates of Kharagraha I (*Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State*, Vol. I, p. 7).

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Aṇastu.—This village stands about two and half miles to the north-west of Karjan, the headquarters of the taluk of this name in the Baroda district where two copperplate grants were discovered (*Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State*, Vol. I, p. 16).

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Añjaneri.—It is a village in the headquarters taluk of the Nasik district, where grants of Pṛthivīcandra Bhogaśakti were discovered (E.I. XXV, Pt. V, January, 1940, p. 225).

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Antikā.—It may be identified with the modern Āmti in the Pādrā taluk of the Baroda district (Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State, Vol. I, p. 20).

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Anūpanivrit.—Anūpa country (Luders’ List, No. 965). The country of the Anūpas lay near Surāṣṭra and Ānarta. Epigraphic evidence lends support to the view that the Anūpas occupied the tract of country south of Surāṣṭra around Māhiṣmatī on the Narmadā. The Nasik Cave Inscription of queen Gautamī Balaśrī records that Anūpa was conquered by her son along with other countries. The Junāgaḍh Rock Inscription of Rudradāman refers to his sway extended over this country. For details, vide B. C. Law, Tribes in Ancient India, p. 389; B. C. Law, Indological Studies, Pt. I, pp. 53-54.

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Asika.—It appears to correspond with Arsak or the Arsacidae the name of the well-known Parthian ruler of Persia. It is mentioned in the Nasik Inscription that Gautamīputra is said to have ruled over it (Nasik, the Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1883, Vol. XVI).

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Asitamasā.—It is referred to in the Barhut Inscriptions (Barua and Sinha, p. 32). Cunningham locates it somewhere on the bank of the Tamasā or Ton river. The Vāmana Purāṇa mentions Asinila and Tāmasa among the countries of western India.

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Ayyapolil.—It is the Tamil name of Ayyavoḷe, which is identical with Aihole in the Hungund taluk of the Bijapur district, Bombay Presidency. It was famous as the headquarters of a very prosperous trading corporation (E.I., XXIII, Pt. VII).

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Ābhīra-deśa.—The Abiria or Ābhīra country was ruled over by the western Kṣatrapas or Śaka rulers of western India, who seem to have held sway over the entire realm of Indo-Scythia of Greek geographer Ptolemy (cf. E.I., VIII, pp. 36ff.). According to the Guṇḍa Inscription of the Śaka king Rudrasimha (A.D. 181) a tank was excavated by Rudrabhūti, an Ābhīra general, in his realm. Shortly afterwards (188-90 A.D. according to Bhandarkar; after 236 A.D. according to Rapson) a native of Ābhīra named Īśvaradatta held the office of Mahākṣatrapa. He was probably identical with the Ābhīra king named Īśvarasena, who became Mahākṣatrapa of western India and captured portions of Mahārāṣṭra in the 3rd century A.D. from the Sātavāhana rulers. It is suggested that the dynasty of Īśvarasena was identical with the Traikūṭaka line of Aparānta, and the establishment of the Traikūṭaka era commencing from 248 A.D., marks the time when the Ābhīras succeeded the Sātavāhanas in the government of northern Mahārāṣṭra and the adjoining region (cf. Raychaudhuri, Political History of Northern India, 4th ed., p. 418, f.n. 2). The Ābhīra country is also mentioned in the Allahabad Iron Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta as one of the tribal states of western and south-western India, who paid homage to the great Gupta Emperor and who were a semi-independent people living outside the borders of his empire (For a complete history, vide Law, Tribes in Ancient India, p. 81; E.I., X, pp. 99 and 127). Some have located them in the province of Ahirwāḍā between the Pārvatī and the Betwa in Central India. The Ābhīras, who were associated with Śūdras, most likely identified with the Sodrai or Sogdoi of the Greek historians of Alexander’s time, are placed, according to the Viṣṇu Purāṇa (Wilson, II, Ch. III, pp. 132-5), in the extreme west along with the Surāṣṭras, Śūdras, Arbudas, Kārūṣas and Mālavas dwelling along the Pāripātra.

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mountains. The Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Ch. 57, vv. 35-36) groups them with the Vāhlīkas, Vāṭadhānas, Śūdras, Madrakas, Surāṣṭras and Sindhu-Sauvīras, all of whom occupied the countries included in the Aparāntaka (Western India). Pargiter points out that the Ābhīras had something to do with the events following the great Bhārata war. The Yādavas of Gujarat were attacked and broken up by the rude Ābhīras (A.I.H.T., p. 284). According to the Mahābhārata (Sabhāparva, Ch. 51), they were located in the western division of India. This evidence of the Mahābhārata is supported by the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as well as by Ptolemy. The Mahābhārata (IX, 37, 1) definitely locates the Ābhīras in western Rajputana where the river Sarasvatī disappears. Patañjali in his Mahābhāṣya (1. 2. 3) is perhaps the first to introduce them into Indian history. By the middle of the second century B.C. the Ābhīras and their country must have been overpowered by the Bactrian Greeks, who seem to have occupied the whole of the country, which Ptolemy designates as Indo-Scythia and which included Aberia or Abiria. The Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chs. 57-58, vv. 45-8 and v. 22) places them with those dwelling in the southern country. The Vāyu Purāṇa (Ch. 45, 126) supports it and describes the Ābhīras as Dakṣiṇāpatha-vāsinah. For further details, vide B. C. Law, Indological Studies, Pt. I, pp. 54ff.

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Ālūr.—It is a village in the Gadag taluk of Dharwar district of the Bombay State (E.I., XVI, p. 27).

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Ānandapura.—The Maliya Copperplate Inscription of Dharasena II refers to it. Its modern name is Ānand, the chief town of the Ānand taluk (C.I.I., Vol. III).

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Ānandapura or Vaḍnagar.—This is also called Nagar, the original home of the Nagar Brāhmans of Gujarat, which was surrounded by Kumārapāla with a rampart (E.I., I, p. 295).

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Ānartta.—It is the name of a country in North Kathiawar (Luders' List No. 965). According to some this tract lies round Dvārakā, while according to others, it is situated round Vaḍanagar (cf. Bombay Gazetteer, I, 1. 6). This country seems to have reconquered from Gautamīputra by Śaka Mahākṣatrapa Rudradāman (vide B. C. Law, Indological Studies, Pt. I, pp. 52-53). According to the Skanda Purāṇa (Ch. 1, 5-6) there was a hermitage (āśrama) in this country full of ascetics chanting vedic verses.

