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Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India c7.s1: Text

Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India c7.s1

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c7.s1.1

[Bmd, ch. 49, vv. 28-42; Krm, I, ch. 46 (ch. 47 in some versions), vv. 28-39 ; Mk, ch. 57 (ch. 54 in some versions), vv. 17-30 ; Mts, ch. 114, vv. 20-32 ; Vmn, ch. 13, vv. 20-33 ; Vy, ch. 45 (of Book I according to some versions; cf. also Sachau, *Alb. Ind.*, I, pp. 357-39), vv. 94-107.]

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I

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¹पीयन्ते यैरिमा नद्यो² गङ्गा सिन्धुः सरस्वती³ ।

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1. The following line is omitted in Krm. A little independence as regards the order of enumeration of the rivers issuing from the Himavat (Himālaya) is noticed in Mk and, to a greater degree with deliberate omissions and commissions, in Vmn. Mk has गङ्गा सरस्वती सिन्धुश्चन्द्रभागा तथा परा । यमुना च शतद्रुश्च वितस्तेरावती कुहुः ॥ गोमती धूतपापा (c-धृत०) च बाहुदा (d-ब०) सदृशद्रती (d-च०) । विपाशा (b-सा०) देविका रङ्क्षुर्निश्शीरा गण्डकी तथा ॥ कौशिकी चापगा विप्र हिमवत्पादानिःसृताः ॥ Vmn has—सरस्वती पञ्चरूपा कालिन्दी च हिरण्वती । शतद्रुश्चन्द्रिका नीला वितस्तेरावती कुहुः ॥ मधुरा हाररावी च उशीरा बातुकी (b-०त०) रसा । गोमती धूतपापा च बाहुदा सा दृषद्वती ॥ निःस्वरा गण्डकी चित्रा कौशिकी तु वधुसरा । सरयूश्च सलोहित्या (b-०लौ०) हिमवत्-पादनिःसृताः ॥ Most of the Himalayan rivers are noticed by Al-Bīrūnī. Vide *infra*, p. 43, note 2. Though he speaks of both Vy and Mts, possibly the names were quoted by him from the latter work with an amount of misunderstanding and confusion.

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2. Vy, Bmd—[तैर्विमिश्रा जनपदा आर्यम्लेच्छाश्च (Vy e-०र्या०) नित्यशः ।] पीयन्ते यैरिमा नद्यः; Mts—[तैर्विमिश्रा जनपदा (bc-जा०) आर्या म्लेच्छाश्च सर्वतः ।] पिबन्ति बहुला नद्यः. Cf. p. 60, n. 2; p. 64, n. 3.

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3. Vy. Bmd, Mts—गङ्गा सिन्धुः सरस्वती; Mk—गङ्गा सरस्वती सिन्धुः. Omitted in Krm. Some Mts versions read the names of the rivers in the second case-ending. It is well known that the Gaṅgā शतद्रुश्चन्द्रभागा च¹ यमुना सरयूस्तथा² ॥

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is the Ganges and the Sindhu the Indus. The Sarasvatī rises in the Sirmur hills of the Siwalik range in the Himalayas and emerges into the plains at Ād-Badrī in the Ambala District, Punjab. It disappears once at Chalaur but reappears at Bhavanipur; then it disappears at Balchappar but again appears at Bara Khera; next it is joined by the Mārkaṇḍa at Urnai near Pehoa and the united stream, still called Sarasvatī, ultimately falls into the Ghaggar which is believed to have borne the name Sarasvatī in ancient times. In the early Vedic period, the Sarasvatī probably flowed into the Arabian Sea. Later literature speaks of its disappearance at Vinaśana (near modern Sirsa) in Kurukṣetra or Brahmāvarta (in the Eastern Punjab) which is described as the land between the Sarasvatī and the Dṛṣadvatī. Cf. दक्षिणेन सरस्वत्या उत्तरेण दृषद्वतीम् । ये वसन्ति कुरुक्षेत्रे ते वसन्ति त्रिविष्टपे ॥ (Mbh, III, 83, 204-05); सरस्वतीदृषद्वत्योर्देवनद्योर्यदन्तरम् । तं देवनिर्मितं देशं ब्रह्मावर्तं प्रचक्षते ॥ (Manu, II, 17). Vide infra, p. 41, note 4.

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1. Vy, Bmd, Krm, Mts—शतद्रुश्चन्द्रभागा च; cf. Vmn—शतद्रुश्चन्द्रिका नीला. The Śatadru is the modern Satlaj. It is the Vedic Śutudri and the Zaradros or Hesydrus of the Classical writers. The Chandrabhāgā is the modern Chenab which is the same as Asiknī of the Vedic literature and the Acesines of the Classical authors. Ptolemy calls it Sandabala or Sandabal. The Nilāb referred to by Vmn reminds us of the name Nilāb applied by the early Muslim writers to a part of the river Indus (cf. Ray, DHNI, I, p. 84).

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2. Vy a, Mts a—यमुना सरयूस्तथा; Bmd, Vy cde, Mts b—यमुना सरयुस्तथा; Krm a—सरयु यमुना तथा; bc—सरयूयमुना तथा; Mts c, Vy e (v.l.)—यमुना शरयूस्तथा. The Yamunā is the modern Jumnā (Yamunā) joining the Ganges near Allahabad. The Sarayū is the modern Ghagra or Gogra on which the ancient city of Ayodhyā (near Fyzabad) is situated. It rises in the Kumaon hills and is called Sarayū, Ghagra or Devā (after its junction with the Kālinadī).

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इरावती वितस्ता च¹ विपाशा देविका कुहूः² । गोमती धूतपापा च³ बाहुदा च दृषद्वती⁴ ।।

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1. Vy, Bmd, Krm, Mts a—इरावती वितस्ता च ; Mts bc—ऐरावती वितस्ता च. The Irāvatī or Airāvatī is the modern Rāvi which was known to the Classical writers as Hydraotes. The Vitastā is the modern Jhelam, the upper course of which is still known by the old name. It was known to the Classical writers as the Hydaspes or Bidaspes.

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2. Vy a, Bmd—विपाशा देविका कुहूः; Krm, Mts a, Vy cde—विपाशा देविका कुहूः; Krm b (v. l.) विपाशा द्रेविका कुहूः ; Mts bc—विशाला देविका कुहूः. The Vipāśā is the modern Beas, called the Vipāś in earlier literature and the Hyphasis or Bipasis in the works of the Classical writers. The Devikā is the modern Deeg, a tributary of the Rāvi. Another identification suggested by some writers is that with the Devā, a name applied to the lower course of the Sarayū. The Kuhū has been identified with the modern Kabul river, called Kubhā in the Ṛgveda and Kophen, Kophes or Koa by the Classical writers.

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3. Mk abd, Vy abc, Bmd, Krm, Vmn—गोमती धूतपापा च; Vy de—गोमती धुतपापा च; Mts—गोमती धौतपापा च; Mk c—गोमती धृतपापा च. The river Gomatī has to be identified with the Ṛgvedic Gomatī which is the modern Gomal a western tributary of the Indus, or with the modern Goomti which joins the Ganges below Benares. There is another river of this name in the Kangra District, Punjab. The Dhūtapāpā was a tributary of the Ganges in the Banaras region. The name has been associated with Ahopāp on the Goomti, 18 miles south-west of Sultanpur in U.P.

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4. Mk abc—बाहुदा सदृषद्वती, d—बहुदा च दृषद्वती; Vy, Bmd, Krm, Mts—बाहुदा च दृषद्वती; Krm b (v. l.) Vy e (v. l.)—बहुदा च दृषद्वती; Vmn—बाहुदा सा दृषद्वती. The Bāhudā has been identified by some with the Dhavalā (modern Dhumela or Burhī-Rāptī), a tributary of the Rāptī, and by others with the Rāmgangā that joins the Ganges near Kanauj. The river Dṛṣadvatī is usually identified with the Citang, Citrang or Cautang which runs parallel to the Sarasvatī; but some writers prefer its identification with the ¹कौशिकी च तृतीया तु² निश्चीरा गण्डकी तथा³ । इक्षुलौहित्य इत्येता⁴

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Rakshi that flows by the south-east of Thanesvar. The view of certain earlier writers identifying the Dṛṣadvatī with the Ghaggar seems to be unjustifiable.

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1. The following two lines are contracted into one in Krm—कौशिकी लोहिनी (b [v.l.], c [v. l.]—लोहिता) चेति हिमवत्-पादनिःसृताः. Vmn and Mk arrange the names rather independently.

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2. Vy, Bmd—कौशिकी च तृतीया तु; Mts—कौशिकी तु तृतीया च. Pargiter suggests the emendation—कौशिकी करतौया तु or कौशिकी च त्रिस्रोतास्तु. The Kauśikī is no doubt, the modern Kosi which runs through Nepal and Tirhut and joins the Ganges below Patna; but originally the river seems to have passed through North Bengal to join the Brahmaputra. There is another Kosi (Kauśikī) which flows by Almora and Ramnagar in North-Western U. P. Tṛtīyā may be a mistake for Karatoyā the celebrated river of North Bengal. Niścīrā seems also to be a mistake for Trisrotas, the Sanskrit name of the Teestā in North Bengal. Agn (ch. 116, 7) seems to locate the rivers Tṛtīyā and Niścīrā in the Gayā region; but the evidence is doubtful, and, moreover, in that case, they cannot be associated with the Himalayas. Cf. infra, note 3.

