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Republics in Ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C. c19: Index

Republics in Ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C. c19

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English

Contents

Index

c19.1

Ābhīras, 171 *Abhisekha-Pokkharaṇī*, 105, 179 *Ācārāṅga Sūtra*, 161, 166, 167; on *gaṇa* and *saṅgha* *Adhipati*, 55 *Adhyayanas*, 167 Ādityas, *gaṇas* of, 8 Aetolians, 138 Agni, 21, 35, 50, 52, 53, 64, 65, 66, 67, 73-4, 77, 78 Agni Vaiśvānara, 136, 137 Ahīrs, 171 *Aitareya Brāhmaṇa*, 90; on Bhargas, 228; ethnological tables in, 136; on selective kingship, 25; on Videhas, 138-39 Ajātasattu, 84, 135, 157, 178, 184, 216, 217; ambitions of, 131; annexation of Kosala, 206; annexation of Vajjian territory, 126-27; attack on Kosala, 205, 217; fortification of Pāṭaligāma, 92; hatred of Vajjis, 94-95, 111, 131, 132; — Kūṇiya, 133; mother of, 127, 141-42, 156; origins of, 127; as parricide, 127; pressure on republics, 240; sovereign rights of, 115; war with Vajjis, 6, 205, origin of, 131, time of, 125 Ājīvikas, 96 Ālāra, 236 Alexander, 13, 16, 179n 5; his historians on republics and monarchies, 240 Allahabad Pillar Inscription, 238, 240; mentions republics, 13 Allakappa, 178, 184, 225, 227; — *rājā*, 225, 226 *Allakapparaṭṭha*, 225, 227 Altekar, A.S., 2, 4, 10, 11, 15, 87, 93, 202; on elective kingship, 25; on excavations at Vesāli, 104-05, 133; on Koliyan assembly, 214; on Kṣatriya colonizers, 112; on Licchavian council and assembly, 103; on Mallian executive, 177; on Sakyan decision-making, 201; on Vajjians, 146-47; on *vidatha*, 70, 74; on Videhan Council, 152-53 *Althing*, 41; date of establishment and number of, 37-38 *Amaccās*, 196, 214, 215 *Amarakoṣa*, 192 Ambapālī, honoured courtesan of the Licchavian republic, 104; political influence of, 116; relation with Bimbisāra, 132 Ambarīsha, 204 Ambaṭṭha, 185, 191, 196 Am Kohil, 194 Āmrapālī. *See* Ambapālī Amra Skyong-ma. *See* Ambapālī *Amṛta*, 68 Aṁśa, 64 Ānanda, 115, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178; last days of, 133 Āndhras, 228 Aṅga, 91, 136, 140, 144, 169, 210, 242 Aṅgati, 141, 151 *Aṅgāram*, 218 *Aṅguttara Nikāya*, 169, 182, 219, 225, 234, 235, 236; on 16 *janapadas*, 148; on Koliyas, 209 Anomā, 213, 221 Anthropological studies, 32, 70; of chieftainless tribes, 7 Anurādhapura, the great *stūpa* at, 212 *Apadāna*, 215, 229, 231; on Koliyas, 209 Apte, V.S., on etymology of Videha, 142 Aramati, 67, 77 Archaeological evidence, 133 Archaic assembly. *See viś* Arhat, 96 Aristocracies: evolution of, 17, 18; extinction of, 5; spirit of freedom in, 5; transformation into monarchies in early Vedic period, 5 Aristocratic (or non-monarchical) governments: end of, 61-2; forms of in Vedic period, 15; in Vedic India, 3

c19.2

Aristotle, 112 Ariṭṭhajanaka, 151, 153 Arjuna, 56 *Arthaśāstra* of Kauṭilya, 88, 135, 148; on communities living by the title of *rājā*, 169, 176; *gaṇa* and *saṅgha*, 9; on Mallas, 175; republics in, 5; on selective kingship, 25. *See also* Kauṭilya Artisan classes, 115 Aryaman, 64, 65, 77 Aryans, 50, 55, 222; civilization, 240; form of government, 17; migration of, 61, 89; pioneers as ancestors of republican peoples, 233; role of a strong king in, 16; size of territory and people, 138 Āryavarta, 11 *Āsana-paññāpaka*, election and duties of, 113 *Asātarūpa Jātaka*, on Koliya *rājā*, 214 Aśoka, 6; attempt to remove Buddha's relics, 212; — column, 193; inscriptions of, 193, 194; relationship with Buddha, 218, 220, 224 Assakas, 210 Assembly: in agricultural community, 16; of ancient Indo-Europeans, 72; in Greece, 11, 48; — hall, 114; in India, 11; of 7, 707, 114. *See also samiti* *Aṣṭādhyāyī* of Pāṇini: on *gaṇa* and *saṅgha*, 9; republics in, 5; on *saṅgha*, 10 *Aṣṭakula*, 82 *Aśvamedha*, 60 Aśvi, 36 Aśvins, 21, 64, 67, 77, 78 *Atharva Veda*, 4, 35, 36, 40, 48, 53, 60, 63, 68, 76, 77, 78; on banishment and recall of kings, 21-22, 25; date of composition, 39; on derivatives of *sabhā*, 40; on election of kings, 19, 22; on *jñāti*, 160; Kashmirian, 44; on king's tenure, 30; meaning of *vṛṇatām* in, 23; on origin of *samiti*, 5; on origin of *viś*, 5; on role of people in election of kings, 24; on *sabhā*, 18, 33; on *sabhā-samiti*, 42, 43; on *samiti*, 18; on *vidatha*, 67-68

c19.3

Athens, 12, 131, 132, 241; *boule* at, 48; *ecclesia* compared with *samiti*, 48; large court in, 120; population of, 99-100 *Aṭṭhakathā*, 118, 120 *Aṭṭhakulikas*, 81, 109, 114, 117, 121; nature of, 83 *Aṭṭhārasavaṅka*, 124 *Avadāna Śataka*, on *gaṇa* and *saṅgha*, 9 Avanti, 91, 210 Avestan, 142 Āyu, 65 *Āyudhajīvi-saṅghas*, 93

c19.4

Bāgmatī, 98 Banaras, 197, 209, 210, 234 Bandhula, 108, 122, 179-80; wife of, 156 Basham, A.L., 93-94, 133; on war between Vajjis and Ajātasattu, 124 ff. *Baudhāyana Śt. Sūtra*, on Videhas, 139 *Ber*, 207-08 *Bhaddasāla Jātaka*, 180, 183, 189, 194, 196; on Licchavis, 108 Bhaddiya, cousin of the Buddha, 186; as Sakya-*rājā*, 187 Bhaga, 67, 77 *Bhagavatī-Sūtra*, on Vajji-Ajātasattu war, 125 Bhaggas of Suṁsumāragiri, 82, 147, 218, 219, 230; administration of, 231; derivation of, 227-28; influence of Vatsan king on, 230-31, 234; vanishing of, 231 Bhaggava, 96 Bhagna, 227 Bhāgya, 227 *Bhaṇḍāgārika*, 101, 121, 153; number of in Licchavian *gaṇa*, 99; tenure of, 107 Bhandarkar, D.R., 2, 11, 87, 93, 119, 188; on Licchavian judicial procedure, 118; on Licchavian kings, 101, 102; on *nigama*, 235; on Sakyan form of government, 187, 189; on Videhas, 146 Bharaṇḍu, the Kālāma, 236 Bharata, 192 Bhāratavarṣa, 139 Bhāratī, 66

c19.5

Bhargas, 228 Bhārgavas, 228 Bhargāyana, 228 *Bhāṣyakāra*. *See* Patañjali *Bhaviṣyata Purāṇa*, 158; on Piṅgalā, 155 *Bhikkhuṇīs*, 115 Bhīṣma, 56; on *gaṇa*, 110 Bhitari Inscription, on Licchavis, 86 Bhojakas, 198, 214 Bhṛgu, 65, 229 *Bhukti*, 81 Bicameral legislature, 12 Bihar, 145, 147 Bimbisāra, 92, 122, 142, 156, 165; choice of Vehella as successor, 127; Videhan queen of, 127 Bloomfield, M., on elective kingship, 19, 24; on *vidatha*, 69 Bodhi: Vaṁsa prince, 228, 230; as viceroy in Bhagga capital, 230-31 Boeotia, 28 Böhtlinck, O., on derivation of *jñāti*, 160 Book of Precedents, 120 *Boule*, 110; comparison with *sabhā*, 48; women in, 40 *Brahman*, 138, 145 Brāhmaṇas(class), 26, 50, 68, 100, 151, 158, 162; growing influence of, 54; political rights of, 112; role in Aryanization of Videha, 137 *Brāhmaṇas* (texts), 4, 60, 90, 140, 156; on Janaka's rule in Mithilā, 149; monarchy in, 5; — period, 61, 137, 147, 179; — practices, 120; on republican institutions, 61; on Sakyas, 202; — tradition, 153, 157; on *vidatha*, 63, 78, 79; — writers' attitude towards republics, 181, 239 Brāhmaṇas of Droṇagrāma, 248-49 Brāhmaṇas of Veṭhadīpa, 226, 248-49 Brahmaṇaspati, 63 Brāhmanism, 89; genuine home of, 140 *Brahmarṣis*, land of the, 136 Brahmāyu, 150, 151 *Brahmāyu Sutta*, 150 *Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad*, 56; on Janaka, 138 Britain, deriviaton of, 83 Britons, 11

