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A History of Indian Medical Literature v2.c35: Chapter 6: Uttarasthāna

A History of Indian Medical Literature v2.c35

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Chapter 6: Uttarasthāna

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1 Cf. Ca.Śā.⁸; Su.Śā.¹⁰. See on Indian paediatrics: *D.K. Biswas (1971); A. Kumar (1994); P. Kutumbiah (1964); M.N. Pal (1973).

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2 The ulba, mentioned in 1.1, is not the placenta (aparā), as Aruṇadatta says, unless he gives another meaning to that term. The Kairalī commentary quotes a sensible interpretation by the Śārakṛt (another commentator): that by which the newborn child is besmeared (upalipta), is called ulba or jarāyu; this description may refer to the vernix caseosa. Usually, ulba and jarāyu are not synonymous and do not designate the vernix. Jarāyu is in most cases the placenta, ulba the amnion. See on ulba: A. Wezler (1997).

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3 Cf. Ca.Śā.⁸.42. Caraka omits the mantra.

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4 Cf. Ca.Śā.⁸.44; Su.Śā.¹⁰.¹². See Mrs.S. Stevenson (1971): 5.

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5 Cf. Ca.Śā.⁸.44. The Hṛdaya does not describe the disorders arising from improper handling of the stump of the cord. These disorders are found in the Carakasaṃhitā (Śā.8.45).

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6 Cf. Ca.Śā.⁸.43 and 46; Su.Śā.¹⁰.¹², 13, 15. The first feeding of the infant forms part of the jātakarman ceremony in the Carakasaṃhitā. The jātakarman takes place just after the first feeding according to the Hṛdaya.

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⁸ Cf. A.h.Śā.1.76 (garbhodaka).

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¹⁰ The Vedic rules are meant according to Aruṇa, the Kairalī and Śivadāsa. Compare on jātakarman: Ca.Śā.8.46; Su.Śā.10.13.

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¹² Cf. Su.Śā.10.15. See the note on the meaning of anantā (1.13ab) in the translation of K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Compare the description by Mrs.S. Stevenson (1971: 7).

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7 Absent from Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. See Śivadāsa’s remarks on cāmīkara and the variant vāpya instead of tāpya.

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¹⁴ Cf. Su.Śā.10.30.

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¹⁵ Cf. Ca.Śā.8.57; Su.Śā.10.30.

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¹⁶ Cf. Ca.Śā.8.55; Su.Śā.10.28–29.

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¹⁷ Cf. Su.Śā.10.48.

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¹⁹ Cf. Ca.Śā.8.50; Su.Śā.10.24. Compare Mrs.S. Stevenson (1971: 11–12) for the ceremonies

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of the tenth day; she describes (13–16) that nāmakaraṇa takes place on the twelfth day. 20 The Hṛdaya refers to the chapter on prakṛtibheda, interpreted by Aruṇa as Śā.5, called vikṛtivijñānīya; the Kairalī refers the reader to Śā.3, called aṅgavibhāga, where the constitutions (prakṛti) are described. Cf. Ca.Śā.8.51. Compare Mrs.S. Stevenson (1971): 8. 21 Cf. Ca.Śā.8.60; Su.Śā.10.23. 22 Cf. Ca.Śā.8.61; Su.Śā.10.23. 23 Cf. Ca.Śā.8.62; Su.Śā.10.23. One of the materials is the horn of a rhinoceros. Some editions (and the translation of Hilgenberg and Kirfel) add a verse on some rituals: placing the child on the earth in the fifth month and the first feeding with solid boiled food (annaprāśana) in the sixth. The commentators ignore this stanza. See on annaprāśana; A. Hillebrandt (1897): 48–49; R.B. Inden and R.W. Nicholas (1977): 57–58; P.V. Kane II, 1, 256–258. 24 The correct place for piercing is the daivakṛtacchidra, described as being covered with a layer as thin as the jarāyu (identified as the sūtaśalka by Indu ad A.S.U.1.53; obviously, jarāyu means amnion here). See on very thin membranes: A. Wezler (1997). Compare on karṇavedha: Su.Sū.16. 25 Cf. Ca.Śā.8.65; Su.Śā.10.49. 26 Cf. Ca.Ci.30.283cd–286; Su.Śā.10.51cd. 27 Cf. Ca.Śā.8.64; Su.Śā.10.46. 28 Cf. Su.Śā.10.46–47 and 50. 29 This name is applied to an entirely different formula in Soḍhala’s Gadanigraha (prayogakhaṇḍa, ghṛtādhikāra 391–392). 30 Compare the formulae of Su.Śā.10.45 and 68–70. 31 Compare the formulae of Su.Śā.10.45 and 68–70. 32 See for more recipes improving the voice: Anantakumāra’s Yogaratnasamuccaya 21.566–567. 33 See on this subject: H. Joachim (1891); A. Kumar (1994). 34 Cf. Ca.Śā.8.54–55; Ci.30.229–251ab; Su.Śā.10.31–33. Compare Ca.Sū.19.3–4. 35 Cf. Su.Śā.10.34–36. 36 Cf. Ca.Śā.8.56; Ci.30.251cd–281. 37 Indu (ad A.S.U.2.17) and Śivadāsa mention atyaya, i.e., fatal (disorder), as a second name of kṣīrālasaka. The disease is not described in the Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā; it is also absent from the Mādhavanidāna and the bālaroga chapter of the Cakradatta. Soḍhala (Gadanigraha, bālaroga 18–21ab) reproduces A.h.U.2.20–23ab. Vaṅgasena’s treatise contains a description of the disease (strīroga 352–353). The Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.185cd) distinguishes three varieties of kṣīrālasaka; Aḍhamalla gives the symptoms of vāta, pitta and kapha types. The Kāśyapasaṃhitā (100) is acquainted with kṣīrālasa as a disorder brought about by Revatī. Kṣīrālasaka also occurs in a quotation from the Hiraṇyākṣīya in Anantakumāra’s Yogaratnasamuccaya (21.406); its aetiology, pathogenesis and symptomatology are elaborately described in this treatise (21.387–396ab), in verses borrowed from the Kāśyapīya. The disease is interpreted as Milchtrommelsucht (J. Jolly, 1901: 61; Hilgenberg and Kirfel), milk-tympany (C.G. Kashikar, 1977: 75). A. Kumar (1994: 207–208) regards it as an acute gastro-enteritis, associated with dehydration (compare on dehydration: Su.Śā.10.42–43ab). I. Tripāṭhī remarks in his Hindī comments on the Gadanigraha that it resembles infantile cirrhosis of the liver. See on this disease: Indian Journal of Med-

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ical Research 43, 4, 1955, 723–747 (by the Liver Diseases Sub-committee); N.C. Nayak et al. (1972). 38 Both mother or wetnurse and child have to be treated. Compare Vaṅgasena, strīroga 354–359. 39 Cf. Kāśyapasaṃhitā, Sū.20. 40 Cf. Ca.Śā.8.56. 41 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: emaciation, marasmus. 42 Cf. Soḍhala, Gadanigraha, prayogakhaṇḍa, tailādhikāra 472–475; Vaṅgasena, jvara 781–783. 43 The commentators ignore this verse, also found in some editions of the Saṃgraha (see Hilgenberg and Kirfel 528) and in Vaṅgasena’s treatise (bālaroga 136). 44 The commentators are silent on this verse, which is also found in some editions of the Saṃgraha (see Hilgenberg and Kirfel 528) and in Vaṅgasena’s treatise (bālaroga 149). The Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.186) records dantaśabda as one of the children’s diseases. 45 Cf. Vaṅgasena, bālaroga 140. 46 Compare Vaṅgasena’s verses (bālaroga 141–144) on the ominous meaning of untimely teething. Akāladanta (untimely teething) is one of Śārṅgadhara’s children’s diseases (I.7. 186). 47 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: adenoids. A disease of this name is absent from Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. Compare the descriptions found in Mādhavanidāna (68.12–13) and Vaṅgasena’s treatise (bālaroga 103–104). Vaṅgasena appears to regard the disease as identical with tālupāka (see bālaroga 105), which is, however, a different disorder (see Su.Ni. 16.45). Śārṅgadhara (I.7.187) mentions tālukaṇṭa as one of the twenty-two children’s diseases;