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Āsaṭṭigrāma.—This village has been identified by Bühler with Astgām, seven miles south-east of Navsārī (E.I., VIII, 229ff.; I.A., XVII, p. 198). Some hold that Aṣṭagrāma is the proper name and not Āsaṭṭigrāma (E.I., VIII, p. 231).

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Āṭavikarājyas.—Fleet (C.I.I., III, 114) says that the Āṭavikarājyas or forest kingdoms were closely connected with Dabhālā, i.e. the Jabalpur region (E.I., VIII, 284-87; B. C. Law, The Magadhas in Ancient India, Royal Asiatic Society Monograph, Vol. XXIV, p. 19). It was Samudragupta who made the rulers of the Āṭavikarājyas his servants (cf. Allahabad Stone Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta . . . paricārakīkṛta sarvāṭavikarājasya). The Āṭavyas¹ or Āṭavikas were probably the aboriginal tribes dwelling in the jungle tracts of Central India.

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¹ Vāyup., XLV, 126; Matsyap., CXIII, 48; Law, Tribes in Ancient India, p. 383.

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Badarikā.—The Ellora plates of Dantidurga mention it which lies in southern Gujarat (E.I., XXV, Pt. I, January, 1939, p. 29).

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*Bahāl*.—This village is in the Chalisgaon sub-division of the Khandesh district of the Bombay State, where an Inscription of the Yādava king Singhana (Śaka samvat 1144) was discovered (*E.I.*, III, 110).

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*Balegrāma*.—It is a village which may be identified with modern Belgaum Taralha in the Igatpuri taluk of the Nasik district (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. V, January, 1940, p. 230—Two Grants of Pṛthivīcandra Bhogaśakti).

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*Balisa*.—A grant of Allaśakti (acquired by the *Bhārata Itihāsa Saṃśodhakamaṇḍala*, Poona) mentions this village, which was given by the Sendraka Prince Allaśakti. This village has been identified with Wanesa in the Bardoli taluk of the Surat district (*D. R. Bhandarkar Volume*, p. 53).

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*Balsāṇe*.—It is in the Pimpalner taluk of the West Khandesh district of the Bombay State, well-known for its several temples of the Chalukyan style (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. VII, July, 1942, pp. 309ff.).

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*Baṅkāpur*.—It was also known as Baṅkāpur taluk in the Dharwar district of the Bombay Presidency. The ancient town known as Male Baṅkāpur lies nearly two miles south by south-west from the modern town (*E.I.*, XIII, p. 168).

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*Bargaon*.—It is a village situated at a distance of 27 miles north by west of Murwārā, the chief town of the Murwārā tahsil of the Jubbulpore district, where an inscription has been found incised on a broken stone slab (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. VI, April, 1940).

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*Bāmaṇi*.—This village is situated five miles south-west of Kāgal, the chief town of the Kāgal State in Kolhapur territory, where a Stone Inscription of Vijayāditya of the Śilāhāra family was discovered (*E.I.*, III, 211).

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*Bāsuraviṣaya*.—It comprised 140 villages and included the southern part of the Haveli taluk of the Dharwar district (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. V, p. 194).

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*Beḷvola*.—The Veṅkaṭapur Inscription of Amoghavarṣa (Śaka 828) refers to this place which comprised portions of the modern Gadag, Ron and Navalgand taluks of the Dharwar district (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. II, April, 1941, pp. 59ff.).

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*Bhadrakasat*.—It was in Kānyakubja or Kanauj. There was a matrimonial alliance between the royal house of Benaras and king Mahendraka who was the tribal king of Bhadrakasat (R. L. Mitter, *Northern Buddhist Lit.*, 143ff.).

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*Bhadrāraka*.—It may be identified with Bhadara which is about two miles to the south-west of Āmtī (*Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State*, Vol. I, p. 20).

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*Bhairaṇmaṭṭi*.—It is a village ten miles east of Bāgalkot, the chief town of the Bāgalkot taluk of the Bijapur district in the Bombay State, where a stone inscription was found (*E.I.*, III, 230).

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*Bharaṇa*.—It is a small village near Khambhalia, a seaport in the Gulf of Cutch in the Jamnagar State, Kathiawar. A stone inscription has been found here.

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*Bharukaccha* (Bhṛgukaccha).—Bharukaccha (sea-marsh), Bhṛgukaccha,¹ are all identical with modern Broach or Bharoch which is the Barygaza of Ptolemy² and the *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*.³ Modern Broach is Kathiāwāḍ. In the name Barygaza given to it by Ptolemy we have a Greek corruption of Bhṛguksetra or Bhṛgukaccha (*Ancient India as described by Ptolemy*, pp. 153-4). Bharukaccha was a seaport town. Julien restored the name as ‘Barou-gatcheva’ which Saint Martin made as ‘Bāroukatcheva’. It was known as Po-lu-ka-che-p’o at the time of the Chinese pilgrim, Hiuen Tsang. Bhṛgukaccha is the Skt. form of Bharukaccha which means high coast-land. This town was exactly situated on a high coast-land. The Bṛhatsaṃhitā (XIV. 11) and the Yoginītantra (2. 4) refer to it. It is also mentioned in the Mathurā Buddhist image Inscription of Huviṣka. A grant of the Gurjara king Jayabhaṭṭa III, (Kalacuri year 486; *E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. IV, Oct., 1935; cf. Luder’s List, No. 1131) also makes mention of this town. The Bhāgavata Purāṇa (VIII, 18, 12) places it on the northern bank of the Narmadā. According to the Greek geographer Ptolemy, Barygaza was a large city situated about 30 miles from the sea on the north side of the river Narmadā (*Ancient India as described by Ptolemy*, p. 153). The Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Vaṅgavāsī ed., Ch. 58, v. 21) locates it on the river Veṇvā.

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¹ *Matsya Purāṇa*, CXIII, 50; *Mārk. Purāṇa*, LVII, 51.

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² *Ancient India as described by Ptolemy*, pp. 38, 153.

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³ *Ibid.*, pp. 40, 287.