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3. Mk, Vy, Bmd—निश्चीरा गण्डकी तथा; Mts—निश्चला गण्डकी तथा; Vmn—निःस्वरा गण्डकी चित्रा. For Niścīrā, see remarks above, note 2. The Gaṇḍaki (modern Gaṇḍak) is the famous tributary of the Ganges and joins the river near Sonepur (Hariharakṣetra) in the Muzaffarpur District, Bihar.

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4. Vy, Bmd—इक्षुलौहित इत्येताः ; Mts a—इक्षुलौहितमित्येताः; bc—इक्षुलौहित्यमित्येताः; c (v. l.)—चङ्कुं लोहितामित्येताः. The name Ikṣu may indicate the Ikṣumatī (modern Kālīnadī, a tributary of the Ganges); but the form Caṅku as well as Raṅkṣu (or Vaṅkṣu) in Mk probably suggests that it is no other than the Vakṣu or Oxus (Amu Darya); cf. Kālidāsa’s Raghuvamśa, IV, 67, in Vallabha’s commentary. The Lohitya or Lauhitya is the same as the Brahmaputra.

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हिमवत्पादनिसृताः¹॥²

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1. Mk, Vy, Bmd, Krm, Vmn—हिमवत्पादनिसृताः; Mts—हिमवत्पार्श्वनिसृताः; c (v. l.)—दिवमाप्नोति याः स्मरन्.

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2. The following rivers are mentioned by Al-Bīrūnī (Sachau, *Alb. Ind.*, I, Ch. 25) as issuing from the Himavat: 1. Sindh (Sindhu or Indus) or the river of Vaihand (ancient Udabhāṇḍa or Udahāṇḍa, modern Und near Attock), 2. Biyatta (Vitastā) or Jailam (Jhelam), 3. Candrabhāgā or Candrāha, 4. Biyāha (Vipāśā) to the west (sic. east) of Lahore, 5. Irāvatī to the east (sic. west) of Lahore, 6. Śatadrudra or Śataldar (Śatadru or Satlaj), 7. Sarsat (Sarasvatī) flowing to the country of Sarsat (Sārasvata), 8. Jaun (Yamunā), 9. Gaṅgā, 10. Sarayū or Sarwa, 11. Devikā, 12. Kuhū, 13. Gomatī, 14. Dhūtapāpā, 15. Viśālā (cf. Mts c, supra, p. 41, note 2), 16. Bāhudāsa (sic. Bāhudā, with sa prefixed to the next name in the text consulted; cf. supra, p. 41, note 4), 17. Kauśikī, 18. Niścīrā, 19. Gaṇḍakī, 20. Lohitā, 21. Dṛṣadvatī. Other names of this list appear to have been wrongly taken mostly from that of the rivers issuing from the Pāriyātra (vide pp. 45-46). They are: 22. Tāmrā Aruṇā (Tāmravarṇā?), 23. Parṇāśā, 24. Vedasmṛti, 25. Vedāsinī or Vidāsinī (cf. infra, p. 45, note 1), 26. Candanā, 27. Kāwanā (same as Kawini, tributary of the Sarwa?), 28. Parā, 29. Carmaṇvatī, 30. Vidiśā, 31. Veṇumatī, 32. Śiprā that rises in the Pāriyātra and passes by Ujain (Ujjayinī), 33. Karatoyā, 34. Shmāhina (cf. infra, p. 45, note 4). Al-Bīrūnī further says (op. cit., pp. 259 ff.), "In the mountains bordering on the kingdom of Kāyabish (Kāpiśa), i.e.

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Kābul, rises a river which is called the Ghorvand on account of its many branches. It is joined by several affluents: 1. the river of the pass of Ghūzak; 2. the river of the gorge of Panchir (Panjshir falling into the Ghorvand), below the town of Parvān (about 8 miles to the north of Chārikar); 3-4. the river Sharvat and the river Sāva, which latter flows through the town of Lambagā (Lampāka), i.e. Lamghan; they join the Ghorvand at the fortress of Drūta; 5-6. the rivers Nūr and Kirāt.—Swelled by these affluents, the Ghorvand (Kābul) is a great river opposite the town of Purshā- var (modern Peshāwar) being there called the ford, from a ford near the village of Mahanāra on the eastern bank of the river, and it falls into the river Sindh (Indus) near the castle of Bītūr, below the capital of al-Kandahār (Gandhāra), i.e. Vaihand (Und near Attock).—The river Biyatta (Vitastā), known as Jailam (Jhelam), from the city of this name on its western bank, and the river Candarāha (Candrabhāgā) join each other nearly fifty miles above Jahrāvār (which together with Mūltān comprised the ancient Sauvīra country; cf. loc. cit., pp. 300, 302), and pass along west of Mūltān (which was originally known as Kaśyapapura, next as Haṃsapura, then as Vegapura, afterwards as Sāmbapura and ultimately as Mūlasthāna; cf. the views of Utpala; loc. cit., p.

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298).—The river Biyāh (Vipāśā) flows east of Mūltān, and joins afterwards the Biyatta (Vitastā) and Candarāha (Candrabhāgā).—The river Irāva (Irāvatī) is joined by the river Kaj which rises in Nagarkot in the mountains of Bhātul. Thereupon follows as the fifth, the river Śatladar (Śatadru).—After these five rivers have united below Mūltān at a place called Pañcanada, i.e. the meeting place of the five rivers, they form an enormous watercourse......The Muslims call the river, after it has passed the Sindhī city Aror, as a united stream, the river of Mihran. Thus it extends......enclosing in its course places like islands until it reaches al-Mansūra, situated between several of its arms, and flows into the ocean at two places, near the city of Loharānī, and more eastward in the province of Kacch at a place called Sindhusāgara, i.e. the Sindh Sea.—As the name union of five rivers (Pañcanada) occurs in this part of the world (the Punjab), we observe that a similar name is used also to the north of the above-mentioned mountain chains (i.e. the mountain bordering on the kingdom of Kāyabish), for the rivers which flow thence towards the north after having united near Tirmidh and having formed the river of Balkh, are called the union of seven rivers (cf. hapta-hindu of the ancient Iranians). The Zoroastrians of Sogdiana (Bukhara region) have confounded these two things; for they say that the whole of the seven rivers is Sindh, and its upper course Barīdish........

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The river Sarsati (Prabhāsa-Sarasvatī, mod. Raunakshi) falls into the sea at the distance of

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II

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वेदस्मृतिर्वेदवती¹ वृत्रघ्नी सिन्धुरेव च² । पर्णाशा चन्दना चैव³ सदानीरा मही तथा⁴ ।।

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¹ Mk, Vy, Bmd, Krm—वेदस्मृतिर्वेदवती; Krm *b* (v.l.), *c* (v.l.)—वेदस्मृतिर्वेदलता; Mts—वेदस्मृतिर्वैत्रवती. The Vedasmṛti has been identified with the modern Besulā in Malwa. For the Vetravatī, vide *infra*, p. 46, note 3.

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² Mk, Vy *acde*, Bmd, Mts, Vmn—वृत्रघ्नी सिन्धुरेव च; Krm—व्रतघ्नी त्रिदिवा तथा; Vy *b* recognises Vṛtraghni (cf. Vārtaghni in Km. ; modern Vātrak, a tributary of the Sabarmatī in Gujarāt) only. The Sindhu is no doubt the modern Kālisindh, a tributary of the Jumna between the Chambal and the Betwa.

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³ Mk. *abc*—वेण्वा सा नन्दनी चैव, *d*—वेण्वा सा नन्दना चैव; Vy *a*, Krm *ab* (v. l.) *c* (v. l.)—पर्णाशा चन्दना चैव; Bmd, Vy *cde*, Krm *bc*—वर्णासा चन्दना चैव; Mts—पर्णाशा नर्मदा चैव; Vmn *a*—पर्णाशा नन्दिनी चैव, *b*—पर्णासा नन्दिनी चैव; Vy *b*—पर्णाशा नन्दना चैव; Krm *b* (v. l.), *c* (v. l.)—पर्णाशा बन्धना चैव, *b* (v. l.)—पर्णाशा बन्धना चैव. The Parṇāśā is no other than the modern Banās, a tributary of the Chambal, in Rajasthan. *Candanā* is believed to have been another name of the Sābarmatī.

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⁴ Mk, Bmd, Vy *d* (v. l.)—सदानीरा मही तथा; Vy *acde*—सतीरा महती तथा, *b*—सद्दानारा मदी तथा (sic), *c* (v.l.)—सदा तीरा मही तथा; Krm *ab* (v. l.)—सदानीरा मनोरमा, *bc*—सचर्मण्यवती सुरा; Mts—कावेगी महती तथा; Vmn—पावनी च मही तथा The Mahī is no doubt the river of that name rising in Malwa and draining itself in the Gulf of Cambay. Sadānīrā cannot be satisfactorily identified.

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a bow-shot east of Somnāth.—The river Jaun (Yamunā) joins the Ganges below Kanoj, which lies west of it. The united stream falls into the great ocean near Gaṅgāsāgara.—Between the mouths of the rivers Sarsati and Ganges is the mouth of the river Narmadā which descends from the eastern mountains, takes its course in a south-western direction and falls into the sea near the town of Bahroj (Broach) nearly sixty *yojana* east of Somnāth.—Behind the Ganges flow the rivers Rahab (modern Rāmgaṅgā) and Kavīnī which join the river Sarva near the city of Bārī (to the east of the Ganges at a distance of three to four days’ marches from Kanoj; cf. p. 199)”.

