Amara's Thesaurus 1.1

The Amarakośa, that is, the Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana: Book 1
The Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana, known as the Amarakośa
First Book.
Auspicious invocation.

Whose flawless virtues belong to an unfathomable ocean of knowledge and compassion—
let him, who is inexhaustible, be served by the wise for prosperity and for immortality.

Introduction

Gathering from other treatises, in concise and polished forms,
the Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana is stated completely by sections.

Rules of interpretation

Mostly by variation of form, and in some places by co-occurrence,
feminine, masculine, and neuter are to be known, and somewhere by a specific prescription.
To state distinctions, no dvandva, no single-remainder elision, and no mixing
is made here of words of different genders, except in an unstated order.
When a word has three genders, the expression 'in three' [is used], but for a pair, 'in two'.
A prohibited gender applies to what follows; [particles] like 'tu', 'anta', 'atha', and so forth do not belong to the preceding.

Section on heaven

Svar [is an] indeclinable; svarga, nāka, tridiva, and tridaśālaya;
suraloka; dyo and div, these two are in feminine; in neuter, triviṣṭapa.

Amara, nirjara, deva, tridaśa, vibudha, sura,
suparvan, sumanas, tridiveśa, divaukas,
āditeya, diviṣad, lekha, aditinandana,
āditya, ṛbhu, asvapna, amartya, amṛtāndhas,
barhirmukha, ṛtubhuj, gīrvāṇa, dānavāri,
vṛndāraka; daivata [is in neuter] or in masculine, and devatā in feminine.

The ādityas, viśves, vasus, tuṣitas, ābhāsvaras, anilas,
mahārājikas, sādhyas, and rudras are the class-deities.

Vidyādharas, apsarases, yakṣas, rakṣases, gandharvas, kiṃnaras,
piśāca, guhyaka, siddha, and bhūta—these are of divine origin.

Asura, daitya, daiteya, danuja, indrāri, dānava,
śukraśiṣya, ditisuta, pūrvadeva, and suradviṣ.

Sarvajña, sugata, buddha, dharmarāja, tathāgata,
samantabhadra, bhagavat, mārajit, lokajit, jina,
ṣaḍabhijña, daśabala, advayavādin, vināyaka,
munīndra, śrīghana, śāstṛ, and muni. But the one who is Śākyamuni,

he is Śākyasiṃha, Sarvārthasiddha, and Śauddhodani;
and he is Gautama, Arkabandhu, and Māyādevīsuta.

Brahmā, ātmabhū, surajyeṣṭha, parameṣṭhin, pitāmaha,
hiraṇyagarbha, lokeśa, svayaṃbhū, caturānana,
dhātṛ, abjayoni, druhiṇa, viriñci, kamalāsana,
sraṣṭṛ, prajāpati, vedhas, vidhātṛ, viśvasṛj, vidhi,
nābhijanman, aṇḍaja, pūrva, nidhana, kamalodbhava,
sadānanda, rajomūrti, satyaka, and haṃsavāhana.

Viṣṇu, nārāyaṇa, kṛṣṇa, vaikuṇṭha, viṣṭaraśravas,
dāmodara, hṛṣīkeśa, keśava, mādhava, svabhū,
daityāri, puṇḍarīkākṣa, govinda, garuḍadhvaja,
pītāmbara, acyuta, śārṅgin, viṣvaksena, janārdana,
upendra, indrāvaraja, cakrapāṇi, caturbhuja,
padmanābha, madhuripu, vāsudeva, trivikrama,
devakīnandana, śauri, śrīpati, puruṣottama,
vanamālin, balidhvaṃsin, kaṃsārāti, adhokṣaja,
viśvambhara, kaiṭabhajit, vidhu, śrīvatsalāñchana,
purāṇapuruṣa, yajñapuruṣa, narakāntaka,
jalaśāyin, viśvarūpa, mukunda, and muramardana.

Vasudeva is his father, and he indeed is Ānakadundubhi.

Balabhadra, pralambaghna, baladeva, acyutāgraja,
revatīramaṇa, rāma, kāmapāla, halāyudha,
nīlāmbara, rauhiṇeya, tālāṅka, musalin, halin,
saṃkarṣaṇa, sīrapāṇi, kālindībhedana, and bala.

Madana, manmatha, māra, pradyumna, mīnaketana,
kandarpa, darpaka, anaṅga, kāma, pañcaśara, smara,
śambarāri, manasija, kusumeṣu, ananyaja,
puṣpadhanvan, ratipati, makaradhvaja, and ātmabhū.

