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A History of Indian Medical Literature v2.c31: Chapter 14: Authorities mentioned in the Carakasaṃhitā

A History of Indian Medical Literature v2.c31

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Chapter 14: Authorities mentioned in the Carakasaṃhitā

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1 MW. PW. Viṣṇupurāṇa 4.14.14. H.H. Wilson (1972): 348. 2 See on this nakṣatra: J. Filliozat (1937): 77; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967): vide s.v. nakṣatra; J.E. Mitchiner (1982): 136, 154, 157, 271. 3 NCC I, 19–28. 4 Especially in certain Vedic texts, for example Atharvaveda 4.9.3 (see A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith, 1967; J.E. Mitchiner, 1982: 14). 5 See R. Barkhuis (1995): I, 80–81; A. Bergaigne (1878): I, 51, 57, (1883): II, 393–396; W. Caland (1926): 54, 81, 144, 169, 184, 188, 192; S.A. Dange (1986): 4–8; A. Daniélou (1964): 322–323; Dowson; J.A. Dubois (1947): 248, 274–275, 426; G.S. Ghurye (1972): 90, 254; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); M.A. Mehendale (1996): 285–286; V.V. Mirashi (1968); J.E. Mitchiner (1982); G. Mukhopadhyaya, HIM II, 246–247; H. Oldenberg (1885): 60–68, (1888): 221–222; F.E. Pargiter (1922); Poerbatjaraka (1926): 1–14; V. Raghavan (1961); V.G. Rahurkar (1964): 202–209; K.R. Rajagopalan (1958); Tārācand Śarmā (1981/82): 69–70 (Agasta); Thaneswar Sarmah (1991): 57, 140, 141, 314; K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1936); L. von Schroeder (1908): 91–172; D. Shulman (1980); E. Sieg (1969): 105–129; S. Sörensen (1963); M. and J. Stutley (1977); Sūramcandra I, 72–77; P. Thieme (1963); Vettam Mani 4–10; B. Ziegenbalg (1867): 220, 231–232. See on Agastya in the Rāmāyaṇa: J. Gonda (1935): 344–345; K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1936): 478–485. J. Gonda calls Rāmāyaṇa, Uttarakāṇḍa 1–36, although characterized as Rāvaṇeṣis by H. Jacobi (1893), an Agastyaparvan. 6 Atharvaveda 2.32.3 (a charm against worms in cattle), 4.37.1 (Agastya employed the plant ajaśṛṅgī to destroy evil beings) and 5.23.10 (a charm against worms in children). 7 See, in particular, Vanaparvan 96–98 (Agastyopākhyāna), 103–105, 107–109 (ed. Poona). 8 Mahābhārata, Ādiparvan 192.9; Śāntiparvan 208.29–30 (ed. Poona). 9 Mahābhārata, Ādiparvan 139.9 (ed. Poona). 10 Mahābhārata, Ādiparvan, Sambhavaparvan 118.12–15 (ed. Poona); see also Anuśāsanaparvan 115.59 and 116.16–17 (ed. Poona). Compare Manusmṛti 5.22. See A. Holtzmann (1880): 594–595; J.J. Meyer (1952): 234; F. Wilhelm (1991): 11. 11 Matsyapurāṇa II.84. J.E. Mitchiner (1982): 95. See on Agastya in the Matsyapurāṇa: K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1936): 487–489. 12 Brahmavaivartapurāṇa, Brahmakhaṇḍa 16.9–22. Gaṇanātha Sena (1924): I, 14–15. Satyaprakāś 92-94. Vṛddhatrayī 6–7. 13 Strictly, Agastya means a descendant of Agastya. 14 Hemarājaśarman 12. Vṛddhatrayī 8–10. The Hemādri who wrote the Lakṣaṇaprakāśa was the son of Īśvarasūri; he is said to belong to the fifteenth century (L. Gopal, 1988: 116). 15 Jaggi IV, 21. H. Parāḍkar 18. S.K. Mishra (1992: 313) credits Agastya with a treatise on kāyacikitsā. 16 Ad Ca.Sū.1.62–63ab.

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17 M. Venkata Reddy and B. Rama Rao (1980): 69–75. M. Venkata Reddy (1986): 23–24. 18 P. Cordier (1930a): 619. A. Csoma de Kőrös (1980): I, 22. I.P. Minaev (1992): 51 (176.10). 19 See S.C. Chitty (1982): 1–4; J. Filliozat (1967/68); J. Gonda (1935): 353; C.D. MacLean (1982): 9–10; K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1936): 489–499, (1971): 70–77; D.D. Shulman (1980): 6–8; K.N. Sivaraja Pillai (n.d.). 20 See on Agastya in Southeast Asia: G. Coedès (1968); J. Filliozat (1967/68); O.C. Gangoly (1927); J. Gonda (1933), (1935), (1936); N.J. Krom (1926); Poerbatjaraka (1926); K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1936): 500–521; K.N. Sivaraja Pillai (n.d.): 6. Compare J.E. Mitchiner (1982): 128–129. 21 See the references in J.E. Mitchiner (1982): 95, 278. 22 See K.N. Sivaraja Pillai (n.d.). 23 K.V. Zvelebil (1973a): 71–72: the language of these works is too modern to be older than the fifteenth century. 24 J.E. Mitchiner (1982): 128: he taught the Tamil grammar to Nakkīran (the same as Nakkīrar) in Madurai (ref. to Tiruvilaiyāṭarpurāṇam *54.7–22). K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1971): 76–77: Agastya is the reputed author of the grammar called Akattiyam, which became the model of the Tolkāppiyam, the oldest extant grammatical work; see on Agastya's grammar, partially known from quotations in later commentaries: K.N. Sivaraja Pillai (n.d.): 37–38, 40–43, 45–47. K. Zvelebil (1973): 136–137, (1973a): 71–72: early Tamil works do not refer to Agastya; it is only the rather late epic Maṇimēkalai which knows about the miraculous birth of the sage and his relation to Vasiṣṭha; the earliest reference to Agastya as the first Tamil grammarian occurs in Nakkīrar's commentary to Iraiyaṉār's Akapporuḷ (eighth century); however, some grammatical aphorisms of Agastya, found in mediaeval commentaries, seem to be genuine and old; on the other hand, a grammatical treatise attributed to him and called Pērakattiyatiraṭṭu, appears to be a late forgery. K.N. Sivaraja Pillai (n.d.: 15–21) also expounds that Agastya is absent from the classical Tamil literature. 25 See J.E. Mitchiner (1982): 183. 26 See, e.g.: W. Ainslie (1826): I, 116–117, II, Preliminary observations XXVIII–XXX, 499–504, 522–523; E. Balfour (1967): II, 910; J. Filliozat in L. Renou et J. Filliozat (1953): 162–163; N. Kandaswamy Pillai (1979): 254–271 and 378–384; V.R. Madhavan (Ed.) (1984); R. Manickavasagam (1983); K. Palanichamy (1973); R. Śarmā and S. Śarmā (1991): 10–20; P.V. Sharma (1992c): 445 and 449; K. Zvelebil (1973): 222–223. The Rasayogasāgara (II, 602–623) contains the Sanskrit versions of a number of formulae attributed to Agastya in Tamil medical works. 27 See Pālakāpya's Hastyāyurveda I.1: Agastya is one of the sages who assembled at Romapāda's court in order to be instructed in the science of hastyāyurveda. 28 Agastya is a Rasasiddha in the Rasataraṅgiṇī. 29 Agastya is the reputed author of works called Citrāgastya, Sakalādhikāra and Vāstuśāstra (see J.N. Banerjea, 1956: 17; CESS A 5, 3). 30 Sūramcandra I, 76–77. 31 Pingree, CESS A 1, 35; 2, 11; 5, 3. 32 See J. Gonda (1935): 348–352. 33 NCC I, 19. Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram Nr. 932 (Agastisaṃhitā). See Rasaśāstra texts. A medical saṃhitā of Agasti is mentioned in the Bṛhannighaṇṭuratnākara. Vāgasena's Cikitsāsārasaṃgraha is said to be a version of an earlier Agastisaṃhitā (see Vaṅgasena). 34 NCC I, 20.

