一切經音義 13

English (machine translation) 13

Language: English

13.1

Compiled by Huilin, Tripiṭaka Master and Translator of the Great Tang

13.2

Sounds and Meanings of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Part Three.

13.3

The sounds gloss fascicles from thirty-seven through fifty-five, nineteen fascicles in all.

13.4

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Thirty-Seven:

13.5

Śīla (Sanskrit; in the Tang language one says 'precepts' [jie], or 'discipline' [lü], or collectively 'the basket of vinaya').

Buqie [not fearful] (fanqie: qi- + -e; Gu Yewang says: 'Qie means fearing and inferior.' The Kaosheng says: 'Qie means weak and cowardly; fanqie: nu- + -luan.' The Shuowen writes it with the 'dog' radical, dog being frequently timid; it is an associative compound).

13.7

Yituo [nasal mucus and spittle] (the first character is fanqie: ti- + -ji; the standard form takes 'nose' and 'younger brother' as 䶏, or is written with 'cry' as in Yunying; it means nasal discharge. In the sūtra it is written with 'water' as 洟, whose original sound is yi. The Shuowen is also in error here: because the seal script character yi and the character di were confused, this mistake occurred, and people subsequently copied and used it. Today, several lexicons such as Yupian, Kaosheng, and Yunying all gloss it with fanqie: yi- + -zhi. The Hexagram Cui in the Zhouyi says, 'Weeping and lamenting with tears and mucus,' which serves as clear proof. Yi also means fluid from mouth and nose. The second character is fanqie: tu- + -wo; the Shuowen says it is oral fluid; sometimes it takes 'water' as 涶; the Kaosheng says it is saliva and froth in the mouth).

13.8

Maoniu [yak] (fanqie: mao- + -bao; also pronounced mao. The Shanhaijing says: 'On Mount Panhou there is a beast shaped like an ox whose four joints grow long hair, named the yak [maoniu].' Guo Pu's commentary says: 'Its back, knees, thighs, and tail all have long hair.' The Shuowen says: 'A long-haired ox of the southwestern barbarians.' It takes 'ox' and an abbreviated form of 𠩺 as phonetic).

13.9

Upāsaka (Sanskrit. The old translations say youbapojia or youbose, which are both erroneous abbreviations. In the Tang language one says 'man who approaches goodness'; the Vinaya of the Sarvāstivāda school translates 'man who attends upon services', also 'man who dwells near', meaning one who dwells near and serves the Three Jewels. Those that say 'pure faithful gentleman' or 'man dwelling in good' are semantic translations).

13.10

Upāsikā (in the Tang language one says 'woman who approaches goodness' or 'woman who attends upon services'. The meaning is the same as the previous explanation; the feminine suffix makes it -sikā. The old translations say youbocijia or youboyi, which are both erroneous).

13.11

Buying [not hard] (fanqie: e- + -geng. The Yunying says: 'Hard.' The vulgar form is 硬 or 䩕; they are identical).

13.12

Buse [not rough/astringent] (fanqie: shi- + -li. Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: 'Se means difficult.' Guo Pu's commentary on the Fangyan says: 'Se is like parsimonious.' The Shuowen says: 'Not smooth; composed of four zhi [foot/stop], two written upside down and two written upright; an associative compound.' In the sūtra text the upper part is written with two 'blade' characters, which is an error. Forms taking two zhi and the 'water' radical as 澁 are vulgar characters, not standard forms).

13.13

Yijie [easily understood] (the first character is fanqie: yi- + -di; the second is fanqie: xing- + -mai; those who read the second character as falling tone are incorrect).

13.14

Yishi [easy to recognise / change and recognise] (fanqie: yang- + -yi; it means to change).

13.15

Kalaviṅka (or jalingpinjia; translated here as 'bird of melodious voice').

13.16

Liuyong [flowing surge] (the first character is fanqie: li- + -zhou; the Shuowen says: 'The movement of water; composed of water and liú; fanqie: ta- + -gu; liú means sudden.' The Shuowen has lin and two water radicals both following liú to make 𣹳; today the vulgar form writes 流, which is an error. The second character is pronounced yong; Gu Yewang says: 'Water surging in waves.' Sometimes written as 湧. The Shuowen says: 'Yong means surging; fanqie: tu- + -neng; composed of water and yong phonetic').

13.17

Jinggan [stem and trunk] (the first character is fanqie: xing- + -geng; the Boya says: 'The stem of herbaceous plants is called jing.' The Shuowen says: 'The master of the branches; composed of gong, pronounced cao [herb], and jing phonetic; jing is pronounced xing.' The second character is fanqie: gang- + -lan; the Shuowen says: 'Tree branch; composed of gan with gan, fanqie: gan- + -an, as phonetic.' Sometimes written with 'wood' and gan. Both of these characters generally allow for the departing tone, but here the rising tone is adopted).

13.18

Fenxi [analyze/divide] (fanqie: xing- + -li; sometimes written with the 'wood split' radical as 析, which is a vulgar character).

13.19

Po zhi [hard to know] (sometimes written as 頗; fanqie: pu- + -wo; Gu Yewang says: 'Po means cannot; it is a grammatical particle.' The Shuowen lacks a gloss).

13.20

Yi di [one drop] (fanqie: ding- + -li; sometimes written with shi as 𤁷; writing with di is incorrect).

13.21

Hui fu [whirling vortex] (the first character is pronounced hui; the second is pronounced fu. The lexicons say: 'Huifu describes the whirling and eddying motion of water').

13.22

Yinghuo [firefly] (fanqie: xue- + -ming; name of a grass-dwelling insect. The Erya writes 熒; yinghuo is the glowing insect. Guo Pu says: 'Flying by night, it has luminous fire under its belly; zhao is the character zhao [illuminate].' The 'Yueling' chapter of the Liji says: 'At the time of Great Heat, rotting grass transforms into fireflies.' The Yunying writes 𧓌).

13.23

Tingliao [courtyard torch] (two fanqie: li- + -diao and li- + -zhao. The commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Outside the gate it is called a great torch [dazhu]; inside the gate it is called a courtyard torch [tingliao]; both are used to illuminate the assembly.' Zheng Xuan says: 'A ground torch; composed of fire and liao phonetic; liao is the ancient character for liao').

13.24

Jambūnada gold (Sanskrit. The first character is fanqie: shi- + -yan, composed of 'cowrie' with zhan, pronounced zhan, as phonetic; the third is fanqie: nu- + -ge, composed of 'hand' with nai as phonetic. Sanskrit name for top-grade yellow gold. Formerly called yanfutanjin. The Qishi yinben jing says: 'Beneath the waters along the great ocean coast of this continent of Jambudvīpa, this gold is found; on the dry land of the shore there are jambu trees. When a wheel-turning sage king appears in the world, he employs spirits and ghosts to retrieve this gold for use; therefore, it is found occasionally in the human realm; it is the most supreme and excels all other gold').

13.25

Yijin [collar of a robe] (fanqie: jin- + -yin; Guo Pu's commentary on the Erya says: 'Crossed lapels; also called sleeve [yimei; fanqie: mi- + -ye].' The Shuowen writes 䘳, meaning crossed lapels; composed of 'clothing' and jin phonetic; ren is pronounced ren).