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¹पारा चर्मण्वती लूपी (?)² विदिशा वेत्रवत्यपि³। ⁴शिप्रा ह्यवन्ती कुन्ती च⁵ पारियात्राश्रयाः स्मृताः⁶।।

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1. The following two lines have been contracted into one in Krm bc—विदिशा वेत्रवत्यपि पारियात्राश्रयाः स्मृताः; b (v. l.)—चर्मण्वती तथा सूर्या विदिशा वेत्रवत्यपि.

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2. Mk ac—पारा चर्मण्वती तापी, bd—पारा चर्मण्वती लूपी; Bmd, Vy acde—पारा चर्मण्वती चैव; Vy b—परा चर्मण्वती लूपा (?), e (v.l.)—पारा चर्मण्वती चैव; Krm—चर्मण्वती तथा दर्या, b (v.l.)—चर्मण्वती तथा सूर्या; Mts—पारा च धन्वती रूपा, c (v.l.)—पारा चर्मण्वती रूपा. The Pārā may be the same as the Pārvatī which rises in Bhopal and is a tributary of the Chambal, while Charmaṇvatī is no other than the Chambal itself. The Chambal is a well-known tributary of the Jumna. The reading of the third name and its identification are uncertain.

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3. Mk, Vy acde, Bmd, Krm—विदिशा वेत्रवत्यपि; Mts—विदुषा वेणुमत्यपि; Vmn—विदिशा वेणुमत्यपि; Vy b recognises Vidiśā only. The river Vidiśā is the modern Bes or Besali which falls into the Betwa near Besnagar (ancient Vidiśānagarī). The Vetravatī is the modern Betwa which is a tributary of the Jumna.

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4. This line is omitted in Krm a and Vy b.

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5. Mk abc—शिप्रा ह्यवर्णी च तथा; Vy acde, Bmd—शिप्रा ह्यवन्ती च तथा; Vy e (v. l.), Mk d—शिप्रा ह्यवन्ती च तथा; Mts—शिप्रा ह्यवन्ती कुन्ती च; Vmn—चित्रा ह्योधवती रम्या. The Śiprā is mentioned in literature as the river on which the celebrated city of Ujjayinī (modern Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh) was situated. The river Avantī rises near Mhow and flows into the Chambal. The Kuntī, otherwise called Aśvanadī or Aśvarathanadī, is a small tributary of the Chambal (see Dey, Geog. Dict., s.v. Kuntī-Bhoja).

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6. Mk abc, Bmd—पारियात्राश्रयाः स्मृताः; Vy, Mk d—परियात्राश्रयाः स्मृताः; Mts—पारियात्राश्रिताः स्मृताः; Vmn—पारियात्रोद्‌भवाः स्मृताः. Pāriyātra or Pāripātra was the name applied to the Western Vindhyas together with the Aravelly range.

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III

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शोणो महानदी चैव² नर्मदा सुरसा क्रिया³ ।
मन्दाकिनी दशार्णा च⁴ चित्रकूटा तथैव च⁵ ।।
⁶तमसा पिप्पलश्रोषी⁷ करमोदा पिशाचिका⁸ ।

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1. This line is omitted in Mts *ab*. For the first three lines, Krm reads rather freely—नर्मदा सुरसा शोणो दशार्णा च महानदी । मन्दाकिनी चित्रकूटा तामसी च पिशाचिका ।।

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2. Vy, Bmd, Mts *c*—शोणो महानदश्चैव; Vmn—शोणो महानदी चैव. The Śoṇa is the celebrated Sone which rises in the Amarkantak range and drains itself into the Ganges not far from Patna. The ancient city of Pāṭaliputra stood at the junction of the Śoṇa and the Gaṅgā. The Mahānadī also rises from the same range and flows through Orissa into the Bay of Bengal.

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3. Mk—नर्मदा सुरथाद्रिजा; Vy *acde*—नर्मदा सुमहा द्रुमा, *b*—नर्मदा सुरसा किर्वा (sic. क्रिया), *c* (v.l.), *e* (v.l.)—नर्मदा सुरहा द्रुमा; Bmd—नर्मदा सुवहा द्रुमा; Vmn—नर्मदा सुरसा क्रिया; Mts *c*—नन्दना सुकृशा क्षमा; cf. सुरसा शिवा in Grd, I, 55, 8. The Narmadā is the famous Narbadā (Nerbudda) which rises in the Amarkantak range and falls into the Arabian Sea. The reading of the other names and their identification are uncertain.

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4. Mk, Vy, Bmd, Mts, Vmn—मन्दाकिनी दशार्णा च. The Mandākinī (now called Mandākin) flows into the Paisuni near the Citrakūṭa hill, while the Daśārṇā is the modern Dhasan flowing past Saugor between the Betwa and the Ken.

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5. Mk—चित्रकटा तथापरा; Vy, Bmd, Mts—चित्रकूटा तथैव च; Vmn—चित्रकूटा हि देविका. The Citrakūṭa was either the same as the Mandākin or a part of it.

c7.s1.44

6. This line is omitted in Krm. A little freedom is noticed in some texts as regards the order of the names in the following two lines. Mk has—चित्रोत्पला सतमा करमोदा पिशाचिका । तथान्या पिप्पलश्रोषिविपाशा (*d*—पिप्पल०) वञ्जुला नदी ।। Mts has—तमसा पिप्पली श्येनी तथा चित्रोत्पलापि च । विमला चञ्चला चैव तथा च धृतवाहिनी ।। Vmn has—चित्रोत्पला वै तमसा करमोदा (*b*—०तोया) पिशाचिका । तथान्या पिप्पलश्रेणी विपाशा वञ्जुलावती ।।

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7. Vy *ade*, Bmd—तमसा पिप्पला श्रोणी; Mts—तमसा पिप्पली श्येणी; Vy *bc*—तमसा पिप्पला श्रोणी. The Tamasā is the modern Tons flowing into the Ganges below Allahabad. The Pippalaśroṇī may be the modern Paisuni or Parsaroni which is a tributary of the Jumna running between the Ken and the Tons.

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8. Mk—करमोदा पिशाचिका; Vy *acde*, Bmd, Vmn—करतोया

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चित्रोत्पला विपाशा च¹ मञ्जुला बालुवाहिनी² ॥ ³शुनी लज्जा शुक्तिमती⁴ शकुली त्रिदिवा क्रमुः⁵ ।

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पिशाचिका; Vy b—करमोदा पिशाबिका (sic.पिशाचिका). Pargiter suggests the identification of the Karamodā with the modern Karamnāsā flowing into the Ganges above the Sone. The Piśāchikā cannot be identified.

c7.s1.49

1. Vy acde, Bmd—नीलोत्पला विपाशा च; Krm, चित्रोत्पला विशाला च, b (v. l.), c (v. l.)—चित्रोत्पला विपाशा च; Vy b—चित्रपला (sic. चित्रोत्पला) महावेगा, c (v. l.)—चितोत्पला विपाशा च. The Citrotpalā is a branch of the Mahānadī in Orissa or the Mahānadī itself below its junction with the Pyri. The other river cannot be identified.

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2. Vy acde—जम्बुला बालुवाहिनी, bc (v.l.)—वञ्जुला बालुवाहिनी; Bmd—जम्बूला बालुवाहिनी; Krm—मञ्जुला बालुवाहिनी, b (v.l.) c (v.l.)—मञ्जुला रत्नवाहिनी.

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3. The following line is omitted in Krm.

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4. Mk—सुमेरुजा शुक्तिमती; Vy acde, Bmd—सितेरजा शुक्तिमती; Vy b has Śuktimatī only, c(v.l.)—सितेरजा मुक्तिमती; Mts a—शुक्तिमती शुनी लज्जा, bc—शुक्तिमन्ती शुनी लज्जा; Vmn—सत्सन्तजा शुक्तिमती. The Śuktimatī is the modern Ken, a tributary of the Jumna, flowing through Bundelkhand. On its bank stood a city of the same name (Pali Sotthicati) which was the ancient capital of the Cedi people. The reading of the other name and its identification are uncertain.

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5. Mk ab—शकुली त्रिदिवा क्रमुः, c—शकुली त्रिदिवा क्रमः, d—सकुली त्रिदिवा क्रमुः; Vy acde—मक्रुणा त्रिदिवा क्रमात्, c (v. l.)—मक्षणा त्रिदिवा क्रमात्, e (v.l.)—मक्रुणा त्रिदिवा क्रमा; Bmd—मक्षुणा त्रिदिवा क्रमात्; Mts ab—मुकुटा ह्रदिकापि च, c—मुकुटा ह्रदिकापि च; Vmn—चक्रिणी त्रिदिवा वसुः; Vy b—शक्रुणा त्रिदिवा क्रमात्. The Śakulī (Śakruli ?) may be the Sakri which flows into the Seonath, a tributary of the Mahānadī. The reading of the other names and their identification are uncertain.