c19.6

Buddha, the, 1, 6, 59, 61, 81, 85, 96, 120, 121, 138, 155, 167, 172, 173, 176, 181, 183, 185, 196, 199, 205, 217, 218, 222, 225, 229, 230, 231, 234, 238; advice to Vassakāra, 126; approaching death of, 175, 176; arrival at Pāvā, 178; death of, 133, 150, 170, 177, 182, 184, 193; distribution of relics, 231; embers of, 222; funeral pyre of, 177; influence on political events, 205; influence on republicanism, 242; intervention between Sakyas and Viḍūḍabha, 195; intervention in Sakya-Koliyan feud, 189, 214; at Kesaputta, 219, 235; last journey of, 6, 172; meeting with Pasenadi, 185-86; mother of, 210, 215; on naming of Sakyas, 191; on nature of Vajjian republic, 107; relics of, 166, 170, 216. *See also* Relics of the Buddha; remains of, 178-79; on Sakyas and Kosalan relations, 183; sickness of, 174; wanderings of, 94, 129, 219 Buddhaghosa, 7, 92, 119, 121, 127, 139, 154, 197, 215, 232; on *aṭṭhakulikas*, 83; on etymology of Licchavi, 85; on historicity of Vajjian war, 130-31; on Koliyas, 209; on Licchavi assembly, 113; on Licchavi justice, 109, 120-21, 238; on Malla administration, 175; on origin of the Licchavis, 86, 93; on origin of war, 125-26; on republican peoples, 7; on Sakya-Koliyan relations, 210; on Vajjian procedure of justice, 116-17; on Vedehikā, 141 *Buddhavamsa*, 221, 222; on Bulis, 226 Buddhism, 218, 236 Buddhists, 161; communities, home of the oldest, 136; literature, 13, 181, on Bhaggas and Bodhi, 228, on Ceḍaga, 105, on Licchavis, 85, on *Mahāsammata*, 25, on names of republics, 61, reliability of, 4, 6, 7, republican clans in, 1, 218, republics in Sanskrit, 5, on Vajjis and Licchavis, 83, on Videhans, 139-40, 157; republics, compared with Vedic aristocracies, 242; revolution, 150; — *saṅgha*, 154, expression of approval in, 29, modelled on Licchavian *saṅgha*, 114, voting in, 201-02; tradition, 153, 211 Bulis of Allakappa, 147, 184, 225, 227, 230; assembly of, 227; relation with Koliyas, 227; share of in Buddha's relics, 218 Burrow, T., on etymology, 244

c19.7

Cabinet, 12 *Caitya* (*Ceïya*), 162, 167 *Cakravartin*, 61 *Camara*, 125 *Cambridge History of India*, 188 Campā, 91, 124, 127 Camparan District, 174, 225 Cāṇakka, 223. *See also Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya* *Cāṇḍālas*, 158 Candra, 77 Candra Gupta I, 134, 239 Candragupta Maurya, 86, 217; ancestry of, 223; Moriya connexion of, 223 Caste, in *RV*, 31 Cātuma, 185, 199 Ceḍaga, 105-06, 165, 177, 180; committed suicide, 125; vs. Kūṇiya, 125 Ceḍagarāya, 108 Ceylon (Laṅkā), 212, 224; historical sense in, 6 Ceylonese tradition, on relics of Buddha, 212 Chancellor of exchequer, 12 Chaṇḍa, 113 *Chāndogya Upaniṣad*, 34, 56 Chattis, 241 Chaudhuri, S.B., on number of Vajjian confederates, 82 Chaudi and Suebi confederacy, 241 Chiefs: in primitive peoples, 107; as judges, 154; — of ruling college, duration of office, 55; — *rājā*, 114, in Licchavian procedure of justice, 120; selection of, 17 China, derivation of, 83 Chinese: pilgrims, 174; sources on Licchavis, 85 Cicero, 6 *Citta*, 21 *Cīvaravastu*, 104, 122; on Bimbisāra's affair with Ambapālī, 123; on Khaṇḍa, 111-12; on *senāpati*, 107 Civil wars, in Rome, 107 Clans, 114; as *gaṇa* and *saṅgha*, 9 Classical historians, 238; on republics and aristocracies, 13, 240 Cleisthenes, 102 Cnidus, 112 Coins, 13 College of nobles: head of, 53-55; succession to, 53 *Comitia*: comparison with *sabhā-samiti* government, 47-48; religious rites in, 78 *Comitia Centuriata*, 71; function of, 73; preference for propertied classes, 12n 3; role of wealth in Roman, 37 Confederation: army of, 115; break up of, 126-27; destruction of, 95; harrassment of, 177 Confederation of Vajjian League, 84. *See* Vajjian confederacy Council, 114; assisting king, 32; elections in, 114; as *gaṇa*, 9-10; number of, 32. *See Sabhā* Courtesans, in Videha, 154-55 Cowell, E.B., 214 Cremation, 55 Crete, 28 *Cūla-Gopālaka Sutta*, on Videha, 150 *Cūla-Saccaka Sutta*: on confederations, 97; on Licchavis, 96 *Cullakāliṅga Jātaka*, on Licchavian *gaṇa*, 99 Cullapitu, 129 *Cullavagga*, 202 Cunningham, A., 81, 82, 193, 211, 212, 213, 221; on geographical location of Sakyas, 194; on Hsüan Tsang, 97; on Kusinārā, 174; on Pāvā, 174 *Curia*, 103

c19.8

*Daṇḍa*, 54, 55 *Darbār*, 34. *See also sabhā* and *santhāgāra* Darbhanga District, 145 Dārbhya (Dālbhya), 232, 233 Das, S.C., 88, 89 Dasyus, 51 Dawn, 67 Demes, 102

c19.9

Democracy: in Athens, 11, 12; conditions of, 16; in Rome, 11; spirit of, 238, 241 Deokali, 211, 213 Devadaha, 185, 213; a Koliyan town, 208-09 Devadatta, 189 Dhammā, Aśoka's mother, 223 *Dhamma-Cetiya Sutta*, reliability of, 185-86 *Dhammapadaṭṭhakathā*, on *Allakappaṭṭha* and Bulis, 225, 226, 227, 230 Dhanānanda Nanda, 223 *Dhanus*, 55 *Dharma*, 41, 139, 239 *Dharmaśāstra* literature, 139 *Dhonasākha Jātaka*, 230 Dhṛtarāṣṭra, 87 Dhūmragotra Brāhmaṇas, 227, 248-49 Dice playing, in *sabhā*, 41 Digambaras, 161 Dīgha Kārāyaṇa, 180, 185 *Dīgha Nikāya*, 172, 191, 192, 195, 196, 220, 221; authenticity of, 188; on Bulis, 225, 226, 227; on Mithilā, 151; on procedure, 199-200; on territory of confederacy, 96-97; on Sakya, 190 *Dīpavaṁsa*, 223 Divine kingship, power and prestige of, 62 *Divyāvadāna*, on Licchavis, 85, 86 Dorian states, 28 Dravidians, 89 Droṇagrāma, settlement at, 227, 248-49 Duĭpalāsa, 162 *Dulva* (Tibetan), 104 Dum-bu, 112, 156. *See* Sakala Dutthagāmini, 212 Dyaus, 64

c19.10

Earth, 45, 46 East Indian Railway, 130 *Ecclesia*, 103; function of, 73; number in, 100; relation with Homeric *gerousia*, 43; religious rites in, 78 *Ekapanna Jātaka*, 100; on Licchavi *gaṇa*, 99 *Ekarāṭ*, 61 Elis, 28

c19.11

Elite government, in *ṚV* India, 28 Empire building, 132 Epigraphic records, 159 Etruscans, 131 Executive, 12 Exposure of the dead, 89

c19.12

Fa-hsien, 212, 221 Fleet, J. F., on meaning of *gaṇa*, 9 Fo-li-shi, 97 France, derivation of, 83 Freeman, E. A., on Homeric assembly, 28