13.26

Sugata (fanqie: ju- + -e; Sanskrit; one of the honourable titles of the Tathāgata, translated here as 'Well Gone' [shan shi]. Formerly rendered as xiugadu, xiugaduo, or xiugatuo, which are all corruptions. It has three meanings: first, praising virtue; second, not returning; third, consummate fullness; all are unified in one meaning).

13.27

Mucilinda (Sanskrit; name of a mountain. There are two different mountains, great and small. The ancient form Mucizhenlinda is barbarian and crude. The correct Sanskrit sound is Mucilinda, with 'lin' in the rising tone; translated here as 'release'. There is also a nāga of this mountain of the same name).

13.28

Yi chanajing, yi muhuluodaojing, yi luobojing [in the span of an instant, a muhūrta, a lava] (fanqie: quan- + -ying. The Kaosheng says: 'A short moment.' The Jixun says: 'Close; a brief interval.' Kṣaṇa, lava, and muhūrta are all Sanskrit names for divisions of time in that region. Of kṣaṇa there are two distinctions: the Abhidharmakośa-śāstra states that one hundred and twenty kṣaṇas make a tatkṣaṇa, and its duration is in fact one lava. Muhūrta is sometimes written mohulüduo. The treatises call it an 'instant' [xuyu], and astrological texts call it mohu; these are all just one name. The treatises like the Kośa and the Vibhāṣā explain this meaning in detail; fascicles four and ten of this glossary have already calculated the quantities and fully explained the definitions).

13.29

Xianchang [spacious and open] (fanqie: chang- + -zhang; the Kaosheng says: 'Open, bright, exposed; to level high ground in order to look out.' Composed of pu, fanqie: pu- + -bu, and shang phonetic).

13.30

Qingcui [verdant jade] (fanqie: qi- + -zui; the Kaosheng says: 'The brilliance of bluish-green.' Composed of 'feather' and cui phonetic).

13.31

Kācilindika (Sanskrit; in the Tang language: fine, soft, light, wondrous, supreme garment cloth).

13.32

Qushu [fine woollen rug] (the first character is pronounced qu; the second is fanqie: shuang- + -chu. The Kaosheng says: 'Woven wool with colourful patterns; originally a barbarian word.' There is no standard translation for this; vulgarly it is called woollen brocade, namely patterned rug [ji, fanqie: ju- + -you]. Sometimes written 𣮔[(〦/(目*目)/大)*毛]).

13.33

Mianru [cotton mattress] (fanqie: mi- + -bian; the second is pronounced ru. Silk wadding makes a mattress; the standard form takes 'clothing' to write 褥).

13.34

Zhipei [cloak / scarf] (fanqie: pi- + -bei; composed of 'cloth' and pi phonetic).

13.35

Yizhen [bolster/cushion] (the first character is fanqie: yi- + -qi; the second is fanqie: zhi- + -ren. A large pillow; soft materials are packed into a bag to lean upon).

13.36

Utpala flower (blue lotus flower; formerly called youpoluo).

13.37

Padma flower (red lotus flower, or said to be a yellow lotus flower).

13.38

Kumuda flower (crimson lotus flower, deep crimson or said to be fire-coloured).

13.39

Puṇḍarīka flower (white lotus flower, white like snow; formerly called fentuoli, which is corrupt).

13.40

Yingfa [shining forth] (fanqie: ying- + -jing; writing with 'flower' [ying] in the sūtra is an error).

13.41

Adhimuktaka (fanqie: ding- + -yi; the second is fanqie: jiang- + -qu; the following occurrences are the same. Formerly called atimuduojia; correctly called adhimuktaka; they are in fact the same flower. This country does not have this flower).

13.42

Campaka (formerly written zhanbojia, or zhanbo, or zhanbo, or zhanbo flower; these are just dialectal phonetic variations in China. Here it is translated as 'golden flower'. The Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa says: 'A yellow flower, the tree is tall and large, and the blossoms are exceedingly fragrant, their scent drifting very far with the wind').

13.43

Sumanā (fanqie: mo- + -bo; formerly called sumona; its blossoms are yellow, white, and red, exceedingly fragrant, growing only three to four feet high, hanging on four sides like a canopy).

13.44

Vārṣikā (formerly called boshijia, which is corrupt).

13.45

Aśokapāṭalakarṇi- (fanqie: ni- + -zhi).

13.46

-kāra-taraṇi-gu- (fanqie: ju- + -yu).

13.47

-taraṇī (the above flowers are all fragrant flowers of that land, mentioned briefly in the sūtra; this country has none of them).

13.48

Weicui [withered and faded] (fanqie: wei- + -wei, and qing- + -sui; the Kaosheng says: 'Worry').

13.49

Koṭi (Sanskrit; the name of a number. The Avataṃsaka-sūtra says: 'One hundred lakṣas make one koṭi').

13.50

Saṅkhyā-bhāga, kalā-bhāga, gaṇanā-bhāga, upamā-bhāga, upaniṣad-bhāga (the above five phrases are Sanskrit names for numerical methods; growing progressively larger and broader up to an utterly measureless number, comparing the measureless supernormal powers of those śrāvaka lesser saints, which even when taken together cannot equal a single fraction of the Tathāgata's spiritual power).

13.51

Saran [sudden / rustling] (fanqie: su- + -za; an old glossary explains: 'The appearance of swiftness.' The Guangya says: 'Sasa is wind; the sound of wind blowing falling leaves').

13.52

Vairambha-saṃgha (fanqie: lu- + -han; the name of the great violent wind at the time of the kalpa disaster. This wind is fierce and violent, capable of destroying the world).

13.53

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Thirty-Eight:

13.54

Biaozhi [banners and signs] (the first character is fanqie: bi- + -yao; the Tongsuwen says: 'A distinctive emblem is called biao.' The Shuowen says: 'Biaozhi.' The Guiyuan zhucong says: 'Zhi is of the class of banners and flags; composed of巾 with 票 phonetic.' Writing with the 'fire' radical in the sūtra as 熛 is an error, meaning flying sparks. The second character is fanqie: chi- + -zhi; the Guangya says: 'Zhi means flag.' The Shiji says: 'The men held red flags [zhi]; flags.' The Kaosheng says: 'A record mark upon a banner pole.' The Tongsuwen says: 'A private mark is called zhi.' The Shuowen agrees with the Guangya; composed of 巾 with 戠 phonetic; also written with 志 as [巾*(土/心)], which is identical. In the sūtra text, writing with the 'fire' radical as 熾 means ablaze, which is not the meaning of the sūtra. 票 is fanqie: pi- + -yao; 戠 is fanqie: zhi- + -yi).

13.55

Xialie [narrow and inferior] (fanqie: xian- + -jia; Gu Yewang says: 'Xia means cramped and narrow, not broad and grand.' The sūtra text writing with 'dog' and jia as 狹 is incorrect; that means hunting with dogs and horses, not the meaning of the sūtra. The standard form in the Shuowen is composed of 𠂤 and 匚 [fanqie: fang- + -...] with jia as phonetic. The second character is fanqie: lian- + -duo; the Kaosheng says: 'Weak; scarce; an associative compound.' Sometimes written as 寽 or 埒, which are ancient characters).