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he regards vicchinna, not known from earlier treatises, as a children’s disease that is distinct from tālukaṇṭa. Aḍhamalla is of the opinion that vicchinna is identical with tālupāta; in support, he interprets A.h.U.2.63cd–65ab as the characterization of two disorders, tālukaṇṭa and tālupāta. The Hṛdaya, however, gives the pathogenesis of tālukaṇṭaka at U. 2.63cd–64ab and its tumors at U.2.64cd–65ab (tālunimnatā and tālupāta are obviously synonymous; see Mādhavanidāna 68.12–13). Tālupātana occurs instead of tālukaṇṭaka in Vṛnda’s Siddhayoga (66.24) and the Cakradatta (bālaroga 50); the verse describing it is for its remaining part identical with A.h.U.2.68; Śivadāsa remarks (ad Cakradatta, bālaroga 50) that tālupātana is identical with Vāgbhaṭa’s tālunimnatā and that the variant tālukaṇṭaka is known to him. 48 This name for this particular disease is not found in texts that are independent of Vāgbhaṭa. 49 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: pruritus ani, ulcer in the rectum. Cf. Su.Ni.13.57–58, where it is a kṣudraroga; Śārṅgadhara I.7.186 (a children’s disease). Anantakumāra (Yogaratnasamuccaya 21.490) reads pūtanā; the Saṃgraha has pautana. 50 Not occurring elsewhere as a name for ahipūtana. 51 Not occurring elsewhere as a name for ahipūtana. 52 Some editions have anāmaka. 53 The disease called anāmaka is found in the Cakradatta (bālaroga 11, 12, 14); the commentator Śivadāsa remarks that this disease (nirṇāmaroga) is also known as phuñjīkāroga (phuñjiyā in the vernacular).

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Nirnāmā and nirṇāmikā occur in the Vaidyarahasya (bālaroga 22 and 24), where the disorder is said to arise from the mother’s dohada. The Kairalī commentary (ad A.h.U.2.69–70) mentions a series of children’s diseases not described by Vāgbhaṭa: mukhadūṣikā, niśūlikā, viṣavajra, and kuṇḍala(ka); the verses on these diseases, quoted anonymously in the Kairalī, are identical with some stanzas of Anantakumāra's Yogaratnasamuccaya, quoted from the Prayogasiddhi and a tantrāntara (21.496, 499–500, 507–510) (niścūrikā instead of niśūlikā). 54 Absent from Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. 55 Cf. Su.Śā.10.39. 56 Cf. Su.U.27 to 37. See on this chapter: J. Filliozat (1937): 46–62 (edition, textcritical remarks and French translation: 48–59) and 124–132 (the Tibetan version). 57 Cf. Su.U.37.3–4. Śulapāṇi is one of Śiva's names. Guha is the same deity as Kārttikeya or Skanda. 58 See the Kairalī. 59 Not mentioned by this name in the Suśrutasaṃhitā, but identical with Skandāpasmāra (see A.h.U.3.9cd–11; Dalhaṇa ad Su.U.29.9). 60 Some editions of the Hṛdaya, as well as the Saṃgraha, read Meṣākhya or Meṣāsya. This graha is the same as Naigameṣa (see A.h.U.3.12–14). The Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.189–191ab) replaces Meṣa by Naigameya. 61 Replaced by Svagraha in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.189–191ab); Āḍhamalla remarks that some regard him as identical with Skandāpasmāra. Śvagraha is not mentioned in the Suśrutasaṃhitā, but is known, for instance, to the Āpastambagṛhyasūtra (MW; compare PW).

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62 The same as Naigameṣa in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. Pitṛgraha is mentioned again at A.h.U.4.41–42. 63 Some editions read Dṛṣṭipūtanā; this reading is accepted by Śivadāsa and the author of the Kairalī. Adṛṣṭipūtanā is the same as Andhapūtanā (see A.h.U.3.23cd–25). 64 Also called Mukhamanditā (see A.h.U.3.26–27ab). 65 Not mentioned in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. 66 Cf. Su.U.27.4–5. 67 Cf. Su.Śā.10.51. 68 Cf. Su.U.27.8. See A. Kumar (1994: 292–293) on the differences between the descriptions of Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa; A. Kumar interprets the syndrome of the Hṛdaya as the encephalitic form of poliomyelitis. See on the compound baddhamuṣṭiśakṛt: J. Filliozat (1937): 48. 69 Śivadāsa says that Skandāpasmāra is the same as Viśākha. Cf. Su.U.27.9. 70 Cf. Su.U.27.16. 71 I.e., Śvagraha. A. Kumar (1994: 299) regards the symptoms as very close to rabies. 72 See A. Kumar (1994: 298–299), who regards the disorder as a respiratory infection with parenteral diarrhoea. 73 Cf. Su.U.27.10. 74 Cf. Su.U.27.12. 75 Cf. Su.U.27.14. 76 Cf. Su.U.27.13. 77 Cf. Su.U.27.15. 78 Cf. Su.U.27.11. 79 A. Kumar (1994: 301) suggests that the symptoms resemble those of abdominal tuberculosis. 80 Cf. Ca.Ni.7.15; Su.U.60.5. 81 Cf. Ca.Ni.7.15; Ci.9.22–23.

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82 Cf. Ca.Ci.9.22–23. 83 Cf. Su.U.27.18cd–21. 84 Compare the first recipe with A.h.U.37.27cd–28 (the daśāngāgada of Kāśyapa). 85 See A.h.U.4. 86 Mantras and tantras according to Aruṇa; the science concerning mantras (mantraśāstra) according to Śivadāsa. 87 See A.h.U.3.59–60ab. Compare A.s.U.5. 88 See A.h.U.2. 89 Cf. Ca.Ni.7.10 and 19–23; Ci.9.16. The term chidra also used in the Carakasaṃhitā (Ci. 9.21). Chidraprahārin is a characteristic of persons with a rākṣasasattva (Ca.Śā.4.38). 90 Cf. Ca.Ni.7.14; Su.U.60.5. One of the items is parasūtakasaṃkara, which was unintelligible to Hilgenberg and Kirfel, who changed parasūtaka into parasūcaka (one who denounces others) and interpreted the compound as a dvandva. Candranandana explains it as strīprasavasaṃkarya; Śivadāsa and the Kairalī give as its meaning: intercourse with a woman who does not belong to one's own near relations (jñāti) and who is not yet purified after giving birth. K.R. Srikantha Murthy translates the compound by: touching others during their days of impurity. Compare Caraka's vividhabhūtaśubhāśucisparśana. 91 Cf. Su.U.60.17–18. 92 Cf. Ca.Ci.9.20; Su.U.60.8. 93 See K.C. Dube (1978): identified as the anti-social type of personality disorder. The Daityas are similar to the devaśatrus (enemies of the gods) of the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.60.9) and the Dānavas of the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.38; see Āḍhamalla's comments). The Daityas are enemies of the gods (see Dowson; Hopkins; H. Jacobi, 1911b; Vettam Mani). 94 Cf. Ca.Ci.9.20; Su.U.60.10. 95 Cf. Su.U.60.13 (an Uraga is the same as a Nāga). 96 Cf. Ca.Ci.9.20; Su.U.60.11. 97 Cf. Ca.Ci.9.20. 98 Cf. Ca.Ci.9.20; Su.U.60.14. 99 Cf. Ca.Ci.9.20; Su.U.60.15. 100 Not mentioned in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. A preta is the spirit of a dead person, especially before the obsequial rites have been performed. See on preta: M.-Th. de Mallmann (1963): 201–202. 101 Śivadāsa explains the Kūṣmāṇḍas as a kind of pretas. They are a class of evil beings in the Bhāgavatapurāṇa (2.6; 2.10; 6.8; 10.16; J.M. Sanyal's translation I, 107, 126, 564, and II, 26) and Viṣṇupurāṇa (1.12.13; H.H. Wilson's translation 76). See on these beings and their iconography: J.N. Banerjea (1956); M.-Th. de Mallmann (1963): 69–70. The Kūṣmāṇḍas may be the same as the Kumbhāṇḍas of Buddhist literature, usually mentioned in the same contexts (see, for example, the Mahāmāyūrī). See on the Kumbhāṇḍas, called grul-bum in Tibetan: R. de Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1993): 309. Kumbhāṇḍas are known in Old-Javanese literature, where they are often of Pulaha and Kapiśā (see J.Gonda, 1933: 378; 1935: 439; 1936: 262). The Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā do not refer to the Kūṣmāṇḍas within the framework of possession, but they are present in the list of the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.40; Āḍhamalla explains them as a kind of Rākṣasas). A class of evil beings who may be related to the Kūṣmāṇḍas are the Vināyakas (one of them is called Kūṣmāṇḍarājaputra); the signs of possession by a Vināyaka are described in the Mānavagṛhyasūtra (2.14; see M.J. Dresden, 1941: 157–164).