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According to the *Divyāvadāna* (pp. 545–576) Bharukaccha was a rich and prosperous city, thickly populated. Hiuen Tsang, who visited this place in the 7th century A.D., described it to be 2,400 or 2,500 li in circuit. The soil was impregnated with salt. It was brackish and its vegetation sparse. Salt was made by boiling sea-water, and the people were supported by the sea. Trees and shrubs were scarce and scattered. The climate was hot. The people were mean and deceitful, ignorant, and believers in both orthodoxy and heterodoxy. There were more than ten Buddhist monasteries with 300 brethren who were the adherents of the Mahāyāna Sthavira school. There were about ten deva-temples in which there were sectaries of various kinds.¹

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¹ Watters, *On Yuan Chwang*, II, p. 241; Beal, *Records of the Western World*, pp. 259, 260.

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The *Divyāvadāna* (pp. 544–586) records a very interesting story accounting for the name of Bharukaccha or Bhṛgukaccha. It is said that Rudrāyana, king of Roruka (identified by some with Alor, an old city of Sind) in Sovira, was killed by his son, Śikhaṇḍin. As a punishment for this crime, the realm of Śikhaṇḍin, the parricide king, was destroyed by a heavy shower of sand. Three pious men only survived: two ministers and a Buddhist monk, who went out in search for a new land. Bhiru, one of the two ministers, established a new city, which came to be named after him—Bhiruka or Bhirukaccha, whence came the name Bharukaccha. The legend concerning the foundation of the Bhiru kingdom with its capital in the Buddha’s time cannot be believed for the simple reason that the kingdom and its seaport had existed long before.

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The Aryans seem to have sailed from Kāthiāwāḍ to Bharukaccha and from Bharukaccha to Śūrpāraka.² In early Buddhist literature as well as in the early centuries of the Christian era, Bharukaccha was an important seat of sea-going trade and commerce. From Ujjayini every commodity for local consumption was brought down to Barygaza (Bhṛgukaccha, *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, section 48). The *Periplus* (section 49) notices that the Onyx-stones were imported into Barygaza. According to Ptolemy, it was the greatest seat of commerce in western India.³ The *Sussondi Jātaka* refers to the journey of the minstrel Sagga from Benaras to Bharukaccha, which was a seaport town (*Paṭṭana-gāma*) from which ships sailed for different countries. Some merchants of this port were sailing for Suvarṇabhūmi (identified with Lower Burma). A minstrel who came to Bharukaccha approached them and promised to play music, if he was taken by them on their ship. They took him on the ship and his music excited the fish in the water so much that the ship was badly wrecked.¹ At Bharukaccha a master mariner lost both his eyes being injured by salt-water. He was then appointed by the king as the valuer. He gave up this post and came back to Bharukaccha where he lived. Some merchants asked him to sail their ship, although he was blind. Being pressed much by them he consented. He at last saved the ship from destruction and brought it back safely to its place of destination, which was the seaport town of Bharukaccha.²

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² Bhandarkar, *Carmichael Lectures*, 1918, p. 23.

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³ *Ancient India as described by Ptolemy*, p. 153.

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¹ Jātaka, III, pp. 188ff.

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² Ibid., IV, pp. 137ff.

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The *Bodhisattvāvadāna Kalpalatā* of Kṣemendra points out that Surpāraka in his old age undertook a voyage with some merchants to trade with the inhabitants of Bharukaccha.³ The *Gaṇḍavyūha*, a Northern Buddhist text, refers to a goldsmith of Bharukaccha named Muktasāra.⁴

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³ Cf. R. L. Mitra, *Northern Buddhist Literature*, p. 51.

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⁴ Ibid., p. 92.

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The *Milinda-pañho*⁵ refers to the people of Bharukaccha (*Bharukacchaka*) among the peoples of many countries in connection with the building of a city by an able architect. At Bharukaccha Vaddha belonged to the family of a commoner. He renounced his household life and entered the Order.⁶ Vaddha's mother was reborn in a clansman's family at this town. She later entered the Order after handing her child over to her kin.⁷

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⁵ Trenckner ed., p. 331.

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⁶ Mrs. Rhys Davids, *Psalms of the Brethren*, p. 194.

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⁷ *Therīgāthā* commentary, p. 171.

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Vijaya of the country of Lāḷha, son of Sihavāhu, stopped for three months at Bharukaccha and then went again on board the ship.⁸

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⁸ *Dīpavaṃsa*, IX, V. 26.

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There was a forest in this seaport town called Koriṇṭa. It was on the bank of the Narmadā. Jina Suvrata visited it for instructing Jitaśatru who was then engaged in horse sacrifice.

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Bharukaccha has many popular shrines. Vāhaḍadeva, son of Udaya, restored Sittujja, and his younger brother, Ambaḍa, restored the Śakuṇikā Vihāra.⁹

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⁹ *Vividhatīrthakalpa*, ed. Jinavijaya Sūri, pp. 20-22.

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*Bhāja*.—It is situated about 2½ miles south of the Bombay-Poona road and about a mile from the Malavli railway station. The cave No. 1 is a natural cavern. The next caves are plain *vihāras*. The cave No. 6 is a *Vihāra*, very much dilapidated. There is an irregular hall with three cells. There is a beautiful *Caitya*. The caves are earlier than 2000 B.C. There are vaults and ornamental cornices. Buddhist emblems are traceable in four of the pillars. The roof is arched, and there are ornamental arches in front and a double railing. There are many small *vihāras* near about.

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*Bhāṇḍup*.—It is a village in the Salsette taluk of the Thana district of the Bombay Presidency, where the plates of Chittarājadeva were discovered (E.I., XII, 250ff.).

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*Bheṭalīkā*.—This village is situated in the district of Pacchatrī (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, January, 1942, p. 209).

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*Bilviśvara*.—Bilviśvara mentioned in the Surat plate of Kirtirāja, may be identified with Balesara or Baleśwara, a small town, two miles to the north of Palasenā (I.A., XXI, p. 256).

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*Brahmagiri*.—It is a mountain in the Nasik district near the Trayambaka in which the Godavari has its source.

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*Brahmapurī*.—It is the local name of a part of Kolhapur adjoining the bank of the river Pañcagaṅgā (E.I., XXIII, Pt. I, January, 1935; E.I., XXIII, Pt. II).

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*Brāhmaṇābād*.—The little state of Patalene as the Greeks called it was probably named after its capital city Pattala. Patalene is generally identified with the Indus delta and its capital town Patala (Skt. Prasthala) is supposed to have stood at or near the site of modern Brāhmaṇābād. According to Diodoros the constitution of Patala (Tauala) was similar to that of Sparta. There was a council of elders vested with the supreme authority in the management and conduct of usual administration. According to Strabo (H. and F., II, 252-253) Patalene long after Alexander's invasion passed under the Bactrian Greeks. Later on it came to the hands of the Śakas or Indo-Scythian rulers from the clutches of the Indo-Greek rulers. For further details, vide B. C. Law, *Indological Studies*, Pt. I, p. 37; *C.H.I.*, 1, 378-79; *I.A.*, 1884, 354.