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ऋक्षपादात् प्रसूतास्ता¹ नद्यो मणिनिभोदकाः² ॥³

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³ It is to be noted that the short list in Section IX below (pp. 55-57) wrongly speaks of some of these rivers as flowing not from the Ṛkṣavat but from the Vindhya. The name Ṛkṣavat was applied to a particular section of the range that was in a general sense called the Vindhya. While the name Vindhya was loosely applied to the whole chain of hills running from Gujarat to the Gayā region and lying on both sides of the Narmadā, that of the Ṛkṣavat, when especially mentioned in literature, is always associated with the central part of the Narmadā valley, of which Māhiṣmatī (Māndhātā in the Nimār District of Madhya Pradesh, Maheśvar in the former Indore State according to some) was the most important city and Daśārṇā (see p. 47, n. 4) a notable river. The Vindhya, when distinguishing from the Ṛkṣavat, denotes the chain lying to the south of the Narmadā as suggested by Nīlakaṇṭha who explains the passage *Vindhy-Arkṣavantāv=abhitah* (i.e., ‘lying between the Vindhya and the Ṛkṣavat’) in the *Hv*, II, 38, 7 as *Vindhyasy=ottarata Ṛkṣavato dakṣiṇata ity=arthaḥ* (i.e., ‘lying to the north of the Vindhya and to the south of the Ṛkṣavat’). Cf. Raychaudhuri, *Stud. Ind. Ant.*, p.

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1. Mk *ac* (v. l.) *d*—ऋक्षपादप्रसूता वै; *bc*—स्कन्धपादप्रसूता वै; Vy, Bmd—ऋक्षपादात् प्रसूतास्ताः; Krm—ऋक्षवत्पादजा नद्यः; Mts *ac*—ऋक्षवन्तप्रसूतास्ताः, *b*—ऋष्यवन्तप्रसूताः; Vmn—ऋक्षपादप्रसूता च. For the Ṛkṣavat, see below, note 3.

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2. Mk—तथान्या वेगवाहिनी; Vy, Bmd—नद्या मणिनिभोदकाः; Krm—सर्वपापहरा नृणाम्; Mts—नद्योमलजलाः शुभाः; Vmn *a*—तथान्या बलवाहिनी, *b*—तथान्या वल्गुवाहिनी (फल्गु०?).

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¹²⁸ The Puranic texts quoted above (cf. pp. 47 ff.) would also suggest that the Ṛkṣavat was that part of the Vindhyan range which lies to the north of the Narmadā and runs from the Malwa region right up to the sources of that river as well as of the Mahānadī.

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'तापी पयोष्णी निर्विन्ध्या² शिप्रा च निषधावती³ । वेण्वा वैतरणी चैव⁴ शिनिबाहुः कुमुद्वती⁵ ।।

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1. In some texts slight independence is noticed in the order of the names contained in this line. Mk has—शिप्रा (d—क्षिप्रा) पयोष्णी निर्विन्ध्या तापी सनिषधावती (d—च निषधावती); Vmn has—शिवा पयोष्णी निर्विन्ध्या तापी सनिषधावती.

c7.s1.61

2. Vy abde (v.l.), Bmd, Krm, Mts—तापी पयोष्णी निर्विन्ध्या; Vy ce—तापी पयोष्णी निर्विन्ध्या. The Tāpī, otherwise called Tāptī, is the celebrated river that flows into the Arabian Sea. The Payoṣṇī has been identified by some scholars with the Pain or Paingaṅgā which is a tributary of the Godāvarī. The Nirvindhyā is the modern Newuj, a tributary of the Chambal flowing between the Betwa and the Kālisindh.

c7.s1.62

3. Vy acde, Bmd—मद्रा च निषधा नदी; Vy b—सिर्वा (sic. शिप्रा) च निषधा नदी; Krm—शीघ्रोदा च महानदी; Mts a—क्षिप्रा च ऋषभा नदी, bc—क्षिप्रा च ऋषभा नदी. Mk has Śiprā (d—Kṣiprā) and Vmn Śivā for Madrā (Bmd and Vy with the exception of b), Śīghrodā (Krm) and Kṣiptā or Kṣiprā (Mts). The Śiprā passed by the ancient city of Ujjayinī. The reading of the other name and its identification are uncertain.

c7.s1.63

4. Mk ac, Vy abce (v.l.), Bmd, Krm a—वेण्वा वैतरणी चैव; Vy de—वेण्वा वैतरणी चैव; Krm bc—विन्ना वैतरणी चैव, b(v.l.) c (v.l.)—वेण्या वैतरणी चैव, चिन्ता वैतरणी चैव; Mts, Vmn b—वेणा वैतरणी चैव; Vmn a—वणा (sic. वेणा) वैतरणी चैव; Mk bd—वेण्या वैतरणी चैव. The Veṇvā may be the Waingaṅgā, a tributary of the Godāvarī. Pargiter thinks that Veṇvā is the Waingaṅgā together with the Prāṇhitā. The Vaitaraṇī seems to be the celebrated river of that name flowing through Orissa into the Bay of Bengal.

c7.s1.64

5. Mk abc—सिनीबाली कुमुद्वती, d—सिनीवाली कुमुद्वती; Vy acde, Bmd—शितिबाहु कुमुद्वती; Krm—बलाका च कुमुद्वती; Mts—विश्वमाला कुमुद्वती; Vmn—सिनीबाहुः कुमुद्वती; Vy b—सिनिहाहुः कुमुद्वती, c (v.l.)—शिनिबाहुः कुमुद्वती. The identification of the Kumudvatī and the reading of the other name are uncertain.

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ब्रह्माणी च महागौरी¹ दुर्गा चान्तःशिला तथा² । विन्ध्यपादप्रसूतास्ता³ नद्यः पुण्यजलाः शुभाः⁴ ॥⁵ V गोदावरी भीमरथी⁶ कृष्णा वेण्वा च वञ्जुला⁷

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1. Mk—करतोया महागौरी; Vy a—तोण्वा चैरमहागौरी; Vy cde, Bmd, Krm a, Mts—तोया चव महागौरी; Vy b—तोबा (sic. तोया) चैव महागौरी; Krm bc—तथा चैव महागौरी; Vmn—तोया रेवा महागौरी; cf. ब्रह्माणी च महागौरी दुर्गमपि च भारत in Mbh, VI, 9.33. The Brahmāṇī seems to be the same as the Brāhmaṇī river flowing through Orissa. The other river cannot be identified.

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2. Mk abc—दुर्गा चान्तःशिरा तथा, d—दुर्गा चान्तःशिवा तथा; Vy, Bmd, Krm—दुर्गा चान्तःशिला तथा; Mts—दुर्गमा तु शिला तथा; Vmn—दुर्गन्धा वा शिला तथा; cf. दुर्गा चित्रशिलां चैव in Mbh, VI, 9.30. It is to be noted that Mbh mentions Durgā once in relation to Mahāgaurī (cf. note 1 above) and again in connection with Citraśilā (sic. c= Antaḥśilā) probably due to confusion. The rivers cannot be identified.

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3. Mk, Krm a, Mts—विन्ध्यपादप्रसूतास्ताः ; Vy, Bmd, Vmn—विन्ध्यपादप्रसूताश्च ; Krm bc—विन्ध्यपादप्रसूतास्तु. For the Vindhya, cf. note 1 above and p. 49, note 3.

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4. Mk, Vy, Bmd, Vmn—नद्यः पुण्यजलाः शुभाः; Krm—सद्यः पापहरा नृणाम्, b (v. l.), c (v. l.) सद्यः पुण्यजलाः शुभाः; Mts—सर्वाः शीतजलाः शुभाः; c (v. l.)—नद्यः शीतजलाः शुभाः.

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5. Note that the short list in Section IX below (pp. 55-57) wrongly speaks of some of these rivers as flowing from the Ṛkṣavat and not from the Vindhya. Vide p. 49, note 3 above.

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6. Mk abc—गोदावरी भीमरथा; Vy, Bmd, Mts, Vmn, Mk d, Krm c—गोदावरी भीमरथी; Krm ab—गोदावरी भीमरक्षी. The Godāvarī, still known by its ancient name, rises in the Western Ghats and flows through the Deccan into the Bay of Bengal. The Bhīmarathī or Bhīmarathā is the modern Bhīmā which is a tributary of the Kṛṣṇā.

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7. Mk ac—कृष्णवेण्वा तथा परा, bd—कृष्णा वेण्वा तथा परा; Vy acde, Bmd—कृष्णा वेण्यथ वञ्जुला; Krm a—कृष्णा वेणा च वैश्यता, bc—कृष्णा वेणा च वश्यता, b (v. l.)—कृष्णा वेणी च पासरी; Mts—कृष्णवेणी च वञ्जुला; Vmn a—कृष्णवेण्या सरिद्वती, b—कृष्णा वेण्या सरिद्वती; Vy b—

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तुङ्गभद्रा सुप्रयोगा¹ बाह्या कावेरी चैव तु² ।। दक्षिणापथनद्यस्तु³ सह्यपादाद्विनिःसृताः⁴ ।।

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VI

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कृतमाला ताम्रपर्णी⁵ पुष्पजा चोत्पलावती⁶ ।

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कृष्णा वेण्या सवञ्जुला. The Kṛṣṇā is still known by its ancient name and flows from the Western Ghats through the Deccan into the Bay of Bengal. The Veṇvā is the modern Veṇā which is a tributary of the Kṛṣṇā, the combined stream of the two rivers being often mentioned as Kṛṣṇaveṇā or Kṛṣṇaveṇī. The Vañjulā is no other than the modern Mañjirā which is a southern tributary of the Godāvarī.