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102 Not mentioned in *Carakasaṃhitā*, *Suśrutasaṃhitā* and *Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā*. See K.C. Dube (1978): identified as dementia. The description of the Niṣādas in Sanskrit literature is reminiscent of a tribal people (they are said to be cīravāsas or nagna, tṛṇavibhūṣaṇa). See on the Niṣādas: J. Charpentier (1920): 369–376; S.K. Chatterji (1974); S.A. Dange (1969): 53–61; Dowson; R. Fick (1974); Hopkins; V. Jha (1977); A.B. Keith (1976); A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); A.M. Shastri (1996): I, 206; S. Sörensen (1963); M. and J. Stutley (1977): 211; C. Tiwari (1963); Vettam Mani; H. Zimmer (1879): 38, 119. Their origin is described in the *Mahābhārata* (Śāntiparvan 59.9–97; ed. Poona), *Bhāgavatapurāṇa* (4.14), *Viṣṇupurāṇa* (1.13), *Matsyapurāṇa* (see H.H. Wilson, 1972: 84), *Padmapurāṇa* (see H.H. Wilson, 1972: 84). The *Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha* (U.7.28) has Kākhorda instead of Niṣāda; variants found in editions of the *Hṛdaya* are Kākhorda (accepted by the author of the *Kairalī* commentary) and Khākhoṭa (accepted by Śivadāsa, who interprets it as a sarīsrpa, i.e., a creeping animal). Compare Kaṅkhorda, found in the *Mahāmāyūrī* (see: Bower MS).

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103 Not mentioned in *Carakasaṃhitā*, *Suśrutasaṃhitā* and *Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā*. The *Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha* (U.7.29) and some editions of the *Hṛdaya* have Maukiraṇa (accepted by the author of the *Kairalī*). Śivadāsa regards the Aukiraṇas as a kind of Kinnaras (a group of celestial musicians). The Kinnaras are present in the list of the *Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā* (I.7.38). Compare the Okiraṇa of the *Mahāmāyūrī* (see Bower MS).

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104 Absent from the series of *Caraka*- and *Suśrutasaṃhitā*, but forming part of the list of the *Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā* (I.7.40; Āḍhamalla describes them as belonging to the beings who are devayoni, i.e., born from a deity). Vetālas are mentioned, together with bālagrahas, as unable to withstand the mahāgandhahastyagada (Ca.Ci.23.88). They also figure in the *Mahāmāyūrī* (see Bower MS). A Vetāla is famous from the stories called after him in the *Kathāsaritsāgara*.

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107 A.h.U.5.8cd–9 is closely related to Su.U.60.40–41ab.

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118 A.h.U.5.49 is closely related to Su.U.60.55. Cf. Ca.Ci.9.88–9ab.

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120 I.e., the twelve-armed Lord. Regarded as an apposition, qualifying Āryāvalokita Nātha, by Indu (ad A.s.U.8.57), by the author of the *Kairalī*, and the Pāthyakāra.

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121 Not interpreted by Aruṇa. Identified as Mahādeva (= Śiva) by Indu, the author of the *Kairalī*, the Pāthyakāra, and Śivadāsasena. These commentators regard Āryā as Śiva's consort, Pārvatī.

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122 The five-syllabled (pañcākṣara) mantra according to Indu (ad A.s.U.8.57), the author of the *Kairalī*, and the Pāthyakāra. I. Tripāṭhī explains in his Hindī commentary on Soḍhala's *Gaḍanigraha* (bhūtavidyā 1.46) that this is the mantra oṃ namaḥ śivāya.

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123 This is the well-known Mahāmāyūrī, acknowledged as a Buddhist element by the author of the *Kairalī* and the Pāthyakāra. Śivadāsa is convinced that it belongs to the tradition of the *Atharvaveda*.

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124 I.e., Bhūtanātha (one of the names of Śiva) according to Candranandana and Indu. A qualification of Sthāṇu in Aruṇa's opinion.

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125 I.e., Maheśvara (one of the names of Śiva) according to Candranandana, Indu, the author of the *Kairalī*, and the Pāthyakāra.

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¹²⁸ This term is also used at A.h.U.6.4, where Candranandana explains it as manaḥpīḍā, Śivadāsa as mānasaduḥkha. The *Kairalī* (ad A.h.U.6.1ab) employs manaḥsaṃtāpa as an equivalent (compare the *Kairalī* ad A.h.U.6.4). Indu (ad A.s.U.9.2) renders the term as mānasavyādhi. The *Kāśyapasaṃhitā* (Khila 3.19) distinguishes mental diseases, called ādhi, and bodily diseases, called vyādhi.

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¹²⁹ Compare the five types of Caraka (Ni.7.3; Ci.9.8). The *Hṛdaya* follows Suśruta's classification (U.62.4–5ab).

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¹³⁰ Compare Suśruta's use of the term mada (U.62.5cd).

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¹³⁸ Absent from the *Carakasaṃhitā*; described in the *Suśrutasaṃhitā* (U.62.13cd).

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¹⁴⁰ A.h.U.6.22cd = Ca.Ci.9.34ab.

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¹⁴⁴ A.h.U.6.34cd–38ab = Ca.Ci.9.45–48.

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¹⁴⁵ Compare A.h.U.6.38cd–40 and Su.U.62.30–32.

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¹⁴⁸ A.h.U.6.44d–45 = Ca.Ci.9.76b–77ab.

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152 A.h.U.6.53cd–54ab = Ca.Ci.9.85. 153 A.h.U.6.54cd–55ab = Ca.Ci.9.86. Cf. Su.U.62.35ab. 154 See A.h.U.5. 155 Cf. Ca.Ci.9.88–94; Su.U.62.33cd. 156 A.h.U.6.59 = Ca.Ci.9.96. 157 A.h.U.6.60 = Ca.Ci.9.97. 158 Cf. Ca.Ni.8 and Ci.10. See for the Tibetan version of this chapter and its English translation: R.E. Emmerick (1987). 159 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.5 and Ci.10.3; Su.U.61.3. 160 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.4 and Ci.10.4–6; Su.U.61.4–6 and 8. The mythical origin of apasmāra (see Ca.Ni.7.11) is skipped; absent too is Suśruta's plea (U.61.17cd–21) in favour of the purely doṣic origin of apasmāra. 161 Cf. Ca.Ci.10.7–8ab; Su.U.61.9–10 and 16. 162 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.3 and Ci.10.8cd; Su.U.61.10d–11ab. 163 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.6; Su.U.61.7. 164 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.8 and Ci.10.9; Su.U.61.11cd–12. 165 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.8 and Ci.10.10; Su.U.61.13–14ab. 166 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.8 and Ci.10.11; Su.U.61.14cd–15. 167 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.8 and Ci.10.12a–c; Su.U.61.17ab. 168 Cf. Ca.Ni.8.10, 13 and Ci.10.14; Su.U.61.22–23a–d and 25cd. 169 A.h.U.7.16cd–17ab = Ca.Ci.10.15. This verse is very close to Su.U.61.26cd–27ab. Suśruta (U.61.27cd–30) adds specific preparations against apasmāra due to vāta, pitta and kapha. 170 A.h.U.7.17cd–18ab = Ca.Ci.10.16. 171 This is the pañcagavyaghṛta of Caraka (Ci.10.16–17). 172 Cf. Ca.Ci.10.18–24 (mahāpañcagavyaghṛta); Su.U.61.34–37 (pañcagavyaghṛta). 173 Cf. Ca.Ci.10.25. 174 A.h.U.7.25cd–26ab = Ca.Ci.10.28. 175 A.h.U.7.26cd–27 = Ca.Ci.10.29–30ab. Types of apasmāra due to a combination of two doṣas are not described.