c19.13

Gambler, 41 Gambling, in *sabhā*, 41 *Gaṇa*, 76, 107, 108, 115, 148, 169; beauty contest in, 155; definition of, 12-13; derivation of, 8-9, 9n 1-2; as "government by discussion", 12-13; interpretation of, 9-12, 72-73, 238; leadership qualifications in, 12-13; of Licchavis, 98, 101;—*mukhyas*, 110, 153; number in Maruts', 76; in post-Vedic period 8;—*pūraka*, 113-14;—*rājās*, 84, 125, 179, 180; —*rājyas*, 11; of Sakyas, 187; in Vedic texts, 8; in war and spoils, 8 Gaṇḍaka, 97, 98, 144 *Gandha-bhaṇḍam*, 127 *Gandha-hatthi*, 127 Gandhāra, 211 *Gandhāra Jātaka*, on Videha, 152, 155 Ganges (Gaṅgā), 91, 92, 97, 98, 128, 130, 144, 149, 167, 168, 175, 211, 233, 234, 240; island in the, 129-31; —Yamunā confluence, 136 Gauls, 131 Gautama, 2, 2n 9; —*gotra*, 196 Gautamīputra (Sātakarṇi), 142 Gayā grants, on Licchavis, 86 Geldner, K. F., 38, 74; on elective kingship, 24; on *vidatha*, 68 *Gens* (*genos*), 29 Geographical location, of Licchavis, 97-98 Germani, 83; conduct of business, 111 Germans, 7, 73; assemblies, 71-2, 109; leadership qualities in, 31; manner of consent, 28; republics, 12; womens' role in, 116

c19.14

Germany, 57, 59, 83 *Gerontes*, 29 *Gerousia*, 29; relation with ecclesia, 43 Ghāgrā, river, 194, 213, 221, 233, 234 Gijjhakūṭa, 126 Glover, T. R., on democracy, 16 *Godar*, 37 Gods, as *rājās* and *samrāṭs*, 239 *Gomān*, 36 Gomatī (Gumpti), 233, 234 Gopāla (Sa-Skyong), election of, 25, 156 Gorakhpur District, 174, 221 Gosāla, Makkhali, 120 Gos-chan (Vāsavī), 156 Gotama, 196; the solar hero, 193. *See also* the Buddha *Gotra*, 90-91, 142, 170, 234 Government, in agricultural community, 16 Greece, 11, 17, 31; aristocracies in, 17, 27-28; assemblies in, 71-72; monarchies in, 17; oligarchies in, 17, 59; political ideas and institutions in, 3; religious organization in, 78; republicanism's duration in, 13 Greeks, 7; *archon*, 186; assembly's manner of consent, 28; conquerors' rights in states, 28; constitutions, 37; literature, on monarchy, 17; parallels with tribal governments, 26; republics' downfall, 241; role of wealth in oligarchies, 37 Greenidge, A. H. J., on classical assemblies, 29 Grierson, G. A., 158; on migration pattern, 91; on Mithilā, 145 Griffith, T. H., 74 *Gūḷhaka*, method of voting, 201-02 Gupta: gold coins, 134; inscriptions, 134, on Licchavis, 85, 86; period, 158 Gurjara-Pratīhāras, 89

c19.15

Hajipur, 130 *Harivaṁśa*, on Bhargas, 228 Harṣavardhana, 6; election of, 25 Hatthinika, 191 Heads of families, 3, 196; role in electing king, 15, 18, 30; in Sakyas, 197. *See also viś* Heraclea, 112

c19.16

Herodotus, 6 Himālayas, 44, 60, 191, 195, 223, 240; foothills, 88, 168, 175, 179, 213, 237 Hiraṇyavatī (Hiraññavatī), river, 172-73 Hiraṇyanābha, 139 Historical sense: in Buddhists, 6; in Ceylonese, 6; in Hindus, 6; in Jainas, 6; in Vedic people, 5 Hodgson, B. H., on origin of Licchavis, 88n 3 Hoernle, A. F. R., 159; on Kuṇḍapura, 162; on Nãyas and Pārsva, 166; on Vesāli, 161 Hoey, Wm, on Veṭhadīpa, 225 Holiddavasana, 213 Homer, *Iliad*, 28 Homeric age, 26; *gerousia* in, 29; monarchies of, 157; poems of, 29 Hsüang Tsang, 212, 221; on people of the north, 81-82; on Vesāli, 97, 99

c19.17

Icelanders, 7 Icelandic republic, 37, 59 Ikṣavāku, 191 Iḷā, 66 Ilaka Āruṇī, 138 *Iliad*, 28 Imperialist writers, 11 *Imperium*, 29 Indian: clan origin and loyalty in republics, 241; effects of nationalism on historiography, 2; political ideas and institutions, 3; women in monarchies, 116 Indo-Aryans, 29, 70, 71, 91; popular assemblies of, 73 Indra, 19, 20, 21, 30, 36, 49, 64, 65, 66, 77 Indus, 91 Inscriptions, 13 *Interrex*, 32 Ionians, 138 Iranian *vis*, 29 Iroquois council, 71 Istros, 112 Italy, 166

c19.18

Jacobi, H.: on Ceḍaga, 106; on Kuṇḍagāma, 162; on Vaiśālika, 161

c19.19

*Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa*, 232 Jaina communities, home of the oldest, 136 Jaina literature, 13, 122; on *aṭṭhakulikas*, 109; on council membership, 147; geographical information in, 7, 156-7; on Kuṇḍapura, 7; on Licchavis, 83, 85, 108, council of, 108, government of, 105; on Mahāvīra, 7; on Nāyas, 1, 7, 167, 182; on number of Vajjian confederates, 7; reliability of, 4, 6, 7, 84, 156-7, 165; on republics, 5, 61; on Siddhārtha, 164; time of composition, 84; on Vajji-Magadhan war, 7; on Vesāli, 99; on Videhans, 157 Jainas, 85, 159, 161 Jainism, 168 Jala Jātūkarṇya, 139 Jambu, 126n 1 Jambūdīpa (Jambūdvīpa), 182, 219, 223 *Jana*, 26, 75-6, 83; meaning and parallels of, 29; as tribe, 51 Janaka, 91, 145, 147; patron of Brāhmaṇas, 138 Janakapura, 144, 145 *Janān*, 20 *Janānām*, 20 *Jana Vassabha Suttanta*, 95 *Jātakas*, 7, 58, 120, 157, 179, 187, 191, 198, 210, 214, 236; authenticity of, 188; on Bulis, 225; on Koliyas, 208; on Licchavi leaders, 99; on Licchavi *rājās*, 101; on Makhādeva, 151; on Mithilā, 151; on Sakya, 190; tradition, 142; on Videhas, 148, 151-52, 153 Jātavedas, 21, 64, 77 Jayaswal, K. P., 3, 4, 5, 11, 15, 20, 22, 25, 30, 87, 93, 119, 146, 184, 202; on elective monarchy, 19, 23, 54; on *gaṇa* and *saṅgha*, 9, 10; on Mallas, 174; on *nigama*, 235; on number of republics, 2; on Sakyas, 187, 197, 201; on Vajjian justice, 117-18; on *vidatha*, 69, 70 Jha, S., 144 Jinadāsa, 180; on Vajji-Ajātasattu war, 125 Jinaprabhamuni, 159, 165, 171 *Jñāta*, 159 Jñāta Kṣatriyas, 160 Jñātaputra, 160 *Jñāti*, in *ṚV* and *AV*, 160 *Jñātṛ*, 159 Jñātṛkas, 82 Jury of Eight, 114, 120 *Jyeṣṭha bhrātā*, 27

