Amara's Thesaurus 1.2

Six names of other special drums, (Female) dancer (2) ## The body (1), String attachment (1) ##
(1.7.422) Its body is the *kolambaka*; the fastening [of strings] is the *upanāha*.

186
(1.7.423) Varieties of musical instruments are *ḍamaru*, *maḍḍu*, *ḍiṇḍima*, and *jharjhara*,
(1.7.424) *mardala*, *paṇava*, and others; *nartakī* and *lāsikā* are equivalent [for a female dancer].

## Dancing speeds low, medium, high, Beating time(1), Musical pause or rest (1)##
(1.7.425) Slow, fast, and medium [tempo are called] *tattva*, *ogha*, and *ghana*, respectively.
(1.7.426) *Tāla* is the measure of musical time; *laya* is [rhythmic] equilibrium; these are non-feminine.

## Dance (6), The musical arts (dance, song, instrument) (1) ##
(1.7.427) *Tāṇḍava*, *naṭana*, *nāṭya*, *lāsya*, and *nṛtya* designate dancing (*nartana*).
(1.7.428) The triad of dancing, singing, and instrumental music is the *tauryatrika*; this triad is also drama (*nāṭya*).

## Female impersonator dancer in drama (3), Courtesan (1) ##
(1.7.429) *Bhrakuṃsa*, *bhrukuṃsa*, and *bhrūkuṃsa* refer to a male dancer
(1.7.430) dressed in woman's attire; in dramatic speech, a courtesan is called *ajjukā*.

## Husband of sister (1), Learned man (1), Father (1), Prince (2)##
(1.7.431) A sister's husband is *āvutta*; a learned man is *bhāva*; a father is *āvuka*;
(1.7.432) the crown prince is *kumāra* and *bhartṛdāraka*.

## King (2), Princess (1), Queen (1), Other wives of a king (1) ##
(1.7.433) A king is *bhaṭṭāraka* and *deva*; his daughter is *bhartṛdārikā*;
(1.7.434) *devī* applies to a consecrated [queen], but *bhaṭṭinī* to other [wives of the king].

## Interjection for a forbidden act (1), King's brother-in-law (1) ##
(1.7.435) *Abrahmaṇya* is an exclamation upon something not to be killed [or done]; the king's brother-in-law is the *rāṣṭriya*.

## Mother (1), Young lass (2), Venerable man (1), Catastrophe or end of drama (2) ##
(1.7.436) *Ambā* is mother; a young girl is *bālā* and *vāsū*; a venerable man is *māriṣa*;
(1.7.437) *attikā* is an elder sister; *niṣṭhā* and *nirvahaṇa* are equivalent [for dramatic resolution].
## Vocatives for different female servants (1) each, Gesture (2), Expressive gesture (2) ##
(1.7.438) *Haṇḍe*, *hañje*, and *halā* are forms of address to a lowborn maidservant, a female servant, and a female friend, respectively.
(1.7.439) *Aṅgahāra* and *aṅgavikṣepa* [are bodily movement]; *vyañjaka* and *abhinaya* are equivalent [for dramatic representation].

## Acting by body or expression (1), Eight types of emotions (rasa) listed ##
(1.7.440) Performed by body and temperament, *āṅgika* and *sāttvika* are in three genders.
(1.7.441) The erotic, heroic, pathetic, wondrous, comic, terrible,

## Love emotion (3), Heroism (2), Tenderness (7), Merriment (3), Disgust(2) ##
(1.7.442) odious, and furious are the aesthetic sentiments (*rasa*); the erotic sentiment is *śuci* and *ujjvala*;
(1.7.443) the heroic enhances energy; *kāruṇya*, *karuṇā*, *ghṛṇā*,
(1.7.444) *kṛpā*, *dayā*, *anukampā*, and *anukrośa* [mean compassion]; then *hasa*,
(1.7.445) *hāsa*, and *hāsya* [mean laughter]; *bībhatsa* and *vikṛta* are in three genders [for the disgusting].

## Wonderment (4), Terror (9), Anger or horror (2), Fear (6) ##
(1.7.446) *Vismaya*, *adbhuta*, *āścarya*, and *citra* [mean wonder]; then *bhairava*,
(1.7.447) *dāruṇa*, *bhīṣaṇa*, *bhīṣma*, *ghora*, *bhīma*, *bhayānaka*,
(1.7.448) *bhayaṅkara*, *pratibhaya*, *raudra*, and *ugra*—these
(1.7.449) fourteen are in three genders; *dara*, *trāsa*, *bhīti*, *bhī*, *sādhvasa*, and *bhaya* [mean fear].