13.56

Xunhuan [cycle / circulate] (the first character is fanqie: sui- + -zun; Guo Pu's commentary on the Erya says: 'Xun means to follow.' The Kaosheng says: 'Compliant; good.' Guo Pu also says: 'Xun means to patrol.' The Shuowen says: 'Xun means to walk; composed of chì, fanqie: chou- + -chi, and dùn phonetic.' It also explains that the character dùn is composed of 𠂆, pronounced ye, with 'ten' and 'eye'. Now the sūtra texts mostly write it erroneously with 'person' and a vertical stroke as 偱, which is incorrect. Dùn is pronounced shun. The second character is fanqie: hua- + -wan; Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Huan means rotation.' Zheng Xuan says: 'To encircle; to revolve around').

13.57

Dungen [dull faculties] (the first character is fanqie: tun- + -dun; the Cangjie pian says: 'Dun means stubborn.' Ru Chun's commentary on the Shiji says: 'Stubborn and dull is like having no sharp edges.' The Shenglei says: 'Not sharp; a phono-semantic character').

13.58

Samāpatti (Sanskrit; in the Tang language one says 'concentration' [ding], or 'equipoise' [dengzhi], the initial entering into concentration).

13.59

Hunluan [chaotic confusion] (the first character is fanqie: hun- + -wen; the Kaosheng says: 'The appearance of a vast water flow.' The second character is fanqie: luan- + -duan; the Zuozhuan says: 'When humans contravene virtue, that is disorder [luan]; when disorder arises, disasters are born.' The Kaosheng says: 'Luan means mixed; committing rebellion.' Sometimes written 乱, which is an ancient character. Li Si's inscription on the Mount Yi Stele writes it with cun as 𱚢. The Shuowen writes it with you as 亂; 'luan means to regulate; composed of yi, yi meaning to bring it to order.' 𤔔 is the sound of luan).

13.60

Yingduo [outshine and eclipse] (fanqie: yu- + -jing; the sūtra writing with yang as 映 is incorrect, which is pronounced fanqie: wu- + -lang, meaning dim, which is not the sūtra's meaning).

13.61

Poze [oppressed / constrained] (the first character is pronounced bai; the second is fanqie: zheng- + -ge).

13.62

毒刺 (Poisonous thorn: [ci has] the fanqie 此賜; this is the standard character form in common use. Pronouncing it [ce, with the radical component 朿 and (〦/羊)], is an error).

13.63

灰燼 (Ashes and embers: [jin has] the fanqie 辛進. The Fangyan states: 'From the Pass westward, between Qin and Jin, unconsumed cooking firewood is called jin.' The Shuowen jiezi states: 'Jin refers to the wood left over by fire. Jin is formed with yu 聿 and huo 火.' Today writing it commonly as 燼 [with 盡] is an error).

13.64

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Thirty-Nine

13.65

怡適 (Comfortable and contented: the first [yi has] the fanqie 以之; the Kaosheng says it means joyful and harmonious. The second [shi has] the fanqie 舒亦; it means pleasant and good).

13.66

慠𢢔 (Arrogant and unrestrained: [ao has] the fanqie 五告; the Kaosheng says it means arrogant and haughty, dissipated. It is also written with the woman radical as 嫯).

13.67

逃迸 (To flee and scatter: [tao has] the fanqie 徒勞; Zheng's commentary to the Liji says: 'Tao means to depart.' Wang Yi's commentary to the Chuci says: 'It means to scurry away in hiding.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To flee.' The second [beng has] the fanqie 百孟; the Yupian says it means to run away and disperse; it is also written as 跰).

13.68

諸徑 (Various paths: [jing has] the fanqie 經定; it is also written as 逕).

13.69

隍池 (Moats and ponds: [huang has] the fanqie 胡光; the Cangjiepian says: 'A ditch beneath a city wall.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'City walls and moats: that with water is called a chi 池; that without water is called a huang 隍.' It is formed with the radical 阝, pronounced fu, and huang 皇 as phonetic).

13.70

擁閉 (To obstruct and block: [yong has] the fanqie 於拱; the Cangjiepian says: 'Yong means to clasp and hold.' It is also a phono-semantic character. The character 閉 is written [here] with the hand radical 扌; that written with 卜 is an error).

13.71

䋞縆 (Nets and thick ropes: the first is pronounced gang 冈. The second [geng has] the fanqie 古恒; the Kaosheng says: 'Geng means a great rope.' In the sūtra text it is written with gen 亘 as 絙, which is an erroneous abbreviation. The Yupian pronounces it with the fanqie 胡官, meaning slack and loose; it is also an ancient form of gen 亘, not the meaning intended in the sūtra).

13.72

纏裹 (To entangle and wrap: the first has the fanqie 持連; the second is pronounced guo 果).

13.73

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Forty

13.74

擯遣 (To expel and banish: [bin has] the fanqie 賓印. Sima Biao's commentary to the Zhuangzi says: 'Bin means to cast aside.' The Shiji says: 'Bin means to push away.' The Kaosheng says: 'To drop.' It is a phono-semantic character).

13.75

疲倦 (Fatigued and weary: the first is pronounced pi 皮; Jia Kui's commentary to the Guoyu says: 'Illness and toil.' The Kaosheng says: 'Exhausted; indolent.' The second [juan has] the fanqie 逵願; Kong's commentary to the Shangshu says: 'Weary and indolent.' Gu Yewang says: 'Weary and brought to a halt').

13.76

謇吃 (Stammering and stuttering: the first [jian has] the fanqie 建偃; the Yijing says: 'Jian means difficulty.' The Fangyan says: 'Jian also means chi (to stutter).' It is also written with the tiger radical as 諕, with le as 𰍉, with gan as [干*力], or as 𧮈, all used identically. The second [chi has] the fanqie 謹乙; the Kaosheng says: 'Difficulty in speaking; when the breath is rushed and words are repeated.' The Tongsuwen says: 'When speech is not fluent and easy, it is called jianchi.' It is also written with the qian 欠 radical as [(赴-卜+欠)-走+(├/乙)], which is an ancient character).

13.77

詷疾 (Hurried and rapid [speech]: the first is pronounced dong 動; the Zuanwen says: '𧩟詷 means rushed.' The Tongsuwen says: 'Excessive speech is called 𧩟詷.' The Kaosheng says: 'Bantering and talkative words; the appearance of both speech and breath being hasty.' In the sūtra text it is written with zhou 周 as 訵, which is a scribal error. 𧩟 has the fanqie 忩弄).

13.78

塵黷 (Defiled and disgraced: [du has] the fanqie 徒屋; the Cangjiepian says: 'Du has the fanqie 垢反 (i.e. goudian).' The Guangya says: 'To obscure.' It is also written with the woman radical as 嬻, or as 䢱; the semantic gloss is the same, being ancient character forms).

13.79

[(木/木)*戈]穢 (Filth and impurity: [the first has] the fanqie 祖來; the second has the fanqie 威衛).