c19.20

*Kadali*, 104 Kairiśi Sutvan, 228 Kakkurapatta, 213 Kakutthā (Kukustā), river, 172-73 Kāla, Prince, 124 Kālāmas of Kesaputta, 175, 218, 219, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236; government by discussion, 235; under Kosalan supervision, 234; compared with Moriyas, 233; in Pasenadi's council, 235; share in Buddha's relics, 236 Kalāpin, 233 Kalhaṇa, 6; on elective kingship, 26 *Kalpa Sūtra*, 132, 164; on Kuṇḍapura, 162; on Pārśva, 166; on Vajjian confederacy, 84 Kamalavardhana, 26 Kapila, 194 Kapilanagara, 193 Kapilavatthu (Kapilavastu), 175, 178, 182, 185, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 206, 209, 210, 211; foundation of, 193 Karaṇḍa, 191 Karṇa, 56 Kārusas, 231 Kāsī (*Kāśī*), 139, 147, 156, 169; —Kosala, 84, 105, 179, 240 Kāsiā, 174, 225 Kāsīs, 96, 136, 138, 139, 140 *Kāṭhaka Saṁhitā*, 34; on "cows of Videha", 139 Kaṭhas, 233 Kātyāyana, 181; on *gaṇa*, 98 *Kauśika Sūtra*, 44 Kausikī (Kosi), river, 144 *Kauśītakī Āraṇyaka*, on Magadhan Brāhmaṇas, 137-38 *Kauśītakī Brāhmaṇa*, 34 *Kauśītakī Upaniṣad*, on Videha, 138 Kauṭilya, 13, 134, 157, 171, 181, 206; on communities living by the title of *rājās*, 152; on fragrant material, 128n 1; on *gaṇa*, 98; on Koliyas, 208; on Licchavis, 86; *maṇḍala* theory of, 122-23; on *saṅgha* and *gaṇamukhyāḥ*, 110; on Vṛjika, 93, 146. *See also Arthaśāstra* Keeper of the umbrella, 153 Keith, A. B., on *viś* and its parallels, 29 Kesaputta (Keśaputra), 175, 231, 232, 233, 234 Keśins: migration of, 233-34; relation with Kālāmas, 233; relation with Pāñcālas, 232; in *Śat. Br.*, 232, 233; sympathetic to Brāhmanism, 236 Keśin Satyakāmi, 232 *Kevalin*, 61 Khaṇḍa, 111-12, 155 Khaṇḍika, 232 Kharaunapokhrā, 104 King: banishment and recall of, 21-22, 25, 30, 31-32; divinity of, 239; of early Aryans, 16; relation to *sabhā* and *samiti*, 46, 48, 51; in Sakyas 56, 189; in Videhas, 143, 153, 154, 179 Kingship: elective, 19-26, 33, 43, 114; hereditary principle of, 26, 59; paraphernalia of, 121; qualities for, 22, 30-31; selective, 15, 18, 24, 28, 32, 153 Kirātas, 228 Koelwār, 130 Koht, H., on character and organization of Vikings, 37 Kola, 207, 208, 211, 220; —nagara, 209; —*phala*, 207-8; *rājā*, 197; royal sage, 209 Koliyas, 7, 147, 156, 166, 175, 184, 189, 194, 195, 198, 203, 207, 208, 212, 213, 221, 226, 229, 230, 240; absorption into Kosala, 216, 217; assembly of, 213, 214; compared with Licchavis, 115; connexion with Nāgas, 216; dispute with Sakyas, 196, 203, 207; etymology of, 211; fall of, 217, 242; governing authority of, 213; —*kammakaras*, 214; neglect in sources, 208; officers of, 214-15; origin of, 209-11; part of Magadhan empire, 217; police of, 215; —*rājadhītaraṁ*, 214; —*rājās*, 213-14, 217; —sevakas, 214; time of, 208 Kollāga, 162 Konkaṇḍa, 230 Kosalādevī, 141 Kosalas, 7, 91, 96, 115, 121, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144, 156, 174, 175, 179, 186, 193, 194, 195, 226, 228, 230; fall of and absorption into Magadha, 205-6; fight with Sakyas, 204-5; kingdom of, 139, 144, 169, 213, 221; kings of, 115, 141, 180, 238; territory of, 203 Kosāmbī, 229 Kosambi, D. D.: on Aryan migration, 91; on Nāga-Koliya connexion, 216 Kosī, 98 Koṭigāma: as frontier post, 129; island in the Ganges, 129-31 Kṛpa, 56 Kṣatra, 50, 55; —*tantu*, 55 Kṣatriyas (Khattiyas), 20, 31, 50, 89, 112, 115, 160, 162, 170, 174, 175, 181, 196, 213, 215, 218, 221, 226; Buddha as a, 166; families of, 103; in Licchavi *gaṇa*, 98, 111 Kṣūdrakas, 241 Kula, 83, 187; meaning of, 117 Kūlavālaya, 125 Kumāradevī, 134 *Kuṇāla Jātaka*, 188, 189, 194, 196; on Koliyan assembly, 214; on Koliyas, 207, 211; on Sakya-Koliyan dispute, 203 Kuṇḍagāma (Kuṇḍapura, ? mod. Basukuṇḍ), 1, 7, 161, 162, 164, 167; birthplace of Mahāvīra, 161; city with suburbs, 162; importance of, 163; suburb of Vesāli, 161 Kūṇiya, 124, 125, 177. *See Ajātasattu* Kurus, 88, 90, 140; —*kṣetra*, 5, 136; —*Pāñcālas*, 136, 137, region, sacredness of, 91, 138 Kusinārā (Kāsiā), 6, 126, 150, 155, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 184, 206, 211, 219, 221; Buddha's remains at, 122, 178, 199

c19.21

*Lalitavistara*, 152, 197; on Licchavis, 101 Landtman, G., on democracy in tribes, 61n 1 Laṅkā, 212 Larsen, J. A. O., on fall of Greek and Roman republics, 239

c19.22

Latins, 138; literature, on origin and growth of monarchy, 17; *patres*, 29

c19.23

Law, B. C., 2, 87, 93; on Bhaggas, 228-29; on etymology of Malla, 171; on etymology of Sakya, 192; on Koliyas, 207; on Licchavi *gaṇa*, 102; on Moriya-Nandas alliance, 224; on Moriya-Mauryas, 220, 223-24; on Sakyan assembly, 197; on Videhas, 145-46

c19.24

Leadership. *See* Germans, kingship, Licchavis, Nuers, *sabhā*

c19.25

Leading families, role in choosing king, 28

c19.26

Leprosy, 209

c19.27

Lévi, S., 87

c19.28

Lexicons, on *vidathya*, 78

c19.29

*Liccha*, 87

c19.30

*Licchavi-dauhitra* (Samudra Gupta), 134, 142

c19.31

Licchavis, 1, 7, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 95, 97, 103, 121, 140, 143, 151, 156, 157, 163, 165, 166, 167, 170, 174, 176, 178, 182, 184, 188, 202, 203, 208, 229, 241; administration of Videha, 149; age of, 170; ancestors of, 91; army of, 115, 164; assembly of, 98-115, classical analogies to, 102-03, election for, 106, 112, 114, nature of, 107-08, number in, 58, 98-103, 110, officers in, 114, power of, 115, *santhāgāra* of, 103, supreme rights of, 150, Videhan princes in, 149; chief *rājā* of, 105-07; chief's tenure, 107; compared with Spartans and Germans, 116;—council, 108, 109-10, 112-14, 120, meeting of, 110; —court, number in, 121; courtesan of, 104; customs of, 90; disappearance of, 239; frequency of name, 94-96, 246; feuds and war with Magadha, 92, 122-35; an Indo-European people, 238; in Jaina canon, 86; judicial procedure of, 109, 114, 116-21; —*Kumāras*, 103; leadership qualities of, 106-07; in *Mahāvastu*, 86; and Mahāvīra, 132; migration of, 91-92, 125, 149, 170; occupation of Mithilā by, 148-49; origin of, 61, 86-92; political organization of, 111-12; power of, 85, 166; presidents of, 108-9; in relation to Videha, 91-2, 147, 148-9; share of Buddha's relics, 95; survival of, 133-35; territory of, 98, 102-3, 144; *uparājās* of, 197

c19.32

Life expectancy, 107

c19.33

Livy, 6

c19.34

Londoner, 161

c19.35

Lumbini, 193

c19.36

Macdonell, A. A., on etymology of Videha, 142

c19.37

Macdonell, A. A., and Keith, A. B., 232; on *vidatha*, 69; on Videhas, 140

c19.38

*Madhyadeśa*, 136, 140, 167, 170

c19.39

Madras, 61n 3

c19.40

Magadha, 85, 91, 124, 138, 156, 178, 210; agent of, 127; feuds and fights with Vajjians, 7, 92, 94, 107, 115, 157, 223-33, 242; kingdom of, 6, 126, 169, 240; kings of, 105, 115, 156, 166, 180; people of, 136, 137, 140, 157, 158, 226, 230

c19.41

Maghavan, 65, 68

c19.42

Mahābalipur, 130

c19.43

*Mahābhārata*, 13, 87; on Bhargas, 228; on Mallas, 170, 172; republics in, 5; *samiti* in, 56; on selective kingship, 25; on Videhas, 158

c19.44

*Mahāgovinda*, 151

c19.45

*Mahāgovinda Sutta*, on King Reṇu, 139

c19.46

Mahājanaka, 152, 153

c19.47

*Mahājanapadas*, 148, 169

c19.48

Mahāli, 95, 108, 122, 215

c19.49

Mahānadī, 97

c19.50

Mahā Moggallāna, 219

c19.51

Mahānāma, 104, 189

c19.52

*Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra*, 83, 90, 152, 170, 171, 175, 226; analytical study of, 94-95; on Buddha's death, 150; on Buddha's travels, 129; historical information in, 6, 7; on Licchavis, 94-95, 107, 109, 111, 246; on Vajjis, 94-95, 131, 246