## Mental sentiment or attitude (1), Expression of it (1) ##
(1.7.450) A mental modification is a *bhāva*; that which conveys the sentiment is an *anubhāva*.

## Pride (5), Arrogance (6), Disrespect (9) ##
(1.7.451) *Garva*, *abhimāna*, *ahaṅkāra*, *māna*, and *cittasamunnati* [mean pride];
(1.7.452) *darpa*, *avaloka*, *avaṣṭambha*, *cittodreka*, *smaya*, and *mada* [mean arrogance];
(1.7.453) *anādara*, *paribhava*, *parībhāva*, *tiraskriyā*,
(1.7.454) *vīḍhā*, *avamānanā*, *avajñā*, *avahelana*, and *asūrkṣaṇa* [mean disrespect].

## Modesty or shame (5), Bashfulness (1) ##
(1.7.455) *Mandākṣa*, *hrī*, *trapā*, *vrīḍā*, and *lajjā* [mean shame]; turning away from shame is *apatrapā*.

## Patience, tolerance (2), Greed (for other's property) (1) ##
(1.7.456) *Kṣānti* and *titikṣā* [mean endurance]; but *abhidhyā* is longing for another's property.

## Jealousy or envy (2), Nitpicking (1), Enmity (3), Grief (3) ##
(1.7.457) *Akṣānti* and *īrṣyā* [mean envy]; *asūyā* is attributing faults even to virtues;
(1.7.458) *vaira*, *virodha*, and *vidveṣa* [mean hostility]; *manyu*, *śoka*, and *śuc* (feminine) [mean grief].

## Repentance (3), Wrath or rage (7) ##
(1.7.459) *Paścāttāpa*, *anutāpa*, and *vipratīsāra* [mean remorse];
(1.7.460) *kopa*, *krodha*, *amarṣa*, *roṣa*, and *pratigha* [mean wrath]; *ruṭ* and *krudh* are feminine.

## Character or good conduct (1), Insanity (2) ##
(1.7.461) In the sense of pure conduct, [the word is] *śīla*; *unmāda* and *cittavibhrama* [mean madness].

## Affection or kindness (3), Desire or wish (12), Lust (1) ##
*Premā* (masculine), *priyatā*, *hārdam*, *preman*, and *snehaḥ* [denote affection]; and *dohadam*,
*icchā*, *kāṅkṣā*, *spṛhā*, *īhā*, *tṛṣ*, *vāñchā*, *lipsā*, *manorathaḥ*,
*kāmaḥ*, *abhilāṣaḥ*, and *tarṣaḥ* [denote desire]; excessive [desire] is *lālasā* in two genders.

## Moral reflection (1), Mental disease (1), Recollection (3), Anxiety (2) ##
*Upādhiḥ* (masculine) is moral reflection; *ādhiḥ* in the masculine is mental pain;
*cintā*, *smṛtiḥ*, and *ādhyānam* [denote recollection]; *utkaṇṭhā* and *utkalikā* are synonymous [for anxiety].

## Perseverance or enthusiasm (2), Fortitude (1) ##
*Utsāhaḥ* and *adhyavasāyaḥ* [denote perseverance]; he who possesses great power is [called] *vīryaḥ*.

## Fraud or deceit (9), Carelessness or error (2) ##
*Kapaṭaḥ* (not feminine), *vyājaḥ*, *dambhaḥ*, *upadhiḥ*, *chadman*, *kaitavam*,
*kusṛtiḥ*, *nikṛtiḥ*, and *śāṭhyam* [denote deceit]; *pramādaḥ* and *anavadhānatā* [denote carelessness].

## Eagerness or curiosity (4), Women's affectionate actions (six listed) (1) ##
*Kautūhalam*, *kautukam*, *kutukam*, and *kutūhalam* [denote curiosity];
women's *vilāsa*, *bibboka*, *vibhrama*, and likewise *lalita*,
*helā*, and *līlā*—these gestures are actions born of the erotic sentiment.

## Sport or amusement (6), Concealment or disguise (3) ##
*Dravaḥ*, *keliḥ*, *parīhāsaḥ*, *krīḍā*, *līlā*, and *narma* [denote sport];
*vyājaḥ*, *apadeśaḥ*, and *lakṣyam* [denote pretext]; *krīḍā*, *khelā*, and *kūrdanam* [denote playing].