13.80

怯憚 (Timid and fearful: the first [qie has] the fanqie 欠業; it is also written as 㹤; Zheng's commentary to the Shijing says: '㹤 means difficult.' Han's Shijing commentary says: 'Disliked.' [The second has] the fanqie 烏固; the Guangya says: 'Frightened.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Full of fear.' It is formed with the heart radical and qu 去 as phonetic).

13.81

黃鸝 (Oriole: [li has] the fanqie 力知. The Fangyan says: 'The huangli is the cang-geng (oriole). From the Pass westward it is called huangli; in common usage it is called huangying; it is also called chuque.' The Guangzhi calls it huang-li-liu. It is also written as 鵹 or [黎*鳥], which are ancient characters).

13.82

[挺-壬+(秉-(企-止))]對 (Rapid reply: [the first has] the fanqie 情葉, meaning quick. The character dui 對 is formed with zhuo 丵, pronounced with the fanqie 愁學, with tu 土, pronounced shi 仕, and with cun 寸; writing it with zhi 至 is an error).

13.83

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Forty-One

13.84

諠譁 (Clamorous and noisy: the first [xuan has] the fanqie 暉袁; it is also written as 灌; in common usage it is written as 喧; in ancient times it was written as 吅. The Guangya says: 'Xuan means crying out.' The Shenglei says: 'Yi 誼 also means hua (clamour).' The Yupian says: 'Resolve.' The second is pronounced hua 花; the Kaosheng says: 'Hua also means xuan (clamour)'; they gloss each other).

13.85

諛諂 (Flattery and fawning: [yu has] the fanqie 羊朱; [xian has] the fanqie 丑染. Already explained in a previous gloss. The old explanation says: 'Speaking without distinguishing right from wrong is called yu; catering to someone's intentions and echoing their words is called chan').

13.86

橋飾 (Feigned and adorned: [qiao has] the fanqie 居夭; this is a vulgar character; the standard form is written with the hand radical 扌 and qiao 喬 as 撟. Zheng's commentary to the Zhouli says: 'Jiao means deceitful and fabricated.' The second [shi has] the fanqie 尸力; the Kaosheng says: 'To tidy; careful and correct').

13.87

矜伐 (Boastful and vaunting: the first [jin has] the fanqie 居疑; Zheng's commentary to the Liji says: 'Jin means making oneself appear venerable and great.' The Posthumous Titles Rules say: 'To deem oneself worthy is called jin.' The Shuowen jiezi states that it is formed with the spear radical 矛 and jin 今 as phonetic. In the sūtra text, writing it with ling 令 as 矝 is an error).

13.88

捐捨 (To discard and abandon: [juan has] the fanqie 悅玄; the Kaosheng says: 'Juan means to abandon.' The Shuowen jiezi states that it is formed with the hand radical 扌 and yuan 肙, pronounced yuan 緣, as abbreviated phonetic).

13.89

搏逐 (To seize and pursue: [bo has] the fanqie 補各; the Guangya says: 'Bo means to strike.' The Yunquan says: 'To strike with the hand.' The Cangjiepian says: 'To arrive.' The Shenglei says: 'To catch.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To search for and hold.' It is formed with the hand radical 扌 and bo 博 as abbreviated phonetic; the component zhuan 專 is written as fu 甫 with cun 寸; in the sūtra text writing it with zhuan 專 is incorrect. The second [zhu has] the fanqie 蟲六; Gu Yewang says: 'Zhu means to chase; to drive away.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Zhu means to run after.' It is formed with the movement radical 辵 (pronounced with the fanqie 丑略) and chu 豖 (pronounced with the fanqie 丑錄) as phonetic. It also explains that the character chu 豖 means to hobble, formed by adding a single stroke atop the character shi 豕. In the sūtra text, writing it with shi 豕 as 逐 is the vulgar character).

13.90

逃迸 (To flee and scatter: [beng has] the fanqie 補孟; the Yunquan says: 'To disperse and run.' It is formed with the movement radical 辵 and bing 并 as phonetic; it is also written as 跰).

13.91

嘷叫 (Howling and crying out: the first [hao has] the fanqie 胡高; the Zuozhuan says: 'Jackals and wolves howl.' The Kaosheng says: 'The cry of beasts.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Hao means roaring.' It is formed with the mouth radical 口 and gao 臯, pronounced gao 高, as phonetic. The second [jiao has] the fanqie 驍曜; the Yunying says: 'To cry out loudly.' It is formed with the mouth radical 口 and [┴*├], pronounced with the fanqie 經由, as phonetic; writing it with diao 刁 is an error).

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圂豬 (Pigsty and pig: the first [hun has] the fanqie 魂悶; the Cangjiepian says: 'A hun is the dwelling place of pigs.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A hun is a latrine.' It is an ideogrammic compound. The second [zhu has] the fanqie 貯驢; the Shuowen jiezi says: 'A pig whose hairs grow in clusters of three is called a zhu.' It is formed with the pig radical 豕 as a phono-semantic character. In the sūtra text, writing it with the dog radical 犬 as 猪 is a vulgar character).

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無智膜 (Membrane of ignorance: [mo is] pronounced mo 莫; the Shuowen jiezi says: 'The thin tissue and membrane between the flesh.' It is formed with the flesh radical 肉 and mo 莫 as phonetic).

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祗仰 (To revere and look up to: the first [zhi has] the fanqie 旨夷; the Mao commentary to the Shijing says: 'Zhi means respectful.' It is formed with the altar radical 示 and di 氐 as phonetic. The second [yang has] the fanqie 魚雨; the Shuowen jiezi says: 'Yang means to look up and gaze.' It is formed with bi 匕 and jie 卩, pronounced jie 節, written as 卬 in the ancient character form; now it is written with the person radical 亻 as 仰).

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關鍵 (Bar and bolt: the first [guan has] the fanqie 古還; the Shuowen jiezi says: 'Using wood to hold doors and gates shut.' It is formed with the gate radical 門 and 𢇇 (fanqie 古還) as phonetic. The Yupian says: 'What is nowadays called a door crossbar.' In the sūtra text, writing it with bian 弁 as 閞, pronounced bian 弁, is incorrect. The second [jian has] the fanqie 渠彥; Zheng Zhong's commentary to the Zhouli says: 'Key and bolt.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Jian means a cross-bolt [xuan 鉉, pronounced xuan 縣].' It is formed with the metal radical 金 and jian 建 as phonetic; it is also written as 闥, or with the wood radical 木 as 楗, which are identical. The Fangyan says: 'From the Pass eastward it is called jian 鍵; from the Pass westward it is called yue 鑰; a yue is a bolt pin').

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暱近 (Intimate and close: [ni has] the fanqie 尼栗; the Erya says: 'Ni also means close.' Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: 'Ni means intimate.' The Erya glosses ni as qi [with the fanqie 欺記]. The Kaosheng says: 'Qi means frequent; respectful.' In the sūtra it is written as [日*(弓/一)], which also means everywhere).

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魁膾 (Executioner and butchery: the first has the fanqie 苦回; the second has the fanqie 古外. Kui means master/chief; kuai means slicing/butchering; both are phono-semantic characters).