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*Caḍija*.—It may be identified with Ganje near Uran, about two miles west of Uran in the Panvel taluk of the Bombay State (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. VII).

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*Cambay*.—It is in the Khaira collectorate in Gujarat. A stone inscription has been found in a Jaina temple. *Stambha-tīrtha* is modern Cambay.

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*Campaka*.—It is modern Cāmpāner (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. V, p. 217). It is also known as Campakapura (*Ibid.*, p. 219).

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*Campānaka*.—The Saindhava copperplate grants from Ghumli mention this village which may be identified with Cāvaṇḍ, situated about 15 miles north of Juṇāgaḍ (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. V, January, 1942, p. 223).

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*Candrapurī*.—It is probably identical with Candraci Met, 12 miles south-west of Añjaneri (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. V, p. 230).

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*Cikula*.—It is mentioned in the Barhut Inscriptions (Barua and Sinha, p. 14). Cikula is Cekula or Ceula which is probably Caul near Bombay (*E.I.*, II, 42).

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*Ciplūn*.—It is the chief town of the Ciplūn taluk of the Ratnagiri district, where two plates of Pulakesin II were discovered (*E.I.*, III, 50ff; *Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State*, I, p. 44).

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*Dadhipadra*.—It is identified with Dohad founded by Kumārapāla. It is mentioned in the Inscriptions of Jayasimha (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. V, p. 220).

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*Dadhipadraka*.—This village is situated in the district of Pacchatrī, which is the same as Pāctardī, six miles west of Ghumli (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. V, January, 1942, p. 204).

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*Daṇḍaka forest*.—The Daṇḍaka forest (Daṇḍakāraṇya) which is celebrated in the *Rāmāyaṇa* (Ādik. Sarga i, v. 46) in connection with the story of Rāma's exile, seems to have covered almost the whole of Central India from the Bundelkhand region to the river Kṛṣṇā (*J.R.A.S.*, 1894, 241; cf. *Jātaka*, v. 29), but the *Mahābhārata* seems to limit the Daṇḍaka forest to the source of the Godāvarī (Sabhāparva, XXX, 1169; Vanaparva, LXXXV, 8183-4). According to the *Bhāgavata Purāṇa* (IX. 11. 19; X. 79. 20) this forest in the Deccan was traversed by Rāma and visited by Balarāma. The *Padma Purāṇa* (Ch. 21) mentions it among other holy places. In the heart of this forest there was a stream. There also existed a cave (*Daśakumāracaritam*, p. 20). This forest was also known as the Citrakuñjavat to the west of Janasthāna (*Uttaracaritām*, Act I. 30). The tracts of the Daṇḍaka forest had a jumble of watering places, hermitages, hills, streams, lakes, etc. (*Ibid.*, Act II. 14). Bāṇa refers to this forest in his *Harṣacarita* (Ch. 1). This forest is also mentioned in the *Milindapañha* (p. 130). The Jaina *Nisīthacūrṇī* has a peculiar story of the burning of this forest to ashes (16. 1113). The Daṇḍakāraṇya along the Vindhyas practically separated the Majjhimadesa from the Dakkhiṇāpatha.

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*Daśapura*.—The *Bṛhatsaṃhitā* (Ch. XIV. 20) mentions it as a city. It is a well-known place on the Rajputana-Malwa branch of the Western Railway. It is identified with Mandasor in Western Malwa in the Gwalior State (vide Fleet's note in *C.I.I.*, III, 79). According to Bāṇa's *Kādambarī* (Bombay ed., p. 19) it was in Malwa, not far from Ujjayinī. Most likely it was in Western Malwa (*Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency*, 1883, *Nasik*, p. 636). The ancient Daśapura stood on the north or left bank of the Siwana, a tributary of the river Śiprā. The Mandasor Stone Pillar Inscription of Yaśodharman mentions Mandasor, or more properly Dasor, which is the chief town of the Mandasor district of the Scindhia's dominions in Western Malwa (*Gwalior State Gazetteer*, I, 265ff.). The Mandasor Inscription of Bandhuvarman mentions Lāṭa and Daśapura. Daśapura, which is referred to in the Inscriptions of Kumāragupta I, was presumably the main city of the Mālavagaṇa or Western Mālavas. It was ruled by Naravarman and his son Viśvavarman, who were independent kings. It was an important Viceregal seat of the early Gupta Empire. It was evidently from the hands of the Kṣaharāta Kṣatrapa Nahapāṇa that such places as Daśapura, Nāsika, Śūrpāraka, Bhṛgukaccha and Prabhāsa, were wrested by the earlier Sātavāhanas. During the reign of Kṣaharāta Kṣatrapa Nahapāṇa his son-in-law Uṣavadāta emulated the fame of Aśoka by carrying out many works of public utility at Daśapura. Daśapura and Vidiśā were the two neighbouring cities that vied with Ujjayinī in its glory during the Gupta period. During the reign of the imperial Guptas the use of the Mālava or the Kṛta era was restricted to Daśapura. The Mālavas seem to have migrated to the Mandasor region, where most of the records connected with the successors of Samudragupta, have been found. This region is to be identified with the ancient mahājanapada of Avantī mentioned in the *Aṅguttara Nikāya*, as well as Avantī of the Junāgaḍh Rock Inscription of Rudradāman and Malaya (Mālava) of the Jaina Bhagavatī Sūtra. The Jaina *Āvaśyaka Cūrṇi* (pp. 400ff.) points out that Daśapura was inhabited by some merchants and since then this place was known as such. The princes of Mandasor used the Kṛta era commencing from 58 B.C. traditionally handed down by the Mālavagaṇa. The inscriptions associating the Mālavas with this era have not only been found in the Mandasor region but also in other places at Kāṃsuvāṃ in the Kotah State and Nāgari in the Udaipur State. The Mandasor Stone Pillar Inscription of Yaśodharman records the defeat of the Hūṇa adventurer Mihirakula by king Yaśodharman of Malwa (*C.I.I.*, iii; cf. E.I., XII, 315ff.; cf. Mandasor Inscription of the time of Naravarman, Mālava year 461). In the middle of the 5th century A.D., it fell to the Hūṇas who were driven from Malwa. Mandasor contains an ancient temple of the Sun built during the reign of Kumāragupta I. The village of Sondni, three miles south-west of Mandasor, contains two magnificent monolithic sandstone pillars with lion and bell capitals.