The lotus, the aśoka, the mango, the fresh jasmine,
and the blue water-lily: these five are the arrows of the Five-Arrowed One.

Maddening, Burning, Witherer, Stupefying,
and Bewitching—[these] five arrows of Kāma are proclaimed.

Brahmasū and viśvaketu are [synonyms for Kāma's son]; he is Aniruddha, the husband of Uṣā.

Lakṣmī, padmālayā, padmā, kamalā, śrī, haripriyā,
indirā, lokamātṛ, mā, kṣīrodatanayā, ramā,
bhārgavī, lokajananī, and kṣīrasāgarakanyakā.

The conch of the Lord of Lakṣmī is Pāñcajanya; the discus is Sudarśana;
the mace is Kaumodakī; the sword is Nandaka; the jewel is Kaustubha.

The bow of Murāri is Śārṅga; the Śrīvatsa is remembered as his mark;
and the horses are Śaibya, Sugrīva, Meghapuṣpa, and Balāhaka.

His charioteer is Dāruka; his minister is Uddhava; and his younger brother is Gada.

Garutmat, garuḍa, tārkṣya, vainateya, khageśvara,
nāgāntaka, viṣṇuratha, suparṇa, and pannagāśana.

[Names of Śiva:]
Śambhu, Īśa, Paśupati, Śiva, Śūlin, Maheśvara,
Īśvara, Śarva, Īśāna, Śaṃkara, Candraśekhara,
Bhūteśa, Khaṇḍaparaśu, Girīśa, Giriśa, Mṛḍa,
Mṛtyuñjaya, Kṛttivāsas, Pinākin, Pramathādhipa,
Ugra, Kapardin, Śrīkaṇṭha, Śitikaṇṭha, Kapālabhṛt,
Vāmadeva, Mahādeva, Virūpākṣa, Trilocana,
Kṛśānuretas, Sarvajña, Dhūrjaṭi, Nīlalohita,
Hara, Smarahara, Bharga, Tryambaka, Tripurāntaka,
Gaṅgādhara, Andhakaripu, Kratudhvaṃsin, Vṛṣadhvaja,
Vyomakeśa, Bhava, Bhīma, Sthāṇu, Rudra, Umāpati,
Ahirbudhnya, Aṣṭamūrti, Gajārāti, and Mahānaṭa.

His matted hair-knot is kaparda and jaṭājūṭa; his bow is pināka and ajagava.
The pramathas are attendants, and the mothers begin with Brāhmī.

Sovereignty is vibhūti, bhūti, and aiśvarya; it is eightfold, beginning with aṇimā.

Aṇimā, mahimā, garimā, as well as laghimā,
prāpti, prākāmya, īśitva, and vaśitva are the eight achievements.

[Names of Pārvatī:]
Umā, Kātyāyanī, Gaurī, Kālī, Haimavatī, Īśvarī,
Śivā, Bhavānī, Rudrāṇī, Śarvāṇī, Sarvamaṅgalā,
Aparṇā, Pārvatī, Durgā, Mṛḍānī, Caṇḍikā, Ambikā,
Āryā, Dākṣāyaṇī, Girijā, and Menakātmajā.
Karmamoṭī is Cāmuṇḍā; Carmamuṇḍā is Carcikā.
[Names of Gaṇeśa:]
Vināyaka, Vighnarāja, Dvaimātura, Gaṇādhipa,
Ekadanta, Heramba, Lambodara, and Gajānana.

[Names of Kārtikeya:]
Kārtikeya, Mahāsena, Śarajanman, Ṣaḍānana,
Pārvatīnandana, Skanda, Senānī, Agnibhū, Guha,
Bāhuleya, Tārakajit, Viśākha, Śikhivāhana,
Ṣāṇmātura, Śaktidhara, Kumāra, and Krauñcadāraṇa.

[Names of Nandi:]
Śṛṅgin, Bhṛṅgin, Riṭi, Tuṇḍin, Nandika, and Nandikeśvara.

[Names of Indra:]
Indra, Marutvat, Maghavan, Biḍaujas, Pākaśāsana,
Vṛddhaśravas, Sunāsīra, Puruhūta, Purandara,
Jiṣṇu, Lekharṣabha, Śakra, Śatamanyu, Divaspati,
Sutrāman, Gotrabhid, Vajrin, Vāsava, Vṛtrahan, Vṛṣan,
Vāstoṣpati, Surapati, Balārāti, Śacīpati,
Jambhabhedin, Harihaya, Svārāj, Namucisūdana,
Saṃkrandana, Duścyavana, Turāṣāh, Meghavāhana,
Ākhaṇḍala, Sahasrākṣa, and Ṛbhukṣan. His beloved, however,

is Pulomajā, Śacī, and Indrāṇī; his city is Amarāvatī.