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囹圄 (Prison: the first is pronounced ling 零; the second is pronounced yu 語; the name for a prison in the Zhou period).

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桎梏 (Fetters and manacles: the first [zhi has] the fanqie 真日; the second [gu has] the fanqie 古沃. Zheng's commentary to the Zhouli says: 'On the feet they are called zhi; on the hands they are called gu.' The Erya says: 'Gu means straight.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Zhi is a foot shackle, used to restrain against the ground; gu is a hand shackle, used to report to Heaven.' Both have the semantic element on the left and the phonetic on the right. Zheng Xuan says: 'To apply the bright manacle means writing the name, surname, and crime upon the manacle and putting it on').

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如毬 (Like a ball: [qiu has] the fanqie 渠尤; the character dictionaries say: 'A leather pellet, struck and competed for with sticks on foot or on horseback as a game.' It is a phono-semantic character. In the sūtra text, writing it with ju 匊 as 毱 is a vulgar character).

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開闢 (To open and create: the character kai 開 is formed with jian 幵, pronounced qian 牽; the second [pi has] the fanqie 毘亦. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To open and clear.' It is formed with pi 辟; both are phono-semantic characters).

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憍高 (Haughty and lofty: [jiao has] the fanqie 姜妖; written with the heart radical 心 and qiao 喬 as 憍 is the correct form. Writing it with the right radical or with you 有 as 𱞽 or [憍-(夭/口)+有] are both incorrect, being vulgar characters).

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怯下 (Timid and debased: [qie has] the fanqie 羗業; the Yupian says: 'Qie means fearful and inferior.' It is also written with the dog radical as 㹤; Du Lin says: 'Dogs are very timid, hence it is formed with the dog radical').

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挑眼 (To gouge out an eye: [tiao has] the fanqie 體姚; the Shenglei says: 'Tiao means to gouge out [jue, with the fanqie 淵悅].' The Yunying says: 'To pick out; to scrape away and eliminate.' The Shuowen jiezi states that it is formed with the hand radical 扌 and zhao 兆 as abbreviated phonetic).

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刖足 (Amputating the feet: [yue has] the fanqie 元厥; the name of an ancient punishment. The classics and histories describe it differently: some call it fei 腓 punishment [wan with the fanqie 未反], or bin 𩪯 [with the fanqie 毘胤]; the punishments, however, are entirely the same. When people crossed passes and bridges or climbed city walls to commit robbery, their punishment was amputation of the feet. The Kaosheng says: 'Severing the feet.' It is also written as 𰸌. The Shuowen jiezi states that it is formed with the knife radical 刀 and yue 月 as phonetic).

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頻蹙 (Frowning and knit brows: the first [pin has] the fanqie 毘寅, now abbreviated as 频; the second [cu has] the fanqie 精育; it is also written as 蹙 or [貝*(戒-廾+步)], with identical meanings. It was already explained in the second fascicle at the beginning of the sūtra).

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阿遮利耶 (Ācārya: Sanskrit; in the Tang language it is called 'master of standard conduct' or 'preceptor.' The old rendering as 'ācārya' (āsheli / asheli) is corrupt).

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䊸欝 (Entangled and gloomy: the first [yu has the fanqie] 嫗千; the Kaosheng says: 'Winding and bent.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Bent.' It is a phono-semantic character. The second [yu has] the fanqie 熅律; Kong's commentary to the Shangshu says: 'Yu means sorrowful thoughts.' The Guangya says: 'Hidden and obscure.' The Kaosheng says: 'Long contemplation; stagnation.' It is formed with lin 林, [午/止], yi 一, [必/下/一], and shan 彡).

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貶退 (To demote and dismiss: [bian has] the fanqie 彼撿; Zheng's commentary to the Zhouli says: 'Bian means to reduce.' He Xiu's commentary to the Gongyang zhuan says: 'To decrease.' The Mao commentary to the Shijing says: 'To fall.' It is also written as bei 卑).

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柁那 (Dāna: [pronounced with] the fanqie 唐那; Sanskrit. In the Tang language it is called giving; the ancient rendering as dāna (danna) is the same).

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羼底 (Kṣānti: the first has the fanqie 察限; the second has the fanqie 丁以; in the Tang language it is called endurance of insult or tranquil patience).

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毘利耶 (Vīrya: in the Tang language it is called vigorous exertion or courageous progress).

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般羅若 (Prajñā: corrupt and abbreviated Sanskrit; the correct Sanskrit pronunciation is prajñā [two ligatures]; in the Tang language it is called insight or wisdom).

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肴膳 (Delicacies and meals: [yao has] the fanqie 効交; Jia's commentary to the Guoyu says: 'Yao means sacrificial meats on the stand.' The Mao commentary to the Shijing says: 'The contents of the dou vessel.' Zheng's Jian commentary says: 'Pickles and minced meat sauce.' The Kaosheng says: 'Dried meats, savory dishes, pastries, and fruits.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To eat.' It is formed with the flesh radical 肉 and yao 爻 as phonetic; in vulgar use written as 餚. The second is pronounced shan 善; Zheng Xuan says: 'Shan 膳 means good (shan 善); fine food today is called shan.' The Shuowen jiezi states that it is formed with the flesh radical 肉).

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車乘 (Vehicles and carriages: [sheng has] the fanqie 時證).

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車路 (Carriages and chariots: the first is pronounced with the fanqie 舉魚; the Shiming says: 'In antiquity, the character che (carriage) sounded like ju (dwelling); it expresses that by which people abide when travelling.' The second has the fanqie 盧固; the Shiming says: 'Lu (road) also means carriage; it expresses that by which one travels upon roads.' It is also written as lu 輅, which is the same).

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邀請 (To solicit and invite: [yao has] the fanqie 幽遙; Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: 'Yao 邀 means to seek out (yao 要).' Jia's commentary to the Guoyu says: 'To seek.' The Hanshu Yinyi says: 'To intercept.' The Shuowen jiezi states that it is formed with the movement radical 辵 and jiao 敫 as abbreviated phonetic).

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勇勵 (Courageous and striving: the first [yong has] the fanqie 羊腫; Yang Xiong's Taixuan jing says: 'To be decisive and resolute is courage.' The Posthumous Titles Rules say: 'Bearing profound command for benevolence is called courage; knowing death and not fleeing is called courage.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Yong means vigor/spirit.' It is formed with the strength radical 力 and yong 甬 as phonetic. The second [li has] the fanqie 力滯; Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: 'To encourage one another.' The Gujin zhengzi says: 'Li means to urge onward.' It is formed with the strength radical 力 and li 厲 as phonetic).

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薩伐若 (Sarvajña: [ruo has] the fanqie 而者; inaccurate and abbreviated Sanskrit; the correct Sanskrit pronunciation is sarvajña [with a ligature]; in the Tang language it is called the All-Knowing (omniscience); the old rendering was sabopo-ruo 薩婆若).

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髓腦 (Marrow and brain: the first has the fanqie 雖𭪿; the Shuowen jiezi says: 'The fat inside the bones; a phono-semantic character.' The second has [the fanqie] 那老; the Shuowen jiezi says: 'The marrow inside the head; a pictograph and also a phono-semantic character, formed with the flesh radical 肉 and [巢-果+(离-禸)] as phonetic.' The Shuowen jiezi writes it with bi 匕 as [匕*(巢-果+(离-禸))]; Wei Hong wrote it simply as [巢-果+(离-禸)]).