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The Mandasor Stone Inscription of Kumāragupta and Bandhuvarman contains a description of Daśapura as a city. The court panegyrist of Yaśodharman of Daśapura gives a vivid poetic description of the royal territory extending from the river Revā to the Pāripātra mountain and the region of the lower Indus (for further details, Law, *Ujjayinī in Ancient India*).

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Dābhigrāma—(*E.I.*, I, 317).—It may be identified with Dābhi in north Gujarat.

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Debal.—It was a port, the emporium of the Indus, during the middle ages. Some place it at Karachi. According to others it occupied a site between Karachi and Thatha. It may be fixed on the Baghār river. According to Hamilton it was near Lāribandar. V. A. Smith thinks that it was near the existing shrine of Pir Patho (Early History of India, 3rd ed., p. 104). For further details, vide C.A.G.I., pp. 340ff.

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Deothan.—It is a small village in the Yeola taluk of the Nasik district, some 16 miles east of Yeola, whence it may be approached by car for 14 miles on the metalled road to Aurangabad (A.S.I., Annual Reports, 1930-34, p. 318).

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Dhambhika.—It is a village situated in Nasik district (Luders' List No. 1142).

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Dhaṅkatīrtha.—It is a village situated in the district of Pacchatrī. It is obviously the same as Dhānk in the Gondal State situated about 25 miles east of Ghumli. Dhānk is situated on the outskirts of a hill of the same name and figures as a holy place of the Jains (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, January, 1942, p. 199).

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Dhulia.—It is in the Khandesh district of the Bombay State where plates of Karkarāja were discovered (E.I., VIII, 182ff.).

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Dohad.—It is the chief town of the Dohad sub-division of the Pāñchmahals, Bombay Presidency, 77 miles north-east of Baroda (E.I., XXIV, Pt. V, January, 1938, p. 212).

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Dvāravatī (= Dvārakā = Jaina Bāravai).—It is also called Kuśasthali. It is a holy place according to the Skanda Purāṇa (Ch. 1, 19-23). The Yoginitantra (2. 4, pp. 128-129) also refers to it. It is a holy spot according to the Kālikā Purāṇa (Ch. 58. 35). It was originally situated near the mountain Girnar, but in later times it has been recognized as Dvārakā on the sea-shore on the extreme west coast of Kāthiāwād. It is the 'Barake' of the Periplus (p. 389). The Jain Nāyādhammakahāo (V, p. 68) points out that Bāravai or Dvāravatī was the home of Kṛṣṇa Vāsudeva (Kaṇha Vāsudeva). It was built by Revata. Kṛṣṇa performed the Aśvamedha sacrifice here (Bhāgavata, I. 8. 10-27; X. 89. 22). The Antagaḍadasāo (p. 5) also refers to it as the home of Andhaka-Vṛṣṇis (Andhagavaṇhi). According to the Harivaṃśa (Ch. CXV, 45-49) this city was properly protected by doors, adorned with the most excellent walls, girt by ditches, filled with palaces, decorated with pools, streamlets of pure water and with gardens. Ten brothers who were the sons of Andhaka-Veṇhu desired to conquer the whole of India. After conquering Ayodhyā they proceeded to Dvāravatī which had sea on one side and mountains on the other. This city had four gates. At first they failed to take it, but afterwards they succeeded. They lived in the city after dividing it into ten parts (Jātaka, IV, pp. 82-84). Vāsudeva, the eldest of the ten brothers, had a beloved wife named Jambāvatī, who was a Caṇḍāla by caste. One day he went out of Dvāravatī and while going to a park he saw a very beautiful girl on the way. He fell in love with her and made her his chief queen. She gave birth to a son named Śivi who became the ruler of Dvāravatī after his father's death (Jātaka, VI, p. 421). This city contains a very beautiful Hindu temple. The Kukuras seem to have occupied the Dvārakā region which is described as Kukurāndha Vṛṣṇibhiḥ Yuptāḥ. The Bhāgavata¹ and the Vāyu Purāṇas refer to this tribe when it represents Ugrasena, the king of the Yādavas, as originated from the Kukuras (Kukurodbhava). The Kāmbojas had their country on a trade route connecting it with Dvārakā (Petavatthu, p. 23). Vāsudeva's son by a Caṇḍāla woman reigned here (Jātaka, VI, p. 421). Vijaya, king of Dvāravatī, was among a few ancient kings who reached perfection as hermits (Uttarādhyayanasūtra, XVIII). The Andhakaveṇhu youths of Dvāravatī roughly handled Kaṇha-Dīpāyana and ultimately put him to death. For further details, vide B. C. Law, Indological Studies, I, p. 52.

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¹ See the topographical list of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, I.A., Vol. XXVIII, (1899), p. 2.

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Erandapalla (mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar Inscription).—It may be identified with Eraṇḍol, the chief town of a sub-division of the same name in the Khandesh district, Bombay State (J.R.A.S., 1898, pp. 369-70). According to some it is identified with Eraṇḍapali, probably near Chicacole on the coast of Orissa, mentioned in the Siddhantam plates of Devendravarman (E.I., XII, p. 212).

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Eraṇḍi.—It is the river Uri, a tributary of the Narmadā (Padma Purāṇa, Ch. IX).

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Eruthana.—It is mentioned in the Surat plate of Kīrtirāja. It is modern Erathan, two miles north-west from Balesara.

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Gadag.—It is the chief town of the Gadag taluk in the Dharwar district of the Bombay State. Here stands the temple of Trikūleśvara. An inscription was found engraved on a stone standing up against the back wall of this temple. This inscription records a grant of land by the Hoysala king Vīravallāla II (E.I., VI, 89ff.; E.I., XV, 348ff.). A Stone Inscription of the Yādava Bhillama was found out in the temple of Trikuleśvara at Gadag (E.I., III, 217).

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Gamdhārikābhūmi.—It is a locality in the Kalyāṇa (Luders’ List, No. 998).

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Gābhalāgrāma (E.I., II, 26).—It is in North Gujarat, possibly near Dilmal.

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Gādhipura.—Kanauj (vide Kanauj).