His horse is Uccaiḥśravas; his charioteer is Mātali; the grove is Nandana;
his palace is Vaijayanta; his son is Jayanta, Pākaśāsani.

Airāvata, Abhramātaṅga, Airāvaṇa, and Abhramuvallabha [are his elephant];
hrādinī, and in non-feminine vajra, kuliśa, bhidura, pavi,
śatakoṭi, svaru, śamba, dambholi, and aśani (in both genders) [are the thunderbolt].

A sky-vehicle is vimāna (in non-feminine); Nārada and the rest are divine sages;
the council of the gods is Sudharmā; pīyūṣa, amṛta, and sudhā are nectar.

Mandākinī, Viyadgaṅgā, Svarṇadī, and Suradīrghikā [are the celestial Gaṅgā];
Meru, Sumeru, Hemādri, Ratnasānu, and Surālaya [are Mount Meru].

These five are the trees of heaven: mandāra, pārijātaka,
santāna, kalpavṛkṣa, and haricandana (optionally masculine).

Sanatkumāra is Vaidhātra; the two physicians of heaven are the Aśvinīsutas,
Nāsatyas, Aśvins, Dasras, and both are Āśvineyas;
in feminine plural are the apsarases, the courtesans of heaven, headed by Urvaśī.

Hāhā, Hūhū, and so forth are the gandharvas of the dwellers of heaven.
[Names of Fire:]
Agni, Vaiśvānara, Vahni, Vītihotra, Dhanañjaya,
Kṛpīṭayoni, Jvalana, Jātavedas, Tanūnapāt,
Barhis, Śuṣman, Kṛṣṇavartman, Śociṣkeśa, Uṣarbudha,
Āśrayāśa, Bṛhadbhānu, Kṛśānu, Pāvaka, Anala,
Rohitāśva, Vāyusakha, Śikhāvat, Āśuśukṣaṇi,
Hiraṇyaretas, Hutabhuj, Dahana, Havyavāhana,
Saptārcis, Damunas, Śukra, Citrabhānu, Vibhāvasu,
Śuci, and Appitta. The marine fire is aurva, vāḍava, and vaḍavānala.

For vahni, in two [masculine genders] are jvāla and kīla; arcis, heti, and śikhā are feminine;
sphuliṅga and agnikaṇa are in three [genders]; saṃtāpa and saṃjvara are synonymous.

A fallen flame is ulkā; bhūti, bhasita, and bhasman [are ash],
as are kṣāra and rakṣā; a forest fire is dāva, dava, and vanahutāśana.

[Names of Yama:]
Dharmarāja, Pitṛpati, Samavartin, Paretarāj,
Kṛtānta, Yamunābhrātṛ, Śamana, Yamarāj, Yama,
Kāla, Daṇḍadhara, Śrāddhadeva, Vaivasvata, and Antaka.
[Names of a demon:]
rākṣasa, koṇapa, kravyād, kravyāda, asrapa, and āśara.

[Names for a rākṣasa:]
(1.1.140) Rātriñcara, rātricara, karbura, nikaṣātmaja,
(1.1.141) yātudhāna, puṇyajana, nairṛta, yātu, and rakṣas [in the neuter].

[Names of Varuṇa:]
(1.1.142) Pracetas, Varuṇa, pāśin, yādasāṃpati, and appati.

[Names of Vāyu (wind):]
(1.1.143) Śvasana, sparśana, vāyu, mātariśvan, sadāgati,
(1.1.144) pṛṣadaśva, gandhavaha, gandhavāha, anila, āśuga,
(1.1.145) samīra, māruta, marut, jagatprāṇa, samīraṇa,
(1.1.146) nabhasvat, vāta, pavana, pavamāna, and prabhañjana.

(1.1.147) Prakampana is a violent wind; jhañjhāvāta is [a gale] accompanied by rain.

(1.1.148) Prāṇa, apāna, samāna, udāna, and vyāna are the winds
(1.1.149) abiding in the body. Raṃhas and taras [are neuter], while raya and syada [are masculine for speed],
(1.1.150) as well as java. Now, śīghra, tvarita, laghu, kṣipra, aram, druta,

(1.1.151) satvara, capala, tūrṇa, avilambita, and āśu [mean 'swiftly' or 'swift'].