## Sweat (3), Unconsciousness (2), Camouflage (2), Excitement or hurry (2) ##
*Gharmaḥ*, *nidāghaḥ*, and *svedaḥ* [denote sweat]; *pralayaḥ* is loss of consciousness;
*avahitthā* is concealment of inner feeling; *saṃvegaḥ* and *saṃbhramaḥ* are equivalent.

## Three laughs: loud articulated (1), smile (1), laugh (1), Thrill (goosepimples) (2) ##
*Ācchuritakam* is sarcastic laughter; slight [laughter] is *smitam*;
moderate [laughter] is *vihasitam*; *romāñcaḥ* and *romaharṣaṇam* [denote horripilation].

## Weeping (3), Yawning (2), Dishonest talk (2), Deviation or failure (2) ##
*Kranditam*, *ruditam*, and *kruṣṭam* [denote weeping]; *jṛmbhaḥ* in three genders and *jṛmbhaṇam* [denote yawning];
*vipralambhaḥ* and *visaṃvādaḥ* are synonymous; *riṅgaṇam* and *skhalanam* are equivalent.

## Sleep (5), Sleepiness or lassitude (2), Frown (3) ##
*Nidrā*, *śayanam*, *svāpaḥ*, *svapnaḥ*, and also *saṃveśaḥ* [denote sleep];
*tandrī* and *pramīlā* [denote drowsiness]; *bhrakuṭiḥ*, *bhrukuṭiḥ*, and *bhrūkuṭiḥ* are in the feminine [for a frown].

## (Angry) staring (1), Natural state or nature (5), Trembling (2), Elation or festival (5) ##
*Adṛṣṭiḥ* is an unkind look; while *saṃsiddhiḥ*, *prakṛtiḥ*,
*svarūpam*, *svabhāvaḥ*, and *nisargaḥ* [denote inherent nature]; then *vepathuḥ*
and *kampaḥ* [denote trembling]; then *kṣaṇaḥ*, *uddharṣaḥ*, *mahaḥ*, *uddhavaḥ*, and *utsavaḥ* [denote a festival].

[Section on the Nether World and Serpents]

## Nether world (5), Hole or empty space (11) ##

## The word sushhiraM has a variant shushhiraM. Similar for sushhiH also ##
*Adhobhuvanam*, *pātālam*, *balisadma*, *rasātalam*,
and *nāgalokaḥ* [denote the underworld]; then *kuharam*, *suṣiram*, *vivaram*, *bilam*,
*chidram*, *nirvyathanam*, *rokam*, *randhram*, *śvabhram*, *vapā*, and *suṣiḥ* [denote an aperture].

## Hole in the ground (2), Darkness (5), Complete darkness (1), Partial darkness (1) ##
*Gartaḥ* and *avaṭaḥ* [denote a pit] in the earth; *suṣiram* is in three genders for what is perforated;
*andhakāraḥ* (not feminine), *dhvāntam*, *tamisram*, *timiram*, and *tamaḥ* [denote darkness];
when darkness is dense, it is *andhatamasam*; when diminished, darkness is *avatamasam*.

## Universal darkness (1), Snake (2), King of snakes (2), A type of snake (2), Python or large snake (3) ##
All-pervading darkness is *saṃtamasam*; *nāgāḥ* and *kādraveyāḥ* [denote serpents]; as for their sovereign,
*śeṣaḥ* and *anantaḥ*, while *vāsukiḥ* is the king of serpents; then for a *gonasa*,
*tilitisaḥ*; for a python, *ajagaraḥ*, *śayuḥ*, and *vāhasaḥ* are both used.

## Water snake (2), A type of nonpoisonous snake (2), A variegated snake (2), Shedded snake (2) ##
*Alagardaḥ* and *jalavyālaḥ* [denote a water-snake]; *rājilaḥ* and *ḍuṇḍubhaḥ* are equivalent;
*māludhānaḥ* and *mātulāhiḥ* [are equivalent]; one that has cast its skin is *nirmuktaḥ* and *muktakañcukaḥ*.

## Snake or serpent (33) ##
*Sarpaḥ*, *pṛdākuḥ*, *bhujagaḥ*, *bhujaṅgaḥ*, *ahiḥ*, *bhujaṅgamaḥ*,
*āśīviṣaḥ*, *viṣadharaḥ*, *cakrī*, *vyālaḥ*, *sarīsṛpaḥ*,
*kuṇḍalī*, *gūḍhapāt*, *cakṣuḥśravāḥ*, *kākodaraḥ*, *phaṇī*,
*darvīkaraḥ*, *dīrghapṛṣṭhaḥ*, *dandaśūkaḥ*, *bileśayaḥ*,
*uragaḥ*, *pannagaḥ*, *bhogī*, *jihmagaḥ*, *pavanāśanaḥ*,
*lelihānaḥ*, *dvirasanaḥ*, *gokarṇaḥ*, *kañcukī*, likewise
*kumbhīnasaḥ*, *phaṇadharaḥ*, *hariḥ*, and likewise *bhogadharaḥ*.