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Gharapuri.—It is the well-known island of Elephanta in the harbour of Bombay about six miles north-east of the Apollo Bundar. Elephanta was the name given by the Portuguese owing to the fact that they found a large stone elephant standing at the entrance to the great cave. The caves of Elephanta are influenced by Brahmanism and Buddhism. Three of these caves are in ruins. A cave contains a Buddhist Caitya. Trimūrti or Brahmanical Trinity is found on the wall of the main hall.

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Ghumli.—It is in the Nawanagar State of Kāthiāwaḍ where six copper-plate grants were discovered. It is known to the ancients as Bhūtāmbilikā. According to tradition Bhūtāmbilikā was the old capital of Jeṭhvā Rajputs whose present representatives are the Rāṇās of Porbandar (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, October, 1941, pp. 185ff.).

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Girinagara (Girnar).—It is mentioned in Luders’ List (Nos. 965, 966) as a town. According to the Jaina Anuyogadvāra (Sūya, 130, p. 137) Girinayara or Girinagara was located near the Ūrjayantaparvata. The Junāgaḍh Inscription of Skandagupta mentions Junāgaḍh as the chief town of the native state of Junāgaḍh in the Kāthiāwaḍ peninsula of the Bombay State. It is also known as Girinagara or Girnar, which is also called Ūrjayat in the inscriptions (C.I.I., III). A vassal Yavanarāja named Tusāspha ruled Surāṣṭra as its governor with Girinagara as its capital during the reign of king Aśoka, as we learn from the Junāgaḍh Rock Inscription of Mahākṣatrapa Rudradāman. Close to Junāgaḍh in Gujarat stands the Girnār or Raivataka hill, which is considered to be the birthplace of Neminātha, the Jaina Tīrthaṅkara. This hill contains a footprint called Gurudattacaraṇa. It is sacred to the Jainas, as it contains the temples of Neminātha and Pārśvanātha. It also contains the hermitage of Ṛṣi Dattātreya. The river Suvarṇarekhā (= Palāśinī) flows at the foot of this hill. According to the Jaina Uttarādhyayana Sūtra (Ch. XLV), Ariṣṭanemi died here in his old age. Śricaitanya, the celebrated Vaiṣṇava reformer, visited Girinagara as we learn from Govindadāsa’s Karcā. For further details, vide Law, Some Jaina Canonical Sūtras, p. 180. See also Ūrjayat.

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Girṇā.—This river issues from the Sahya or Western Ghats and flows north-east to join the Tāptī below Chopdā in Khandesh. It is included in the Tāptī group and is fed by one stream on the right and two on the left (Law, Rivers of India, p. 42).

c9.104

Gopālpur.—This village is situated some three miles south-east of Bheraghāt in the Jubbulpur district. It lies on the right bank of the river Narmadā (E.I., XVIII, 73).

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Govardhana.—According to the Yoginītantra (1. 14, p. 83), this hill was made by collecting the bodily ashes of the demon Keśī. It was so called because the cows were fed and reared up by the grass grown on it. According to the Harivaṃśa (Ch. LXII, 25-26) it is huge with a high summit like the Mount Mandāra. In its centre a big fig tree stands having high branches and extending over a yojana. It is a sacred spot and one becomes free from sins by visiting it. It is near modern Nasik in the Bombay State (Mathurā Buddhist Image Inscription of Huviṣka). It is also known as Govardhanapura (vide Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa, Ch. 57; Bhandarkar, Early History of the Dekkan, p. 3). It appears to have been of some importance during the reigns of Nahapāṇa and Puḷumāvi. Uṣabhadāta made a rest house in Govardhana. It appears from the inscriptions that Govardhana was the political headquarters in Nahapāṇa’s time as it was afterwards under Puḷumāvi. It may be identified with a large modern village of Govardhan-Gaṅgāpur on the right bank of the Godāvarī, six miles west of Nasik (Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. XVI, 1883, Nasik, pp. 636-637).

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Gurjara.—It was known to Hiuen Tsang as Kiu-che-lo. It was situated 300 miles to the north of Valabhi or 467 miles to the north-west of Ujjain. The people of this place once dwelt in the Punjab and migrated to the peninsula of Kāthiāwaḍ which is now called Gujarat after them (C.A.G.I., pp. 357ff.; 696). In ancient times, in the country of Gurjara, Jayasiṃhadeva constructed the new temple of Nemi. Vastupāla and Tejapāla were the distinguished ministers of the king of Gurjara. Mahānadevī, the daughter of the king of Kānyakubja, inherited Gurjara from her father. Tejapāla constructed a beautiful town in Girnar and built the temple of Pārśvanātha. He also excavated a beautiful lake called Kumārasara. The temple of Daśadaśā stands on the bank of the Suvarṇarekhā. He built three caityas. Vastupāla built Marudevī’s temple (Law, Some Jaina Canonical Sūtras, pp. 181-182).

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Hariścandragarh.—It is a fort in the Akola taluk of Ahmednagar district, Bombay, 19 miles south-west of Akola and one of the most interesting points on the Western Ghats. It stands on an elevation of more than 4,000 ft. above sea-level. The fort and the temples on the summit are annually visited by numerous pilgrims (Law, Holy Places of India, p. 43).

c9.108

Harisenānaka.—This village is situated in the district of Svarṇamañjarī. It is probably the same as the modern village of Hariāsana situated in the Nawanagar State (E.I., XXVI, V, January, 1942, p. 218).

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Hastavapra (Hastakavapra).—It is modern Hāthab, a village six miles south of Goghā in the Bhavnagar State of Kathiawar, which is known to have been under Śilāditya III. It is just opposite to the Broach district (Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State, Vol. I, p. 18). Severa Valabhi copperplate charters of the 6th century mention it as the headquarters of a district (J. Ph. Vogel, Notes on Ptolemy, B.S.O.A.S., Vol. XIV, Pt. 1).

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Hullumgūr (Hulgūr).—This village lies in the Baṅkāpur division of Dharwar district of the Bombay State, some eight miles to the north-east from Shiggaon where the inscription of the reign of Vikramāditya VI was discovered (E.I., XVI, p. 329).

c9.111

Iṇṭwā.—The ancient site of Iṇṭwā is situated on a hill in the midst of a thick jungle about three miles from the famous rock at Junāgaḍh in Saurāṣṭra containing the inscriptions of Aśoka, Rudradāman and Skandagupta (E.I., XXVIII, Pt. IV, October, 1949, p. 174).