c19.53

Mahāpasāda, *rājā*, 129

c19.54

Mahāpitu, 129

c19.55

*Mahāsammata*, 25

c19.56

*Mahāśīlākaṇṭae*, 125

c19.57

*Mahāvagga*: on *gaṇa* and *saṅgha*, 9; on Licchavian trials, 114

c19.58

*Mahāvaṁsa*: on Rāmagāma *stūpa*, 211; —*Ṭīkā*, on Moriyas, 219, 221

c19.59

*Mahāvastu*, 123, 197; on Koliyas, 209-10, 211; on Licchavis, 86; on number of Licchavi *rājās*, 99 Mahā-Videha, location of, 167 Mahāgovinda Jotipāla, 139 Mahāvīra, 1, 7, 59, 85, 120, 159, 161, 162, 163, 181, 218, 232, 238; death of, 105-06, 133; epithets of, 161, 167; father, as chief of Nāya clan, 162, marriage of, 163, member of Vajjian council, 163; in memory of, 132, 177; parents of, 166, 167; relation with Pārśva, 167; as Vesālian, 163 Mahāyāna sources, on Ajātasattu, 133 Maithilī, 145, 158 *Maitrāyaṇī Saṁhitā*, 34, 38; date of composition, 39; on women in the *sabhā*, 39 *Majjhima Nikāya*, 115, 169, 180, 182, 194, 199, 225, 230; on Kola, 207; on Licchavis, 96, 121; on Makhādeva, 151; on Mallas, 175; on *saṅgha* and *gaṇa*, 10; on Sakya, 190 Majumdar, R. C., 2, 3n 4, 11, 15, 87, 93, 119; on elective kingship, 19, 25; definition of *gaṇa*, 10; on Licchavian, institutions, 146, judicial procedure, 118, on number in assembly, 101-2; on Sakya-Kosala relations, 183; on Sakyan form of government, 187, 188; on Sakyan *rājās*, 189 Majumdar Sastri, S., 225 Makhādeva, 151, 152 *Makuṭa-bandhana*, 176 Malalasekera, G. P., 87, 113, 182, 184; on derivation of Koliya, 207; on location of Bhaggas, 229; on location of Bulis, 225; on name of the Kālāmas, 234; on Sakyan form of government, 186-87 Mālavas, 179n 5, 241 Mallas, 7, 84, 95, 96, 105, 144, 147, 151, 155, 156, 157, 166, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 179, 181, 184, 194, 202, 203, 207, 208, 213, 222, 226, 229, 234, 238, 241; antiquity of, 169-70; assembly of, 175-77; —*rājaputta* Bandhula, 179; —*bhū*, 172; —*bhūmī*, 172; branches of, 170, 178-79; after Buddha's death, 181; chiefs in Tibet and Nepal 181; council of, 177-78; Dakshiṇa—, 174; derivation of Malla, 169, 171; disappearance of, 181; —*gaṇa*, 172; —*Japanada*, 171; migration of, 179; —*pāmokhās*, 177; prosperity of, 176; —*rāṣṭra* (*raṭṭha*), 171-72; relation with the Vajjian League, 97, 179-80; rituals of, 181; sovereign rights of, 115, 178; territory of, 171, 179, 221; war with Ajātasattu, 180-81 Mallikā, 180 Malloi, 179n 5 Mandhātā, 140 Manu, 20, 89, 90, 134, 136, 181; on Licchavis, 86; on Videhas, 157-58 Marian army reforms, 115 Maruts, 63, 65, 73, 77; *gaṇas* of, 8, 76 Marxism, on matriarchy-patriarchy, 71 Massalia, 112 *Māta-Posaka Jātaka*, on Vedeha, 140 Mātariśvan, 65 Matriarchy, 71 Matsyas, 136 Mauryas, 7, 222; derivation of, 92; fall of, 133; first emperor of, 168. *See also* Candragupta Maurya; period, 181 Mayrhofer, M., on etymology of Videha, 142 *Mayūra*, 219, 220 Medaṭalumpa, 185, 194 Mediaeval bards, 75 Meetings, procedure of, 113 Megasthenes, on monarchy, 22-3 Mihirakula, 13 Mining operations, 128n 1 Mithilā, 91, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 179; abandonment of Brāhmanism at, 150; centre of trade, 151; foundation of, 143-44, 151; size of, 145 Mitra, 53, 64, 65, 77; —Varuṇa, 66 Modern terms, use of for ancient institutions, 118 Monarchy, 17; agression on republics, 240-41; in Brāhmanic period, 5, 18, 61, 237; and Brāhmanism, 151; choice of successor in, 127; distinguished from *saṅgha*, 11; evolution of, 5, 60-61; hereditary, 15; origin of, 22-23; in *ṚV*, 23; transformation of, 62; in Vedic India, 3, 15

c19.60

Mongols, disposal of dead in, 88

c19.61

Monier Williams, M., 233; on the etymology of Videha, 142

c19.62

*Moriyakula-sambhava*, 223. *See also* Candragupta Maurya

c19.63

Moriyas of Pipphalivana, 7, 147, 175, 184, 194, 203, 206, 213, 218, 224, 229, 230, 233, 234, 238; etymology of, 219-20; location of, 174-5, 223;—*rājakumāras*, 222; —*rājānaṁ*, 222; relations with Mauryas and Sakyas, 223-24; relations with Sakyas, 220, 223-24; as part of Magadhan empire, 224; as a Singhalese clan, 223; —*vaṁsa*, 219

c19.64

Mukerji, K. P., on Indian and Greek democracy, 3

c19.65

Murā, 223

c19.66

Nādikās, 95; location of —*gāma*, 129

c19.67

Nāga king, removal of Buddha's relics by, 212

c19.68

Nagar, 194

c19.69

Namī Sāpya, 139

c19.70

Nandas, king of, 223; royal family of, 224

c19.71

Nangaraka, 185, 194

c19.72

*Nariṣṭā*, 44n 1

c19.73

Nāta or Nāthaputtas. *See* Nāyas

c19.74

Nationalism, effect on historiography, 3, 11, 12, 158

c19.75

*Nava-Lecchaī*, 177

c19.76

*Nava-Mallaī*, 177

c19.77

Nāyaka, 106, 156

c19.78

Nāyas of Kuṇḍapura, 1, 7, 84, 98, 150 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 166, 170, 177, 179, 182, 208, 212, 238; administration and justice of, 165; antiquity of, 167; army of, 164-65; assembly, hall of, 165, number in, 164; clan, 162; defeat of, 168; independence of, 166, 184; —Khattiyas, 159, 160, 161, 166; origin of, 167; power centre of, 163; religion of, 166-67

c19.79

Nepal, 91, 145, 181, 193; Kusinārā in, 174; Licchavi dynasty in, 134; —ese Terāī, 91, 98, 144, 145, 191, 192

c19.80

*Nidhipā*, 55

c19.81

*Nigama*, 234, 235, 236

c19.82

*Nigantha Nātaputta*, 167, 177. *See also* Mahāvīra

c19.83

Nimi, 141, 143, 151

c19.84

*Nirgrantha Jñātaputra*, 167. *See also* Mahāvīra

c19.85

Nirvāṇa temple, 174

c19.86

*Niryāvalikā Sūtra*, 127, 180; on Ceḍaga, 105-6, 108; on Vajji-Kūṇiya war, 124

c19.87

Niṣādas, 228

c19.88

Nobles (*rājās*): as aristocratic element, 49; power of, 52-3; —*samiti*, as aristocratic type, 237, 239, 241; struggle for power in, 52-3

c19.89

Non-monarchical institutions: evolution of, 17-19; forms of in Vedic period, 15; stages of constitutional development, 18-19. *See also* *Viś*, *Rājās*, *Sabhā*, *Samiti*

c19.90

Nyagrodhavana, 221, 222

c19.91

Nuers of Sudan, leadership qualities in, 31

c19.92

Okkāka (? Ikṣavāku), king, 191, 202, 209, 210

c19.93

Okkāmukha, 191

c19.94

Oldenberg, H.: on change of tribal names, 90; on Sakyan government, 187-8; Vedic and Greek culture compared by, 138; on *vidatha*, 68, 69, 73

c19.95

Oligarchy, 62; experiments in Rome, 12; in Vedic literature, 3n 4. *See also* *Sabhā* and *Rājās*

c19.96

Opuntian Locrians, 112

c19.97

Oscanns, 138

c19.98

Otthaddha, 95

c19.99

Oudh, 194

c19.100

Padraonā (Pāvā), 174

c19.101

Paharpur, 130

c19.102

Pāli, 88; canon, 6, 83, 159, 186, 187, 188, 190, 197, commentaries on, 159, on Licchavis, 85, republics in, 5; Chronicles of Ceylon, 81; Commentaries, 157; sources, on *kola* tree, 208, on Licchavian council, 109; tradition, consistency in, 141. *See also* Buddhist literature