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1. Mk, Vy, Bmd, Mts—तुङ्गभद्रा सुप्रयोगा; Vmn—विशमद्री सुप्रयोगा. The Tuṅgabhadrā is a well-known tributary of the Kṛṣṇā; But the Suprayogā cannot be identified.

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2. Mk—बाह्या कावेर्यथापगा; Vy acde, Bmd—कावेरी च तथापगा; Krm—कावेरी च द्विजोत्तमा: ; Mts—बाह्या कावेरी चैव तु; Vmn—बाह्या कावेरिरैव च; Vy b—पाजय (sic. बाह्या) कावेरी चैव तु. The Kāverī is the celebrated holy river of the southernmost part of India. It is mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy as Khaberos rising from the Adeisathron mountain range. The other river cannot be identified.

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3. Mk abc—विन्ध्य (sic. सह्य०) पादविनिष्क्रान्ता, dh (v. l.)—सह्यपादविनिष्क्रान्ता; Vy, Bmd, Mts a, Krm—दक्षिणापथनद्यस्तु ; Mts bc—दक्षिणापथनद्यस्ता:; Vmn—एताश्चापि महानद्य:, b—दुग्धोदा नलिनी चैव वारिसेना कलस्वना। एताश्चापि महानद्य:. Sahya is the name applied to that part of the Western Ghats which lies to the north of the Travancore hills. For the spurious addition of a line in Vmn b, cf. JRASB., Letters, Vol. XIV, p. 44, note 3; p. 45, note 5, etc.

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4. Mk—इत्येता: सरिदुत्तमा:; Vy, Bmd, Mts, Krm bc—सह्यपादाद्विनिःसृता: ; Krm a—सह्यपादविनिःसृता:; Vmn—सह्यपादविनिर्गता:.

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5. Mk, Vy a, Krm a, Mts, Vmn—कृतमाला ताम्रपर्णी; Krm bc—ऋतुमाला ताम्रपर्णी ; Bmd, Vy bcde (v.l.)—कृतमाला ताम्रवर्णा; Vy e—कृतमाला ताम्रवर्णी. The Kṛtamālā is no other than the modern Vaigai running past Madurai (cf. Caitanyacaritāmṛta, Ch. IX). The Tāmraparṇī is now known as Tāmbravari which combines its stream with the Chittar in the Tiruneveli District of Madras.

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6. Mk—पुष्पजा सूत्पलावती ; Vy, Bmd, Krm a—पुष्पजात्यु- ¹मलयाभिजता नद्यः² सर्वाः शीतजलाः शुभाः³ ॥

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⁴त्रिसामा ऋषिकुल्या च⁵ इक्षुला त्रिदिवा च या⁶ ।

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⁶ Mk—इक्षुका त्रिदिवा च या; Vy acde, Bmd—इक्षुला त्रिदिवा च या; Mts—इक्षुदा त्रिदिवाचला; Vy b—इक्षुला त्रिदिवायता. Cf. त्रिदिवामिक्षलां क्रिमिम् in Mbh, VI, 9, 17.

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त्पलावती; Mts—पुष्पजा हत्पलावती; Vmn—वज्जला चोत्पलावती; Krm. b—पुष्पवत्युत्पलावती, c—पुण्यवत्युत्पलावती. These rivers cannot be identified.

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1. The following line is omitted in Vmn together with the two lines in Section VII following. Thus the Vmn text would make the rivers mentioned in Section VI flow from the Śuktimat mountain (cf. Section VIII below) apparently through mistake.

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2. Mk—मल्याद्रिसमुद्भूताः, Vy—मल्याभिजतास्ता नद्यः; Bmd—मल्याभिजता नद्यः; Krm—मलयान्निःसृता नद्यः; Mts a—मलयप्रसूता नद्यः; bc—मलयप्रसूता नद्यस्ताः. Malaya (derived from the Dravidian word malai meaning ‘hill’) was the name applied to the Travancore hills and the southernmost part of the Western Ghats.

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3. Mk—नद्यः शीतजलास्त्विमाः; Vy, Bmd, Mts—सर्वाः शीतजलाः शुभाः; Krm—सर्वाः शीतजलाः स्मृताः.

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4. The following two lines, as already indicated above (note 1), are omitted in Vmn and are represented in Krm by one line reading ऋषिकुल्या त्रिसामा च गन्धमादनगामिनी without any reference to the range from which the rivers spring. Thus the Krm text would wrongly represent the rivers mentioned in Section VII as issuing from the Śuktimat (see Section VIII).

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5. Mk—पितृसोमर्षिकुल्या च; Vy acd—त्रिसामा ऋतुकुल्या च, b—त्रिसागा ऋषिकुल्या च, e—त्रिसामा ऋतुकुल्या च; Bmd—त्रिसामा ऋषिकुल्या च; Krm—ऋषिकुल्या त्रिसामा च; Mts—त्रिभागा ऋषिकुल्या च. The Ṛṣikulyā, still bearing its ancient name, flows into the Bay of Bengal near Berhampur on the South-Eastern Railway in the Ganjam District of Orissa. The other river cannot be satisfactorily identified.

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¹लाङ्गुलिनी वंशधरा² महेन्द्रतनयाः स्मृताः³ ।।

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⁴ऋषिकुल्या कुमारी च⁵ मन्दगा मन्दवाहिनी⁶ ।

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⁵ Mk—ऋषिकुल्या कुमारी च; Vy acde—ऋषीका सुकुमारी च, b—ऋषीका सकुमारी च; Bmd—ऋषिका सुकुमारी च; Mts—काशिका सुकुमारी च. Cf. कुमारीमृषिकुल्याञ्च in Mbh, VI, 9, 36, and note that in this case at least Mk seems to preserve the original reading (cf. p. 57, note 3 below). Raychaudhuri’s identification of Kumārī with the river of the same name in the Mānbhūm District in South Bihar seems to be quite probable in view of the plausibility of his identification of the *kula-parvata* called Śuktimat with the hills of Eastern India extending from Chhattisgarh to the Sañtal Parganas (see p. 55, note 2 below). The Ṛṣikulyā may be no other than the Koel in Chhota Nagpur. Another Ṛṣikulyā is no doubt the Kiul, a tributary of the Ganges.

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⁶ Mk. Vy acde, Bmd, Mts—मन्दगा मन्दवाहिनी ; Vy b—बालुका मन्दवाहिनी ; cf. Krm—गन्धमादनगामिनी and Mbh, VI, 9, 33—मन्दगा मन्दवाहिनीम्. The rivers cannot be identified.

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1. Mts reads for this line rather freely—ताम्रपर्णी तथा मूली शवरा (c—शबरा) विमला तथा । महेन्द्रतनयाः सर्वाः प्रख्याताः शुभगामिनीः ।। It may be noted that *śubha-gāminīḥ* does not suit the context. Cf. Pargiter, op. cit., pp. 78 ff.

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2. Mk ac—लाङ्गुलिनी वंशकरा, bd—लाङ्गुलिनी वंशकरा ; Vy abd, Bmd—लाङ्गुलिनी वंशधरा ; Vy ce—लाङ्गुलिनी वंशधराः. The Lāngulinī is the modern Lānguliyā running past Chicacole (Śrīkākulam) in the District of that name in Andhra Pradesh. The Vamśadharā (°dhārā), which is still known by the old name, runs past Kalingapatam near Chicacole.

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3. Mk—महेन्द्रप्रभवाः स्मृताः ; Vy, Bmd—महेन्द्रतनयाः स्मृताः. Mahendra was the name applied to the Eastern Ghats. A small river passing by Parlakimedi is called Mahendratanayā, though the said expression in our text describes the rivers as sprung from the Mahendra.

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4. Vmn contracts the two following lines into one—शुनी चैव सुदामा च शुक्तिमत्प्रभवास्त्विमाः (b—शक्तिमत्°), while Krm reads rather freely—क्षिप्रा b (v. l.—रूपा) पलासिनौ चैव ऋषोका वंशधारिणी (b v.l., c v.l.—बलकारिणी, रसकारिणी) । शुक्तिमत्पादसञ्जाताः सर्वपापहरा नृणाम् ।।

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कूपा पलाशिनौ चैव¹ शुक्तिमत्प्रभवाः स्मृताः² ।।

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[ Vsn, II, ch. 3, vv. 9-13 ; Bmh, ch. 19, vv. 10-14 ; cf. Sv, Dharmasaṃhitā, ch. 34. vv. 9-12 ; Agn, ch. 118, vv. 6-8 ]

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³शतद्रुचन्द्रभागाद्या⁴ हिमवत्पादनिर्गताः⁵ । वेदस्मृतिमुखाद्याश्च⁶ पारियात्रोद्भवा मुने⁷ ।।

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⁴ Vsn, Bmh—शतद्रुचन्द्रभागाद्याः (see p. 40, note 1 above).

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⁵ Vsn—हिमवत्पादनिर्गताः ; Bmh—हिमवत्पादनिःसृताः (see p. 43, note 1 above).

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⁶ Vsn—वेदस्मृतिमुखाद्याश्च ; Bmh—वेदस्मृतिमुखाश्चान्याः ; Sv, Agn—वेदस्मृतिमुखा नद्यः (see p. 45, note 1 above).

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⁷ Vsn—पारियात्रोद्भवा मुने ; Bmh, Sv—पारियात्रोद्भवा मुने ; Agn—पारियात्रोद्भवास्तथा (see p. 46, note 6 above).