(1.1.152) Satata, anārata, aśrānta, saṃtata, avirata, aniśam,
(1.1.153) nitya, anavarata, and ajasram [mean 'continuous' or 'eternal']. Moreover, atiśaya and bhara [mean 'excess'].
(1.1.154) Ativela, bhṛśa, atyartha, atimātra, udgāḍha, nirbhara,
(1.1.155) tīvra, ekānta, nitānta, and gāḍha, bāḍha, and dṛḍha [mean 'excessive'].
(1.1.156) In the neuter [are used] śīghra and the rest when not denoting a substance; among these, whichever qualifies a substance takes the three genders.

[Names of Kubera:]
(1.1.157) Kubera, tryambakasakha, yakṣarāj, guhyakeśvara,
(1.1.158) manuṣyadharman, dhanada, rājarāja, dhanādhipa,
(1.1.159) kinnareśa, vaiśravaṇa, paulastya, naravāhana,
(1.1.160) yakṣa, ekapiṅga, ailavila, śrīda, and puṇyajaneśvara.

(1.1.161) His pleasure-grove is Caitraratha, and his son is Nalakūbara;
(1.1.162) Kailāsa is his abode, Alakā his city, and Puṣpaka his aerial chariot.
(1.1.163) Kinnara, kimpuruṣa, turaṅgavadana, and mayu [are synonyms].

(1.1.164) Nidhi [masculine] and śevadhi [masculine denote treasure]; the varieties of treasure are padma, śaṅkha, and the rest:
(1.1.165) Mahāpadma, padma, śaṅkha, makara, kacchapa,
(1.1.166) mukunda, kunda, nīla, and kharva are the nine treasures.

Section on the Sky

(1.2.167) Dyo and div are both feminine; abhra, vyoman, puṣkara, ambara,
(1.2.168) nabhas, antarikṣa, gagana, ananta, suravartman, kha,
(1.2.169) viyat, and viṣṇupada [are neuter]. In the masculine or [neuter] are ākāśa and vihāyas;
(1.2.170) vihāsa also [is masculine], and nāka also [is masculine]; dyu also can be an indeclinable.
(1.2.171) Tārāpatha, antarikṣa, meghādhvan, and mahābila [denote the sky].
(1.2.172) Vihāyas is masculine when meaning a bird, and masculine or neuter when meaning the sky.

Section on the Directions

(1.3.173) Diś, kakubh, kāṣṭhā, āśā, and harit [denote the cardinal directions, all feminine].
(1.3.174) Prācī, avācī, and pratīcī are the east, south, and west;
(1.3.175) the northern direction is udīcī. Diśya, however, in the three genders, means 'born or existing in a direction'.

(1.3.176) Avāgbhava is avācīna; udagbhava is udīcīna;
(1.3.177) pratyagbhava is pratīcīna; and prāgbhava is prācīna, [all occurring] in the three genders.

(1.3.178) Indra, Vahni, the Lord of Ancestors (Yama), Nairṛta, Varuṇa, Marut,
(1.3.179) Kubera, and Īśa are the lords of the directions beginning with the east, in due order.

(1.3.180) The Sun, Venus, Mars, Rāhu, Saturn, the Moon,
(1.3.181) Mercury, and Jupiter are likewise the planets of the directions.

(1.3.182) Airāvata, Puṇḍarīka, Vāmana, Kumuda, Añjana,
(1.3.183) Puṣpadanta, Sārvabhauma, and Supratīka are the elephants of the quarters.

(1.3.184) Their female elephants are, respectively: Abhramu, Kapilā, Piṅgalā, Anupamā,
(1.3.185) Tāmrakarṇī, Śubhradantī, Aṅganā, and Añjanāvatī.

(1.3.186) Apadiśam is a neuter indeclinable for the space between two directions; vidik is feminine [in the same sense].
(1.3.187) Abhyantara and antarāla [denote the interior space]; cakravāla and maṇḍala [denote the circle of the horizon].

[Names for cloud:]
(1.3.188) Abhra, megha, vārivāha, stanayitnu, balāhaka,
(1.3.189) dhārādhara, jaladhara, taḍitvat, vārida, ambubhṛt,
(1.3.190) ghana, jīmūta, mudira, jalamuc, and dhūmayoni.
(1.3.191) Kādambinī and meghamālā [mean 'a line of clouds']. Abhriya in the three genders means 'produced from clouds'.

(1.3.192) Stanita, garjita, and rasita etc. designate the rumbling of clouds.
(1.3.193) Śampā, śatahradā, hrādinī, airāvatī, kṣaṇaprabhā,
(1.3.194) taḍit, saudāminī, vidyut, cañcalā, and capalā [mean lightning].
(1.3.195) Sphūrjathu is the crash of a thunderbolt; meghajyotis and iraṃmada [designate lightning flash or lightning fire].

(1.3.196) Indrāyudha and śakradhanus, as well as ṛjurohita, [denote Indra's bow, the rainbow].

(1.3.197) Vṛṣṭi and varṣa [denote rain]; when rain is obstructed, avagrāha and avagraha are synonymous [for drought].
(1.3.198) Heavy downfall of rain is āsāra; śīkara is taught to mean water droplets.

(1.3.199) Varṣopala and karakā [denote hail]; a day clouded over with rain-clouds is durdina.

(1.3.200) Antardhā and vyavadhā [are feminine], but antardhi is masculine [meaning concealment or screen]; apavāraṇa,
(1.3.201) apidhāna, tirodhāna, pidhāna, and ācchādana [are neuter nouns meaning covering or concealment].

## Moon (20) ##
(1.3.202) Himāṃśu, candramas, candra, indu, kumudabāndhava,
(1.3.203) vidhu, sudhāṃśu, śubhrāṃśu, oṣadhīśa, niśāpati,
(1.3.204) abja, jaivātṛka, soma, glau, mṛgāṅka, kalānidhi,
(1.3.205) dvijarāja, śaśadhara, nakṣatreśa, and kṣapākara.

## Moon's sixteenth part, Full moon (2) ##
(1.3.206) Kalā is the sixteenth part; bimba is masculine and neuter; maṇḍala is in three genders.

## Piece, part (4), Half ##
(1.3.207) Bhitta, śakala, or khaṇḍa [mean a piece]; ardha in the masculine [is a part]; ardha [in the neuter] means an equal part.

## Moonlight (3), Purity or brightness (2) ##
(1.3.208) Candrikā, kaumudī, jyotsnā; prasāda is prasannatā.

## Mark or spot (6) ##
(1.3.209) Kalaṅka, aṅka, lāñchana, cihna, lakṣman, and lakṣaṇa.

## Exquisite beauty, Splendour (4) ##
(1.3.210) Suṣamā is supreme beauty; śobhā, kānti, dyuti, and chavi.

## Snow or frost (7), Snowdrift, accumulated snow (2) ##
(1.3.211) Avaśyāya, nīhāra, tuṣāra, tuhina, hima,
(1.3.212) prāleya, and mihikā; and himānī is a mass of snow.

## Coldness, Cold (7) ##
(1.3.213) Śīta in the sense of the quality [is neuter]; expressive of possessing that [are]: suṣīma, śiśira, jaḍa,
(1.3.214) tuṣāra, śītala, śīta, and hima—these seven take other genders.

## Dhruva (2), Agastya (3), Agastya's wife (also star names) ##
(1.3.215) Dhruva is Auttānapādi; Agastya is Kumbhasambhava
(1.3.216) and Maitrāvaruṇi; Lopāmudrā is his lawful wife.

## Star or asterism (6), Names of the 27 constellations and their parts ##
(1.3.217) Nakṣatra, ṛkṣa, bha; tārā and tārakā; and uḍu in the feminine or [neuter].
(1.3.218) Dākṣāyaṇīs are the stars beginning with Aśvinī; Aśvayuj and Aśvinī [are synonyms];
(1.3.219) Rādhā and Viśākhā; for Puṣya: Sidhya and Tiṣya; Śraviṣṭhā
(1.3.220) is identical to Dhaniṣṭhā; Proṣṭhapadā and Bhādrapadā are feminine;
(1.3.221) Mṛgaśīrṣa and Mṛgaśiras; in it alone is Āgrahāyaṇī;
(1.3.222) the stars that reside in its head-region are Ilvalās.

## Planet Jupiter (9) ##
(1.3.223) Bṛhaspati, surācārya, gīṣpati, dhiṣaṇa, guru,
(1.3.224) jīva, āṅgirasa, vācaspati, and citraśikhaṇḍija.

## Planet Venus (6) ##
(1.3.225) Śukra, daityaguru, kāvya, uśanas, bhārgava, and kavi.

## Planet Mars (5), Planet Mercury (3) ##
(1.3.226) Aṅgāraka, kuja, bhauma, lohitāṅga, mahīsuta;
(1.3.227) Rauhiṇeya, budha, saumya; sauri and śanaiścara are equal.