## Body of a snake (1), Fang (2), Pertaining to a snake (1), Hood of a snake (2) ##
A snake's body is *bhogaḥ*; *āśīḥ* also denotes a serpent's fang;
*āheyam* in three genders [denotes what comes from a snake, such as] poison, bones, etc.; for a hood, *phaṇā* occurs in two genders.

## Snake's venom (3), List of nine specific venoms ##
*Kañcukaḥ* and *nirmokaḥ* are equivalent; *kṣveḍaḥ*, *garalam*, and *viṣam* [denote poison];
in the masculine and neuter are *kākolaḥ*, *kālakūṭaḥ*, and *halāhalaḥ*;
*saurāṣṭrikaḥ*, *śauklikeyaḥ*, *brahmaputraḥ*, *pradīpanaḥ*,
*dāradaḥ*, and *vatsanābhaḥ*—these are the nine varieties of poison.

## Poison expert (2), Snake catcher (2) ##
*Viṣavaidyaḥ* and *jāṅgulikaḥ* [denote a poison-doctor]; *vyālagrāhī* and *ahituṇḍikaḥ* [denote a snake-catcher].

[Section on Hell]

## Hell (4), Six specific hells listed, (Hell-bound) souls (1), River in hell (1), Misery (in hell) (1) ##
*Nārakaḥ*, *narakaḥ*, *nirayaḥ*, and *durgatiḥ* in the feminine [denote hell];
its varieties are *Tapana*, *Avīci*, *Mahāraurava*, *Raurava*,
*Saṃghāta*, and *Kālasūtra*, and so forth; the beings [dwelling there] are *nārakāḥ* [or]
*pretāḥ*; the river is *Vaitaraṇī*; and misfortune is *nirṛtiḥ*.

[Forced] unpaid labour is viṣṭi and ājū; while kāraṇā, yātanā, and tīvravedanā [mean agony or torture].

Pīḍā, bādhā, vyathā, duḥkha, and āmanasya [arise] from birth; / kaṣṭa, kṛcchra, and ābhīla are [used] in the three genders for whatever takes the gender of the substantive.

Section on Water

Samudra, abdhi, akūpāra, pārāvāra, saritpati, / udanvat, udadhi, sindhu, sarasvat, sāgara, arṇava, / ratnākara, jalanidhi, yādaḥpati, and apāmpati [denote the ocean]; / its divisions are the Milk Ocean (kṣīroda), the Salt Ocean (lavaṇoda), and others.

Āpas is feminine in the plural; vār, vāri, salila, kamala, jala, / payas, kīlāla, amṛta, jīvana, bhuvana, vana, / kabandha, udaka, pāthas, puṣkara, sarvatomukha, / ambhas, arṇas, toya, pānīya, nīra, kṣīra, ambu, śambara, / meghapuṣpa, and ghanarasa [denote water;] in the three genders are the two [words]: āpya and ammaya [‘watery’].

Bhaṅga, taraṅga, or ūrmi; [and] in the feminine vīci [mean wave]; among great / waves are ullola and kallola; an eddy of water is āvarta; / pṛṣat, bindu, and pṛṣata are masculine; vipruṣ is feminine [for droplets].

Cakrāṇi, puṭabhedāḥ, and bhramāḥ are drains for water (jalanirgama); / kūla, rodhas, tīra, pratīra, and taṭa [denote bank, taking] the three genders.

Pārāvāre and parārvācī [denote] the far and near bank; the bed (pātra) is the space between them.

Dvīpa (not feminine) and antarīpa [denote an island]; that bank inside water / rising from the water is pulina; saikata means full of sand (sikatāmaya).

Niṣadvara, jambāla, paṅka (not feminine), śāda, and kardama [denote mud]; / overflows of water are parīvāhas; small ditches are kūpakas and vidārakas.

Nāvya [‘navigable’] has the three genders when crossed by boat; in the feminine are nau, taraṇi, and tari [for boat]; / uḍupa, plava, and kola [denote a raft or small boat]; srotas is the natural flowing of water.