c19.103

Pāñcālas, 88, 90, 136, 140

c19.104

Pañcasikho Gandhabbo, 199

c19.105

*Pañcaviṁśa Brāhmaṇa*, on Videhan King, 139 Panday, H., on Mallas, 174 Pandey, M. S.: on location of Videhas, 98, 145; on number of Vajjian confederates, 82-83; on Vajjian territory, 98 *Paṇḍits*, 56, 138 Pāṇini, 13, 133, 157, 181, 206, 233; on Koliyas, 208; on *saṅgha* and *gaṇa*, 10; on Vṛjis, 93. *See also* Aṣṭādhyāyī Panjab, 13, 91, 179n 5, 239 Para Āṭnāra, 139 *Paramattha Jotikā*: on change of power in Videha, 147; on etymology of Licchavis, 86, 87, 147, 244; on etymology of Vajjis, 93, 244 *Parinirvāṇa*, 204, 220 *Pariṣad*, 19, 56, 59 Parliament, 12 *Parṇa*, 20, 30 Pārśvanātha, 166; date of, 166-67 Pasenadi, king, 121, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 193, 194, 236; asked for a Sakyan bride, 183, 189, 196, 198; death of, 203; as head of five *rājās*, 235; relations with Sakyas, 182; sovereign rights of, 115 Pāṭaligāma (Pāṭaliputra), 6, 129, 239; fortification of, 6, 126 Pāṭaliya, 213 Patañjali, 10, 181; on Koliyas, 208; on *saṅgha*, 10 Patna, 130 *Patres-familias*: compared with *viś*, 29; connexion with senate and *samiti*, 43 Patriarchy, 71 Patricians, 112 Patriotism, impact on historians, 11-12. *See also* Nationalism Paūmāvaī, 124 Pāvā (Padraonā), 155, 170, 172, 175, 181; assembly-hall at, 199; council at, 178; Mallas of, 172, 176 *Paveṇi-potthakaṁ*, 117, 247 Peaceful co-existence, in Vedic period, 46 Peloponnesus, 28 Persian, 142 Philip of Macedon, king, compared with Ajātasattu, 131-32

c19.106

Philosophical factors, in war between Vajjians and Ajātasattu, 132 Piṅgalā, 154-55 Pipphalivana, 178, 184; derivation of, 219-20 Piprāhwā Casket Inscription, on Sakyas, 193 Piyā, 209, 210 Plebeans, 112 Plutarch, 6 *Pnyx*, 103 *Pokkharaṇī* (Licchavian tank), 104-5, 156; anointment in, 108, 114 Pokkharasādi, 196 Polajanaka, prince, 153 Political communities, 8, 15, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 54, 63, 237; connexion between Vedic and Buddhist, 60-62; distinction of rank in Vedic, 28; health of, 58; meaning of, 15n 7; territorial sense in Vedic, 32; Vedic non-monarchical, 15-62, 237 Political institutions: development of, 17; interpretation of, 11 Political philosophies, conflicting, 132 Popular: assembly, 12; democracy, 12; monarchy, 60 Portfolios, 12 *Prācyas*, 90, 136, 139 Prākrit, 88; Jaina texts, 159; sources, 83, on Licchavian council, 109. *See also* Jaina literature Pratardana, 228 Prathama, 27 Prayāga, 229 Pre-Buddhist sources, on Licchavis, 92 Prime Minister, 12 *Primus inter pares*, 187 Proportional representation, 12 Prostitute, role in diplomacy, 125 Psychological factors, in Ajātasattu's war with Vajjians, 132 Pubba-Videha, 140 Punic Wars, 111 *Purāṇas*: on Vajjis, 134; writers of, 134, on etymology of Videha, 143 Purandhi, 67 Purisānīya (epithet of Pārśva), 166 Purus, 90 Pūṣan, 64, 67, 77

c19.107

Quasi-Republican, 8, 9; communities in Vedic India, 3. *See also Gaṇa, Republics, Saṅgha* Quorum, 113, 114

c19.108

Raghopur, 130 *Rahamusala*, 124-25 Rājagaha, 126, 131, 180, 184, 193 *Rājakulānaṁ*, 213 *Rājā*, 117, 118, 148, 186, 213; role in judicial process, 109 *Rājan*, 54; derivation of, 22; meaning of, 48n 3, 50; relation to *sabhā*, 33 *Rājānaḥ*, 49-55; ruling with *samiti*, 15, 48-60 *Rājanya*, 50. *See also* Kṣatriya *Rājās*, 48, 50, 51, 57, 58, 200, 213; election of, 12; as leaders (of *gaṇa* and *saṅgha*), 12-13; Mallian, 176; Moriyan college of, 222; number in Licchavi *gaṇa*, 99; power of, 100; Sakyan, 190; succession of, 103-4; transformation into monarchies, 19; Vedic respect for, 239; in Videhan assembly, 152 *Rājaśabdopajīvinaḥ*, 134 *Rājā-samiti* government, 27, 50-60; administration of justice in, 59; democratic element in, 49; features of, 48-49, 57-60; law and order in, 59; parallels with other systems, 59; religious functions of, 57; as transitional stage in political evolution, 59 Rājasthān, 58, 91 *Rājasūya*, 31, 60 *Rājātaraṅgiṇī*. *See* Kalhaṇa *Rājyam*, 55 Rāma, 210 Rāmagāma, 178, 184, 194, 216; centre of Koliyan power, 208, 211; identification of, 213; tank at, 212 *Rāmāyaṇa*: on Janaka's rule over Mithilā, 149; on Videha and Mithilā, 158 Rao, C. V. R., 2, 3 Rāpti, river, 193, 213, 221 *Rāṣṭra*, 19, 54 *Rathī*, 36 Raychaudhuri, H. C., 89, 184, 235; on Bhaggas and Bhargas, 228-29; on identification of river Gomatī, 233; on Moriya-Maurya, 220, 223-24; on number of Vajjian confederates, 82-83; on Vajji-Magadhan war, 125; on Videhas, 147 Ṛbhukṣan, 65, 77 Relics of the Buddha, 155; Bulis share in, 218, 226; Koliyan share in, 211-12, 216; Kosalan claim on, 184-85; Moriyan share in, 221; Sakyan claim to, 206, share in, 184, 185, 186, 193, 204; transfer to Ceylon, 211-13 Reṇu, king, 139, 151 Republicanism: ecology of, 241-42; end of, 238-40; inherent weaknesses of, 13, 240-41; marshal zeal and, 241 Republics: fall of, 13, 239-42; geographical boundaries of, map A, 7, 60, 240; in Kurukṣetra, 5; migration of, 61-2, 239-40; number of, 2; origin of N.E., 60-62; time of, 13, 61, 240; types of in early Vedic period, 13, 15. *See also* Aristocracies, *Gaṇa*, *Rājās*, *Saṅgha* *Rex*, power and position in Rome, 29-30 *Ṛg Veda*, 4, 29, 39, 48, 53, 57, 60, 62, 68, 76, 90, 233; date of composition, 33, 39; on *deha*, 143; on dice in *sabhā*, 41; on election of kings, 19, 25; on *jñāti*, 160; meaning of *vṛnatām* in, 23; on monarchy, 23; on *rājan*, 50; on *sabhā*, 5, 32-3, 39; on *sabhā-samiti*, 42; on *sabhāvatī*, 39; on *samiti*, 5, 43; style of hymn-ending in, 74-75; on *vidatha*, 63-67; 77-79; *viś* in, 5, 19-21, 27 Rhys Davids, T. W., 1, 4, 9, 81, 87, 93, 188, 191; on Aryan migration, 91; on definition of *gaṇa* and *saṅgha*, 9; on Licchavi, chief, 106, *gotra*, 90-91, judicial procedure, 119; on location of Mallas, 172, 173-74; on number of republican clans, 1; on number of Vajjian clans, 82; on Sakyas, council of, 198, decision-making in, 200-1, government, 186, 187, 189, name of, 191, territory of, 193, 195 *Rīch* (bear), 88 *Ṛkṣa* (bear), 208

c19.109

Ṛkṣavī (Ṛkṣavin), 87, 88, 143, 245 Rockhill, W. W., 197 Rodasī, 38, 77 Rohiṇī, river, 193, 194, 195, 203, 211; dispute over waters of, 188-89; served as boundary, 210, 213 Rollo, 37 Romans: assemblies, 71-72, 79; *comitia* functions of, 70, 71; consul, 186; institutions compared with tribal governments, 26; magistracy, 110; republic, downfall of, 107, 241, provinces subject to republic, 166; *rex*, life tenure of, 30; senate, 103, 111; senate compared with *sabhā-samiti* government, 47-48; senate compared with *samiti*, 48; soldiers, 115 Rome, 11, 12, 18, 31, 107, 241; nature of religious organization in, 78; overthrow of monarchy in, 147; *patres-familias* in election of king, 29; population of, 99-100; power of, 131; voting units in, 12n 3 Roth, R.: on derivation of *jñāti*, 160; on *vidatha*, 68, 70 Royal insignia, 55, 58, 127-28. *See also Daṇḍa, Dhanus, Kṣatra* Ṛṣi-composers, 6 Rūdradāman, 13; election of, 25