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35 NCC I, 22. AVI 425. 36 NCC I, 17: *ed. by Paravastu Venkataranganathasvamin, 1895. AVI 428. 37 See B. Rama Rao and V.S.S. Sastry (1974). 38 See Rasaśāstra texts. 39 NCC I, 19. Edited and translated by L. Finot (1896): 77–139. 40 NCC I, 19. Edited and translated by L. Finot (1896): 179–193. 41 A treatise forming part of the Hālāsyāmāhātmya of the Agastyasaṃhitā incorporated in the Skandapurāṇa. See NCC I, 20–21; Sūramcandra I, 77. 42 CC II, 114. 43 CC II, 114. 44 Yogaratnasamuccaya 21.16: a recipe. 45 Bhela Ci.20.40–43: the formula of agastyarasāyana, related to Caraka's agastyaharītakī (Ca.Ci.18.57–62); Ci.25.11: an agastyābhayaleha is referred to. 46 Rasapaddhati 147. 47 Agasti: Bower MS I.61–68. Agastya: Bower MS II.127–132, 588–589, 905–909. See Bower MS for details. 48 Ad Ca.Sū.1.62–63ab 49 Cakradatta, kāsa 61–66 (the formula of agastyaharītakī). 50 Bṛhadrasarājasundara 524 (the formula of avipattikaracūrṇa). 51 Dhanvantari, kuṣṭha 43 (amṛtabhallātaka) and amlapitta 16 (avipattikaracūrṇa). 52 Ad Ca.Sū.1.62 (page 177). 53 Rasendrasārasaṃgraha, amlapitta 32–38 (avipattikaracūrṇa). 54 Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī, grahaṇī 108–112 (jīrakādyacūrṇa); kāsa 173–178 (agastyaharītakī); kuṣṭha 197–206 (amṛtabhallātaka); amlapitta 25–29 (avipattikaracūrṇa). 55 Siddhaprayogalatikā 23.19–23 (avipattikaracūrṇa). 56 Viśratarasāḥ 51 (gandhakādilehya) and 81 (bhṛṅgarājalehya). 57 Harisaraṇānanda quotes from an Agastasampradāyagrantha and Agastyaproktagrantha. 58 Hārītasamhitā III.9.63–66 (agastiharītakīpāka); 11.61–64 (the formula of bhīmavaṭaka; the intake of this pill has to be accompanied by the mental recitation of the name of Agastya). See also Bhāratabhaiṣajyaratnākara Nr. 8843 (agastyaghṛta), said to be taken from the Hārītasamhitā. 59 Mādhavacikitsā, kāsa 41 (agastyaharītakī). 60 The formula of agastivaṭī (see Rasayogasāgara, akārādi 85). 61 Referred to as Kumbhasambhava. 62 The formulae of agastyarasāyana (see Rasayogasāgara, akārādi 4) and agastivaṭī (Rasayogasāgara, akārādi 85). 63 Rasendrakhaṇḍa, visphoṭa 16–17 (mahāpadmaghṛta). 64 Hastyāyurveda I.1. 65 The formula of jīrakādicūrṇa (see Rasayogasāgara, cakārādi 185). 66 Cat. Madras Nr. 13212: Vasiṣṭha expounds the rudantīkalpa to Agastya. 67 Rasataraṅgiṇī 1.30: mentioned as one of the Rasasiddhas. 68 Sahasrayoga 185: the formula of agastyarasāyana is ascribed to him. 69 See HIM II, 249 and 254–255 (the recipes of bṛhadviṣṇutaila and mahālakṣmīvilāsarasa). 70 Śārṅgadharasamhitā II.8.30cd–37 (the formula of agastyaharītakayavaleha). 71 Gadanigraha, guṭikādhikāra 69–76 (sūraṇavaṭaka); lehādhikāra 62–66ab and 66cd–75 (two formulae of agastyaharītakayavaleha).

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72 Ad A.h.Sū.1.1. 73 Ad Siddhayoga 10.43–51 (agastiharītakī) and 80.3. 74 Āyurvedasaukhya IV: 4.203–205 (agastivaṭī); 9.81–89 (agastyaharītakī). 75 Yogatarangiṇī 27.42–48 (agastyaharītakī). 76 See HIM II, 249 and 253: the formula of agastyāvaleha. 77 A.h.Ci.3.127–132 (agastyaharītakī); 6.54cd-55 (āmalakaleha); U.35.64. 78 A.s.Ci.3.127–132 (agastyaharītakī); 4.79–84 (agastyarasāyana); 12.9 (agastyanirmitaghṛta); 8.59–61 (āmalakaleha); U.5.60 (mentioned in a mantra). 79 P. Cordier (1903a): 614: mentioned as Ṛi-si. 80 Vaidyacintāmaṇi 260 (agastyaharītakavaleha) and 394–395 (avipattikaracūrṇa). 81 Vaṅgasena, arśas 147–148 (agastyamodaka); kāsa 174–180 (agastyaharītakī) and 184–190 (bṛhadagastyaharītakī); amlapitta 78–83 (avipatyakaracūrṇa, attributed to Agasti; compare Bhāratabhaiṣajyaratnākara I, Nr. 83); visphoṭaka 34–38 (padmakaghṛta). 82 Siddhayoga 10.43–51 (agastiharītakī). 83 Yogaratnākara 320 (agastyāvaleha), 355 (agastiharītakīpāka). 84 Vol. I, Nrs. 231 and 232. 85 Rasayogasāgara, akārādi 2 and 3. 86 Rasayogasāgara, akārādi 85. 87 NCC I, 65–67. See on Aṅgiras, Āṅgirasa and Āṅgirasa: A. Bergaigne (1883): II, 307–321; A. Daniélou (1964): 319; Dowson; G.S. Ghurye (1972); J. Gonda (1975); HIM II, 289; Hopkins; Kane I.1, 507–509; S. Lévi (1898): 64–68; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); R.K. Mookerji (1947): 471; H. Oldenberg (1923): 126, 285; F.E. Pargiter (1922); V.G. Rahurkar (1964): 235–238; Tārācand Śarmā (1981/82): 68; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991); R.S. Satyasray (1940); N.J. Shende (1943), (1950), (n.d.): 142–143; M. and J. Stutley (1977); Sūramcandra I, 60–61; Vettam Maṇi 40–42; Vṛddhatrayī 64, 65, 68, 69, 137, 156; H. Zimmer (1914): 37–50. 88 R. Mitra's Notices VIII, Nr. 2633. 89 Rechung Rinpoche (1973): 12. 89a See I.B. Horner (1964): 91; T.W. Rhys Davids (1894): II, 109. Compare Jyotir Mitra (1985): 26. 90 See about Aṅgiras and the Atharvaveda: M. Bloomfield (1987): Introduction; N.J. Shende (1943). 91 G. Hāldār (Vṛddhatrayī 64) calls him a brahmarṣi. Compare Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa 1.56: Aṅgiras is the most prominent one among the brahmarṣis. See on the seven sages: J.E. Mitchiner (1982). 92 They are ten in number in the Manusmṛti (1.34–35), but their number varies (see J.E. Mitchiner, 1982: 12, 15–16, 23–24, 296–298). 93 NCC I, 65. Kane I.1, 507–509. Mahābhārata, Śāntiparvan 122.36–37 (ed. Poona). 94 NCC I, 65. Pingree, CESS A 1, 35: a work on jyotiṣa ascribed to Aṅgiras must have existed by the fourteenth century or somewhat earlier; the Bārhaspatyasaṃhitā is also ascribed to him; the Āṅgirahasiddhānta of the Kavindrācāryasūcipatram (Nr. 871) is probably fictitious; A 4, 13. 95 NCC I, 482. See on persons called Asita: CESS A 1, 47; G.S. Ghurye (1972): 79, 155, 156; J. Gonda (1975): 407; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); H. Oldenberg (1888): 231 (Asita Kāśyapa); F.E. Pargiter (1922); Tārācand Śarmā (1981/82): 70; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991): 170; Satyaprakāś 91–92; M. and J. Stutley (1977); Sūramcandra I, 80–81; Vettam Maṇi 58; Vṛddhatrayī 8, 65, 70, 116, 128; K.G. Zysk (1985): 87 and 89.