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䬫餬 (Ghee / sarpirmaṇḍa: the first is pronounced ti 提, formed with the food radical 食 and di 氐 [fanqie 丁禮]; in the sūtra text, writing it with hu 互 is an error. The second is pronounced hu 胡. Di-hu is the finest and purest essence of clarified butter (ghee); regardless of winter or summer, it remains clear and does not congeal, and can penetrate human flesh. It is also written with the wine radical 酉 as 醍醐, which is also commonly accepted).

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皓齒 (White teeth: the first character has the fanqie 胡好 [hào]. The Erya says: “皓 means white.” It is composed of the semantic 自 and the phonetic 告. The sūtra writing it with 日 is a popular variant commonly used. The second character has the fanqie 昌止 [chǐ], which is a pictograph.)

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紡績 (Spinning and reeling: the first character has the fanqie 芳冈 [fāng]. The Kaosheng says: “Twisting hemp fibers tight is called 紡.” The second character has the fanqie 精亦 [jì]. The Erya says: “績 means to join or to continue.” The Shuowen says: “To continue; to spin silk.” It is a phono-semantic character.)

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紡綫 (Spinning thread: the second character has the fanqie 先箭 [xiàn]. Zheng’s commentary on the Yili says: “綫 means thread.” It is also written 線, which is an ancient graph.)

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一縷 (A single strand: [縷 has] the fanqie 力禹 [lǚ]. 縷 also means thread.)

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妒心 (A jealous mind: [妒 has] the fanqie 都固 [dù]. Zheng Xuan’s commentary on the Mao Shi says: “[Jealousy] on account of physical beauty is called 妒.” The Shuowen says: “A wife being jealous of her husband.” It is composed of the semantic 女 and the phonetic 戶. The sūtra writing it with the radical 石 as 妬 is an error.)

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Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Forty-Two

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鄔波柁耶 (Upādhyāya: Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means personal preceptor [親教師]. Old translations rendered it 和上 [heshang], which originally was a corrupt, abbreviated foreign term. Here it means learned scholar [博士], but that is not the orthodox translation.)

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貯水 (Storing water: [貯 has] the fanqie 知呂 [zhǔ]. Du’s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: “貯 means to control, to accumulate and store.” The Shuowen says: “To accumulate.” It is composed of the semantic 貝 and the phonetic 宁. 宁 has the fanqie 除呂 [zhù].)

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癲狂 (Madness and mania: the first character has the fanqie 丁堅 [diān]. The Yunying says: “癲 is an illness.” The Wenzi jilüe says: “A wind disease entering the internal organs.” It is also written 瘨, which is likewise acceptable.)

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㿈癤 (Carbuncles and boils: the first character has the sound 邕 [yōng]; the second character has the sound 節 [jié]. The Wenzi jilüe says: “Internal ulceration and obstruction is 㿈.” It also says: “癤 is a small carbuncle.” The Kaosheng says: “Acne and boils.”)

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疽癬 (Deep-seated ulcer and ringworm: the first character has the fanqie 七余 [jū]. The Jilüe says: “A long-lasting carbuncle is a 疽.” The second character has the fanqie 仙演 [xiǎn]. The Shuowen says: “Dry ulcer.” The sound is [like] 易. Mr. Yan says: “Nowadays ringworm has two types, dry and wet.”)

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惡癘 (Severe leprosy: [癘 has] the fanqie 力滯 [lì]. Zheng’s commentary on the Zhouli says: “Disharmony of pestilential qi turning into disease.” Guo Pu’s commentary on the Shanhaijing says: “Malignant sore.” It also has the fanqie 盧大 [lài]. Dictionaries state that it is the disease of great wind [leprosy]. The popular form 癩 is non-standard. The Shuowen says: “Malignant disease.” It is composed of the semantic 疒 (sound of 女厄 [nè]) and the abbreviated phonetic 萬. There is also a form with 𠂆 (sound 罕 [hǎn]) written 厲, whose semantic gloss and usage are distinct, and not this meaning.)

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洗濯 (Washing and cleansing: [濯 has] the fanqie 幢卓 [zhuó]. The Mao Shi zhuan says: “濯 means to wash.” The Shuowen says: “To cleanse.” It is composed of the semantic 水 and the phonetic 翟 (sound of 宅 [zhái]).)

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陶師 (Potter: [陶 has] the fanqie 唐勞 [táo]. The Jixun says: “A kiln.” The sound is 姚 [yáo]. A kiln is an earthen chamber for firing pottery. The orthodox graph is written 匋. The Kaosheng says: “A pottery kiln, invented by Kunwu.” It is composed of [午/止] (fanqie 甫苟 [fǒu]) and 勹 (sound 包 [bāo]). Now in the sūtras it is written with the radical 阜 as 陶, meaning Taogao [a place name]; inherited usage also accepts it.)

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挻埴 (Kneading clay: the first character has the fanqie 商延 [shān]. Song Zhong’s commentary on the Taixuan jing says: “挻 means to blend.” Ru Chun’s commentary on the Han shu says: “To strike.” It is composed of the semantic 手 and the phonetic 延; forms with 土 are incorrect. The second character has the fanqie 時力 [zhí]. Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “Sticky earth is called 埴.” The Shiming says: “Earth that is yellow, fine, and compact is called 埴; 埴 means oily and smooth.” The Imperial Commentary on the Laozi also says: “挻 means to blend; 埴 means clay. A potter blends clay to make earthenware vessels.” It is composed of the semantic 土 and the phonetic 直.)

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凝滴 (Congealing drops: [凝 has] the fanqie 魚兢 [yíng]. Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “凝 means to form.” Zheng’s commentary on the Liji says: “To solidify.” The Yijing says: “Treading on frost, solid ice [arrives]: the yin begins to congeal.” The Shuowen says: “Water becoming solid.” It is composed of the semantic 冫 (sound 氷 [bīng]) and the phonetic 疑. The graph 疑 is composed of 匕, 矢, and [甬-用+疋] (fanqie 所於 [shū]). The second character has the fanqie 丁歷 [dī]. The Shuowen says: “Water dripping.” It is composed of the semantic 水 and the phonetic 啇; forms with 帝 are incorrect.)

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泡沫 (Bubbles and foam: [泡 has] the fanqie 普包 [pāo]; [沫 has] the fanqie 母鉢 [mò]. It means water foam.)

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𭣙觸 (Striking against: [𭣙 has] the fanqie 宅庚 [zhèng]. It is also written 㲂, 揨, or 掁; all four forms are equivalent. The Shenglei says: “𢾊 means to collide.” Dictionaries state that written with 手 as 揨, it means to pierce. The Shuowen lacks this character. It is composed of the semantic 攴 and the phonetic 亭.)

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貿易 (Trading: [貿 has] the fanqie 莫候 [mòu]. Gu Yewang says: “To exchange.” The Erya says: “To market; to sell.” In the sūtra it is written 𧴵, which is a scribal error. The Shuowen says: “To exchange wealth.” It is composed of the semantic 貝 and the phonetic 丣 (sound 夘 [mǎo]).)