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The commentators therefore explain that the two types caused by vāta and pitta respectively are meant. 176 A.h.U.7.28ab = Ca.Ci.10.30cd. 177 A.h.U.7.29cd–30ab = Ca.Ci.10.41. 178 This verse is very close to Su.U.61.24cd–25ab. 179 A.h.U.7.33 = Ca.Ci.10.51. 180 A.h.U.7.34 = Ca.Ci.10.64. The Hṛdaya omits the bloodletting mentioned by Suśruta (U.61.41cd). 181 Cf. Ca.Ci.10.65. 182 Cf. Ca.Ci.10.66. 183 This is a new disease, absent from Caraka and Suśruta; the commentators are silent on this fact. The description of the Hṛdaya is quoted in the Madhukośa (ad Mādhavanidāna 59.99), but the disease is not accepted as one of the vartmarogas in Mādhava's nosological system. This explains its absence in many later texts, for example, Vangasena's treatise and the Bhāvaprakāśa. J. Jolly (1901) omits to mention it. Kṛcchronmīla heads the list of vartmarogas in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.153cd–157ab); Ādhamalla regards it as identical with kuñcana, described in some other treatise (Mādhavanidāna 59.96 is quoted). Anantakumāra's Yogaratnasamuccaya (prose between 24.55 and 56) reproduces the list of twenty-four vartmarogas of the Hṛdaya, but has not exactly the same text, being, moreover, in prose; it quotes this list from Vāhaṭa and a Pāṭha-. Kṛcchronmīla is, as its name implies, characterized by difficulties in opening the eyes on awakening; one of its features is vartmastambha, which makes R.C. Choudhury (1992: 345) interpret it as blepharospasm. K.R.

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Srikantha Murthy also regards this disorder as blepharospasm. 184 Cf. Su.U.3.25. 185 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: ptosis of the lids. Cf. Su.U.3.23. 186 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: follicular conjunctivitis. Cf. Su.U.3.10cd–11ab; this disease is caused by the three doṣas according to Ḍalhaṇa. 187 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: exudative lids. This disease has no equivalent among Suśruta's kliṣṭa types. It is absent from the Mādhavanidāna, but present in the list of the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.155); Ādhamalla says that it is identical with pakṣma(pra)kopa, described by him in a quotation from an unknown source; this description differs from Suśruta's characterization of pakṣmakopa (U.3.29–30). 188 Pakṣmaśāta is a new disease, a fact passed over in silence by the commentators. Mādhava accepted this disorder and described it in a way closely resembling A.h.U.8.8cd–9ab (see Mādhavanidāna 59.99). The Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.154) calls it pakṣmapāta (see Ādhamalla's comments; the Mādhavanidāna is quoted). The eyelashes itch, burn and fall off in this disease. 189 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: trachoma. Cf. Su.U.3.11c–f. Pothakī is also mentioned at A.h.U. 2.27 and 3.24. 190 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: exudative lids. This disease resembles Suśruta's (pra)klinnavartman (U.3.21). Kaphotkliṣṭa forms part of Śārṅgadhara's list (I.7.154); Ādhamalla regards it as identical with praklinnavartman and quotes Cakṣuṣyeṇa, which refers to it as praklinnavartman or pilla (compare Ḍalhaṇa's remarks ad Su.U.3.21);

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Cakṣuṣyeṇa considered the disease to be caused by all three doṣas. Ḍalhaṇa agrees with the Hṛdaya in stating that it is caused by kapha. 191 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: chalazion. Cf. Su.U.3.27. 192 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: conjunctival cyst. Cf. Su.U.3.9cd–10ab (utsaṅginī); Ḍalhaṇa (see his comments), Gaḍādhara and Videha (see Ādhamalla's comments ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā I.7.155) regard it as arising from all three doṣas. 193 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: bleeding lids. It is not very clear which of Suśruta's diseases of the eyelids resembles utkliṣṭa. Anantakumāra's Yogaratnasamuccaya (prose between 24. 55 and 56) calls it raktotkliṣṭa, which is probably right, because this name agrees with its causation; the term asrotkliṣṭa (= raktotkliṣṭa) is found at Su.U.9.16cd. Ādhamalla (ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā I.7.154) regards raktotkliṣṭa as identical with raktārśas (= śoṇitārśas). 194 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a polyp of the eyelid. Cf. Su.U.3.26 (śoṇitārśas). 195 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: hordeolum, stye. Cf. Su.U.3.15. 196 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: conjunctivitis. Cf. Su.U.3.28. 197 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: purulent eyelids. This disease resembles Suśruta's kliṣṭavartman (U.3.18). Ādhamalla (ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā I.7.157) regards it as identical with vātahavatartman, which cannot be correct. 198 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a black discoloration of the eyelids. Cf. Su.U.3.20. 199 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: adhering eyelids. This disease may be related to Suśruta's vartmabandha (U.3.17). 200 K.R.

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Srikantha Murthy: granular conjunctivitis. This disease is probably related to Suśruta's vartmaśarkarā (U.3.12).

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201 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: purulent eyelids. Cf. Su.U.3.19. 202 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: thickened eyelids, blepharitis. Cf. Su.U.3.16. 203 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: children's ophthalmia. Cf. Su.U.19.9–10ab. Also regarded as a vartmaroga in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.154). 204 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: constriction of the eyelid. This disease is the same as Suśruta's pakṣmakopa (U.3.29–30). Āḍhamalla (ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā I.7.155) is wrong in regarding pakṣmarodha as identical with Suśruta's vartmabandha (U.3.17). 205 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a cyst near the inner canthus. This is a disease of the junctures (sandhi) of the eyes in the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.2.8cd). It forms part of the vartmarogas in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.156; see Āḍhamalla's remarks). Compare A.h.U.10.8ab. The name ala jī is applied to a number of different diseases. Compare the three types of the Bhelasaṃhitā (Sū.26.28ab). 206 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: cancer of the eyelid. Cf. Su.U.3.24. 207 Suśruta's number is twenty-one. The Hṛdaya adds ala jī, kṛcchronmīla and kukūṇaka. 208 Compare Daḷhaṇa ad Su.U.3.23, 25, 26. 209 Compare Daḷhaṇa ad Su.U.3.29–30; Su.U.16.3. 210 The same as pakṣmaśāta (cf. A.h.U.9.18cd). Śivadāsa reads pakṣmaśadana at A.h.U.8.8cd–9ab. 211 Cf. Su.U.15.29. 212 Cf. Su.U.14.5. 213 Cf. Su.U.13.16: kumbhīkinī (= kumbhīkā) should be scarified after excision. See also Su.U.13.17 on the surgical treatment of piḍakās. 214 Cf. Su.U.14.3. 215 Cf. Su.U.13.16: utsaṅginī should be scarified after excision. 216 The same as añjananāmikā. Cf. Su.U.14.6cd. 217 Cf. Su.U.14cd–15ab. 218 Cf. Su.U.13.10cd–12 and 15cd. 219 Cf. Su.U.13.16: śarkarā should be scarified after excision. 220 Cf. Su.U.13.14cd–15ab (vartmabandha). 221 Cf. Su.U.13.14cd–15ab (kliṣṭa). 222 Cf. Su.U.13.15cd. 223 Cf. Su.U.13.14cd–15ab. 224 Cf. Su.U.19.10. 225 The Suśrutasaṃhitā does not contain a chapter dealing with the treatment of these diseases systematically. 226 Cf. Su.U.13.16. 227 Cf. Su.U.13.3–9ab. 228 Cf. Su.U.13.9cd–10ab. 229 Cf. Su.U.13.13–14ab. 230 A synonym of vrīhimukha. 231 Cf. Su.U.13.17–18. 232 Asrotkliṣṭa (= raktotkliṣṭa) is probably described as utkliṣṭa in the preceding chapter. 233 Cf. Su.U.13.14cd–15ab. 234 The same as pakṣmaśāta. 235 Cf. Su.U.13.14cd–15ab. 236 Cf. Su.U.13.14cd–15ab.