Fare for crossing [a river] is ātara and tarapaṇya; droṇī is a wooden water-carrier; / sāṃyātrika and potavaṇik [denote a merchant travelling by sea]; the helmsman is karṇadhāra and nāvika.

Niyāmakas and potavāhas [are steersmen]; the mast is kūpaka and guṇavṛkṣaka; / the boat's pole (kṣepaṇī) is naukādaṇḍa; the rudder is aritra and kenipātaka.

Abhri (feminine) and kāṣṭakuddāla [denote a wooden shovel]; a bailer is sekapātra and secana; / ardhanāva in the neuter means half a boat; atinu in the three genders means having left the boat.

In the three genders: down to the bottom, clear is prasanna and accha; turbid is kaluṣa, anaccha, and āvila; / deep is nimna, gabhīra, and gambhīra; uttāna is its opposite [shallow].

Agādha means bottomless; for fisherman [stand] kaivarta, dāśa, and dhīvara; / ānāya in the masculine and jāla mean net; hemp rope is pavitraka.

Matsyādhānī and kuveṇī [mean a fish basket]; fish-hook is baḍiśa and matsyavedhana; / pṛthuroman, jhaṣa, matsya, mīna, vaisāriṇa, aṇḍaja, / visāra, and śakulī [mean fish]; then gaḍaka is a small śakula fish.

Sahasradaṃṣṭra and pāṭhīna [denote the boal carp]; ulūpin and śiśuka are synonyms [for porpoise]; / nalamīna and cilicima [denote a specific small fish]; proṣṭhī and śapharī both [mean a small carp].

A school of tiny fish-fry is potādhāna; then [large] fishes are: / rohita, madgura, śāla, rājīva, śakula, timi, / and timiṅgala and so on; then yādāṃsi means aquatic creatures.

Varieties thereof are: the porpoise (śiśumāra), otter (udra), cone-shell (śaṅku), makara, and so on; / crab is kulīra and karkaṭaka; for tortoise [stand] kūrma, kamaṭha, and kacchapa.

Shark is grāha and avahāra; nakra and kumbhīra [denote crocodile]; then earthworm is mahīlatā, / gaṇḍūpada, and kiñculaka; nihākā and godhikā are equivalent [for the monitor lizard or water-lizard].

Raktapā and jalaukā [mean leech], jalaukasaḥ in the feminine plural; / muktāsphoṭa and, in the feminine, śukti [mean pearl oyster]; śaṅkha and kambu (not feminine) [mean conch].

Small conches are śaṅkhanakhas; śambūkas are freshwater bivalves; / for frog [stand] bheka, maṇḍūka, varṣābhū, śālūra, plava, and dardura.

Śilī and gaṇḍūpadī [mean female earthworm]; female frog is bhekī and varṣābhvī; female tortoise is kamaṭhī and ḍuli.

(1.10.566) The mate of the madgura fish is śṛṅgī; durnāmā and dīrghakośikā [are synonyms for a bivalve snail]; / (1.10.567) jalāśaya and jalādhāra [denote a reservoir]; a lake of deep water is a hrada.

(1.10.568) Āhāva and nipāna denote a water-trough near a well; / (1.10.569) andhu, prahi, and kūpa are masculine; udapāna is masculine or [neuter].

(1.10.570) Nemi is feminine [for the wheel-frame]; the masonry of its mouth is a vīnāha.

(1.10.571) An excavated [reservoir] is a puṣkariṇī; an unexcavated one is a devakhātaka.

(1.10.572) Padmākara, taḍāga (not feminine), kāsāra, sarasī, and saraḥ [denote a lake or pond]; / (1.10.573) a small pond is veśanta and palvala; a vāpī is a dīrghikā.

(1.10.574) A ditch is a kheya or parikhā; that wherein water is held is an ādhāra; / (1.10.575) ālavāla, āvāla, and āvāpa [denote a tree-basin]; then [for a river:] nadī, sarit, / (1.10.576) taraṅgiṇī, śaivalinī, taṭinī, hrādinī, dhunī, / (1.10.577) srotasvinī, dvīpavatī, sravantī, nimnagā, apagā, / (1.10.578) kūlaṅkaṣā, nirjhariṇī, rodhovakrā, and sarasvatī.

(1.10.579) Gaṅgā, viṣṇupadī, jahnutanayā, suranimnagā, / (1.10.580) bhāgīrathī, tripathagā, trisrotā, and bhīṣmasū [are names of the Ganges].