## Rahu or the ascending node (5) ##
(1.3.228) Tamas, Rāhu, Svarbhānu, Saiṃhikeya, and Vidhuntuda.

## Ursa major ##
(1.3.229) The seven sages headed by Marīci and Atri are the Citraśikhaṇḍins.

## Rising of the Zodiac signs(Lagna), The zodiac ##
(1.3.230) The rising of the signs is lagna; and they are Aries, Taurus, and the rest.

## Sun (54) ##
(1.3.231) Sūra, sūrya, aryaman, āditya, dvādaśātman, divākara,
(1.3.232) bhāskara, ahaskara, bradhna, prabhākara, vibhākara,
(1.3.233) bhāsvat, vivasvat, saptāśva, haridaśva, uṣṇaraśmi,
(1.3.234) vikartana, arka, mārtaṇḍa, mihira, aruṇa, pūṣan,
(1.3.235) dyumaṇi, taraṇi, mitra, citrabhānu, virocana,
(1.3.236) vibhāvasu, grahapati, tviṣāṃpati, aharpati,
(1.3.237) bhānu, haṃsa, sahasrāṃśu, tapana, savitṛ, ravi,
(1.3.238) padmākṣa, tejasāṃ rāśi, chāyānātha, tamisrahā,
(1.3.239) karmasākṣin, jagaccakṣus, lokabandhu, trayītanu,
(1.3.240) pradyotana, dinamaṇi, khadyota, lokabāndhava,
(1.3.241) ina, bhaga, bhāmanidhi, aṃśumalin, and añjinīpati.

## Sun's three attendants, Sun's son (5), Halo (4) ##
(1.3.242) Māṭhara, Piṅgala, and Daṇḍa are the attendants of the hot-rayed [Sun];
(1.3.243) the Sun's charioteer is Aruṇa, Anūru, Kāśyapi, and Garuḍāgraja;
(1.3.244) pariveṣa and paridhi [mean halo] around the solar disc.

## Ray (11), Light or brightness (11), Sunlight (3) ##
(1.3.245) Kiraṇa, usra, mayūkha, aṃśu, gabhasti, ghṛṇi, raśmi,
(1.3.246) bhānu, kara; marīci in feminine and masculine; dīdhiti in feminine;
(1.3.247) prabhā, ruj, ruci, tviṣ, bhā, bhās, chavi, dyuti, dīpti;
(1.3.248) rocis and śocis are both neuter; prakāśa and dyota; ātapa [is sunlight].

## Lukewarm (4), Very hot (4), Mirage (2) ##
(1.3.249) Koṣṇa, kavoṣṇa, mandoṣṇa, and kaduṣṇa [are] in three genders for what has that [quality];
(1.3.250) tigma, tīkṣṇa, and khara are likewise; mṛgatṛṣṇā and marīcikā [are synonyms].

Section on Time

## Time (4), First (lunar calendar) day (2), Lunar day ##
(1.4.251) Kāla, diṣṭa, anehas, and samaya; then pakṣati
## Day (5), Morning (9), Evening (4) ##
(1.4.252) and pratipad: these two are feminine; the lunar days beginning with that are in two [genders];
(1.4.253) ghasra, dina, and ahan, or in the neuter divasa and vāsara;
(1.4.254) pratyūṣa, aharmukha, kalya, uṣas, and pratyuṣas;
(1.4.255) vyuṣṭa and vibhāta are two in the neuter; in the masculine gosarga is accepted,
(1.4.256) and prabhāta; at day's end, however, sāya, sandhyā, and pitṛprasū.

## Three parts of the day, Night (12) ##
(1.4.257) Forenoon, afternoon, and midday are the three junctures; then śarvarī,
(1.4.258) niśā, niśīthinī, rātri, triyāmā, kṣaṇadā, kṣapā,
(1.4.259) vibhāvarī, tamasvinī, rajanī, yāminī, and tamī.

## Dark night, Moonlit night ##
(1.4.260) Tamisrā and tāmasī [mean] a dark night; jyautsnī is accompanied by moonlight.

## Night together with adjoining days ##
(1.4.261) When a night is conjoined with the preceding and following day, [it is called] pakṣiṇī.

## Collection of nights, Late evening (2) ##
(1.4.262) Gaṇarātra is many nights; pradoṣa is the beginning of night.

## Midnight (2), A period of 3 hours (2) ##
(1.4.263) Ardharātra and niśītha are two; two [words] yāma and prahara are equal.

## Join of fortnights, Last days of fortnights (20) ##
That transition between the first day and the fifteenth day is the junction of the phases [parvasandhi].