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1. Mk *abc*, Vy *e* (v. l.)—कूपा पलाशिनौ चैव ; Mk *c* (v. l.)—कृशा पलाशिनौ चैव, *d*—कुशा पलाशिनौ चैव ; Vy *acde*—कूपा पलाशिनौ चैव *b*—किर्पा (sic. कृपा) पलासिनौ चैव ; Bmd—कुपा पलाशिनौ चैव ; Krm—क्षिप्रा पलाशिनौ चैव ; Mts—कृपा च पाशिनी चैव. Raychaudhuri identifies the Kūpā with the modern Kopā, a tributary of the Bāblā in Eastern India, and the Palāśinī with the modern Parās, a tributary of the Koel in Chota Nagpur. The other river cannot be identified.

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2. Mk *abc*, Vy, Bmd—शुक्तिमत्प्रभवाः स्मृताः ; Mk *b*—शुचि-मत्प्रभवाः स्मृताः ; Mts—शुक्तिमन्तात्मजास्तुताः. The name of the Śuktimat is preserved in that of the Śakti hills in Raigarh, Madhya Pradesh, and possibly in that of the Suktel river which joins the Mahānadī near Sonepur in Orissa. The name Śuktimat was probably applied to the chain of hills that extends from Sakti in Riagarh, M. P., to the Dalma hills in Mānbhūm drained by the Kumārī and perhaps even to the hills in the Santal Parganas washed by the affluents of the Bāblā (Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, p. 120).

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3. This line is omitted in Sv. and Agn.

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¹नर्मदा सुरसाद्याश्च नद्यो विन्ध्याद्रिनिर्गताः³ । ⁴तापीपयोष्णीनिर्विन्ध्याप्रमुखा ऋक्षसम्भवाः⁵ ।। ⁶गोदावरीभीमरथीकृष्णवेण्यादिकास्तथा⁷ । सह्यपादोद्भवा नद्यः स्मृताः पापभयापहाः⁸ ।। ⁹कृतमाला ताम्रपर्णी प्रमुखा मलयोद्भवाः¹⁰ ।

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1. For the following line, Sv has—नर्मदा सुरसाद्याश्च सन्त्यन्याश्च सहस्रशः । विन्ध्योद्भवा महानद्यः सर्वपापहराः शुभाः ।। Agn has—विन्ध्याच्च नर्मदाद्याः स्युः सहात् (sic. ऋक्षात्) तापी पयोष्णीका.

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2. Vsn—नर्मदा सुरसाद्याश्च ; Bmh—नर्मदामुरमाद्याश्च (see p. 47, note 3 above).

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3. Vsn—नद्यो विन्ध्याद्रिनिर्गताः ; Bmh—नद्यो विन्ध्यविनिःसृताः. Note that the source of the Narmadā group of rivers is actually the Ṛkṣavat and not the Vindhya ; vide p.49, note 3 above.

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4. For the following line, Bmh has—तापीपयोष्णीनिर्विन्ध्या-कावेरीप्रमुखा नदीः । ऋक्षपादोद्भवा ह्येताः श्रुताः पापं हरन्ति याः ।। For the wrong vibhakti in nadīḥ, see p. 54, note 1 above. Note that the Tāpī and Kāverī are wrongly grouped together as rivers issuing from the Ṛkṣavat (see p.50, note 2; p. 51, note 3; p. 52, note 4 above). This line is omitted in Sv.

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5. Vsn—तापीपयोष्णीनिर्विन्ध्याप्रमुखा ऋक्षसम्भवाः. Note that these rivers actually flow from the Vindhya and not from the Ṛkṣavat. See p. 49, note 3; p. 51, note 5 above.

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6. For the following two lines, Sv has—गोदावरीभीमरथीतापी-प्रमुखतोयगाः । विन्ध्याद्रिनिर्गताः पुण्याः स्नानात् पापभयापहाः ।। सह्यपादोद्भवा नद्यः कृष्णवेण्यादिकास्तथा ।।

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7. Vsn, Bmh—गोदावरी भीमरथी कृष्णवेण्यादिकास्तथा ; Agn—गोदावरी भीमरथी कृष्णवेण्यादिकास्तथा.

c7.s1.117

8. Vsn, Bmh—सह्यपादोद्भवा नद्यः स्मृताः पापभयापहाः..

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9. Agn has rather freely—मल्यात् कृतमालाद्यास्त्रसामाद्या महेन्द्राः । कुमाराद्याः शुक्तिमतो हिमाद्रेश्चन्द्रभागा ।।

c7.s1.119

10. Vsn, Bmh—कृतमालाताम्रपर्णीप्रमुखा मलयोद्भवाः..

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त्रिसामा ऋषिकुल्याद्या¹ महेन्द्रप्रभवाः स्मृताः² ।। ऋषिकुल्याकुमार्याद्याः³ शुक्तिमत्पादसम्भवाः⁴।।⁵

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¹ Vsn—त्रिसामा चार्ष्यकुल्याद्याः ; Bmh—त्रिसान्ध्य ऋषिकुल्याद्याः; Sv—त्रियामा ऋषिकुल्याद्याः (see p.53, note 5 above).

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² Vsn, Bmh, Sv—महेन्द्रप्रभवाः स्मृताः ( see p. 54, note 3 above).

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³ Vsn, Sv—ऋषिकुल्याकुमार्याद्याः ; Bmh—ऋषिकुल्याकुमाराद्याः (see p. 54, note 5 above).

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⁴ Vsn, Sv, Bmd—शुक्तिमत्पादसम्भवाः ( see p. 55, note 2 above).

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⁵ Grd (I, ch. 56, 8-10) reads rather freely—वेदस्मृतिर्नर्मदा च वरदा सुरसा शिवा । तापी पयोष्णी सरयूः कावेरी गोमती तथा ।। गोदावरी भीमस्थी कृष्णवेणी महानदी । केतुमाला ताम्रपर्णी चन्द्रभागा सरस्वती ।। ऋषिकुल्या च कावेरी मर्त्यगङ्गा पयस्विनी । विदर्भा च शतद्रुश्च नद्यः पापहराः शुभाः ।। Bgvt (V, ch. 19, section 17) has in prose—चन्द्रवशा ताम्रपर्णी अवटोदा कृतताला वैहायसी कावेरी वेण्वा पयस्विनी शर्करावर्त्ता तुङ्गभद्रा कृष्णवेण्वा भीमस्थी गोदावरी निर्विन्ध्या पयोष्णी तापी रेवा सुरसा नर्मदा चर्मण्वती अन्ध्रः शोणश्च नदौ महानदी वेदस्मृति ऋषिकुल्या त्रिसामा कौशिकी मन्दाकिनी यमुना सरस्वती दृषद्वती गोमती सरयुरोधवती षष्ठवती सप्तवती सुशोमा शतद्रुश्चन्द्रभागा मरुद्घृधा वितस्ता असिक्नी विश्वेति महानद्यः ।। Cf. Km. (pp. 93-94): (a) पूर्वदेश—शोणलौहित्यौ नदौ गङ्गाकरतोयाकपिाद्याश्च नद्यः । (b) दक्षिणपथ—नर्मदातापीपयोष्णीगोदावरीकावेरीभैमरथीवेण्वाकृष्णवेण्वा-वञ्जुरातुङ्गभद्रातापर्ण्युत्पलावतीरावणगङ्गाद्या नद्यः । (c) पश्चाद्देश—सरस्वतीश्वभ्रवतीवार्तघ्नीमहीहिडिंबाद्या नद्यः । (d) उत्तराप—गङ्गासिन्धु-सरस्वताशतद्रुचन्द्रभागामुनरावतीवितस्ताविपाशाहुदेविकाद्या नद्यः । The Kapiśā is the modern Kaśāi running through the Midnapur Dist., West Bengal. Śabhavati=mod. Śābarmatī. For longer lists of rivers, see Mbh, VI, ch. 9, 14-36; Varāha Purāṇa, ch. 85, etc.

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X

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[Bmd, 51, vv. 40-60 ; Mts, ch. 121, vv. 39-51 ; Vy, ch. 47, vv. 38-48 ; cf. Sachau, *Alb. Ind.*, I, pp. 24-62]

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नद्याः स्रोतस्तु गङ्गायाः¹ प्रत्यपद्यत सप्तधा² । नलिनी ह्लादिनी चैव³ पावनी चैव प्रागता⁴ ।। सीता चक्षुश्च सिन्धुश्च⁵ प्रतीचीं दिशमाश्रिताः⁶ । सप्तमी त्वनुगा तासां⁷ दक्षिणेन भगीरथम्⁸ ।। तस्माद्भागीरथी या सा⁹

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⁹ Vy *a*—अस्माद् भागीरथी या सा, *cde*, Bmd—तस्माद् भागीरथी या सा ; Mts—तस्माद् भागीरथी सा वै. For these seven rivers, cf. *Rāmāyaṇa* (I, 43, 11-14 ; 44, 6) : विससर्ज ततो गङ्गां हरो विन्दुसारः प्रति । तस्यां विसृज्यमानायां सप्तस्रोतांसि जज्ञिरे ।। ह्लादिनी पावनी चैव नलिनी च तथैव च । तिस्रः प्राचीं दिशं जग्मुर्गङ्गाः शिवजलाः शुभाः ।। सुक्षुश्चैव सीता च सिन्धुश्चैव महानदी । तिस्रश्चैता दिशं जग्मुः प्रतीचीन्तु दिशं शुभाः ।। सप्तमी चान्वगात्तासां भगीरथरथन्तदा ।..........त्रीन् पथो भावयन्तीति तस्मात् त्रिपथगा स्मृता ।। Of the seven streams, there is no difficulty about the identification of the Gaṅgā or Bhāgīrathī which is no other than the Ganges and of the Sindhu which is the Indus. The western stream Cakṣu is also apparently

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1. Vy *adc*, Bmd—नद्याः स्रोतस्तु गङ्गायाः; *c*—नद्याः श्रोतस्तु गङ्गायाः ; Mts—स्रोतांसि त्रिपथायास्तु. Note that Al-Bīrūnī utilised, in regard to this section, the text of Mts; therefore here we shall have to speak of Mts *d* instead of Vy *b*. Thus Vy, when unspecified, would indicate here all the versions excepting Vy *b*.

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2. Vy, Bmd—प्रत्यपद्यत सप्तधा ; Mts—प्रत्यपद्यन्त सप्तधा.

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3. Vy, Bmd, Mts *d*—नलिनी ह्लादिनी चैव; Mts *abc*—नलिनी ह्लादिनी चैव.

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4. Vy *a*—पावनी चैव प्रगता ; Vy *cde*—पावनी चैव प्रागता ; Mts—पावनी चैव प्राच्यगा.

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5. Vy, Mts, Bmd—मीता चक्षुश्च सिन्धुश्च.

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6. Vy, Bmd—प्रतीचीं दिशमाश्रिताः ; Mts—तिस्रस्ता वै प्रतीच्याः.

c7.s1.136

7. Vy, Mts—सप्तमी त्वनुगा तासां ; Bmd—सप्तमी हि समानीता.

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8. Vy *acd*—दक्षिणेन भागीरथी; Vy *e*, Mts—दक्षिणेन भगीरथम् ; Bmd भगीरथमहात्मना.

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प्रविष्टा दक्षिणोधिम्¹ ॥ सप्तैता भावयन्तीह² हिमाह्वं वर्षमेव त³ ॥ प्रसूताः सप्त नद्यस्ताः⁴ शुभा विन्दुसरोद्भवाः⁵ ॥

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¹ Vy, Mts a, Bmd—प्रविष्टा लवणोदधिम् ; Mts bc—प्रविष्टा दक्षिणोदधिम् .

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² Vy, Bmd—सप्तैता भावयन्तीह; Mts—सप्त चैता प्लावयन्ति.

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³ Vy, Bmd—हिमाह्वं वर्षमेव तु ; Mts a—वर्षन्ति हिमसाह्वयम्, bc—वर्षं तु हिमसाह्वयम् . The Hima varṣa was otherwise called the Haimavata or Bhārata varṣa (Bmd, I, 33, 55, etc.) lying between the Himalayas and the sea.

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⁴ Vy, Bmd—प्रसूताः सप्त नद्यस्ताः; Mts—प्रसूताः सप्त नद्यस्तु.

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⁵ Vy, Bmd, Mts—शुभा विन्दुसरोद्भवाः.

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the same as Vakṣu or Vaṃkṣu, i.e. the Oxus or Amu Darya, while the second western river called Sītā may be no other than the Jaxartes or Syr Darya. As the eastern stream Hlādinī or Hrādinī is said to have run through the country of the Kirātas, who were hill-men inhabiting the eastern Himalayas, this river may be tentatively identified with the upper Brahmaputra. Indradvīpa, through which the other eastern river called Pāvanī passed, is identified by some scholars with Burma. Cf. subsection G below. See also the note in the same subsection on Vetrapatha and Śaṅkupatha (in Suvarṇabhūmi) through which the Pāvanī is said to have passed. This river may thus be tentatively identified with the Irawadi. The third eastern stream called Nalinī cannot be identified; but it is said to have entered into the sea in the Śaimi maṇḍala which reminds us of Siam. The name of Siam (Syāma-raṭṭha), which is unconnected with Sanskrit śyāma, is derived from that of a tribe called in Chinese Sien, Burmese Shan, Malayan Syam, Annamite Xiem and Cham Syām. The Nalinī may thus be tentatively identified with the Salween or the Mekong. It must be remembered that the theory attributing the origin of all the seven rivers to the same lake in the Himalayas has to be regarded as a mere flight of fancy. The lists of countries washed by the rivers do not appear to be always accurate.

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नानादेशान् भावयन्त्यो¹ म्लेच्छप्रायांश्च सर्वशः² ।
³उपगच्छन्ति ताः सर्वा⁴ यतो वर्षति वासवः⁵ ।।
B
सिरीन्ध्रान् कुकुरांश्चीनान्⁶ वर्वरान् यवनान् शकान्⁷ ।
रुषाणाश्च कुणिन्दाश्च⁸ अङ्गलोकवरांश्च यान्⁹ ।।
कृत्वा द्विधा हिमवन्तं¹⁰ सीतागात् पश्चिमोधधिम्¹¹ ।।

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1. Vy *a*—नानादेशान् भावयन्तो, *d*—नानादेशान् भावयन्त्यो ; Bmd,Vy *ce*—नानादेशान् भावयन्त्यो ; Mts—तान् देशान् प्लावयन्ति स्म.

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2. Vy, Mts, Bmd—म्लेच्छप्रायांश्च सर्वशः ; cf. p. 64, note 3 below, and p. 39, note 2 above.

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3. The following line is omitted in Mts.

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4. Vy, Bmd—उपगच्छन्ति ताः सर्वाः .

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5. Vy, Bmd—यतो वर्षति वासवः.

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6. Vy—सिरीन्ध्रान् कुन्तलांश्चीनान् ; Mts *abc*—सशैलान् कुकुरान् रौद्रान् ; Bmd—सिरीन्ध्रान् कुकुरांश्चीनान् ; Mts *d*—सलिलान् कस्तु-बांश्चीनान्. For the Cinas, see above p. 25, note 6; below, p. 61, n. 1.

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7. Vy—वर्वरान् यवसान् द्रुहान् ; Bmd—वर्वरान् यवनान् द्रुहान् ; Mts *ab*—वर्वरान् यवसान् खसान्, *c*—वर्वरान् यवनान् खसान्, v. l.—वर्वरान् यवनाञ्छकान्, *d*—वर्वरान् यवसान् ब्रहान्. For the Varvaras and Yavanas, see above p. 24, note 1, p. 25, note 5. The original home of the Śakas was the valleys of the Jaxartes and Oxus.

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8. Vy, Bmd—रुषाणाश्च कुणिन्दाश्च ; Mts *abc*—पुलिकांश्च कुलत्यांश्च, पुष्करांश्च कुलतांश्च. For the Kuṇindas, see above p. 24, note 3, although the people indicated here must have lived in Central Asia. The Ruṣāṇas were the people of Roshan in the Tadzhik Republic.

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9. Vy, Bmd—अङ्गलोकवरांश्च ये ; Mts *abc*—अङ्गलोकयान् वरांश्च यान्, *d*—मङ्गलकवरांश्च यान्. See above p. 25, note 5.

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10. Vy—कृत्वा द्विधा सिन्धुमरां; Bmd—कृत्वा द्विधा सिन्धुमेरां; Mts *abc*—कृत्वा द्विधा हिमवन्तं, *d*—कृत्वा द्विधा सङ्घवन्तं.

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11. Vy, Bmd, Mts *d*—सीतागात् पश्चिमोधधिम् ; Mts *abc*—प्रविष्टा दक्षिणोदधिम् .

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अथ चीनमरूंश्चैव¹ तङ्गणान् सर्वशूलिकान्² । सांधांस्तुषारान् लम्पाकान्³ पल्लवान् पारदान् शकान्⁴ ।। एतान् जनपदश्चक्षुः⁵ प्लावयन्ती गतोदधिम्⁶ ।।

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D दरदांश्च सकाशमीरान्⁷ गान्धारान् औरसान् कुहून्⁸ । शिवपोरान् इन्द्रमरून्⁹ वसातींश्च विसर्जयान्¹⁰ ।।

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1. Vy, Bmd, Mts ad—अथ चीनमरूंश्चैव; Mts bc—अथ वीरमरूंश्चैव. For the Cīna desert, cf. above, p. 25, n. 6; p. 60, n. 6.

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2. Vy ac, Bmd—तङ्गणान् सर्वमूलिकान्, cd—तङ्गणान् सर्वमूलिकान्, e (v.l.)—तङ्गणान् सर्वशूलिकान्; Mts a—कालिकांश्चैव चूलकान्, bc—कालिकांश्चैव शूलिकान्, d—कालिकांश्चैव धूलिकान्. For the Taṅgaṇas and Cūlikas, see above, p. 26, notes 4 and 9. The correct reading of the last name may be Cūlika. But these Taṅgaṇas appear to have lived near about the Western Himalayas.

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3. Vy ace—सांधांस्तुषारांस्तम्पकान्, d—सांधांस्तुषारांस्तम्पकान्; Mts abc—तुषारान् वर्वराकारान्, d—तुखारान् वर्वराकारान्; Bmd—सांधांस्तुषारान् लम्पाकान्. For the Tuṣāras or Tukhāras and Lampākas, see above, p. 25, note 6; p. 26, note 3.