(1.10.581) Kālindī, sūryatanayā, yamunā, and śamanasvasā [are names of the Yamunā]; / (1.10.582) revā, narmadā, somodbhavā, and mekalakanyakā [are names of the Narmadā].

(1.10.583) Karatoyā and sadānīrā [are names of the Karatoyā]; bāhudā and saitavāhinī [are names of the Bāhudā].

(1.10.584) Śatadru and śutudri [denote the Sutlej]; vipāśā and vipāṭ (in the feminine) [denote the Beas]; / (1.10.585) śoṇa and hiraṇyavāha [denote the river Śoṇa]; an artificial, small river is a kulyā.

(1.10.586) Śarāvatī, vetravatī, candrabhāgā, sarasvatī, / (1.10.587) and kāverī are other rivers; sambheda is a confluence of streams; / (1.10.588) praṇālī is in two genders for a water-channel; the following two are in three genders.

(1.10.589) What is produced in the Devikā and the Sarayū are called dāvika and sārava.

(1.10.590) The saugandhika is the kalhāra; the hallaka is the raktasandhyaka.

(1.10.591) Utpala and kuvalaya [denote a water lily]; and when blue, nīlāmbujanma / (1.10.592) and indīvara; when it is white, kumuda and kairava; / (1.10.593) their root is śālūka; and the vāriparṇī is kumbhikā.

(1.10.594) Jalanīlī, śaivāla, and śaivala [denote duckweed/moss]; a place abundant in water lilies is kumudvatī / (1.10.595) or kumudinī; in the case of lotus beds, visinī, padminī, and so forth.

(1.10.596) Padma (optional masculine), nalina, aravinda, mahotpala, / (1.10.597) sahasrapatra, kamala, śatapatra, kuśeśaya, / (1.10.598) paṅkeruha, tāmarasa, sārasa, sarasīruha, / (1.10.599) and bisaprasūna, rājīva, puṣkara, and ambhoruha [denote the lotus].

(1.10.600) Puṇḍarīka is a white lotus; then, for a red lotus: / (1.10.601) raktotpala and kokanada; a stalk is nāla (not feminine) or nāla.

## Lotus fibre (2), Collection of water lilies (1) ##

(1.10.602) Mṛṇāla and bisa [denote a lotus-fibre]; a cluster of lotuses and the like is khaṇḍa (not feminine).

(1.10.603) Karahāṭa and śiphākanda [denote the tuber]; kiñjalka and kesara (not feminine) [denote the filament]; / (1.10.604) saṃvartikā is a young leaf; the seed-vessel is a varāṭaka.

End of the book.

(1.11.605) Heaven, sky, directions, time, intellect, sound, and so on, together with drama, / (1.11.606) the underworld, serpent-demons, hell, and water, along with what pertains to them, have been declared. / (1.11.607) Thus in the Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana composed by Amarasiṃha, / (1.11.608) the first book, beginning with heaven, is completed along with all its subdivisions.

Amarakośa, namely Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana, Book 2.

In the Amarakośa, the second book, beginning with the earth.

Division of sections.

(2.0.1) The sections concerning the earth, cities, mountains, forests, plants, animals, and so forth,

(2.0.2) as well as humans, Brāhmaṇas, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas, and Śūdras, are declared here along with their parts and subordinate parts.

The Earth Section.

(2.1.3) Bhū, bhūmi, acalā, anantā, rasā, viśvambharā, sthitā,

(2.1.4) dharā, dharitrī, dharaṇi, kṣoṇi, jyā, kāśyapī, kṣiti,

(2.1.5) sarvaṃsahā, vasumatī, vasudhā, urvī, vasundharā,

(2.1.6) gotrā, ku, pṛthivī, pṛthvī, kṣmā, avani, medinī, mahī,

(2.1.7) vipulā, gahvarī, dhātrī, gaurilā, kumbhinī, kṣamā,

(2.1.8) bhūtadhātrī, ratnagarbhā, jagatī, and sāgarāmbarā [are names of the earth].

(2.1.9) Mṛd and mṛttikā [denote earth or clay]; excellent earth is mṛtsā and mṛtsnā.

(2.1.10) Rich in all crops is urvarā; saline soil is ūṣa; / (2.1.11) ūṣavat and ūṣara both have varying genders; dry land is sthala and sthalī;

(2.1.12) maru and dhanvan are equivalent [for desert]; the two words khila and aprahata are synonymous [for untilled land].

[The following] in three [genders]: now, jagatī, loka, viṣṭapa, bhuvana, and jagat [mean the world].