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坏成 (Unbaked pottery completed: [坏 has] the fanqie 配媒 [pēi]. The Shuowen says: “Earthenware vessels that have not yet been fired are called 坏.” It is composed of the semantic 土 and the abbreviated phonetic 丕.)

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非撥 (Repudiate and dismiss: [撥 has] the fanqie 彼未 [bèi]. 撥 means to eliminate.)

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𩧐駝 (Camel: the first character has both fanqie 郎各 [luò] and 湯洛 [tuò]; both are acceptable. Dictionaries write it 𩧐; the sūtra text writes it 馲, which is incorrect. The second character has the fanqie 達河 [tuó]; it is also written [駝-匕+止], or popularly written 駞. The Kaosheng says: “The name of a northern barbarian beast.” Guo Pu’s commentary on the Shanhaijing says: “The camel has fleshy humps on its back, can carry a thousand catties, travels three hundred li a day, and can detect where water springs are.” Both are phono-semantic characters.)

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呵𠿒 (Scolding and shouting: [呵 has] the fanqie 呼阿 [hē]; it is also written 訶. The Zhouli says: “Those who are disrespectful are scolded and punished.” Ancient script wrote it with the radical 止 as 㱒. The second character has the fanqie 呼遏 [hè]; the sūtra text writing it 喝 is an error. 喝 has the fanqie 烏介 [ài]. The Guangcang says: “𠿒 also means to scold.” The Guangya says: “To be angry.” The Shuowen says: “To shout loudly in anger.” It is composed of the semantic 口 and the phonetic 歇.)

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一鑊 (A cauldron: [鑊 has] the fanqie 黃郭 [huò]. The commentary on the Zhouli says: “A vessel for boiling meat.” The Guangya says: “A cauldron [鼎].” The Shuowen says: “A large tripod vessel [鑴].” Sound is 携 [xié]. It is composed of the semantic 金 and the abbreviated phonetic 蒦. 蒦 has the fanqie 泓虢 [huò].)

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剉膾 (Chopping and mincing meat: the first character has the fanqie 倉貨 [cuò]. The Yupian says: “剉 means to hack.” The second character has the fanqie 公外 [kuài]. The Guangya says: “膾 means to slice.” The Zitong says: “Finely cut raw meat.” The Shuowen says: “Finely sliced meat.” It is composed of the semantic 肉 and the phonetic 會.)

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鋸解 (Sawing apart: [鋸 has] the fanqie 居御 [jù]. The Cang Jie pian says: “A saw for cutting objects.” The Shuowen says: “A spear-like weapon [槍榶].” It is composed of the semantic 金 and the phonetic 居. 槍 has the fanqie 七羊 [qiāng]; 榶 has the sound 唐 [táng]. The second character has the fanqie 庚買 [jiě]; reading it 賈 [gǔ] is incorrect.)

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[((厂@(甘/肉))*犬)/土]笮 (Pressing: the first character has the fanqie 於甲 [yā]. The Kaosheng says: “To suppress and weigh down.” It is composed of the semantic 土 and the phonetic 厭. The second character has the fanqie 莊革 [zé]; it is also written 笮 or 迮. The Shuowen says: “To press.” It is composed of the semantic 竹 and the phonetic 乍. Old sounds and meanings say: “To press out juice using a trough.”)

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鞭杖 (Whips and rods: [鞭 has] the fanqie 補綿 [biān]. The Yupian says: “Using leather to flog criminals.” The Kaosheng says: “To strike.” The Shuowen says: “To urge on slowly.” It is composed of the semantic 革 and the phonetic 便. The Guangya says: “鞭 means hard.” The ancient script writes it 𣁁, which is an ideogram.)

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寱言 (Sleep-talking: [寱 has] the fanqie 霓計 [yì], and also the fanqie 迷閉 [mì]. The Kaosheng says: “Talking in one’s sleep.” The Tongsu wen says: “Words spoken in a dream are called 寱.” The Shuowen says: “Talking with eyes closed.” It is composed of the abbreviated semantic 㝱 and the phonetic 臬. 臬 has the sound 蘖 [niè]. 㝱 means dream.)

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愚戇 (Stupid and dull-witted: [戇 has] the fanqie 卓降 [zhuàng], and also the fanqie 濁巷 [zhuàng]. The Yinxun says: “Lacking knowledge and entirely foolish is called 戇.” The Kaosheng says: “The appearance of having a dull mind.” The Shuowen says: “Stupid.” It is composed of the semantic 心 and the phonetic 𥫔. 𥫔 has the sound 貢 [gòng] and also 紺 [gàn]; it is composed of 章 and 夅 (fanqie 下江 [xiáng]) over 貝.)

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憤亂 (Indignant and disordered: [憤 has] the fanqie 枎問 [fèn]; the second character has the sound 亂 [luàn].)

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愚騃 (Foolish and naive: [騃 has] the fanqie 五駭 [ái]. The Cang Jie pian says: “Lacking wisdom is called 騃.” The Fangyan says: “Weary and slow-witted.”)

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頑嚚 (Stubborn and deceitful: the first character has the fanqie 五關 [wán]; the second character has the fanqie 魚斤 [yín]. This was already explained in detail earlier in Fascicle Three of the Sounds and Meanings, under section 181 of the Prajñāpāramitā-sūtra.)

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驅伇 (Driving into service: [驅 has] the fanqie 羗虞 [qū]. The Cang Jie pian says: “Following behind is called 驅.” The Guangya says: “驅 means to gallop.” The ancient script writes it 敺, meaning to chase away.)

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邪僻 (Depraved and perverse: [僻 has] the fanqie 匹亦 [pì]. The Kaosheng says: “Deviant, evasive, mistaken.” It is composed of the semantic 人 and the phonetic 辟.)

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Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Forty-Three

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逆旅 (Lodge / inn: [逆 has] the fanqie 迎戟 [yí]. The Shuowen says: “To welcome.” It is composed of the semantic 辵 (fanqie 丑略 [chù]) and the phonetic 屰. 屰 has the sound 逆 [nì]. Nowadays it is commonly written 𨒫, which is corrupt. The second character has the fanqie 力貯 [lǚ]. Jia Kui’s commentary on the Guoyu says: “旅 means a guest.” Du’s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: “逆旅 means an inn.” The Shuowen says: “A military brigade of five hundred men.” The ancient script writes it [山/(企-止+?)], composed of 㫃 (fanqie 於蹇 [yǎn]) and two 人, which is the ancient character 從. The sūtra writing it 旅 is incorrect.)

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中殀 (Dying prematurely: [殀 has] the fanqie 央矯 [yǎo]. Du’s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: “Being broken short is called 殀.” Old sounds and meanings also say: “Not exhausting one’s allotted lifespan is called 殀.” The Shuowen says: “夭 means bent.” It is composed of 大 with a bent head as a pictograph, and 歹 (sound 殘 [cán]) with 夭 as phonetic. Writing it with 犬 is incorrect.)