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4. Vy a—पल्लवान् दरदान् शकान्; Bmd, Vy cde—पल्लवान् दरदान् शकान्; Mts abc—पल्लवान् पारदान् शकान्, d—बारवाञ्चतान् (sic. पारदाञ्च्छकान्). See above, p. 23, n. 9; p. 24, n. 4; p. 60, n. 7.

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5. Vy, Bmd, Mts—एतान् जनपदश्चक्षुः.

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6. Vy ac (v. l.) e—प्लावयन्ती गतोदधिम्, cde (v. l.), Bmd—प्लावयन्ती गतोदधिम्; Mts—प्लावयित्वोदधिं गता.

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7. Vy, Bmd—दरदांश्च सकाशमीरान्; Vy e (v. l.)—मरदांश्च सकाशमीरान्; Mts abc—दरदोर्जंगुडांश्चैव, d—दरदजिन्दुतुन्दांश्च. See above, p. 25, note 4; p. 26, note 9.

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8. Vy, Bmd—गान्धारान् वरपान् ह्रदान्; Mts abc—गान्धारान् औरसान् कुहून्, d—गान्धारान् रुरसान् (sic. औरसान्) क्रूरान्. See above, p. 24, note 1; p. 26, note 6. The Kuhus appear to have been the people inhabiting the valley of the Kuhu or Kabul river.

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9. Vy, Bmd—शिवपोरान् इन्द्रहासान्; Mts—शिवपोरान् इन्द्रमरून्. The Śivapauras must have been the inhabitants of Śivapura, i. e. modern Shorkot in the Jhang District of West Pakistan. The other people cannot be identified.

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10. Vy—वदातींश्च विसर्जयान्; Bmd—वसातींश्च विसर्जयान्; Mts abc—बसतीन् समतेजसम् d—सबातीन् (sic. वसातीन्)...The Vasātis सन्धवान् रन्ध्रकरकान्¹ अमराभीररोमकान्² । शुनामुखांश्चोर्ध्वमरून³ सिन्धुरेताभिषेवते⁴ ।। E गन्धर्वान् किन्नरान् यक्षान्⁵ रक्षोविद्याधरोरगान्⁶ ।

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(Ossadioi of the Greeks) appear to have occupied parts of the territory drained by the lower Chenab and situated between the confluence of that river respectively with the Rāvī and the Indus.

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1. Vy, Bmd—सन्धवान् रन्ध्रकरकान्; Vy a (v. l.)—सन्धवान् रन्ध्रकरकान्; Mts abc—सन्धवानुर्वसान् वर्वान्, d—सन्धवान् कुबतान् (sic. कूपयान्)... Other names in Alb. Ind. are Bahimarvara, Mara, Mrūṇa and Supurda which are apparently due to mistakes in the Arabic manuscript of Al-Bīrūnī’s work consulted by Sachau. For the Saindhavas, see above, p. 24, note 2, and for the variant readings of the other name, p. 24, note 5.

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2. Vy—अमराभीररोहकान्, e (v. l.)—अमटाभीररोहकान्; Bmd—अमराभीररोमकान्; Mts abc—कुगयान् भीमरोमकान्. Above, p. 23, note 7 would suggest आभीरान् कालतोयकान्. But the Romakas may be the people of Rumā lying probably near the Salt Range.

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3. Vy. Bmd—शुनामुखांश्चोर्ध्वमनून; Mts abc—शुनामुखांश्चोर्ध्वमरून.

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4. Vy—सिद्धचारणसेवितान्, c (v. l.), Mts abc, Bmd—सिन्धुरेताभिषेवते.

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5. Vy, Mts, Bmd—गन्धर्वान् किन्नरान् यक्षान्. Al-Bīrūnī explains the Gandharvas as musicians. These names originally indicated certain tribal peoples, although later they came to imply classes of mythical beings. The Kinnaras and Yakṣas were probably names applied to some Himalayan tribes, while Gandharva appears to have been the original name of the people later called Gandhāra (cf. Rām., VII, 101, 11 : तक्षं तक्षशिलायां तु पुष्कलं पुष्कलावते । गन्धर्वदेशे रुचिरे गान्धारविषये च सः ।। etc.). The names however seem to have been used in the present context in the sense of mythical tribes.

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6. Vy, Bmd, Mts—रक्षोविद्याधरोरगान्. Al-Bīrūnī explains the Uragas as those who creep on their breasts, i.e. the serpents.

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कलापग्रामकांश्चैव¹ तथा किंपुरुषान् खसान्² ॥
किरातांश्च पुलिंदांश्च³ कुरून् सभरतानपि⁴ ।
पञ्चालकाशिमत्स्यांश्च⁵ मगधाङ्गास्तथैव च⁶ ॥

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³ Vy, Bmd, Mts—किरातांश्च पुलिंदांश्च. Al-Bīrūnī explains the Pulindas as hunters of the plains or robbers. For the Kirātas, see above, p. 22, note 1. The Pulindas were an aboriginal people inhabiting the Vindhyan region; but the name was later applied to Vindhyan mountaineers in general and still later to any aboriginal people. The meaning of Kirāta, originally a Himalayan tribe, was also similarly modified. Cf. p. 30, n. 5.

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⁴ Vy, Bmd—कुरून् सभरतानपि; Mts—कुरून् वै भरतानपि. According to the epic and Puranic traditions, the Kurus and the Bharatas belonged to the same clan. For the Kurus, see above, p. 21, note 2.

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⁵ Vy, Bmd—पञ्चालकाशिमत्स्यांश्च; Mts a—पञ्चालकोशिकान् मत्स्यान्, bc—पाञ्चालान् कौशिकान् मत्स्यान्, d—पाञ्चालान् कौषकान् मत्स्यान्. See above, p. 21, note 2: p. 22, notes 1 and 2. But Matsya may be a mistake for Vatsa which was the name of the people inhabiting the Allahabad region.

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⁶ Vy, Bmd, Mts abc—मगधाङ्गास्तथैव च. Mts d omits Aṅga. See above, p. 27, note 5; p. 29, note 1.

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These three names, like those mentioned, above, note 5 (p. 62), originally indicated certain non-Aryan tribal peoples but were later used to indicate mythical tribes. They appear to be used in the present context in the mythical sense.

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1. Vy, Bmd, Mts—कलापग्रामकांश्चैव. Al-Bīrūnī explains Kalāpagrāma as the city of the most virtuous people.

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2. Vy, Bmd—पारदान् सीगनान् खसान्, e (v. l.)—पारदास्ता- ङ्गणान् खसान् ; Mts abc—तथा किंपुरुषान् नरान्, d—तथा किंपुरुषान् खसान्. Al-Bīrūnī explains the Khasas as mountaineers. The name Kimpuruṣa was originally applied to a Himalayan people but was later used to indicate a mythical tribe. The Khasas were a Himalayan tribe now represented by the Khakkas Kashmir. See above p. 36, note 6.

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ब्रह्मोत्तराश्च वङ्गांश्च¹ ताम्रलिप्तास्तथैव च² ।
एतान् जनपदानार्यान्³ गङ्गा भावयते शुभा⁴ ।।
ततः प्रतिहता विन्ध्ये⁵ प्रविष्टा दक्षिणोदधिम्⁶ ।।

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F

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ततश्च ह्लादिनी पुण्या⁷ प्राचीनाभिमुखं ययौ⁸ ।
प्लावयन्त्युपकानांश्च⁹ निषादानपि सर्वशः¹⁰ ।।
धीवरानृषिकांश्चैव¹¹ तथा नीलमुरखानपि¹² ।।

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1. Vy, Bmd, Mts abc—ब्रह्मोत्तराश्च वङ्गांश्च. Mts d omits Vanga. See above, p. 27, note 5; p. 28, note 5.

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2. Vy, Bmd, Mts—ताम्रलिप्तास्तथैव च. See above, p. 28, note 8.

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3. Vy, Bmd, Mts—एतान् जनपदान् आर्यान्. Cf. the reference here to ārya with mleccha-trāyāṁś = cha sarvaśaḥ at p. 60, note 2 above.

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4. Vy, Bmd—गङ्गा भावयते शुभान् ; Mts, Vy e (v. l.)—गङ्गा भावयते शुभा.

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5. Vy, Bmd, Mts—ततः प्रतिहता विन्ध्ये.

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6. Vy, Bmd, Mts—प्रविष्टा दक्षिणोदधिम्.

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7. Vy—ततश्चा्लादिनी पुण्या; Bmd—ततश्च ह्लादिनी पुण्या ; Mts—ततस्तु ह्लादिनी पुण्या.

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8. Vy ac—प्राचीनाभिमुखं ययौ; Mts bc, Vy de—प्राचीनाभिमुखी ययौ; Vy e (v. l.), Mts a—प्राचीनाभिमुखा ययौ; Bmd—प्राचीमाभिमुखी ययौ.

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9. Vy, Bmd—प्लावयन्त्युपभोगांश्च ; Mts abc—प्लावयन्त्युपकांश्चैव, d—प्लावयन्त्युपकानांश्च.

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10. Vy, Bmd—निषादानाञ्च जातयः ; Mts abc—निषादानपि सर्वशः, d—निषावानपि (sic.) सर्वशः.

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11. Vy, Mts abc—धीवरानृषिकांश्चैव; Bmd—धीवरानृषकांश्चैव; Mts d—धीवरान् रिषकांश्चैव.

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