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237 Cf. Su.U.14.5–6ab. 238 Cf. Su.U.13.16. 239 Cf. Su.U.14.6cd–7ab. 240 This verse is very close to Su.U.14.6cd–7ab. 241 Cf. Su.U.19.10–15. 242 The same as pakṣmoparodha. 243 Cf. Su.U.26.3–6. 244 Cf. Su.U.26.7–8. Compare on cautery of the eyelids: Su.U.15.30–33ab. 245 Cf. Su.U.2, 4 and 5. 246 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: increased lacrimation. Not described as such in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. Mentioned as jalasrāva in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.158); Āḍhamalla regards it as identical with Suśruta's pittāsrāva (Su.U.2.7cd), which may present a srāva due to pitta. The Suśrutasaṃhitā itself refers to a jalasrāva of pitta origin, which is incurable (U.1.31cd). The Bhelasaṃhitā (Sū.26.22) mentions toyāsrāva (= jalasrāva) as one of the four types of āsrāva. The Hṛdaya fails to discuss the treatment of jalasrāva (compare A.h.U.11). 247 Cf. Su.U.2.6cd (śleṣmāsrāva). The Hṛdaya does not describe the treatment of kaphāsrāva in U.11. 248 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a lacrimal cyst. Cf. Su.U.1.35cd (śleṣmopanāha); 2.4cd (upanāha). 249 Cf. Su.U.2.7ab (raktāsrāva). The Hṛdaya does not discuss the treatment of this disease in U.11. 250 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: phlyctenule. Cf. Su.U.2.8a–c. 251 Cf. Su.U.2.6ab. The Hṛdaya does not describe the treatment of this disease in U.11. 252 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: dacryocystitis. Cf. Su.U.2.4ab. 253 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: episcleritis. Cf. Su.U.2.8cd. Compare A.h.U.8.23 and 27. 254 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: blepharitis acarica. Cf. Su.U.2.9. 255 Cf. Su.U.1.39. 256 Cf.

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Su.U.1.32cd–33ab (śuktikā) and 4.7ab (śukti). Called śuklikā in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.160), but called śuktika by Āḍhamalla. 257 Cf. Su.U.1.35 and 4.5ab. The Bhelasaṃhitā (Sū.26.29cd–30ab) mentions an arman due to kapha. 258 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a hard cyst. Cf. Su.U.4.9cd (balāsaka); called balāsagrathita at Su.U.1.34. The Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.161) employs the synonym kaphagrathitaka. 259 Cf. Su.U.4.8ab. 260 Cf. Su.U.1.37–38 and 6.29. The Suśrutasaṃhitā regards sirotpāta as a disease affecting all parts of the eye. The Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.160) accepts the classification of the Hṛdaya. 261 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: scleritis. Cf. Su.U.1.37–38 and 6.30 (sirāpraharsa). The Suśrutasaṃhitā regards it as a disease affecting all parts of the eye. The Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (I.7.160) effects the classification of the Hṛdaya. Sirāharṣa is mentioned as a symptom in Carakasaṃhitā (Si.12.14) and Bhelasaṃhitā (Si.1.26). 262 Cf. Su.U.4.8cd. 263 Cf. Su.U.4.5cd (called lohitārman). 264 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a painless cyst. Cf. Su.U.4.7cd. 265 Cf. Su.U.1.40–42 (arising from all the doṣas) and U.4.4cd. Prastāryarman is one of the four types of arman in the Bhelasaṃhitā (Sū.26.25), which also presents another series of seven types (Sū.26.29cd–30ab). 266 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a fibrous pterygium. Cf. Su.U.4.6cd (snāyvarman). 267 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a sarcomatous pterygium. Cf. Su.U.4.6ab. 268 Cf. Su.U.4.9ab. 269 Cf.

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Su.U.8.9cd–10: surgical treatment is contra-indicated in śuktikā, piṣṭaka, balāsagrathita, and arjuna. 270 Cf. Su.U.8.6: sirāpīḍikā and sirājāla should be excised; U.8.8cd–9ab: sirotpāta and sirāharṣa require phlebotomy. 271 Cf. Su.U.8.6. 272 Compare the dvitvaggata type of Suśruta (U.12.34). The Hṛdaya mentions gambhīra, tvastha (U.11.37ab) and nimna (U.11.37cd) types of śukra. 273 Compare the description of savraṇaśukra in the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.5.4–7). The term savraṇaśukra is employed at A.h.U.11.37ab. 274 Compare the avraṇaśukra of the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.1.38 and 5.8–9ab). The term avraṇaśukra is found at A.h.U.11.37ab. 275 K.R.Srikantha Murthy: staphyloma. Cf. Su.U.1.36 and 5.10c–f (ajakājāta). 276 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a haemorrhagic ulcer. Cf. Su.U.5.6. 277 See A.h.U.15.20–21ab. 278 The Suśrutasaṃhitā does not contain a chapter of this type and discusses the treatment of these diseases under several headings. 279 Cf. Su.U.8.8; 14.9cd–10ab. 280 Cf. Su.U.8.6; 15.23–25ab. 281 Cf. Su.U.12.45–46. 282 Cf. Su.U.8.8; 14.8cd–9ab. 283 Cf. Su.U.10.13–15. 284 I.e., balāsagrathita. Cf. Su.U.8.9cd–10; 11.10cd–12 and 18cd. 285 Cf. Su.U.8.9cd–10; 11.13–15ab and 18cd. 286 Cf. Su.U.8.8cd–9ab; 12.15–17ab. 287 Cf. Su.U.8.8cd–9ab; 12.17cd–18. 288 Cf. Su.U.8.6; 15.20, 22, 25cd–28. 289 Cf. Su.U.8.9cd–10; 12.19–24ab. 290 Cf. Su.U.15.17. 291 Cf. Su.U.15.3–11ab. The Hṛdaya omits the indications for surgical intervention (see Su. U.15.18). 292 Cf. Su.U.15.11cd–16ab. 293 Cf. Su.U.15.19. 294 Cf.

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Su.U.15.16cd. 295 Cf. Su.U.11.6cd–10ab. 296 Cf. Su.U.15.20. 297 The savraṇa type is the same as kṣataśukra. 298 Cf. Su.U.8.9cd–10; 12.24cd–36ab; 19.16. 299 Cf. Su.U.15.21. 300 Cf. Su.U.12.36cd–37. 301 Compare the analgesic recipes of Suśruta (U.12.8–9; 15.14cd–16ab; 17.87–95; 18.103–104).