c19.110.1

*Sabhā*, 3, 15, 18, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 46, 49, 54, 55, 60, 63, 72, 75, 76; age and origin of, 4, 5, 33, 43; as aristocratic oligarchy, 15; compared with, *boule*, 48, *darbār*, 34; composition and strength of, 3, 18, 34, 38, 45; as council, hall, 34, forerunner of *santhāgāra*, 34, gambling in, 41; distribution of spoils in, 74; features of, 37; functions of, 33-34, 40-42, 73; independent existence of, 44-45; main evidence for, 32-33; meaning of, 34-35, 43n 2; membership grades and qualifications for, 34, 35, 36, 40, 42; nature of, 32, 32n 3; relation to *samiti*, 3, 42ff; role in electing king, 15; —ruled states, 237; ruling with *samiti*, 18, 42ff; as socio-religious centre, 41; as sole governing power, 17-18, 32ff *Sabhācara*, 34, 40, 41 *Sabhāga*, 35, 40 *Sabhām*, 36, 40 *Sabhā Parvan*, on Mallas, 174 *Sabhāpati*, 33, 34, 35; qualities for, 41-42; tenure of, 42 *Sabhāsads*, 34, 35, 40, 41, 44 *Sabhāsāha*, 35, 36 *Sabhā-samiti*: characteristics of, 45-48; desire for peaceful co-existence in, 46-47; disagreements in, 44; evidence for type of government, 43-48; evolution of type of government, 46; leadership qualities for, 44; prestige and power of, 44-47; relative origin of, 42; in *Ṛg Veda*, 33; type of political community, 42ff, 237 *Sabhāsthāṇu*, 34, 41 *Sabhāvatī*: meaning of, 38-39; parliamentary language, 39; in *Ṛg Veda*, 39, *sabhā* etiquette, 36 *Sabhāvin*, 41 *Sabhe*, 44 *Sabhya*, 19, 34, 35, 40; tenure of, 48 Sacred tank, of Licchavis, 108.

c19.110.2

*See Pokkharaṇī* Sacrifice, 5, 60-61 Sadānīrā (Gaṇḍaka), river, 98, 137, 141, 143, 144, 179 *Sajātānām*, 21 Sajis, 134n 9 Sajjanela, 213 *Śak*, 192, 193 *Sāka*, 191, 192 Sakala, 112, 155 *Sakarṇajanakam*, 202 *Sakhānaṁ*, 190 Sakka, 190 Sakkassa, 190 Sakkesu (Sakyesu), 190 *Śaktā*, 192 Śākya, 190, 192 Śākyamuni, 85, 161, 182, 184, 208. *See Buddha* *Sakyānaṁ*, 190 Sakyas, 1, 7, 92, 147, 148, 155, 156, 161, 166, 174, 179, 182, 183 187, 188, 191, 194, 202, 208, 210, 211, 215, 222, 223, 224, 227, 229, 238, 240, 241; *amaccās* of, 198; assembly, 185, 193, 196, 203, activities of, 196, 198, decision-making in, 204, number in, 197, procedure in, 199-200, succession of *rājās* in, 196; *Bhojakās* of, 196; compared with Licchavis, 190; conduct of, 196; connexion with Kuru-Pāñcāla, 202; council of, 197, 198; extinction of political power of, 132, 182, 186, 205, 206, 216, 219, 242; feuds with Koliyas, 188-90, 203; girl with leprosy, 209-10; judicial administration of, 200; migration of, 202-3; *rājās* of, 189, 214; republic of, 2, 183, 184, 186-90, 193, 195; senate of, 186; subject to Kosalas, 182-83, 184, 185, 186; territory of, 91, 174, 193-95, 204; townships of, 185; *uparājās* of, 197 Sāla grove, 173 *Salākās*, 113, 114; —*gāhāpaka*, duties and qualifications of, 113 *Samana* Gotama, 183. *See* Buddha *Sāma Veda*, 4 *Sambodhi*, 236 *Samitayaḥ*, 45 *Samiti*, 26, 32, 33, 46, 54, 55, 56, 60, 63, 72, 75, 76; compared with senate, *ecclesia*, 48; composition and strength of, 3, 45;

c19.110.3

discord in, 53, 54; distribution of spoils in, 52, 74; in election of king, 5, 23; independent existence of, 44-45, 47, 50ff; as king's council, 19; kings in, 48; meaning of, 27, 43n 2, 51n 4, 56-57; origin and growth of, 4, 5, 33, 42, 43, 51, 56, 73; as popular assembly, 76-77; religious functions of, 52, 78; ruling with *rājās*, 15, 48-60. *See also rājās*; ruling with *sabhā*, 3, 18, 42-48. *See also sabhā-samiti*; ultimate authority of, 47; women in, 38 *Samitiḥ*, 20 Sāmityas, 51 Samnites, 131 *Samrāṭ*, 61, 65 Samudra Gupta, 134, 142; republics during the time of, 13 Samvajjis, 81, 82, 97 *Saṁyutta Nikāya*, 225, 230, 235; on Sakya, 190 San-fa-shi, 81 *Saṅgha*: Buddhist, 96, 115, 148, 169; constitutional significance of, 9; definition and nature of, 9-11, 12-13; distinguished from monarchy, 11; executive of, 10; of Licchavis, 98; of Mallas, 175; numerical strength of, 10; role in election of king, 15; term for republic, 9; —*mukhyas*, 110. *See also gaṇa* *Saṅgrāmāḥ*, 45 *Sannivesa*, 162, 163 Sanskrit literature, 83, 88; on Licchavis, 85, on council, 110; on Vajjis, 83 *Santhāgāra*, 103, 114, 151, 165, 178, 197, 198-99, 200; at Kesaputta, 235; relation to Vedic *sabhā*, 34; of Sakyas, 189, 195 *Śānti Parvan*, on *saṅgha* and *saṅgha-mukhyas*, 110 *Sapatnā*, 21 Sāpūga, 213 Sarasvatī, river, 66, 137 Sarayū (Ghāgrā), river, 213, 221 *Sārvabhauma*, 61 Sa-skyong, 156 Sātakarṇi, 142 *Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa*, 34, 61, 140, 144, 158; Videhas in, 137;

c19.110.4

on worship in *sabhā*, 41 *Śataśāradāya*, 30 Śaunaka, 43 Sāvatthi, 171, 184, 185, 193, 195, 229 Savitar, 66, 73-4, 77 Sāyaṇa, 38 Schapera, I.: on political communities, 15n 7; on territorial sense in tribal peoples, 32 Second Punic War, 99 *Senā*, composition and strength of, 45 *Senāpati*, 101, 109, 117, 118, 121, 153, 154; number in Licchavi *gaṇa*, 99; tenure of, 107 Senate (Roman): relations with *patres-familias*, 43; women in, 40 Seng-ge, 156 Seṇīya (Bimbisāra), king, 124 Seyaṇaa, 124 Shama Sastri, R., 15; on elective kingship, 19, 25 Shampaka, 204 Sharma, R. S.: on interpretation of *gaṇa*, 8,9; on *sabhāvatī*, 38-40; on *vidatha*, 3-4, 70-76, 79 Siddhārtha (Mahāvīra's father), 160, 161, 165, 166; influence of, 165; a powerful king, 164 *Siddhārtha-putra*, 160 *Siddhattha-Khattiya*, 164 *Siddhatthe-rājā*, 164 Sidh (Sidha), 194 Sind, 13, 239 Siṁha (Seng-ge), 156 Sinipura, 191 Sīvalī, princess, 153 Smith, V. A.: on Licchavis, 87, on justice, 117, on origin of, 88, on Tibetan home of, 61; on location of Kusinārā,` 174 Socrates, trial of, 120 Solon's system, property qualification in, 37 Soma, 20, 21, 30, 51, 55, 63, 65, 77, 130 Somanassa, 141 Śona, river, 229 Sonuttara, 212 Sources, analysis of, 60 Sovereignty and sovereign, 55 Sparta, 48; area of, 103; continuity in form of government, 17; councillors of, 29; resentment of Athens, 132;

c19.110.5

women in, 116 Spring festival, 115 *Śraiṣṭhya*, 21 Stevenson, S., 162 Struggle for power, in *rājā-samiti* government, 57-58 *Stūpa*, 155, 170, 174, 185, 186, 193, 218; Moriyas' ember, 221; and Nāga king, 212; in Rāmagāma, 211 Suddhodana (Buddha's father), 186, 187, 188 Sūdhīna, 152 *Śūdra*, 50 *Sujāta Jātaka*, on *kolaphala*, 207 *Sumaṅgala-Vilāsinī*: on *aṭṭhakulikā*, 83, 247; on Sakyas, 192 Suṁsumāragiri, 218, 219, 227, 228, 230 Sunakkhatta, 95, 96 Śuṅga period, 133 Suppavāsā Koliyadhītā, 215 Śūrasenas, 136 Śūravarman, 26 Suruci, 141, 152 Surūpa, 36 Sūryā, 64, 77 *Sūtas*, 41, 158 *Suttadharas*, 109, 117 *Sutta Nipāta*, on Sakya, 192 *Suvīrāḥ*, 74 *Svarājya*, 61n 3 Śvetaketu Āruṇeya, 156 Śvetambaras, 161 Sword-bearer, 153 Symbol of royalty, 128. *See also* Royal insignia