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96 Asita's name is also found at 1.14.4. 97 The aim of the hymn is a profusion of black (asita) hair. 97a See Hopkins; Vettam Maṇi. 98 He is referred to, usually together with Devala, in Varāhamihira's Bṛhatsaṃhitā (11.1: on śikhicāra, i.e., the movements of comets), Bhaṭṭotpala's commentary on this work (ad 21.2: on garbhalakṣaṇa, i.e., the pregnancy of clouds with rain), and in the Bṛhadyogayātrā (on signs of fire) (A.M. Shastri, 1969: 437, 1996: II, 439; Kern, Preface 103). An Asita interprets the lakṣaṇas of the newborn Buddha in the Lalitavistara (see É. Senart, 1882: 88). 99 NCC II, 212. 100 His name is Āśvarathya in some editions of the Carakasaṃhitā. 101 J. Gonda (1977). See on Aśmarathya/Āśmarathya: G.S. Ghurye (1972): 218; L. Renou (1947): 37, 175, 186; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991): 229, 232–234, 237. 101a Vedāntasūtras 1.2.29 and 1.4.20. 101b Ad Vedāntasūtra 1.4.22. 102 NCC II, 214–229. 103 See Dowson; G.S. Ghurye (1972); J. Gonda (1975), (1977); L. Renou (1947); Thaneswar Sarmah (1991). 104 See Hopkins. 105 See on Āśvalāyana also Pingree, CESS A 4, 29–30. 106 See on Ātreya, Atrija, Atriputra, Atrisuta, Ātryātmaja: the section on Ātreya; Hārītasamhitā. 107 See the section on Atri. 108 CC I, 368; II, 83; III, 78. See Dowson; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); Monier-Williams. 109 Vṛddhatrayī 132–134. 110 Bādarāyaṇa is referred to in Varāhamihira's Bṛhatsaṃhitā and quoted in Bhaṭṭotpala's commentaries on Varāhamihira's works (see H. Kern, 1865: 111; A.M. Shastri, 1969: 5, 437, 485; see also CESS A 4, 239–240 and A 5, 232). The Bādarāyaṇapraśna(vidyā) deals with the life of animals and with divination (CC II, 83 and III, 78; A.M. Shastri, 1991: 206 and 211). 111 CC: not recorded. 112 A species of Luffa. 113 See Su.Sū.8.4; A.h.Sū.26.16; A.s.Sū.34.21. See especially: Girindranāth Mukhopādhyāya (1913/1914): I, 264–267. 114 This is the opinion of G. Hāldār (Vṛddhatrayī 134); it is probably not correct for any kind of baḍiśa, this being a hook-like instrument, also used for extracting bladderstones, etc. 115 H. Lüders (1927: 148–162) described fragments of a leather manuscript, in which ten tastes are distinguished: avyakta, vyakta, kṣāra, and akṣāra are added to the usual group of six. 116 The Suśrutasaṃhitā ascribes this view to Mārkaṇḍeya (Śā.3.32). 117 It is remarkable that Baḍiśa Dhāmārgava is averse to employing the dhāmārgava as best suited for this purpose. 118 CC: not recorded. 119 The chapter on the tastes of the Bhelasaṃhitā (Sū.12: ātreyakhaṇḍakāpyīya) mentions Khaṇḍakāpya instead of Bhadrakāpya; his opinion on the subject is not elucidated. 120 The Bhelasaṃhitā (Śā.4.30) ascribes this view to Khaṇḍakāpya, the Suśrutasaṃhitā (Śā. 3.32) to Pārāśarya. Khaṇḍakāpya is also mentioned in the Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha (Śā.3.5).

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121 Bhadraśaunaka: CC I, 396 and III, 85. Śaunaka: CC I, 663; II, 158 and 230; III, 137. Śaunaka and Bhadraśaunaka are sometimes regarded as different persons (see below). 122 See Cakrapāṇidatta's interpretations of the compound (ad Śā.6.21). The Bhelasamhitā (Śā. 4.30) states that, in Śaunaka's view, the pakvaguda arises first; ed. c of the Bhelasamhitā reads paścādguda, but the most probable emendation appears to be pakvaguda. The Suśrutasamhitā (Śā.3.32) attributes to Śaunaka the opinion that the head develops first. 123 A Luffa species. 124 Another Luffa species. 125 Sūramcandra (I, 246–247). G. Hāldār (Vrddhatrayī 142). 126 Some editions of the Carakasamhitā (eds. s, w, ff) read Śaunaki instead of Kauśika. G. Mukhopadhyaya (HIM II, 473) reads Śaunaka. 127 Bhela calls him Bhadraśaunaka at Sū.9.7cd, whereas his name is Śaunaka at Sū.9.9cd. 128 Bharadvāja is convinced that the head is turned downwards. 129 Three formulae from Bhadraśaunaka: 9.677, 18.166 and 30.128–136; three formulae from Bhadra: 11.23, 13.206 and 20.433 (Bhadra may also be an abbreviation of Bhadravarman). 130 Ad A.h.Ka.6.15–16; Aruṇa calls Śaunaka a tantrakṛt. 131 Āyurvedadhīsāra 6997. 132 Śaunaka is, in the same way as in the Carakasamhitā, a member of the group of sages who assembled on the slopes of the Himālayas (I,1). 133 Bheṣajakalpa 313b-315 quotes Śaunaka's rule on snehapāka; 313b-314ab = A.h.Ka.6.15d-16; one śloka and a half are added to Vāgbhaṭa's quotation. 134 The Bhadraśaunaktīya is quoted. 135 Ad Ca.Sū.4.7: a verse by Śaunaka on the preparation of a śītakaśāya is quoted (this verse is often put between brackets, and regarded as interpolated in the text of the Carakasamhitā; it is ascribed to Kṛṣṇātreya by Śivadāsasena ad Cakradatta, chardi 17–18); Ci.3.197–200ab (A.h.Ka.6.16, attributed to Śaunaka by Vāgbhaṭa, is quoted); Si.1.20cd–22ab (a verse by Bhadraśaunaka on the application of an enema). 136 Śaunaka and Bhadrasenaka are quoted according to P.K. Gode, Śaunaka and Bhadrasenaka according to R.P. Bhatnagar (see Candraṭa). Bhadrasenaka may well be a wrong reading for Bhadraśaunaka. 137 Bhadraśaunaka is quoted ad Su.Sū.12.4 and mentioned as an authority on śalākya ad U.1.4cd-5ab. According to G. Mukhopadhyaya (HIM II, 474), Bhadraśaunaka's rule on snehapāka is quoted by Dalhaṇa ad Su.Ci.31 (where I could not find the quotation). 138 Hemādri quotes (ad A.h. Ni.1.23–24ab) a series of verses from the Aṣṭāngasamgraha (Ni. 1.19–31), dealing with the duration of fevers arisen under various constellations, as being from Śaunaka; these verses are attributed to Gautama in Āṭhavale's edition of the Aṣṭāngasamgraha; various readings of Hemādri's commentary ascribe them to Gautama or Hārīta. 139 Śaunaka is referred to ad A.h.Ka.6.15–16 and A.S.Ci.3.64cd-65. 140 Śaunaka is quoted according to Haridattaśāstrin and P.V. Sharma (see Jejjata). 141 Bhadraśaunaka is quoted ad Cakradatta, kuṣṭha 74–82: the formula of pañcanimba (seven verses); Śaunaka is referred to ad jvara 64: Vāgbhaṭa's quotation of Śaunaka (A.h.Ka.6.15d-16 = A.S.Ka.8.20d–21) is reproduced; jvara 65–68: the Vrddhasamhitā of Vāgbhaṭa, the pupil of Śaunaka, is said to follow a particular view of Dṛḍhabala; arśas 159–164: Vāgbhaṭa describes the surgical treatment of haemorrhoids (arśāmsi), as expounded by Śaunaka, in his Madhyasamhitā (twenty-nine verses are quoted).

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142 Bhadraśaunaka is quoted. 143 Bhadraśaunaka is quoted ad jvara 55. 144 Bhadraśaunaka is quoted ad Siddhayoga 62.15–16 and 75.2; Śaunaka is referred to in the commentary ad 82.27, where Vāgbhaṭa's verses on snehapāka (Ka.6), with their mention of Śaunaka, are quoted. 145 Ṭodara II (Śaunaka): 1.20 (a definition of śālākya) and 4.225 (a definition of koṣṭha, i.e., the viscera); IX (Bhadraśaunaka): 1.106–108 (parts of plants used in medicines; 1.107–108 are also found in the Gorakṣamata), 1.277–280 (the doses of errhines), 1.302 (the preparation of an alcoholic fluid called bhakta), 1.400 (the ratios of the ingredients in a medicated oil); IX (Śaunaka): 1.123 (the preparation of a peyā, yūṣa, etc.), 1.349–351 (the administration of āścyotana, i.e., eyedrops, and the number of drops required, dependent on the aim and the disease present), 1.395–396 (rules concerning the preparation of prasāriṇyāditaila). 146 Bhadraśaunaka is quoted: 4.21ef-26ab; this formula is, without a reference to its source, also found, but partially only, in the Yogatarangiṇī (3.22). 147 P. Cordier (1903a): 614: mentioned as Śonaka. 148 A dānamantra, attributed to Śaunaka, to be recited against pāṇḍuroga. 149 CC: not recorded. 150 Yogatarangiṇī 3.22 (see the Hindī commentary of ed. a). 151 Ṭodara IX: 1.310–311 (on the alcoholic preparations called śītarasika, sīdhu, madhvāsava and maireya). 152 Compare Ca.Śā.6.21 and Bhela Śā.4.30, Bhela Sū.9.7cd and 9cd. The question whether or not Śaunaka and Bhadraśaunaka are identical is discussed by Sūramcandra (I, 245–246). The issue becomes complicated if one assumes, as Sūramcandra does, that Śaunaka and Bhadraśaunaka hold two different views on the best drug for use in an āsthāpana (Ca.Si. 11); Sūramcandra, however, is mistaken in interpreting kaṭuka (Ca.Si.11.9) as the name of a plant (see the Gulabkunverba translation, as well as the renderings of Kaviratna and P.V. Sharma). Vaidya Bhagwan Das and Lalitesh Kashyap (Ṭodara's Āyurvedasaukhya II, Intr. 5) ascribe to both Bhadraśaunaka and Śaunaka a śālākyatantra; O.P. Jaggi (IV, 21), H. Parāḍkar (17) and P.V. Sharma (AVI 155) do the same. 153 Gaṇanātha Sena (1924): I, 31; G. Mukhopadhyaya (HIM II, 477). These authors confused the issue by adopting the reading Mada- or Madraśaunaka on certain occasions. 154 Aruṇadatta (ad A.h.Ka.6.15–16) calls him a tantrakṛt. The Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram records a medical Śaunakasamhitā (Nr. 946). 155 Gaṇanātha Sena (1924): I, 30–31. Gulabkunverba I, 146. Jaggi IV, 21. S.K. Mishra (1992): 313. Ṭodara's Āyurvedasaukhya II, Intr. 5. 156 See Dalhaṇa's remark ad Su.U.1.4cd-5ab. 157 The quotations cover a wider range of subjects than those belonging to śālākya. See also Gaṇanātha Sena (1924): 31; R.C. Choudhury (1992): 343. 158 See on Śānāq and his works: W. Ainslie (1826): II, 507; W. Cureton (1841): 108–109; J. Jolly (1914); M.S. Khan (1979) and (1981); M. Levey (1966); A. Müller (1880): 477–479 and 501–544 (extracts from the Arabic text with German translation); J. Ruska (1932); W. Schmucker (1975); F. Sezgin (1970): 187–197; M.Z. Siddīqī (1959): 39–40; M. Stein-schneider (1871): 347–348; B. Strauss (1934) (reviewed by J. Filliozat, JA 1936, 173–174); M. Ullmann (1978): 20; R.L. Verma (1992): 471–472 and 474; Winternitz III, 135, 512, 543.

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159 Bhagwan Dash and Lalitesh Kashyap (Toḍara II, 5–6). HIM II, 475: it may be the Śaunakatantra. Gananātha Sena (1924): I, 36: Śanakasamhitā (or Śaunakasamhitā?). Gulabkunverba I, 146. Śanāq is more probably the Arabic equivalent of Cāṇakya according to: C. Dwarkanath (1991): 21–22; J. Jolly (1914); A. Müller (1880); M. Ullmann (1978). The first to propose the equivalence of Śanāq and Cāṇakya was Gildemeister (1838: 96), followed by H.H. Wilson (see his additions to W. Cureton, 1841: 119). A. Müller (1880) defended that Śanāq’s treatise is a fake, not deriving from an Indian author, although influenced by the Suśrutasamhitā. J. Jolly doubted whether the book, which shows relationships with Kautilya’s Arthaśāstra (sometimes considered to be a work by Cāṇakya), goes back to a Sanskrit original (see on this problem J. Filliozat’s review of B. Strauss, 1934: JA 1936, 173–174).

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160 CSH 231. Banwari Lal Gaur (1992: 363; the author is called Sanaka). S.K. Mishra (1992: 313; the treatise is called Sanakasamhitā). H. Parādkar 17–18. Gananātha Sena (1924): I, 36. P.V. Sharma, AVI 155.

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165 P.K. Acharya (1940): 241. S.G. Kantawala (1964): 29. A.M. Shastri (1991): 93. See Matsyapurāna II.115.1–4.

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166 The Vedic Śaunakas are connected with the Śaunakīya recension of the Atharvaveda, the Brhadevata, Rgvidhāna, Rgvedaprātiśākhya, etc. See: Dowson; J. Gonda (1951): 10, (1975), (1977); A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); R.K. Mookerji (1947): 131; M. Müller (1859): 230–239; L. Renou (1947); A. Weber (1914): 34. See on Śaunaka in general: G.S. Ghurye (1972); R.P. Goldman (1977); H. Krishna Sastri (1916): 90; U.C. Sharma (1983); Vettam Mani.

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168 This science is said to be threefold, consisting of hetu, linga and auṣadha, i.e., causes, signs and remedies (Ca.Sū.1.24). Compare the legend, told in the Taittirīyabrāhmana (3.10.11.6), as to how Bharadvāja learnt the Vedas from Indra (see Th. Sarmah, 1991: 14–15). The Garudopaniṣad says that Indra taught the Brahmavidyā to Bharadvāja, who transmitted it to his disciples who desired long life (Th. Sarmah, 1991: 17; A. Weber, 1885). See on the relations between Bharadvāja and Indra in general: Th. Sarmah (1991). Compare also: Ātreya.

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169 The absence of Bharadvāja in this story makes some scholars (see, for example, P.V. Sharma, 1970: 2–3, 1985e: 14–15, 1992d: 178) claim that he is not Ātreya’s teacher in Ca.Sū.1. Cakrapāṇi claims (ad Ca.Sū.1.30–31), on the authority of Hārīta, that Bharadvāja was Ātreya’s teacher; the Gulabkunverba team (I, 45–46) agrees with this view. Compare: Ātreya.

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170 This heretical view is dismissed by Ātreya Punarvasu, the teacher of Agniveśa in the Carakasamhitā. See the interpretation of Bharadvāja’s thesis on svabhāva by D. Chattopadhyaya (1979): 25–26, 153–156, 188, 405–412, 414–425.

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171 R. Mitra’s Notices VIII, Nr. 2633.

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172 Hemarājaśarman 12. Vrddhatrayī 8.

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174 His name is Bharadvāja here, which, strictly speaking, means a descendant of Bharadvāja or a brāhmaṇa of Bharadvāja gotra. Medical treatises, however, like other types of literature (see Kane I.1, 290–294), usually do not distinguish between Bharadvāja and Bhāradvāja.

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178 He is referred to in Varāhamihira’s Brhatsamhitā and Bhaṭṭotpala’s commentary on that work. See Pingree’s CESS A 4, 294 and A 5, 253; A.M. Shastri (1969): 437–438 and 439, (1991): 8, 44, 150–151, (1996): II, 439.

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179 Mahābhārata, Ādiparvan 130.39–40, Udyogaparvan 151.13 (he taught the astraveda, the science of weaponry, to Drupada), and Śāntiparvan 210.20 (ed. Poona).

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180 See N.G. Chapekar (1950); Dowson; G.S. Ghurye (1972); J. Gonda (1975), (1977); Hopkins; A.B. Keith (1976); H. Krishna Sastri (1916): 90, 239, 254; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); J.E. Mitchiner (1982); H. Oldenberg (1888): 210–212; F.E. Pargiter (1922); V.G. Rahurkar (1964): 89–113; R. Śarmā (1959): 19–21; Tārācand Śarmā (1981/82): 81–83; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991); K.R. Srikantamurthy (1968): 18–19; Vettam Mani 116–118; Vrddhatrayī 120–121. See also Gulabkunverba I, 30–32 and 38–40; M. and J. Stutley (1977); Sūramcandra I, 140–159. One of the verses of Rgveda 10.137, a hymn regarded as curative of all diseases, is ascribed to Bharadvāja by Sāyaṇa (K.G. Zysk, 1985: 125). Bharadvāja is also one of the authorities mentioned in the Arthaśāstra (see R.P. Kangle, 1965: 40–58). He is found, together with Vāmaka, king of Kāśī (also present in the Carakasamhitā), in the Mahāvagga (P. Cordier, 1901a: 83; G.P. Malalasekara, 1983: II, 372–374).

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181 Brhadāraṇyakopaniṣad 2.6.3; Gaṇapāṭha 15 (ad Pāṇini 4.1.110). See J. Filliozat (1975): 7.

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183 Bharadvāja instructed the king of Kāśī in āyurveda according to the Brahmapurāṇa (see J.E. Mitchiner, 1982: 183). Compare W. Kirfel (1927a): 371–372.

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¹⁸⁵ Taittirīyabrāhmana 3.10.11. Gulabkunverba I, 34–35.

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¹⁸⁶ Up to seven different Bharadvājas have been distinguished in the literature on this subject (see ABI 462–463; Sūramcandra I, 145–146; Vrddhatrayī 120–123). See, in particular, Thaneswar Sarmah (1991). Very interesting is the Bharadvāja Dhanvantari, mentioned in the Śāṅkhāyanagrhyasūtra (2.14.4) (see A.B. Keith, 1976: I, 227). N.G. Chapekar (1950) has defended the thesis that Bharadvāja is sometimes used adjectively in the Rgveda, qualifying a personal name; examples adduced are Bharadvāja Divodāsa (6.16.5; 6.31.4) and Bharadvāja Vitahavya (6.15.3).

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¹⁸⁷ See Cakrapāṇidatta ad Ca.Śā.3.25. Subscribers to this view are Atrideva (ABI 462–463), the Gulabkunverba team (I, 40–44), P.V. Sharma (AVI 78–79), and Sūramcandra (I, 143–144). It is contested by D. Chattopadhyaya (1979). Some scholars are convinced that one should read, in the opening chapter of the Carakasamhitā, Bharadvāja Kapiṣṭhala instead of Bharadvāja and Kapiṣṭhala (or Kapiñjala); see on this subject: Kapiñjala. An old controversy of another type about the identity of the first Bharadvāja of the Carakasamhitā is settled by Cakrapāṇidatta (ad Ca.Sū.1.30–31), who states that Bharadvāja and Ātreya are not, as some say, identical; Śivadāsasena agrees with Cakrapāṇi.

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¹⁸⁹ P. Cordier (1903a): 619. A. Csoma de Kőrös (1980): I, 23. Compare I.P. Minaev (1992): 51 (176.21: Bhāradvāja).

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190 M. Taube (1981): 5 and 10. 191 See Ch.I. Beckwith (1979): 300–301; P. Cordier (1903a): 619; Rechung (1973): 15. 192 Lobsang Rabgay (1981): 19. 193 Pasang Yonten (1989): 37. 194 Bhagwan Dash and Lalitesh Kashyap (1980a), Intr. 4. O.P. Jaggi IV, 20. S.K. Mishra (1992): 313. H. Parādkar 17. 195 See on a Bhāradvājavrtti on the Vaiśeṣikasūtras: K.H. Potter (Ed.) (1977). 196 C.S.R. Prabhu (1992). Absent from the NCC. 197 CC I, 406. Check-list Nr. 137. Cat. Madras Nr. 13178. The Bhāradvājīya is quoted in Anantakumāra's Yogaratnasamuccaya. This work may be related to the Bhāradvājasamhitā mentioned in the Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram (Nr. 933). P. Cordier (1903b: 323–324) regarded the Bheṣajakalpa of Bharadvāja as part of a comprehensive Bharadvājasamhitā. 198 See Bheṣajakalpa. 199 CC: not recorded. Check-list Nr. 136. This work may be the same as the Bheṣajakalpa. 200 See Rasapradīpikā. 201 C.S.R. Prabhu (1992): probably a work on rasāśastra (more probably a work on architecture). CC: not recorded. 202 Śamkara's Vaidyavinoda (15.185–195). Śārngadharasamhitā II.9.79cd-87ab. Trimalla's Bṛhadyogatarangiṇī 139.28–37. Vṛnda's Siddhayoga 64.18–25. 203 Gaṇeśaśarman's Pākapradīpa 310–317. Gaṅgāprasādaśarman's Bṛhatpākāvalī, pages 108–109. 204 Gadanigraha, prayogakhaṇḍa, lehādhikāra 8–12. Rasaratnadīpikā 352–353. Vaṅgasena, udara 195–200. 205 Gaṇeśaśarman's Pākapradīpa 352–357. 206 Vaidyacintāmaṇi 122–123. 207 Yogaratnasamuccaya 8.907–913b: harītakī; 9.384; 18.189, 206–208, 209–214; 19.312; 21.254–256; 18.410–418: a description of nine varieties of masūrikā. 208 The Bhāradvājīya is quoted. 209 A quotation concerning characteristics of goats (see R.C. Hazra, 1960: 162). 210 Bṛhannighaṇṭuratnākara I, p.98: a quotation from the Bharadvājasamhitā, which is in this case probably a dharmaśāstra text. 211 Ad Ca.Si.1.3–6ab. 212 Ad A.h.Sū.1.3–4ab. 213 Introductory verse 6. 214 Ad A.h.Sū.1.1. 215 Ad A.s.Sū.1.2; U.36.8. 216 Ad A.h.U.31.8: an enumeration of the nine varieties of masūrikā, distinguished by Bhāradvāja. 217 Ad Rasavaiśeṣikasūtra 1.2. 218 Mentioned in the last verse as one of the sources. 219 Ad A.h.Sū.1.2. 220 Gadanigraha, prayogakhaṇḍa, leha 8–12: citrakāvaleha. 221 Śrīdāsapaṇḍita mentions Bharadvāja ad A.h.Sū.1.1, and quotes from the Bhāradvājīya ad A.h.Sū.6.7cd. 222 Mentioned in the introductory verses. 223 Āyurvedasaukhya II: 4.293cd-294ab: on the seven sevanīs (sutures) of āyurved anatomy; III: 3.56.

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224 Vaṅgasena, udara 195–200: citrakaleha; strīroga 157–164: bṛhatkalyāṇaghṛta. 225 Ad Ca. Sū.13.3. 226 See on this work Kane I.1, 290–94. 227 CC I, 407; II, 93 and 215; III, 88. 228 R. Mitra's Notices VIII, Nr. 2633. 229 See, for example: G.S. Ghurye (1972); A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); J.E. Mitchiner (1982); J. Panda (1984); F.E. Pargiter (1922): 193–203; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991); M. and J. Stutley (1977); Vettam Mani. See on the Bhārgavas, depicted, particularly in the Mahābhārata, as a clan with many curious, often remarkably un-Aryan habits: R.P. Goldman (1973), (1976), (1977); A.P. Karmarkar (1939); K. Karttunen (1989): 155, 200, 209, 228; C. Minkowski (1991): 398–400; V.S. Sukthankar (1936); F. Weller (1936–37). 230 Ca.Ci.28.242: leha bhārgavaprokta = cyavanaprāśa according to Cakrapāṇidatta. 231 G. Hāldār (Vṛddhatrayī 125) claimed that the Bhārgava of the Carakasamhitā is identical with Bhārgava Pramiti of the Kāśyapasamhitā, who wrote a now lost Bhārgavasamhitā. A work of that title is recorded in the Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram (Nr. 939). 232 Yogaratnasamuccaya 10.72cd-73ab and 122 (prescriptions); 21.432. 233 Yogaratnasamuccaya 21.284 (from the Sārārṇava). 234 Bhaiṣajyaratnāvali, vājīkaraṇa 158–172: the formula of khaṇḍamraka, attributed to Svayambhū Bhārgava. 235 Rasaratnadīpikā 193: sūryaprabhākarataila. 236 Rasendrakhaṇḍa, kuṣṭha 98–109 (mārkaraghṛta). 237 CESS A 4, 294–295; A 5, 253–254. 238 Mahābhārata, Śāntiparvan 210.20 (ed. Poona). 239 See R.P. Goldman (1977): 100. 240 CC: not recorded. 241 Bhikṣu Ātreya is the same as Jīvaka's teacher according to G. Mukhopadhyaya (HIM II, 440; III, 565–666) and G.P. Srivastava (1954: 69–72). G. Hāldār (Vṛddhatrayī 119) regards him as a religious mendicant who lived much earlier, namely in the same period as Agniveśa; G. Hāldār calls him Jīvaka's teacher on another page (446) of the same book. P.V. Sharma considers him to be a Buddhist bhikṣu of Ātreya gotra (AVI 79; 1970a: 3) or as an ascetic belonging to some non-Vedic tradition (1992a: 179). The Gulabkunverba team (I, 53–55) and Tārācand Śarmā (1981/82: 84–86) see him as different from the teacher of Jīvaka and as a contemporary of Ātreya Punarvasu. Atrideva (ABI 463–465) and Sūramcandra (I, 180) consider him to be a Hindu saṃnyāsin, not a Buddhist monk. J. Filliozat (1975: 8), Jyotir Mitra (1982: 18) and Y.K. Tripāṭhī (1987: 21) observe that bhikṣu Ātreya is not necessarily a Buddhist, since Hindu ascetics were also called bhikṣu (see, e.g., Pāṇini 4.3.110). 242 CC I, 415–416: II, 95 and 215; III, 90. 243 Gaṅgādhara is the only commentator who, in the opening chapter of the Carakasamhitā, reads Kāśyapa Bhṛgu instead of taking Kaśyapa (the reading adopted in most editions) and Bhṛgu as two separate names; he comments that Bhṛgu of Kāśyapagotra is meant, not the Bhṛgu who forms part of the group of seven sages. 244 See the chapter on the initiation of pupils of the Kāśyapasamhitā (p.61). 245 Hemarājaśarman 12. Vṛddhatrayī 8. 246 Bṛhannighaṇṭuratnākara I, p.31. The same view is expressed by Satyaprakāś (89). The Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram records a medical Bhṛgusamhitā (Nr. 937).