This world is the land (varṣa) of Bhārata. But from the boundary of the Śarāvatī,

the region to the south-east is Prācya, and [that] to the north-west is Udīcya.

Pratyanta is a border country of foreigners (mleccha), while the middle region is Madhyadeśa.

Āryāvarta, the sacred land, is the middle between the Vindhya and the Himālaya.

Nīvṛt and janapada [mean country]; deśa and viṣaya [also mean country]; upavartana [is a small district].

In three genders: up to an animal pen (goṣṭha); for [a place] abounding in reeds, naḍvān and naḍvala;

kumudvān for [a place] abounding in white water-lilies; vetasvān for one with many reeds;

śādvala for green with fresh grass; and paṅkila for possessing mud.

Anūpa is [a land] abounding in water; kaccha is similar, in the masculine.

Śarkarā is feminine; śarkarila and śārkara are used of [a region] containing gravel;

these two are applied only to a region; likewise one should deduce [the words] for [a region] full of sand.

A region whose crops are sustained and nourished by river water [or] rainwater

is nadīmātṛka and devamātṛka respectively.

[A land] having a good king is rājanvat; otherwise it is rājavat.

Goṣṭha is a cattle-pen; but what was formerly such is gauṣṭhīna.

A boundary land is parisara; setu is masculine [when meaning] an embankment (āli), [which is] feminine.

Vāmalūra and nāku [are masculine], and valmīka is masculine and neuter [for an anthill].

Ayana, vartman, mārga, adhvan, panthan, padavī, sṛti,

saraṇi, paddhati, padyā, vartanī, and ekapadī [mean path or road].

Atipanthāḥ, supanthāḥ, and satpatha are used for a good road;

vyadhvan, duradhvan, vipatha, kadadhvan, and kāpatha are equivalent [for a bad road].

Apanthāḥ and apatha are equal; śṛṅgāṭaka and catuṣpatha [mean a crossroad].

Prāntara is a long, desolate path; kāntāra is an impassable path.

Gavyūti is feminine [meaning] two krośas; a nalva is four hundred kiṣkus.

Ghaṇṭāpatha and saṃsaraṇa [mean highway]; that is the public square outside a city (upaniṣkara).

Dyāvāpṛthivyau, rodasyau, dyāvābhūmī, and rodasī [mean heaven and earth],

and divaspṛthivyau. Gañjā and rumā are a salt-mine. / Thus ends the section on the earth (bhūmivarga).

Section on the city (puravarga):

Pūḥ is feminine; purī, nagarī, pattana, and puṭabhedana [mean city]. / Now the section on the city:

Sthānīya and nigama [mean a market town]; but another town [subordinate to] a chief city

is a branch town (śākhānagara); veśa is the quarter of courtesans.

Āpaṇa is in the sense of niṣadyā [a shop]; vipaṇi is a street of stalls (paṇyavīthikā).

Rathyā, pratolī, and viśikhā [mean street]; caya and vapra, not feminine, [mean a rampart].

Prākāra, varaṇa, sāla, prācīna, and prātanta [mean an enclosure wall]; vṛti [is a hedge].

Bhitti is feminine, and kuḍya [means wall]; eḍūka is that in which bones are placed inside [a tomb].

Gṛha, geha, udavasita, veśman, sadman, niketana,

niśānta, pastya, sadana, bhavana, āgāra, mandira,

gṛha only in the masculine plural, and nikāyya, nilaya, and ālaya [mean a house].

Vāsa; kuṭī is in two genders; śālā, sabhā; and saṃjavana is

a four-winged house (catuḥśāla); for sages, parṇaśālā and uṭaja, not feminine, [mean a leaf-hut].

Caitya and āyatana are equal [for a shrine]; a stable for horses is mandurā;

āveśana is a workshop for artisans; prapā is a water-booth (pānīyaśālikā);

maṭha is an abode for students and others; and gañjā is a tavern.

Garbhāgāra is an inner bedchamber; ariṣṭa is a lying-in chamber (sūtikāgṛha).

Kuṭṭima, not feminine, is paved ground; candraśālā is an upper-room (śirogṛha).

Vātāyana and gavākṣa [mean window]; and maṇḍapa, not feminine, is a public hall.

Harmya and the like are the dwelling of the wealthy; a palace (prāsāda) belongs to gods and kings;

saudha, not feminine, is a royal mansion; upakāryā and upakārikā [mean a royal tent].

Svastika, sarvatobhadra, nandyāvarta, and others,

and vicchandaka, are varieties of the palaces of princes.