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Jarak.—This little town is situated about midway between Haiderabad and Thatha overhanging the western bank of the Indus. It is the present boundary between the middle Sind and the lower Sind (C.A.G.I., pp. 329-30).

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Jayapura.—This village is the same as modern Jitpur, six miles east of Nandod and about eight miles south-east of Toran (E.I., XXV, Pt. VII, July, 1940).

c9.114

Jiṛṇadurga.—It is not to be identified with modern Junāgaḍh, but it may be identified with one of the forts. The fort within the city on the outskirts of the Damodar Ghat and on the rising slope of Girnar was known as the Jiṛṇadurga (E.I., XXIV, Pt. V, p. 221).

c9.115

Junāgaḍh.—See Girinagar (Girnar).

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Junninagara.—It is probably identical with Junnar, a well-known place about 55 miles north of Poona (E.I., XXV, Pt. IV, p. 168).

c9.117

Kaccha.—It is a country in Western India (Luders' List, No. 965). It may be identified with Cutch or Marukaccha (cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā, Ch. XIV). Pāṇini mentions it in his Aṣṭādhyāyī (4. 2. 133).

c9.118

Kaliyāṇagrāma (I.A., VI, 205ff.).—It is in North Gujarat, and may be identified with Kālianā.

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Kallivan.—It is Kalvan in the north-western part of the Nasik district (E.I., XXV, Pt. V, p. 230—Two Grants of Pṛthivicandra Bhogaśakti).

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Kanheri.—About 20 miles north of Bombay a big group of caves known as Kanheri is situated. For a considerable number of years these caves were occupied by the Buddhist monks. They are situated near Thānā. They have been excavated in a large bubble of a hill situated in the midst of a dense forest. The majority of these caves contain a small single room with a small verandah in front. The architecture may be dated as late as the 8th or 9th century A.D. To the north of these caves, there is a large excavation containing three dagobas and some sculptures. According to Fergusson, this cave temple is 86 ft. long and 39 ft. wide. It contains 34 pillars and a plain dagoba. There are two colossal figures of the Buddha and standing figures of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. There are many dwarf cells built one over the other. The cave No. 10 is the Durbar hall which is situated on the south side of the ravine. On the south side of the ravine there are several ranges of cells, excavated in the slope of the hill. There are some stone seats outside the caves. There is also a dagoba with an umbrella carved on the roof. It is difficult to fix the date of these caves, but it must be admitted that there has been much degradation of style between these caves and those at Karli. Some of the sculptures are surely of a much later date.

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Karahakaṭa (Karahāṭanagara or Karahāṭa).—It is mentioned in the Barhut Inscriptions (ed. Barua and Sinha, pp. 11, 12, 17, 33). It is a town identified by Hultzsch with modern Karhad in the Satara district of the Bombay Presidency, where the copperplates of Kṛṣṇa III were discovered (E.I., IV, 278ff.). According to the E.I. (XXVI, p. 323), it is the modern Karāḍ.

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Kardama-āśrama.—The sage Kardama had his hermitage at Siddāpura in Gujarat (Bhāgavata Purāṇa, III, 24. 9).

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Kālayāna (Kāliana, Kaliyaṇa, Kāliyana).—Name of a town (Luders' List, Nos. 1024, 986, 1032 and 998).

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Kallaṇa (Kalyāṇa or Kālayana).—Name of a town (Luders' List, No. 988).

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Kānhairī.—It may be identified with Kaṇhera, eight miles south-west of Cālisgaon in Khandesh (E.I., XXV, Pt. V, January, 1940, p. 208).

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Kārli.—In the Borghāṭā hills between Bombay and Poona there are two well-known Buddhist cave temples at Kārli and Bhāja. They are all dated about the beginning of the Christian era. The caves at Kārli are situated about two miles to the north of the Bombay-Poona road. The nearest railway station is Malavli. The names of Nahapāṇa and Uṣabhadāta occur in the inscriptions on the caves. In the two inscriptions mention is made of the great king Dhutapāla, supposed to be Devabhūti of the Śuṅga dynasty. The pillars of these caves are quite perpendicular. The original screen is superseded by a stone one ornamented with sculpture. At the entrance of these caves stands a pillar surmounted by four lions with gaping mouths and facing four quarters. On the right hand side stands a Śiva temple and close to it there is a second pillar surmounted by a cakra or wheel. The outer porch is wider than the body of the building. There are many miniature temple-fronts crowned with a Caitya-window. The pairs of large figures on each side of the doors appear like those at Kanheri. Buddha is here attended by Padmapāṇi, and most probably Mañjuśrī is seated on the Sihāsana with his feet on the lotus. The entrance consists of three doorways under a gallery. There are fifteen pillars, and their bases consist of the water-pot of Lakṣmī; the shaft is octagonal representing the Saṃgha. From architectural stand-point all these caves are of high order. The net-work (jāli-work) is almost perfect. The Caitya in caves Nos. 1 and 2 is a three-storied Vihāra. The top storey has a verandah with four pillars. On the left side in the top storey there is a raised platform in front of five cells. The doors are well fitted. The cave No. 3 is a two-storied Vihāra. The cave No. 4 is situated to the south of the Caitya, and it appears from inscriptions that it was given by Haraphana in the reign of the Andhra king Gautamīputra Puḷamāyī (For the inscriptions in the caves at Kārli, vide E.I., VI, 47ff.).

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Keḷoḍi (Keḷawaḍi).—It is a village situated about 10 miles north of Bādāmi, the chief town of the Bijapur district, where an inscription of the time of Someśvara I (dated 1053 A.D.) was discovered (E.I., IV, 259ff.).

c9.128

Kharjūrikā.—This village may be found in the neighbourhood or within the province of Malwa. The Khajuriya is very common around Ujjain (E.I., XXIII, Pt. IV, October, 1935).

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Khānāpur.—It is the chief town of the Khānāpur taluk of the Satara district of the Bombay State (E.I., XXVII, Pt. VII, July, 1948, p. 312).

c9.130

Kheda.—According to Hiuen Tsang it was situated fifty miles to the north-west of Malwa. Some have placed it in Gujarat. According to the Chinese pilgrim it was five hundred miles in circuit (C.A.G.I., pp. 563ff.).

c9.131

Kheṭaka.—It is modern Kherā in Gujarat (E.I., XXIII, Pt. IV, October, 1935, p. 103). Some identify it with Kaira (Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State, Vol. I, p. 29).