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247 Jaggi IV, 21. H. Parāḍkar 18. 248 P. Cordier (1903a): 618–619. A. Csoma de Kőrös (1980): I, 22. Compare I.P. Minaev (1992): 51 (176.4). 249 Manusmṛti 1.34. 250 See on Bhṛgu and Bhṛgus: A. Bergaigne (1878): I, 52–57; (1883): II, 321; H.W. Bodewitz (1973): 99–109; A. Daniélou (1964): 322; Dowson; G.S. Ghurye (1972); R. Goldman (1977); J. Gonda (1975), (1977); HIM II, 269–271; Hopkins; A.P. Karmarkar (1938–39); A.B. Keith (1976); H. Krishna Sastri (1916): 90, 239, 254; A. Kuhn (1886); S. Lévi (1898): 64–68; H. Lommel (1950); A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); C. Minkowski (1991); J.E. Mitchiner (1982); H. Oldenberg (1923): 122–123; A. Padmanabhayya (1931); J. Panda (1984); F.E. Pargiter (1922); V.G. Rahurkar (1964): 215–220; Tārācand Śarmā (1981/82): 67–68; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991); Satyaprakāś 88–89; A.M. Shastri (1969): 168 and 438, (1991): 93 and 146; N.J. Shende (1943); E. Sieg (1930); M. and J. Stutley (1977); V.S. Sukthankar (1936); Sūramcandra I, 55–59; Vettam Mani 139–141; Vṛddhatrayī 64 (some regard him as a brahmarṣi), 73–74, 120–121; W.J. Wilkins (1974): 363–367; H. Zimmer (1914): 37–43. See on Bhṛgu in Old-Javanese literature: J. Gonda (1935): 393, 442. 251 P.K. Acharya (1940): 241. CESS A 4, 333–336. K.K. Handiqui (1949): 445. S.G. Kantawala (1964): 29. A.M. Shastri (1969): 168 and 438; (1991): 93 and 146. Sūramcandra I, 57–59. Vṛddhatrayī 74. Bhṛgu is referred to in Varāhamihira’s Bṛhatsaṃhitā and quoted in Bhaṭṭotpala’s commentary on that work (see A.M. Shastri, 1996: II, 439). 252 NCC III, 208 and VII, 352. Check-list Nr. 384 (ascribed to Bhṛgu). CESS A 4, 333 and A 5, 265. See on other works ascribed to Bhṛgu: CESS A 4, 333–336 and A 5, 265–266. 253 R. Mitra’s Notices II, Nr. 526. See on Śātātapa: Kane I.1, 274–276. 254 Āḍhamalla (ad Śārṅgadhara III.13.125) mentions Bhṛgu, along with Hārīta, Suśruta and Agniveśa, as the author of a medical saṃhitā. 255 Harṣakīrti mentions him, together with other medical authorities, in one of the concluding verses of his Yogacintāmaṇi. 256 Mentioned ad A.h.Ci.3.167cd–169ab in a quotation from the Yogaratna. 257 Tiṣaṭa refers to Bhṛgu as one of the medical authorities from which he borrowed in the composition of his Cikitsākalikā. 258 Ṭoḍara’s Āyurvedasaukhya (V: 11.818–819) refers to Bhṛgu in a mantra to be recited during the digging up of a medicinal plant. 259 Vācaspati mentions Bhṛgu in the introductory verses of his commentary on the Mādhavanidāna. 260 Bhāratabhaiṣajyaratnākara Nr. 4456 (said to be from the Bṛhadyogatarangiṇī; compare Bṛhadyogatarangiṇī 147.265–269, where this formula is not ascribed to Bhṛgu); Rasayogasāgara, akārādi 308 (said to be found in Kṛṣṇaśāstrī Bhaṭavadekar’s Rasāyanasaṃgraha and in the Vaidyacintāmaṇi). 261 Bhāvaprakāśa, cikitsā 12.43–47. 262 Gaṇeśaśarman’s Pākapradīpa 165–169. 263 Bṛhadyogatarangiṇī 147.304–306. 264 This formula is found in many treatises, e.g., the Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī (kāsa 169–172), Bhāvaprakāśa (kāsa 43–47: called bhṛguharītakī), Cakradatta (kāsa 67–70), Gadanigraha (leha 101–104), Ṭoḍara’s Āyurvedasaukhya (IV: 9.90–93), Vaidyacintāmaṇi (260), Vaṅgasena (kāsa 170–173), Yogaratnākara (354).

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265 Bṛhannighaṇṭuratnākara I, p. 31. 266 The Kavindrācāryasūcipattram records a Cyavanasamhitā (Nr. 940). Compare NCC VII, 91. 267 HIM II, 260. NCC VII, 91 and 287. Sūramcandra I, 91–92. Vṛddhatrayī 6–7. 268 See V.S. Agrawala (1937); Dowson; G. Dumézil (1968): 285–287; R.P. Goldman (1977); E.W. Hopkins (1905); K. Karttunen (1989): 200; A.B. Keith (1976); A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); J.E. Mitchiner (1982); J. Panda (1984): 27–32, 88–95, 169; F.E. Pargiter (1922); V.S. Sukthankar (1936): 25–27; B. Tripāṭhī (1976); Vettam Mani 189–191; H.H. Wilson (1984): I, 49 (referring to the Padmapurāṇa; see Padmapurāṇa, section V, chapters 14–16, translation N.A. Deshpande, part V, 1699–1711). See also the Cyavanopākhyāna of the Mahābhārata, Anuśāsanaparvan 50–51 (ed. Poona), and the Cyavanakuśīkasamvāda, by R.P. Goldman (1977). A. Wezler (1991): 224–225, the Cyavanakuśīkasamvāda is discussed by A. Wezler (1991): 224–225, the Cyavanakuśīkasamvāda is discussed by A. Wezler (1991): 224–225, the Cyavanakuśīkasamvāda is discussed by A. Wezler (1991): 224–225. 269 RV 1.116; 5.74; 7.71; 10.39 (his name is Cyavāna in the Ṛgveda). 270 See N.G. Chapekar (1959); Dowson; J. Gonda (1975); A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); G. Mukhopadhyaya (HIM II, 256–258); Sūramcandra I, 124–125; Vṛddhatrayī 125–127; G. Zeller (1990): 55–57. 271 A.s.U.50.179. 272 Cyavana is called Bhārgava ad Ca.Ci.14.44; the bhārgavaprokta leha of Ca.Ci.28.242 is the same as cyavanaprāśa. 273 A.s.U.50.179, which refers to wonderful cures by the Aśvins. 274 E.g., Ca.Ci.14.62–74; A.s.U.39.33–41; A.s.U.49.39–47; Bower MS II.188–200; Siddhāyoga 10.29–42; Cakradatta, yakṣman 47–60; Gadanigraha, prayogakhaṇḍa, lehādhikāra 249cd–261; Vaṅgasena, rājayakṣman 141–155; Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā II.8.10–22ab, etc.; compare HIM II, 258. The Gadanigraha also contains the formula of a laghucyavanaprāśa (lehādhikāra 286–291). The Hāritasamhitā (III.9.47–62) ascribes its formula of cyavanaprāśa to Kṛṣṇātreya. 275 Bower MS II.287–312ab. 276 Rasaratnasamuccaya 16.147–148 (the formula of rākṣasarasa). 277 Yogaratnākara 556: pāṣāṇabhedapāka, against aśmarī. 278 See Kane I.1.277–278. 279 Sūramcandra I, 126. 280 NCC VII, 91. CESS A 3, 53. 281 See R.P. Goldman (1977): 99, 100. 282 See on persons called Devala: NCC IX, 121–122; Dowson; G.S. Ghurye (1972); J. Gonda (1975); L. Gopal (1988); G. Hāldār, Vṛddhatrayī 128; Kane I.1, 279–284; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); G. Mukhopadhyaya, HIM II, 506; F.E. Pargiter (1922); Pingree, CESS A 3, 121; Satyaprakāś 91; Vettam Mani 210. 283 Hemādriśarman 12. Vṛddhatrayī 8–9. 283a This story is told in the Brahmavaivartapurāṇa (see Vettam Mani). 283b See: Asita. 284 See L. Gopal (1988); P.V. Kane I.1, 279–284. 285 Devala is referred to as an authority on subjects connected with jyotiṣa, usually in the company of Asita, in Varāhamihira’s Bṛhatsaṃhitā and Bṛhadyātrā; he is quoted in Bhaṭṭotpala’s commentary on the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (see H. Kern, 1865: 103; A.M. Shastri, 1969, 1996: II, 440).