c19.111

Tables of Law, 119, 120 Tacitus, 28, 57, 59; on Germani conduct of business, 110-11; on leadership qualities, 31 *Taitarīya Āraṇyaka*, on *vidathata*, 63 *Taitarīya Brāhmaṇa*, 34, 40; on keeper of the gambling-hall, 41 *Taitarīya Saṁhitā*, 34, 41; on cows of Videha, 139, 141 Takṣiśilā, 179, 211 *Tathāgata*, 183. *See also* Buddha Taylor, T. M., on Roman *rex*, 29 Terāī (Nepalese), 191, 192 Territorial sense: in *rājā-samiti* government, 54; in Vedic people, 32 Thebes, 131 Thera, 28, 133 *Theras*, 108 Theravāda sources, on Ajātasattu vs. Vajjians, 133. *See also* Buddhist literature *Theragāthā*, on Licchavis and Vajjis, 96 Thessaly, 28 Thieme, P., on *vidatha*, 69 Third Macedonian War, 99 Thomas, F. W., on *gaṇa*, 9 Thucydides, 6 Tibetan, 181; burial practices of, 88-89; chronicles of, 193; sources, 122, on Āmrapālī-Bimbisāra, 123, on Virūḍhaka-Śākyan war, 204; tradition, on Buddha's embers, 222, on Licchavian chief, 106, on Sakala, 112, 156, on Śākyas, 192, 201 Tibeto-Burman languages, 87 Tīrabhukti (Tirhut), 81, 91, 145, 158 *Tīrathaṅkara*, 85, 159. *See also* Mahāvīra Tomara, 108 Tong-li, 58 Toramāṇa, 13 Totemism, 92 Transliteration system, 8 Treason, 105 Treasure-guardian, meaning of, 56n 2 Treasure-keepers, duties of, 56 Trials, Licchavian procedure of, 114 Tribes, 2; elders as appointers of king, 15; figths and feuds in, 122; as *gaṇa*, 9; generals in, 16; relation with *sabhā* and *samiti*, 15 *Tripiṭaka*, 7. *See also* Buddhist literature Trisalā, 165; wife of Siddhārtha, 164 Tritsus, 90 Truth-Finder, 96. *See also* Buddha Turnham Green, 161 Turnour, G., 81, 88, 89; on Vajjian judicial procedure, 116-17; on Vajjis, 82 Turvaṣas, 90

c19.112

Ubbataka, 178 Uccaihśrava, 232 Udayana, king, 231 Ugras, 82 Umbrians, 138 Unnamed river port, 126. *See also* Koṭigāma, map B, 131 *Upaniṣads*, 4; monarchy in, 5 *Uparājās*, 61, 108, 117, 118, 121, 196, 198, 214, 215; consecration of, 110; number of in Licchiavian *gaṇa*, 99, 189, 190; term of office, 107 Ūṣā (Dawn), 63, 67, 77 Utpala dynasty, of Kashmir, 26 Uttara, 213 Uttara Kurus, 61n 3 Uttar Pradesh, 221 *Uvāsagadasāo*, 161, 163, 167

c19.113

Vācaspati, 52 Vaideha, 137, 158 Vaidehakas, 158 Vaidehis, 81 Vaidehī Sītā, 158 *Vairājya*, 61n 3 Vaiśālī, 144, 156, 161; area of, 97; burial practices of, 88-89. *See also* Vesāli Vaiśvānara, 64, 77 Vaiśyas, 50, 157, 162; political rights of, 112 *Vājapeya*, 60 *Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā*: on manner of addressing the councillors, 42; on *sabhā* and its derivatives, 34; on *vidatha*, 63 *Vajjidhammam*, 116 Vajjis, 1, 82, 83, 84, 96, 149, 157, 235; assimilation into Magadha, 168; confederacy of, 81-84, 85, 94, 97, 103, 122, 134, 135, 154, 165, 166, 174, 178, 180, 184, defeat, and downfall of, 6, 130-31, 157, 168, 181, 240, Mallas in, 179, nature and number of, 7, 81-84, 146, 216, 238, organization of, 157 as political entity, 95, power of, 94, tenacity of spirit in, 240, Videhas in, 144, 155, 156; council of, 96, 166, 177, authority of, 166, Nāyas in, 165, number in, 83-84, 147, 157; discord in kings of, 126; frequency in sources, 94-96, 246; full sovereign rights of, 115; independent tribe of, 83; League. *See* Confederacy; legal system of, 82. *See* Licchavis; meaning of, 93; prosperity of, 176; survival of, 132-35; territory of, 7, 83, 97; weakness in administrative system of, 241 Vāk, 38 Vaṃśa, 117 Vaṃsas, 229 Vāniyagāma, 161 *Varṇāśramadharma*, 239 *Vārtikākāra*, on Koliyas, 208. *See also* Kātyāyana Varuṇa, 21, 30, 53, 54, 64, 65, 77 Vāsabhakhattiyā, 189 Vāsavī (Gos-chan), 156 Vāseṭṭhas, 170 Vaśiṣṭha, 143; —*gotra*, 176 Vassakāra, 155; diplomacy of, 6, 126, 240; official in Vesāli, 111, 128 Vatsas, 228, 230 Vedas, analysis of, 3, 74-75 Vedeha, king, 140 Vedehiputto, 127, 141 Vedic: aristocracies, relation with NE republics, 60-62, 237, 242; assemblies, 79, 202, manner of consent in, 28-29; culture, development of, 138; councillors compared with classical and Icelandic leaders, 37-38; *gaṇa*, 8-9, 79; hymns, qualities of leaders in, 35; people, nature of, 16; period, different types of aristocracies in early, 4-5, 15ff, 237, *interrex* in, 32; political communities, distinction of rank in, 28; and Purāṇic writers' attitude towards Vajjis, 134; texts, analysis of, 3, 5, 13, 74-75, on election by *viś*, 19-22, on meaning of *viś*, 27, on Nāyas, 167, reliability of, 4, on Vajjis, 134

c19.114

*Vedic Index*: on *jñāti*, 160; on Mallas, 169

c19.115

Vehalla, 124; governor of Aṅga, 127; mother of, 127

c19.116

Vesālī, 83, 85, 99, 101, 103, 120, 148, 163, 165, 167, 170, 174, 175, 178, 180, 193, 229, 238; betrayal of, 127; birthplace of Mahāvīra, 161; castes in, 162; consecration tank in, 122; hall at, 199; metropolis of confederacy, 92; political asylum at, 155-56; population and territory of, 99; senate in, 105; suburbs of, 98, 149

c19.117

Vesālians, 118; attitude towards Vassakāra, 128; strength of, 131

c19.118

*Vesālie*, 161

c19.119

Veṭhadīpa, 225, 248-49

c19.120

Veṭhadīpaka-Droṇagrāmakas, 225, 227, 248-49

c19.121

Veṭhadīpaka *rājā*, 227

c19.122

*Vidatha*, 3, 14, 62-80; compared with political institutions, 70-73; evidence for, 63-68; gods associated with, 77; interpretations of, 68-69, 79-80; a local congregation, 78-79; real nature of, 79-80; social aspect of, 79; women in, 38-39, 71-72

c19.123

Vidathakṛtin, 78

c19.124

Vidathin, 78

c19.125

*Vidathya*, 78-79

c19.126

Videgha Māthava, 61, 91, 138, 140, 143, 144, 152, 158, 179, 233; national hero and colonizer of Videha, 137-38

c19.127

Videha, 111, 140, 143, 144, 145, 151, 152, 179; change from monarchy to republic in, 147-49; cultural development of, 138; duration of kingdom in, 151-52; foundation of kingdom in, 139-40; legendary accounts of, 158; migration of politicians from, 156; number of kings in, 151; number of villages in, 152; political evolution compared with Greek cities, 157; population of, 152; second-rate power as republic, 148, 155, 157; size of republic, 152

c19.128

Videhadattā, 161, 167

c19.129

Videha-jācce, 161

c19.130

Videha-*kumāle*, 161

c19.131

Videhas, 81, 82, 84, 97, 98, 136, 154, 155, 166, 170, 177, 179, 184, 202, 208, 226, 238; administration compared with Licchavis, 150-51; age of, 170; attitude towards Buddhism, 150; council of, 152-54; as invaders, 143; leadership qualities in, 153; Licchavian control over, 150, 155, 184; as members of confederacy, 146, 148; number in assembly of, 152; officers of, 153; relations with Kāsīs, 139-40; relations with Kosala, 139-40

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