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302 Cf. Su.U.7. The Hṛdaya does not describe the dṛṣṭi (see Su.U.7.3–4). 303 Cf. Su.U.7.6–7ab. 304 The translation of Hilgenberg and Kirfel is wrong here. 305 Cf. Su.U.7.7cd–10. 306 Cf. Su.U.7.11–15ab. Affection of the third paṭala is called timira in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. 307 Kāca is a synonym of liṅganāśa, not a separate stage, in the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.7.15cd–18ab); nevertheless, the colours of the dṛṣṭi in cases of kāca are separately described (see Dalhaṇa ad Su.U.7.27). 308 Not the eye, as Hilgenberg and Kirfel assume. 309 Hilgenberg and Kirfel are wrong in their translation (das Auge geht allmählich zu Grunde). 310 Cf. Su.U.7.15cd–18ab. 311 Cf. Su.U.7.18cd–19ab (timira), 27 (kāca), 29cd (liṅganāśa). 312 Cf. Su.U.7.41cd–42ab (gambhīrikā). 313 Cf. Su.U.7.19cd–20ab (timira), 27 (kāca), 30ab (liṅganāśa). 314 Cf. Su.U.7.40ab (hrasvajāḍya). 315 Cf. Su.U.7.35cd–37ab. 316 Cf. Su.U.7.20cd–22ab (timira), 27 (kāca), 30cd–32ab (liṅganāśa). 317 Cf. Su.U.7.22cd–23ab (timira), 27 (kāca), 32cd (liṅganāśa). 318 Cf. Su.U.7.23cd–24 (timira), 27 (kāca), 33 (liṅganāśa). 319 Cf. Su.U.7.40cd–41ab (nakulāndhya). 320 Cf. Su.U.7.37cd–38 (śleṣmavidgadhṛṣṭi or naktāndhya). 321 Not described in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. 322 Not described in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. 323 Cf. Su.U.7.39 (dhūmadarśa). 324 This type is related to that called animittaja in the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.7.43cd–44). 325 Nākulāndhya is incurable in the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.1.39). 326 Cf. Su.U.1.29cd–31ab (gambhīrikā is incurable; kāca due to vāta is palliable); 1.31cd–33ab (hrasvajāḍya is incurable; kāca due to pitta is palliable; pittavidgadhṛṣṭi and dhūmadarśin are curable); 1.33cd–35 (kāca due to kapha is palliable; śleṣmavidgadhṛṣṭi is curable); 1.36–38 (kāca due to rakta is palliable); 1.39–42 (nakulāndhya is incurable; kāca due to the three doṣas is palliable); U.17.3. 327 The Suśrutasaṃhitā distinguishes twelve diseases of the dṛṣṭi (U.7.5; 17.3). The Hṛdaya does not describe parimlāyin (Su.U.7.25–26ab and 28–29ab), the nimittaja type (Su.U.7.42cd–43ab) and the traumatic type (Su.U.7.45cd). The Hṛdaya distinguishes six sets of timira, kāca and liṅganāśa, whereas Suśruta has six types of timira = kāca = liṅganāśa. Parimlāyin is one of Suśruta's liṅganāśa types; the nimittaja, animittaja and traumatic types are no separate items in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. 328 The separate chapters of the Hṛdaya on the treatment of timira and liṅganāśa are an innovation. The Suśrutasaṃhitā has one chapter (U.17) on the treatment of diseases of the dṛṣṭi. 329 This disorder (also mentioned at A.h.U.13.30, 34, 35), obviously characterized by red streaks in the eyes, is not described as a separate entity in the Hṛdaya. It may be related to sirotpāta or be identical with it (see the Kairalī commentary). The term is also found, for example, in the Suśrutasaṃhitā ((U.18.102) and the Yogaśataka (53). 330 Desribed under the name doṣāndhya in the preceding chapter (see Indu and the Kairalī). Compare A.h.U.13.84 and 88 (niśāndha), 85 and 87 (rātryandha).

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331 I.e., uṣṇavidagdhā dṛṣṭi (see Indu, the Kairalī and Śivadāsa). 332 I.e., amlavidagdhā dṛṣṭi (see Indu, the Kairalī and Śivadāsa). 333 Compare the triphalā recipes of the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.17.31, 32ab). The formula of the Hṛdaya is called triphalāghṛta (see Aruṇa). 334 Compare the formula of mahātriphalāghṛta of the Cikitsākalikā (331) and Gadanigraha (prayogakhaṇḍa, ghṛtādhikāra 124–129: attributed to Videharāja = Nimi), and that of mahātriphalādyaghṛta of the Cakradatta (netraroga 174–181). 335 I.e., Garuḍa, the mythic bird often mentioned in connection with an excellent eyesight (see, for example, Parahitasamhitā, śālākya 305 and 308). Cf. A.h.U.13.33. Many books and articles deal with Suparṇa and Garuḍa; see, for example: N.K. Bhattasali (1929): 107–109; J. Charpentier (1920); S.A. Dange (1969): 1–153; W. Filchner (1933): 414; Hopkins; K.F. Johansson (1910); D.M. Knipe (1966); A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); M.-Th. de Mallmann (1963): 48–50; M.A. Mehendale (1993); M. Mehta (1971); N.M. Penzer (1924a); E.M. Raven (1994): I, 17–22; J. Varenne (1972); Vettam Mani; W.J. Wilkins (1974): 449–456. 336 Both Caraka- (Ci.26) and Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.17) contain a number of similar recipes. 337 Inorganic substances are also conspicuously present in the recipes of Caraka (Ci.26.246, 250) and Suśruta (U.17.39, 40, 43). 338 This yantra is also mentioned at A.h.U.13.32 (andhamūṣīkṛta). Hilgenberg and Kirfel did not understand the meaning of this term. 339 This nakṣatra consists of β and γ Arietis. 340 This nakṣatra consists of α Virginis. 341 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.241–242. 342 I.e., Janaka (according to Indu). 343 The preparation of this cūrṇa requires a mūṣā. Cf. Soḍhala's Gadanigraha, prayogakhaṇḍa, cūrṇādhikāra 230–237. 344 The author of the Kairalī calls the preparations of U.13.20–31ab cūrṇāñjanas. 345 The author of the Kairalī remarks that this recipe is not found in all the MSS, and that Aruṇa did not explain it. The latter, however, does comment on the preparation of this añjana; he says that the metals mentioned should only be purified, not killed (mārita). 346 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.256cd–258ab; Su.U.17.36–37. 347 Cf. Su.U.17.34cd. 348 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.259cd–260ab; Su.U.17.35cd. 349 The Kairalī remarks that a mūṣā is needed in preparing this añjana. 350 Cf. Su.U.17.96–99. 351 Cf. Su.U.17.36ab. 352 Cf. Su.U.17.29ab, 32ab, 34–35. 353 Cf. Su.U.17.29cd, 31, 33ab, 38–39. 354 Cf. Su.U.17.30a, 32ab, 41cd–44ab. 355 Compare the drkprasādanī varti of Caraka (Ci.26.237–239). 356 Cf. Su.U.17.29cd, 33cd. 357 Cf. Su.U.17.30ab, 44cd–46a. 358 Cf. Su.U.17.11cd–12ab, 17–21ab, 24–26. 359 I.e., amlavidagdhā, pittavidagdhā and uṣṇavidagdhā dṛṣṭi. 360 Cf. Su.U.17.4–10ab, 12–15. 361 The translation of Hilgenberg and Kirfel is wrong here.

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362 Next to lightning, sūryoparāga is mentioned. The meaning of this term, translated as Sonnenfinsternis (solar eclipse) by Hilgenberg and Kirfel, but as observation of the rays of the sun by K.R. Srikantha Murthy, is not clear. Indu explains it as grahayoga (a conjunction of planets in general), the Kairalī as sūryagrahana (a solar eclipse). 363 Śivadāsasena remarks that the gold mentioned is powdered gold, killed (mārita) and subjected to puṭa. 364 Compare Suśruta's measures to prevent timira (U.17.48–49). 365 Dealt with in the chapter on the treatment of diseases of the dṛṣṭi in the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.17). 366 See the comments of Aruṇa, Candranandana, the Kairalī, and Śivadāsa. 367 Cf. Su.U.17.55–56 and 78–81. 368 Anila means slighty dark blue. Nīla is a colour usually attributed to pitta (see Su.U.7.27). Nīlikā is a synonym of timira and liṅganāśa in the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.7.18ab). 369 These complications are not described in the Suśrutasaṃhitā, but some of their characteristic features are found in the verses on contra-indications for couching (Su.U.17.55–56). 370 Cf. Su.U.17.71. 371 Cf. Su.U.17.57–67, 82–85ab. The Hṛdaya omits the description of the proper instrument (śalākā) (see Su.U.17.82–85ab). 372 Cf. Su.U.17.68–70. 373 Cf. Su.U.17.85cd–86. The Hṛdaya refers to defective puncturing (vedhadoṣa), without describing the technical faults and the disorders resulting (see Su.U.17.72–77). 374 Cf. Su.U.17.87–95. 375 Cf. Su.U.17.96–100. 376 K.R. Srikantha Murthy interprets abhiṣyanda as conjunctivitis. Cf. Su.U.6.6. 377 K.R. Srikantha Murthy interprets adhimantha as glaucoma. Cf. Su.U.6.10. 378 Cf. Su.U.6.12–13. The Hṛdaya does not describe the symptoms of adhimantha in general (see Su.U.6.11). 379 Cf. Su.U.6.23cd–24. Hatādhimantha is always brought about by vāta; other doṣic types are not described. 380 Cf. Su.U.6.27. 381 Cf. Su.U.6.25. The Hṛdaya describes first all the diseases of the whole eye that are caused by vāta. 382 Cf. Su.U.6.7. 383 Cf. Su.U.6.14–15. 384 Cf. Su.U.6.8 and 16–17. 385 Cf. Su.U.6.9 and 18–19. 386 Cf. Su.U.6.10. 387 Cf. Su.U.6.26. This disease is caused by vāta according to Suśruta (U.1.30cd–31ab). 388 Cf. Su.U.6.21–22. This disease (saṣophanetrakopa) is caused by the three doṣas according to Suśruta (U.1.39–42). 389 Cf. Su.U.6.23ab. Aruṇadatta regards U.15.19cd as belonging to the description of akṣipākātyaya, but Candranandana, Indu, the Kairalī and Śivadāsa agree in acknowledging alpaśopha as a distinct entity. 390 Compare Su.U.1.39 and 5.9cd–10ab, where it is a disease affecting the black part of the eye. K.R. Srikantha Murthy interprets akṣipākātyaya as white scar tissue. 391 Cf. Su.U.6.28 (called amlādhyuṣita).

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392 Compare the different classification of Suśruta (U.6.3–4). 393 Cf. Su.U.1.29cd–30ab. 394 Cf. Su.U.1.39. 395 Cf. Su.U.6.20. See on the medical interpretation of sadyas: Madhukośa ad Mādhavanidāna 59.11. 396 Hilgenberg and Kirfel were wrong in taking 16.3ab as belonging to the next prescription. 397 Compare A.h.U.16.10 and Su.U.9.11cd–12ab, 16.12 and Su.U.9.13cd–14ab. 398 Compare A.h.U.16.14 and Su.U.12.10. 399 Cf. Su.U.9.3–4ab; 10.3; 11.3; 12.4. 400 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.237–239 and 243cd–245. 401 A.h.U.16.28–29ab is very close to Su.U.9.21cd–22, 16.29cd to Su.U.9.23cd; A.h.U.16.30ab is related to Su.U.9.24ab. 402 Compare A.h.U.16.31cd–32ab and Su.U.12.38–39ab, 16.34c–f and Su.U.12.40, 16.39cd–40ab and Su.U.12.43. The recipes of A.h.U.16.34cd–39ab are collyria (añjana) of the saṃdhāya type. The Kairalī (ad A.h.U.16.35) gives a definition of a saṃdhāvāñjana; such a preparation always contains copper or another metal, crushed vegetable drugs, and a fluid; the mixture should be exposed to smoke (dhūpita). 403 Cf. Su.U.10.13–14ab. 404 Hilgenberg and Kirfel omitted this item in their translation. 405 This list is absent from Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. The term pilla occurs at Ca.Ci.23.73 and 83; Ḍalhaṇa employs it in his comments ad Su.U.3.21. Paillya is mentioned in the Bower MS. Compare on pilla the quotation from Videha in Ḍalhaṇa's commentary ad Su.U.3.22 (also found, quoted anonymously, in Śivadāsasena's comments ad Cakaradatta, netraroga 45–46); see also the Madhukośa ad Mādhavanidāna 59.88 and 89. 406 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.127 (atiruj, i.e., severe pain, due to vāta); Su.U.20.6. The Carakasamhitā distinguishes four doṣic groups of diseases of the ears, without describing them; nevertheless, karṇaśūla is repeatedly mentioned (Ca.Ci.26.221, 223, 224, 225, 229). Śūla, due to vāta, is characterized at Su.Ni.1.84; the karṇaśūla of Su.U.20.6 arises from vāta, covered by pitta, kapha and blood (see Ḍalhaṇa's comments). 407 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. Śūla is usually associated with vāta. In spite of this, the Suśrutasaṃhitā contains prescriptions against karṇaśūla by pitta. 408 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. 409 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. 410 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. 411 The Carakasamhitā (Ci.26.127) mentions (karṇa)nāda as a disorder due to vāta. Cf. Su.U.20.7 (karṇapraṇāda); Mādhavanidāna 57.2. 412 This accurate observation is not found in Suśrutasaṃhitā and Mādhavanidāna. 413 Cf. Su.U.20.12; Mādhavanidāna 57.7. The doṣic aetiology of the Hṛdaya may have been influenced by Videha (see Ḍalhaṇa ad Su.U.20.12). Compare the Madhukośa ad Mādhavanidāna 57.7. 414 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.128; Su.U.20.11ab. 415 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.128 (due to kapha); Su.U.20.3–5 (four types of śopha) and 16. 416 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.127; Su.U.20.15cd–16ab. 417 Cf. Su.U.20.13. 418 This is the doṣic variety (see Su.U.20.14). 419 Cf. Su.U.20.3–5 and 16.

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420 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: a malignant tumour of the ear. Cf. Su.U.20.3–5 and 16. 421 Not described in Caraka- and Ḍalhaṇa (ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā 1.7.145). 422 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. Absent from the Mādhavanidāna. Regarded as identical with unmantha by Ḍalhaṇa (ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā 1.7.145, where pippalī is a disease of the earlobes). 423 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. The Carakasamhitā (Ci.26.127) mentions daraṇa of the ears by pitta. 424 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. Mentioned as one of the karṇapālirogas in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (1.7.145). 425 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. Equated with Suśruta's karṇaveḍa by Ḍalhaṇa (ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā 1.7.143). 426 Cf. Su.Ci.25.3cd–4. 427 Cf. Su.Ci.25.6–7ab. 428 Cf. Su.Ci.25.7cd–8. Suśruta does not mention gallira as a synonym. 429 Cf. Su.Ci.25.9. 430 Cf. Su.Ci.25.10–11 (called parilehin). 431 This number is twenty-eight in the Suśrutasaṃhitā (U.20.3–5), with the exclusion of the diseases of the earlobes. 432 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.221; Su.U.21.6–7 and 26–28. Ca.Ci.26.222–230 and Su.U.21.8–25 contain prescriptions against karṇaśūla in general. 433 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.221 and 230. 434 Cf. Su.U.21.29–30. 435 Cf. Su.U.21.6–7, 31–33. 436 Cf. Su.U.21.34ab. 437 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.221, 226–229; Su.U.21.39cd–49ab. 438 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.226–229. 439 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.226–229. 440 Cf. Su.U.21.35cd–39ab. 441 Cf. Su.U.21.4–5. 442 I.e., pain in the ears (less specific than śūla). 443 I.e., a discharge.

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444 I.e., deafness. 445 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.226–229. 446 Cf. Su.U.21.57. 447 Cf. Su.U.21.56. 448 Cf. Su.U.21.39cd–41ab and 49cd–53. 449 Cf. Su.U.21.54cd. 450 Cf. Su.Ci.25.22–28ab. 451 Cf. Su.Ci.25.14cd–16ab. 452 Cf. Su.Ci.25.16cd–17. 453 Cf. Su.Ci.25.18–19ab. 454 The same as lehin. Cf. Su.Ci.25.19cd–21. 455 Cf. Su.Sū.16.27–31. 456 Cf. Su.Sū.16.32. 457 Cf. Ca.Ci.8.48–50 and 26.104–105ab; Su.U.22.19cd and 24.3–4. The Hṛdaya omits the prodromes of pratiśyāya (see Su.U.24.5). Pratiśyāya and pīnasa are two distinct nosological entities in the Suśrutasaṃhitā, whereas they are identical in the Hṛdaya (see Aruṇa ad A.h.U.19.9cd–12: duṣṭapratiśyāya = duṣṭapīnasa); the term pīnasa occurs at A.h.U.19.20, 20.1, etc. 458 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.105cd; Su.U.24.6–7ab. 459 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.106ab; Su.U.24.7cd–8. 460 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.106cd; Su.U.24.9–10ab. 461 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.107ab; Su.U.24.10cd–11. 462 Cf. Su.U.24.12–14ab. 463 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.107cd; Su.U.24.16cd–17ab (duṣṭapīnasa). The Suśrutasaṃhitā also employs the term duṣṭapratiśyāya (U.24.16ab). 464 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.108–110; Su.U.24.14cd–17. 465 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.111ab (kṣavathu = kṣava); Su.U.22.11–13ab (two types of kṣavathu). 466 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.111cd (ghrāṇaviśoṣa); Su.U.22.17cd–18ab (nāsāpariśoṣa). Caraka describes the disease as due to vāta and kapha, Suśruta adds pitta. 467 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.112ab (pratīnāha); Su.U.22.15cd–16ab (nāsāpratīnāha). 468 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.115ab (ghrāṇapāka); Su.U.22.8cd–9ab (nāsīkapāka). 469 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.112cd (parisrava);