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286 A medical Devalasamhitā is mentioned in the Kavindrācāryasūcipatram (Nr. 942). 287 Yogaratnasamuccaya 11.193: this quotation may be from a treatise on dharmaśāstra. 288 See Kane I.2, 732, note 1054. 289 This work on dharmaśāstra quotes Devala on the subject of ariṣṭas (Mokṣakāṇḍa, chapter 25) and on constituents of the human body (see L. Gopal, 1988: 117–118). 290 Devala's list of eight mahārogas is quoted (Viramitrodaya, Śrāddhaprakāśa, p.98–99); this list is also found in a number of other dharmaśāstra texts, where the diseases mentioned are called pāparogas (see L. Gopal, 1988: 118–119). 291 Ad Śivakoṣa 19: synonyms of padmabīja. 292 Ad A.h.Sū.2.22–23ab: this quotation may be from a treatise on dharmaśāstra. 293 See: authorities associated with the Suśrutasamhitā. 294 See on Dhaumya: NCC IX, 304–305; Dowson; J. Gonda (1977); HIM II, 507; Hopkins; F.E. Pargiter (1922); Vettam Mani 232–233; Vṛddhatrayī 139. 295 Kavindrācāryasūcipatram Nr. 944. NCC IX, 305. 296 See on Gālava: NCC VI, 18–19; S.A. Dange (1989): 1236–1237; Dowson; G. Dumézil (1971): 316–324; J. Gonda (1977); HIM II, 513; Hopkins; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); J.E. Mitchiner (1982); F.E. Pargiter (1922): 142; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991): 170, 171: Sūramcandra I, 251–252; Vettam Mani 271–272; Vṛddhatrayī 129–131. 297 Mahābhārata, Udyogaparvan 106–123 (Gālavacarita); Anuśāsanaparvan 18.52cd–59ab (ed. Poona). 297a See Śivapurāṇa, Umāsamhitā 37.55–59 (transl. 1970, part IV, 1606–1607). 298 Pāñcāla Bābhavya Gālava is associated with the Kramapāṭha of the Ṛgveda in the Mahābhārata (Śāntiparvan 342.103; ed. Poona). 299 H.H. Wilson (1972): 227, note: reference to the Vāyupurāṇa. 300 See, e.g., Pāṇini 6.3.61. 301 See Sūramcandra I, 252. 302 Hemarājaśarman 12. Vṛddhatrayī 8–9. 303 AVI 155. Bhagwan Dash and Lalitesh Kashyap (1980a), Intr. 5. Gaṇanātha Sena (1924): I, 30. Gulabkunverba I, 146. S.K. Mishra (1992): 313. O.P. Jaggi IV, 21. Parāḍkar 17. 304 Ad Su.Sū.1.3: he is mentioned along with some other specialists in śālākya. 305 See the commentary ad Śivakoṣa 163 and the Intr. to the ed., 13–14: the medicinal properties of the plant śrāvaṇī are said to have been communicated to Ātreya by Gālava. 306 The NCC (V, 328) claims that Garga is a pupil of Ātreya in the Carakasamhitā. 307 NCC III, 211–212. P. Peterson III (1887): 6–7: Karmavipāka by Garga Ṛṣi, with commentary by Paramānanda. 308 See on omina described by Garga: R. Inden (1985). 309 See the Pāśakakevalī, a tract on the divination by means of dice, attributed to Garga, in the Appendix to Part V of Hoernle's edition of the Bower MS. 310 P.K. Acharya (1940): 243. J.N. Banerjea (1956): 14. S.G. Kantawala (1964): 29. M. and J. Stuttley (1977). See Matsyapurāṇa II.115.1–4. 311 See on Gargas: NCC V, 328–332; P.K. Acharya (1940): 241; Dowson; CESS A 2, 116–126, A 3, 29–31, A 4, 78–80, A 5, 78–86; G.S. Ghurye (1972); J. Gonda (1977); HIM II, 300–310; Hopkins; E.W. Hopkins (1969): 15–18; Kane I.1, 276–277; K. Karttunen (1989): 195; H. Kern (1865): 97–103; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); F.E. Pargiter (1922): 249–250; Tārācand Śarmā (1981/82): 75; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991); Satyaprakāś 97; A.M. Shastri (1969); (1991): 77, 93, 143, 146; Sūramcandra I, 121–124;

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Vettam Mani 280. See on the Droṇagiri, at the foot of which mountain Garga's āśrama was located: N.C. Shah (1973). Garga is referred to in the Bṛhatsamhitā and very often quoted in Bhaṭṭotpala's commentary on that work (see A.M. Shastri, 1996: II, 441–443). 312 See: veterinary texts. 313 See on the Gargasamhitā: Thaneswar Sarmah (1991): 276–285. 314 NCC V, 328. 315 HIM II, 300. Matsyapurāṇa 235 (ed. J.D. Akhtar). 316 G. Wojtilla (1985): 114. 317 Jvaratimirabhāskara 1.74. 318 Quoted on the subject of fever. 319 Āyurvedasaukhya II: 4.208 (a verse on the dhamanīs). 320 See on him: J.E. Mitchiner (1982). 321 Kane I.2, 732, note 1054. See also CC I, 598; II, 142. 322 R. Mitra's Notices VIII, Nr. 2633. 323 Kavindrācāryasūcipatram Nr. 941. Compare NCC VI, 18. 324 Bhagwan Dash and Lalitesh Kashyap (1980a): Intr. 5. Gaṇanātha Sena (1924): I, 30. Gulabkunverba I, 146. O.P. Jaggi IV, 21. S.K. Mishra (1992): 313. H. Parāḍkar 17. P.V. Sharma (AVI 155). Compare Dalhaṇa ad Sū.Sū.1.3. 325 See A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); L. Renou (1947): 53, 96. 326 See Hopkins. 327 See on Gārgyas: NCC VI, 17–18; Dowson; G.S. Ghurye (1972); J. Gonda (1977); G. Hāldār (Vṛddhatrayī 127); Kane I.1, 276–277; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); F.E. Pargiter (1922): 249–250; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991); Sūramcandra I, 249–251; Vettam Mani 280. 328 G. Wojtilla (1985): 89. 329 G. Wojtilla (1985): 89, note 23. 330 Virasimhāvaloka, p.4: a quotation on karmavipāka. 331 Yogaratnasamuccaya 8.562, 569, 571cd-572ab, 574cd-575ab, 582cd, 584, 1041, 1058; 15.249; 16.265 and 529–534; 18.14 and 258. 332 Gaṅgādhara reads Gautama Sāmkhya (see Sāmkhya) and explains in his commentary that Sāmkhya is added to Gautama in order to distinguish him from Gautama, who became the Buddha. 333 Usually regarded as different from the Subhūti of Buddhist literature. See Hemarājaśarman's upodghāta (37) to his ed. of the Kāśyapasamhitā; R. Śāstrī (1977): 357; Yādavaśarman's upodghāta (15) to his ed. of the Suśrutasamhitā. 334 R. Mitra's Notices VIII, Nr. 2633. 335 See Sāyaṇa's commentary on the Ṛgveda. 336 Gotama and Gautama are not always distinguished. See, e.g., NCC VI, 117, where Gotama is described as having learned medicine from Ātreya and rasāyana from Indra (the Carakasamhitā is referred to); the same NCC (VI, 222) calls Gautama a medical authority, mentioned in the Carakasamhitā. 337 See Dowson; G.S. Ghurye (1972); J. Gonda (1975), (1977); G. Hāldār (Vṛddhatrayī 81–83); Hopkins; H. Krishna Sastri (1916): 254; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); J.E. Mitchiner (1982); R.K. Mookerji (1947): 123; G. Mukhopadhyaya (HIM II, 298–299); H. Oldenberg (1888): 215; F.E. Pargiter (1922); V.G. Rahurkar (1964): 40–60, 187–190; L. Renou (1947); Tārācand Śarmā (1981/82): 70–71; Thaneswar Sarmah (1991); Satyaprakāś 91–92; Sūramcandra I, 81–83; Vettam Mani 285–287; A. Weber (1850): 179–180.

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338 Kane I.1, 22–38. . 339 See: J.E. Mitchiner (1982: 182): Gautama taught the science of archery (dhanurveda) to his son Krpa. See on Gautama and jyotiṣa: Pingree's CESS A 2, 145; A 3, 35–36; A 4, 87; A 5, 102. Compare on authors called Gotama and Gautama: NCC VI, 117 and 222–233. 340 NCC VI, 222. K.K. Handiqui (1949): 454–455. 341 See R.C. Majumdar (1971): 255 on the contents of this treatise on gavāyurveda. Gaṇanātha Sena (1924: I, 40) calls this Gautamasamhitā. 342 NCC VI, 222. 343 Bhagwan Dash and Lalitesh Kashyap (1980a): Intr. 4–5. Gaṇanātha Sena (1924: I, 27. Gulabkunverba I, 145. S.K. Mishra (1992): 313. P.V. Sharma (AVI 154). H. Parāḍkar (16) ascribes a śalyatantra to Subhūtigautama, and O.P. Jaggi (IV, 21) to Subhūtigotama. An authority called Svabhūti is quoted by Śivadāsasena ad Ca.Sū.8.19. 344 Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram Nr. 938. NCC VI, 230. 345 A.s.Sū.8.85cd-86ab describes an alexipharmic of Gautama, quoted by Hemādri ad A.h.Sū. 7.22cd–26. A long series of verses (A.s.Ni.1.19–31) about astrological influences on the course of fevers is attributed to Gautama in the text of the Aṣṭāngasamgraha (Indu agrees with their attribution to Gautama), but to Śaunaka in Hemādri's commentary on the Aṣṭāngahṛdayasamhitā (ad A.h.Ni.1.23cd–24ab; variant readings ascribe the verses to Gautama or Hārīta), and to Hārīta in Aruṇadatta's commentary on the same treatise (ad A.h.Ni. 2.79; a variant reads Gautama). 346 The Gautamīya is quoted. 347 Ad Su.Śā. (Gotama). 348 He is invoked as one of a series of medical authorities in the introductory verses. 349 This treatise is in the form of a dialogue between Kāśyapa and Gautama. 350 See NCC VI, 222. 351 Ad Mādhavanidāna 5.33–34: the same quotation as in the Madhukośa. 352 Ad Mādhavanidāna 5.33–34: a description of the five types of kapha by Gautama. 353 Virasimhāvaloka, p.32 (a quotation from the Padmapurāṇa; Gautama teaches which gifts should be bestowed on a brāhmaṇa by someone suffering from grahaṇī, i.e., chronic diarrhoea) and 102 (a quotation on karmavipāka with regard to bhagandara, i.e., an ano-rectal fistula). 354 Āyurvedābdhisāra 9804–09 (on the religious therapy of prameha) and 9873–78 (on the religious therapy of bhagandara). 355 Virasimhāvaloka, p.53. 356 NCC VI, 117. 357 Compare, for example, Aruṇadatta and Śrīdāsa ad A.h.Sū.1.3–4ab; Dalhaṇa ad Su.U.1.6. The same group of six pupils is mentioned in the pāriśiṣṭādhyāya of the Hārītasamhitā, where they are not explicitly connected with Ātreya, although Hārīta receives his medical instruction from Ātreya in that work. The Aṣṭāngasamgraha (Sū.1.11–12) regards Hārīta as a member of a group of sages who obtained the āyurveda from Indra and wrote medical treatises based on this divine teaching. The Bhāvaprakāśa (I.1.37) mentions him in a similar context, as one of the munis assembled in the Himālayas who, after sending Bharadvāja as their representative to Indra's heaven, received the āyurveda and obtained a long life, free from disease and decrepitude. A closely related tale is found in the Bṛhannighaṇṭuratnākara (I, 22). The account of the Carakasamhitā on this meeting does not refer to Hārīta.

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358 Ad Śārṅgadharasamhitā III.13.125. 359 Mentioned (I, 31) among the eighteen authors of a medical samhitā. 360 See A.h.Ni.2.62. 361 Ad A.h.Sū.1.1. 362 See Kṣemakutūhala 3.17. 363 Bower MS I.8. 364 Metri causa pro Hārīta. 365 Hemarājaśarman 12. Vṛddhatrayī 8–9. 366 Vṛddhatrayī 64. 367 P. Cordier (1903a): 619. A. Csoma de Kőrös (1980): I, 22. Compare I.P. Minaev (1992): 51 (176.2). 368 See the description of the Hārītasamhitā. 369 See Hārītasamhitā: quotations and references to Hārīta. 370 CC: not recorded. Cat. Mysore XIII, Nr. 42955. 371 Referred to in Sureśvara's Lohasarvasva (6; 23). 372 NCC X, 28. 373 CC I, 765. NCC: not recorded. 374 NCC VII, 29. Atrideva (1961: 117) mentions Hārītamuni's Cikitsārahasya as a compilation dealing with rasaśāstra. 375 See on persons called Hārīta: CC I, 765–766, II, 184 and 237, III, 158; Dowson; J.N. Farquhar (1967); G.S. Ghurye (1972); Kane I.1, 127–136; F.E. Pargiter (1922); Th. Sarmah (1991); Sūramcandra I, 225–229. 376 CC: not recorded. 377 See on Hiraṇyākṣa in general: Dowson; Hopkins; Vettam Mani 314. 378 The six dhātus are the five mahābhūtas and the ātman. 379 Bhagwan Dash and Lalitesh Kashyap (1980a): Intr. 5. Gaṇanātha Sena (1924): I, 34. Gulabkunverba I, 146. S.K. Mishra (1992): 313. H. Parāḍkar 17. P.V. Sharma (AVI 155). 380 Ad Śārṅgadharasamhitā I.7.189–191ab: on the bālagraha called Śakunī (Śivadāsasena, Śrīkaṇṭhadatta and Vācaspati quote the same verse). 381 Anantakumāra's Yogaratnasamuccaya quotes from the Hiraṇyākṣīya: 14.323; 16.40, 94, 308cd, 388 and 390; 18.15; 19.349–350; 21.184–185, 267–268, 313–320 and 401cd-407 (the majority of these quotations are not concerned with kaumārabhṛtya). 382 The Hiraṇyākṣīya is quoted. 383 Ad Ca.Si.12.41cd-45ab, where Cakrapāṇidatta quotes Hiraṇyākṣa's thesis on the origin of the individual (Ca.Sū.25.14–15). 384 Ad Su.Śā. 385 It quotes, ad A.h.U.1.11cd-13ab, from the Hiraṇyākṣīya on a subject that forms part of kaumārabhṛtya. 386 Śivadāsasena quotes ad A.h.U.3.18cd-20ab a verse from another treatise that is identical with a quotation from Hiraṇyākṣa by Āḍhamalla, Śrīkaṇṭhadatta and Vācaspati (the editor adds between brackets that it is from the Hiraṇyākṣyatantra). 387 Quotations from the Hiraṇyākṣīya are found in his commentary ad A.h.Sū.19.79cd-80ab; Śā.3.67cd. 388 Ad Mādhavanidāna 6.6–7 (on asṛgdara, a women's disease) and 6.23 (the verse on Śakunī). 389 Ad Mādhavanidāna 6.6–7 and 6.23 (the same quotations as those found in Śrīkaṇṭhadatta's part of the Madhukośa).

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