## Full moon day (2) ##
The two fifteenth days are the ends of the fortnights. The full moon day [is called] paurṇamāsī and paurṇimā.

## Night of the almost full moon, Night of the really full moon ##
When the moon lacks a digit, it is anumati; when full, it is rākā.

## New moon day (4) ##
Amāvāsyā, amāvasyā, darśa, and sūryendusaṃgama [denote the new-moon day].

## Night mostly wihout moon, Night without any moon ##
When the moon is [scarcely] seen, that [night] is sinīvālī; when the moon's digit has vanished, it is kuhū.

## Eclipse, Eclipsed Sun or Moon ##
When the moon or sun is swallowed by Rāhu, it is an uparāga or graha; / the two [terms for the eclipsed body] are upapluta and uparakta; a meteor or fiery portent is upāhita.

## Sun and Moon ##
By a single compound expression, the sun and moon are [called] puṣpavantau.

## Nimesha: Time needed for flickering of an eye ##

## 18 Nimesha = Kashtha, 30 Kashtha = Kala ##
Eighteen nimeṣas make a kāṣṭhā, and thirty of them make a kalā.

## 30 Kala = Kshana, 12 Kshana = Muhurta ##
Thirty of those make a kṣaṇa; twelve of those make a muhūrta, not feminine.

## 30 Muhurta = (Full) day (24 Hours), 15 Days = Paksha (fortnight) ##
Thirty of them make a day-and-night [ahorātra]; fifteen of those make a fortnight [pakṣa].

## First and second fortnight, 2 fortnights = (Lunar) Month ##
The earlier and later fortnights are the bright [śukla] and the dark [kṛṣṇa]; both together make a month [māsa].

## Two months = Ritu (season), 3 Ritus = Ayana (Semester) ##
Each pair of months beginning with Mārgaśīrṣa makes a season [ṛtu]; with three of these comes a solstice period [ayana].

## 2 Ayana = Year, Equinox ##
Two ayanas, the northern and southern courses of the sun, make a year [vatsara]. / When night and day are equal in length, that is viṣuvat and viṣuva.

## Constellation names determine names for Full moon days and their months ##

## For example, Pushya constellation names Paushi full moon night and Pausha month. ##
A full moon associated with the constellation Puṣya is Pauṣī; the month in which it occurs / is by that name called Pauṣa; and in the same way Māgha and the other eleven [months are named].

## Margashirsha (9 th month) (4), Pausha (10 th) (3) ##
For Mārgaśīrṣa: sahas, mārga, and āgrahāyaṇika; / for Pauṣa: taiṣa and sahasya; tapas for Māgha; now, for Phālguna:

## Magha (11 th) (2) Falguna (12 th) (3), Chaitra (1 st ) (3) ##
It is tapasya and phālgunika; for Caitra it is caitrika and madhu.

## Vaishakh (2 nd ) (3), Jyeshtha (3 rd ) (2) ##
For Vaiśākha: mādhava and rādha; for Jyeṣṭha: śukra and śuci.

## Ashadha (4 th) (2), Shravana (5 th) (3) ##
[Śuci also applies] to Āṣāḍha; for Śrāvaṇa it is nabhas and śrāvaṇika.

## Bhadrapada (6 th) (4), Ashvin (7 th) (3)##
Nabhasya, prauṣṭhapada, bhādra, and bhādrapada are synonyms; / for Āśvina it is iṣa and āśvayuja; then for Kārtika:

## Kartika (8 th) (4), Fall (Months 9-10), Winter (Months 11-12) ##
Bāhula, ūrja, and kārtikika. Hemanta [is the dewy season]; śiśira [is the cold season], not feminine.

## Spring (Months 1-2) (3), Summer (Months 3-4) (7) ##
For spring: puṣpasamaya and surabhi; summer is grīṣma, ūṣmaka, / nidāgha, uṣṇopagama, uṣṇa, ūṣmāgama, and tapas.

## Monsoon (Months 5-6) (2), Autumn (Months 7-8) ##
In the feminine is prāvṛṣ; in the feminine and plural is varṣās; then autumn [śarat] is feminine.

## Season, Year (6) ##
These six are seasons [ṛtu], masculine, formed by pairs [of months] beginning with Mārgaśīrṣa in succession. / Saṃvatsara, vatsara, abda, hāyana (not feminine), śarat, and samā [mean year].

## Human Month = Ancestral day, Human year = Divine day ##
By a [human] month is a day-and-night of the ancestors; by a [human] year is that of the gods.

## Human Yuga quartet = Divine Yuga, Divine 2000 Yuga = Brahma's day = Human kalpa ##
Two thousand divine yugas make a day of Brahmā; for mortals, these two are a day and night of a kalpa.

## Manvantara = 71 Divine yuga ##
A manvantara is seventy-one divine yugas.

## Destruction of world (between epochs) (5) ##
Saṃvarta, pralaya, kalpa, kṣaya, and kalpānta [mean the dissolution of the world].

## Sin (12), Virtue or merit (5) ##
Not feminine are paṅka, pāpmā (masculine), pāpa, kilbiṣa, kalmaṣa, / kaluṣa, vṛjina, enas, agha, aṃhas, durita, and duṣkṛta [for sin]. / Dharma (not feminine), puṇya, śreyas (neuter), sukṛta, and vṛṣa [mean merit].

## Joy or happiness (12), Prosperity, blessing (12) ##
Mud, prīti, pramada, harṣa, pramoda, āmoda, sammada, / ānandathu, ānanda, śarma, śāta, and sukha [mean joy]. / Śvaḥśreyasa, śiva, bhadra, kalyāṇa, maṅgala, śubha, / bhāvuka, bhavika, bhavya, kuśala, and kṣema (not feminine) [mean fortune]; / and śasta. Now, in three genders [when used as adjectives] qualifying a substance are pāpa, puṇya, sukha, and so forth.

## Excellent! (5), Good luck ##
Matallikā, macarcikā, prakāṇḍa, and the masculine uddha and tallaja / are expressions signifying excellence. Aya is fortune-bringing destiny.

## Destiny or luck (6), Cause (3), Root cause ##
Daiva, diṣṭa, bhāgadheya, bhāgya, niyati (feminine), and vidhi [mean fate]. / Hetu (masculine), kāraṇa, and bīja [mean cause]; nidāna is the primary cause.

## Soul (3), State (of body etc.), Three Qualities (of all things) ##
Kṣetrajña, ātman, and puruṣa [mean soul]; pradhāna and prakṛti (feminine) [mean primordial nature]. / A distinction belonging to time is an avasthā [state]. The qualities [guṇa] are sattva, rajas, and tamas.

[Birth:] janus, janana, janman, jani, utpatti, and udbhava.
[Living being:] prāṇin, cetana, janmin, jantu, janyu, and śarīrin.

[Kind or generic form:] jāti, jāta, and sāmānya; but individuality is pṛthagātmatā [or vyakti].
[Mind:] citta, cetas, hṛdaya, svānta, hṛd, mānasa, and manas.

Section on the Intellect

[Intellect:] buddhi, manīṣā, dhiṣaṇā, dhī, prajñā, śemuṣī, mati,
prekṣā, upalabdhi, cit, saṃvid, pratipad, jñapti, and cetanā.

Intellect endowed with retention is medhā; mental action is saṃkalpa;
and likewise avadhāna, samādhāna, and praṇidhāna [are attention].

Cittābhoga and manaskāra [are awareness]; carca, saṃkhyā, vicāraṇā,
vimarśa, bhāvanā, and vāsanā are said [for reflection];
adhyāhāra, tarka, and ūha [are reasoning]; vicikitsā, saṃśaya,
sandeha, and dvāpara [are doubt]; and nirṇaya and niścaya are equivalent [for ascertainment].

Mithyādṛṣṭi and nāstikatā [are heresy]; vyāpāda is intending harm;
siddhānta and rāddhānta are equivalent [for settled conclusion]; bhrānti, mithyāmati, and bhrama [are error].

[Assent or promise:] saṃvid, āgū, pratijñāna, niyama, āśrava, saṃśrava,
aṅgīkāra, abhyupagama, pratiśrava, and samādhi.

Knowledge concerning liberation is jñāna; elsewhere, in practical arts and sciences, it is vijñāna.

[Liberation:] mukti, kaivalya, nirvāṇa, śreyas, niḥśreyasa, amṛta,
mokṣa, and apavarga; then ajñāna, avidyā, and ahaṃmati are in the feminine [for ignorance].

Form, sound, smell, taste, and touch are these objects of sense;
they are gocara and indriyārtha; an organ of sense is hṛṣīka, viṣayin, and indriya;
the organ of action comprises the anus and the rest; the cognitive organ comprises the mind, the eye, and the rest.

Tuvara and kaṣāya, not feminine [are astringent]; sweet [is madhura]; salty is lavaṇa; kaṭu [is pungent];