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Koḍavalli.—It may be identified with Kodoḷi, about seven miles to the east of Kolhapur (E.I., XXIII, Pts. I and II, 1925).

c9.133

Kollagiri.—It is mentioned in the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (XIV, 13). Some have identified it with Kolhapur.

c9.134

Kollāpura.—This is the ancient name of modern Kolhapur (E.I., III, 207; XXIII, Pt. II; XXIII, Pt. I, January, 1935, p. 30).

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Kolūr.—This village lies in the Karajgi taluk of the Dharwar district, about three miles nearly west from Karajgi town (E.I., XIX, p. 179).

c9.136

Koṭinārā.—It is an important town in Surāṣṭra where lived a Brahmin named Soma who was well posted in Vedas and Āgamas. He duly performed the six prescribed rites (Law, Some Jaina Canonical Sūtras, p. 181).

c9.137

Kukura.—It is a country near Ānarta in north Kathiawar (Luders’ List No. 965). The Kukuras mentioned in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, seem to have occupied the Dvārakā region. The Bṛhatsaṃhitā (XIV, 4) locates them in Western India. According to the Nasik Cave Inscription of Gautamī Balaśrī, her son conquered them along with the Suraṭhas, Mūlakas, Aparāntas, Anūpas, Vidarbhas and others. Most of these peoples along with the Kukuras were again conquered by him, as we learn from the Junāgaḍh Rock Inscription of Rudradāman. These were probably wrested from the hands of the contemporary Sātavāhana ruler of the Deccan. For further details, vide B. C. Law, Tribes in Ancient India, p. 390.

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Kulenur.—It is a village in the Dharwar district of the Bombay State where the inscription of the reign of Jayasiṃha II was discovered (E.I., XV, 329ff.).

c9.139

Kumbhāroṭakagrāma (E.I., XIX, 236).—It is in North and Central Gujarat, and may be identified with Kāmrod, 13 miles east of Modasa.

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Kuśasthalapura.—It is mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar Inscription as Kuśasthalapura. Kuśasthalapura is the name of a holy city of Dvārakā.¹ It was the capital of Ānarta (i.e., Kāthiāwār).

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¹ Cf. Bhāgavata Purāṇa, I, 10. 27; VII, 14. 31; IX, 3. 28; X, 61. 40; X, 75, 29; X, 83, 36; XII, 12, 36.

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Kuśāvartta.—It is mentioned in the Yoginītantra (2. 4, pp. 128-129). It is a sacred tank near the source of the Godāvarī, 21 miles from Nasik.

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Lakṣmeśvara.—It is the headquarters of the Lakṣmeśvara taluk within the limits of the Dharwar district of the Bombay State, where the Pillar Inscription of Yuvarāja Vikramāditya was discovered (E.I., XIV, 188ff.).

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Lāṭa.—In the Mandasor Inscription of Bandhuvarman we find mention of Lāṭa. According to the Ghāṭiyālā Inscription of the Pratihāra king Kakkuka, the king obtained great renown in the Lāṭadeśa (E.I., IX, pp. 278-80). According to some, Lāṭa was southern Gujarat including Khandesh situated between the rivers Mahī and lower Tāptī. Some hold it as lying between the rivers Mahī and Kim (Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State, Vol. I, p. 29). It comprised the collectorates of Surat, Broach, Kheda and parts of Baroda (N. L. Dey, Geographical Dictionary, p. 114). It was the ancient name of Gujarat and northern Konkan. According to Bühler, Lāṭa is central Gujarat, the district between the Mahī and Kim rivers, and its chief city was Broach. The Rewah Stone Inscription of Karṇa refers to Lāṭa generally identified with central and southern Gujarat (E.I., XXIV, Pt. III, July, 1937, p. 110). Lāṭarāṣṭra (Pāli Lāḷaraṭṭha—Dīpavaṃsa, p. 54; Mahāvaṃsa, p. 60) is identical with the old Lāṭa kingdom of Gujarat, the capital city of which is stated in the Dīpavaṃsa (p. 54) to have been Siṃhapura (Sihapura).

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The earliest mention of the country seems to have been made by Ptolemy. According to him Lārike lay to the east of Indo-Scythia along the sea-coast (McCrindle, Ptolemy’s Ancient India, pp. 38, 152-53). The Pāli Chronicles of Ceylon refer to the country of Lāḷa in connection with the first Aryan migration to Ceylon led by Prince Vijaya. It has been attempted to identify Lāṭa both with Lāṭa or Lāḍa in Gujarat and Rāḍha in Bengal, and both countries claim the honour of first Aryanization of Ceylon. In the days of the early Imperial Guptas the Lāṭa country came to be formed into an administrative province in the Lāṭaviṣaya. The Lāṭa country was probably the same as the Lāṭeśvara country mentioned in the early Gurjara and Rāṣṭrakūṭa records. In the Baroda copperplate inscription (v. 11) the capital of Lāṭeśvara is said to have been at Elapur. Under the Cālukyas of Aṇahilavāḍapāṭana (A.C. 961) the name Lāṭa was gradually displaced by the name Gurjarabhūmi. Lassen identifies Lārike with Sanskrit Rāṣṭrika, in its Prākṛita form Lāṭika, which is easily equated with Lāṭa, though the equation of Rāṣṭrika and Lāṭika is not convincing. For further details, vide B. C. Law, *Indological Studies*, Pt. I, p. 27; Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, pp. 351–53.

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Lona.—It may be identified with Lonad, a village six miles east of Bhiwandi in the Bhiwandi taluk (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. VII, p. 257).

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Mahalla-Lāṭa.—It means larger Lāṭa, which may be represented by Laḍki in the Morsi taluk of the Amraoti district, about 18 miles north by west of Belorā (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. VI, April, 1938).

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Mahenjo-daro.—It is in the Larkāna district of Sindh. The ruins at the site present to us a well-developed urban civilization in the second half of the third millennium B.C. It is generally admitted that in Mahenjo-daro we have abundant remnants of the civilization of the chalcolithic age. The prehistoric monuments of the Indus Valley, so far as they are unearthed, have been carefully studied from different points of view, but the most baffling part of the researches so far made, still remains to be played and this is the decipherment of the Indus inscriptions. The underground drainage system was good. The great Bath at this site which was 39 ft. long, 29 ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep, had steps leading to the floor. Some houses were one-storeyed and some two-storeyed. For details, vide J. Marshall, *Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilisation*, I–III; Mackay, *Further Excavations at Mahenjo-daro*, III; Presidential Address of the R.A.S.B., 1948.

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