Stryagāra for kings is the inner apartments (antaḥpura), avarodhana,

śuddhānta, and avarodha; aṭṭa and kṣauma, not feminine, [mean an upper story or tower].

Praghāṇa, praghaṇa, and alinda [mean a portico] in the room outside the door.

Gṛhāvagrahaṇī and dehalī [mean threshold]; aṅgaṇa, catvara, and ajira [mean a courtyard].

Śilā is the wood below [the sill]; nāsā is the wood resting above [the lintel].

Pracchanna is a secret door (antardvāra); a side door is pakṣaka.

Valīka and nīdhra mean the edge of a roof (paṭala); and paṭala and chadis [mean a roof].

Gopānasī and valabhī refer to the curved timber in a roof.

Viṭaṅka, masculine and neuter, means a dove-cot (kapotapālikā).

[The word] dvār [is] feminine; dvāra and pratīhāra [are masculine and neuter synonyms for door]. / A vedikā (raised platform) is hitardi.

Toraṇa, not feminine, is an outer gateway; / but the gate of a city is a gopura.

The kūṭa (projection) on a city gate is a hastinakha. / Now, in three genders:

Kapāṭa and arara are identical [for a door-leaf]; / its crossbar is an argala, not masculine.

Ārohaṇa and sopāna [designate] a staircase; / niśreṇi and adhirohiṇī [designate] a ladder.

Saṃmārjanī and śodhanī [mean] a broom; / likewise saṃkara and avakara [mean] sweepings or rubbish.

In the sense of what is discarded [sweepings], mukha, niḥsaraṇa, / saṃniveśa, and nikarṣaṇa [are synonyms].

Saṃvasatha and grāma are equivalent [for a village]; / homestead land is vāstu, not feminine.

The edge of a village is upaśalya; / both sīman and sīmā are feminine [for a boundary].

Ghoṣa is a settlement of herdsmen; / pakkaṇa is a dwelling of Śabaras. / Thus the section on cities.

The section on mountains.

For mahīdhra (mountain): śikharin, kṣmābhṛt, ahārya, dhara, parvata, / — Now begins the section on mountains —

adri, gotra, giri, grāvan, acala, śaila, and śiloccaya.

Lokāloka and cakravāla [are synonymous]; / trikūṭa and trikakud are equivalent.

Asta is the western mountain; / udaya is the eastern mountain.

Himavat, Niṣadha, Vindhya, / Mālyavat, Pāriyātra,

Gandhamādana, Hemakūṭa, / and others are mountains.

Pāṣāṇa, prastara, grāvan, upala, / aśman, śilā, and dṛṣad [denote stone].

Kūṭa, not feminine, śikhara, and śṛṅga [mean a peak]; / prapāta, ataṭa, and bhṛgu [mean] a precipice.

Kaṭaka, not feminine, and nitamba [mean] the ridge of a mountain; / snu, prastha, and sānu, not feminine, [mean a tableland].

Utsa and prasravaṇa [mean a spring]; / a stream of water is a nirjhara or jhara (cascade).

Darī, or kandara [masculine or] feminine, / a cave made by the gods, a cavity, is a guhā.

Gahvara [is a cave]; / gaṇḍaśailas are large rocks fallen from a mountain.

Dantakas are [crags] projecting / horizontally out from a mountain.

Khani, in the feminine, and ākara [mean] a mine; / foothills are pratyantaparvatas or pādās.

Upatyakā is land near [the base of] a mountain; / above [it] is adhityakā (a plateau).

A mineral is realgar and so forth of a mountain; / in particular, [red chalk is] gairika.

Nikuñja and kuñja are optionally neuter, / meaning an interior enclosed by creepers and the like. / Thus the section on mountains.

The section on forest plants.

Aṭavī, araṇya, vipina, gahana, kānana, and vana [denote a forest]. / Now begins the section on forest plants.

A great forest is an araṇyānī; / domestic pleasure-gardens are niṣkuṭas.

Ārāma and upavana [denote] / a plantation that is an artificial wood.

The pleasure-garden of a minister or courtezan / is a vṛkṣavāṭikā.

Ākrīḍa, masculine, [and] udyāna [denote] / a royal pleasure-grove common [to all].

This very [garden], when reserved for the women's quarters, / is a pramadavana.

Vīthi, āli, āvali, paṅkti, / śreṇī, lekhā, and rāji [mean a row].

Vanyā is an assemblage of woods; / aṅkura is a freshly sprouted shoot.