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Su.U.22.16cd–17ab (nāsāparisrāva). 470 K.R. Srikantha Murthy: atrophic rhinitis. Cf. Ca.Ci.26.113cd–114 (due to vāta and kapha); Su.U.22.6–7ab (due to vāta and kapha). 471 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.117 (due to vāta and pitta); Su.U.22.14cd–15ab. The disease is called dīpta in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. 472 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.113ab (pūtinasya); Su.U.22.7cd–8ab (pūtināsa). 473 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.116cd; Su.U.22.10. 474 Absent from Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. The Kairalī quotes a description of this disease by Dhanvantari. Śivadāsa remarks that it is also known as poṭalī. 475 Cf. Su.U.22.21cd. 476 K.R. Srikantha Murthy identifies arbuda as cancer of the nose. Cf. Ca.Ci.26.116ab; Su.U.22.19ab and 20. 477 The Hṛdaya does not describe nāsāśopha, -śotha or -śvayathu (Caraka and Suśruta) and bhramśathu (Su.U.22.13cd–14ab). 478 Cf. A.h.U.20.15ab. 479 Pinasa is a synonym of pratiśyāya here. Cf. Su.U.24.18–21 (pratiśyāya), 22–23 (pīnasa). The Hṛdaya does not describe the treatment of the āma and pakva stages, although the pakva stage of pratiśyāya has been mentioned in the preceding chapter (19.13). 480 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.134–135 (pīnasa by vāta), 136 (pratiśyāya of recent origin), 141cd–143 (pīnasa by vāta); Su.U.24.24 (pīnasa), 25–26ab (pratiśyāya). 481 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.144 and 147cd. 482 Cf. Su.U.24.26cd–30ab (pratiśyāya). 483 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.149–156 (pīnasa); Su.U.24.24 (pīnasa), 30cd–33 (pratiśyāya). 484 Cf. Su.U.24.34–42 (pratiśyāya). 485 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.157ab. 486 The same as bhr̥śakṣava. Cf. Ca.Ci.26.137cd–138;

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Su.U.23.7cd–8ab. 487 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.139–141ab (the preparation of aṇutaila); Su.U.23.11. 488 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.137cd–138 (rodha, the same as nāsāpratīnāha according to Cakrapāṇidatta); Su.U.23.9 (nāsānāha). 489 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.146cd (pāka); Su.U.23.5cd–6ab. 490 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.146cd (dāha); Su.U.23.8cd (dīpta).

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491 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.151–152; Su.U.23.3–5ab. 492 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.151–152; Su.U.23.3–5ab. 493 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.146ab (pūyāsa); Su.U.23.6cd–7ab. 494 Not described as a distinct entity in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. Compare Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā 1.7.129. Interpreted as a harelip by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 495 Cf. Su.Ni.16.5. Compare Su.Ni.16.4 (oṣṭhaprakopa). 496 Cf. Su.Ni.16.6. 497 Cf. Su.Ni.16.7. 498 Cf. Su.Ni.16.8. 499 Cf. Su.Ni.16.9. 500 Cf. Su.Ni.16.10. 501 Cf. Su.Ni.16.11. 502 Cf. Su.Ni.16.12. 503 Absent from the Suśrutasaṃhitā. This type is called jalārbuda in the Hṛdaya. Compare Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā 1.7.129. Jalārbuda is interpreted as a malignant tumour by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 504 Cf. A.h.Sū.12.44cd–45. Gaṇḍālajī is absent from Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. The author of the Kairalī remarks that it arises from the three doṣas, along with blood. Āḍhamalla (ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā 1.7.68a) regards gaṇḍālajī as a synonym of galagaṇḍa. 505 Intolerance to cold according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Interpreted as pulpitis hyperaemica by A. Vogel-Brauer (1964: 128–129). 506 Cf. Su.Ni.16.28 (dālana). 507 Cf. Su.Ni.16.30; Mādhavanidāna 56.25 (due to pitta and vāta). 508 This disorder corresponds to Suśruta's bhañjanaka (Ni.16.31). 509 Shaky teeth according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Interpreted as parodontitis marginalis acuta by A. Vogel-Brauer (1964: 132). Not described as a distinct entity in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. Dantalana is mentioned at Ca.Ci.26.212cd, dantacāla at Ca.Śi.2.22. 510 An irregular row of teeth according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Absent from Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. Cf. Mādhavanidāna 56.20. See A. Vogel-Brauer (1964): 132. 511 A supernumerary or overriding tooth according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Mentioned at Ca.Sū.28.16; Su.Sū.24.9. 512 Cf. Su.Ni.16.24cd–25ab (vardhana). The Mādhavanidāna (56.19) calls this disorder khalivardhana. 513 Accumulation of tartar according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.32; Mādhavanidāna 56.26 (due to pitta and vāta). 514 Tartar forming flakes according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.33; Mādhavanidāna 56.27. 515 A black discoloration according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.34. 516 This term is not employed in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. Aruṇa interprets pralūna as a synonym of kṛmidantaka; the Kairalī regards it as belonging to the description of kṛmidantaka; Śivadāsa reads pralūna. 517 Caries according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.29. Mentioned at Ca.Ci.26.212. 518 Spongy gums or scurvy according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.14–15 (due to kapha and blood). 519 Ulcerative gingivitis according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Ca.Sū.24.12 and Ci.12.78ab; Su.Sū.24.9 and Ni.16.21cd–23ab.

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520 Gingivitis according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.16. 521 A paradental abscess (A. Vogel-Brauer, 1964: 136). Mentioned at Ca.Ci.12.78cd. This disease resembles Suśruta's dantaveṣṭa, which arises from blood (Ni.16.17). 522 A small sinus ulcer according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.18 (śauṣira, due to kapha and blood). Śauṣirya is found at Ca.Ci.26.212. 523 Multiple and deep sinus ulcers according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.19–20ab. 524 Inflammatory oedema of the last molar tooth according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.25cd–26ab. 525 Traumatic oedema according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.23cd–24ab (vaidarbha). 526 Cf. Su.Ni.16.26cd (dantamūlanāḍī). 527 Cf. Su.Ni.16.37 (the three types of jihvākaṇṭaka). 528 Cf. Su.Ni.16.38 (alāsa, due to kapha and blood). 529 Cf. Ca.Ci.12.77 (adhijihvikā); Su.Sū.24.9 and Ni.16.52 (due to kapha and blood). 530 Cf. Ca.Sū.18.19 and Ci.12.77 (upajihvikā); Su.Sū.24.9 and Ni.16.39 (due to kapha and blood). 531 Not described in Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā. 532 Enlargement of the uvula according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Sū.24.9 and Ni.16.41. Mentioned several times in the Carakasamhitā. 533 Cf. Su.Ni.16.44ab (called māṃsasaṃghāta; it is caused by kapha). 534 Cf. Su.Ni.16.43cd. 535 Cf. Su.Ni.16.43ab. 536 Cf. Su.Ni.16.44cd. 537 Cf. Su.Ni.16.45cd. 538 Cf. Su.Ni.16.45ab. Mentioned at Ca.Ci.26.203. 539 Diphtheria according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Ca.Sū.18.34–35; Su.Ni.16.47. 540 Cf. Su.Ni.16.48. 541 Cf. Su.Ni.16.49ab. 542 Cf. Su.Ni.16.49cd. 543 Cf. Su.Ni.16.50cd. 544 Cf. Su.Ni.16.50ab. 545 Epiglottitis according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Ca.Sū.28.14 and Ci.12.75; Su.Ni.16.51. 546 A small tumour according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.56. 547 Interpreted as tonsillitis by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.42ab. 548 Interpreted as pharyngitis and laryngitis by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.60. 549 A sore throat according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.53. Possibly related to Caraka's bidālikā (see Cakra ad Ca.Ci.12.76). 550 A tonsillar abscess according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.58 (due to kapha and blood). 551 A malignant tumour according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.57 (due to all three doṣas). 552 A peritonsillar abscess according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Su.Ni.16.59 (due to all three doṣas). 553 Cancer of the throat according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Not described in Su.Ni.16. 554 Goitre according to K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Cf. Ca.Sū.18.21, Ci.12.79 and 21.139–140; Su.Ni.11.22.

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