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羸顇 (Emaciated and haggard: the first character has the fanqie 力追 [léi]. The Shuowen says: “Sickly.” It is composed of the semantic 羊 and the phonetic 𣎆. 𣎆 has the same sound as the character above. The second character has the fanqie 情遂 [cuì]. The Cang Jie pian says: “顇 means sorrowful.” It is also written 忰.)

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捷慧 (Quick-witted and wise: [捷 has] the fanqie 情葉 [jié]. The Kaosheng says: “揵 means robust, swift, and speedy; 揵 also means wise.” The Shuowen says it is composed of the semantic 手 and the phonetic 建; 建 has the same sound as above.)

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嶷然 (Towering like a peak: [嶷 has] the fanqie 疑力 [yì]. The Zizhi says: “仡嶷 describes the appearance of mountain peaks.” It is composed of the semantic 山 and the phonetic 疑. 仡 has the fanqie 魚訖 [yì]. The character 疑 is composed of 匕 and 矢.)

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繚戾 (Twisted and contrary: [繚 has] the fanqie 靈鳥 [liáo]; [戾 has] the fanqie 𥠖結 [lì].)

13.164

不傴 (Not hunchbacked: [傴 has] the fanqie 䊸禹 [yǔ]. The Guangya says: “傴 means bent.” The Kaosheng says: “A bent back.” The Erya writes it 𬾓. The Shuowen says: “傴僂 [hunchbacked].” It is composed of the semantic 人 and the phonetic 區. 僂 has the fanqie 力禹 [lǚ].)

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栽㮆 (Sprouting from a stump: [㮆 has] the fanqie 我割 [è]. The Erya says: “㮆 means remainder.” The Shuowen says: “It is also written 㮆, meaning the remnant of a felled tree.” It is composed of the semantic 木 and the phonetic 𦍐. In the sūtra text, writing it with 𦍐 is an error. It is also written 𣎴, an ancient character that is a pictograph of a headless tree. It is also written 蘖, composed of 薛 and 木.)

13.166

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Forty-Four

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悲噎 (Choking with sorrow: [噎 has] the fanqie 煙結 [yē]. The Shuowen says: “Choking on food.” Dictionaries state: “Qi obstructing the chest and throat so that food cannot go down.” Wei Hong wrote it 饐.)

13.168

机隥 (Stool or low seat: [机 has] the fanqie 飢擬 [jǐ]; the second character has the fanqie 多亘 [dèng]. Note: 机蹬 is a small article for sitting.)

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黑駮 (Mottled black: [駮 has] the fanqie 補角 [bó]. When white and black markings intermingle, it is called mottled [班駮].)

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重擔 (Heavy burden: [擔 has] the fanqie 當監 [dān]. It is composed of the semantic 手 and the abbreviated phonetic 詹; writing it with 木 is incorrect.)

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山狖 (Mountain macaque: [狖 has] the fanqie 由救 [yòu]. The Jixun says: “Resembles an ape, a species of macaque.” The Chuci says: “The dwelling place of apes and macaques.” The Cang Jie pian says: “Resembles a wildcat, able to catch mice, native to Hexi”; this explanation is not certain.)

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猨猴 (Apes and monkeys: the first character has the sound 袁 [yuán]; the second character has the sound 侯 [hóu]. The Shanhaijing says: “On Mount Tangting there are many white apes.” Guo Pu says: “Resembles a macaque but is larger, with long arms, agile and swift; when it calls, its sound is plaintive.” Furthermore, regarding 猴, the Shuowen says it is a 獿. Nowadays they are called 猴孫, popularly called 胡孫.)

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蜫蟲 (Insects and bugs: the first character has the sound 昆 [kūn], whose orthodox form is written 䖵; the Wenzi jilüe writes it 蜫. The Jixun says: “A general term for creeping insects.” The second character has the fanqie 逐融 [chóng]. The Erya says: “Creatures with legs are called 蟲.” Nowadays the sūtra text uses the abbreviated graph 虫, which is not the original character; 虫 has the sound 毀 [huǐ].)

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不肖 (Unworthy: [肖 has] the fanqie 小要 [xiào]. The Guangya says: “肖 means to resemble; to be alike.” The Shuowen says: “Resemblance of flesh and bone is called 肖.” The Liji says: “A person lacking virtue and righteousness is called 不肖.” The Shuowen says it is composed of the semantic 肉 and the phonetic 小.)

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撮摩 (Grasping and rubbing: [撮 has] the fanqie 倉捋 [cuō]. The Yunquan says: “To grasp and take with the hand.” It is composed of the semantic 手 and the phonetic 繓. 繓 has the fanqie 宗栝 [zuō]; 捋 has the fanqie 盧括 [luō].)

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麁獷 (Coarse and fierce: [獷 has] the fanqie 虢猛 [guăng]. It was already explained earlier.)

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綺繪 (Patterned damask and painted silks: the first character has the fanqie 墟倚 [qǐ]. The Shuowen says: “Patterned silk.” The second character has the fanqie 胡外 [huì]. Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “繪 means the five colors.” Zheng’s commentary on the Analects says: “繪 means painting.” It is also written 繢.)

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不呰 (Not reviling: [呰 has] the fanqie 資此 [zǐ]. 呰 means to slander or defame; it is also written 訾.)

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強戾 (Stubborn and refractory: the second character has the sound 麗 [lì].)

13.180

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Forty-Five

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虵蠍 (Snakes and scorpions: the first character has the fanqie 常耶 [shé]; the orthodox form is written 蛇. The second character has the fanqie 軒謁 [xiē]; the sūtra writing it 蝎 is incorrect. 蝎 has the sound 揭 [jiē]; its meaning and gloss have already been explained previously.)

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Mosquitoes and horseflies (蚊虻: the first character is pronounced like 文, the second is 莫 + 耕 fanqie; its gloss and meaning are as given previously in Fascicle 3).

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Resentful and hostile (忿懟: 懟 is 長 + 淚 fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Harbouring hatred and being angry is called 懟 [hostile]." It is also written 譵).

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Arrows and lances (箭矟: the first character is 將 + 線 fanqie; the Erya says it is the name of a bamboo; Guo Pu says: "It resembles small bamboo and can be made into arrows (𠂕); hence arrows (𠂕) are named 箭." The Fangyan says: "From the Pass westward, arrows are called 箭." The second character is 山 + 卓 fanqie; the Guangya says: "矟 is a spear (矛)." The Picang says: "It is one zhang eight chi long." 矛 is pronounced 莫 + 侯 fanqie; 湔 is pronounced 薦; 矢 is pronounced 始, vulgarly written 矢; 篠 is pronounced 庭 + 曆 fanqie).

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Span of life (生涯: 涯 is 五 + 家 fanqie; the Shuowen says: "Water's edge"; it is also written 厓).

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Fascicle 46 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra

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And taking by the hand (而攜: 攜 is 戶 + 圭 fanqie; the Yupian says: "攜 means to hold." The Shuowen says: "攜 means to lead by hand; it takes 'hand' (手) as semantic and 巂 as phonetic." 巂 has the same pronunciation as above. The Kaosheng says: "The character 巂 takes 屮, picturing its crest. The popular form 携 is an error").

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese