一切經音義 68

English (machine translation) 68

Language: English

68.2

Sounds and Meanings of the Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra, First Case

68.4

From Fascicle One through Fascicle Eighty.

Deliberating and measuring (籌量) (the upper character has the fanqie: 宙留 [chóu]. Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Liji says: "Chóu means calculating." Gu Yewang says: "Chóucè are that with which one calculates." The Shiji says: "Borrowing the chopsticks in front to plan it." The Shuowen says it is formed from "bamboo" with 壽 as its phonetic component. The lower character has the fanqie: 略張 [liáng]. The Kaosheng gives the orthodox character as 量, formed from 童).

68.7

Polishing and lustering (摩鎣) (the upper character has the fanqie: 莫婆 [mó]. Guo [Pu's] commentary on the Erya says: "Jade and stones being ground is like a person cultivating and adorning himself." Gu Yewang says: "Mó means to sharpen." The Shuowen says it is formed from "hand" with 麻 as its phonetic component; sometimes written as 攠. The lower character has the fanqie: 縈迥 [yíng]. The Guangya says: "Yíng also means to polish." Gu Yewang says: "It means wiping pearls, jade, and tube-shaped ornaments to make them gleam with light." The Shuowen says it is formed from "metal" with the abbreviated 熒 as its phonetic component. In the treatise text it is written as 瑩, which is also interchangeable. 琯 has the fanqie: 古閟 [guàn]).

68.8

Vatsa (筏蹉) (the upper character has the fanqie: 煩發 [fá]; the lower character has the fanqie: 錯何 [cuō]; a Sanskrit king's name).

68.9

Astute and discerning (聰叡: the first character has the fanqie 儷公; Han Ying's Commentary on the Odes states: '聰 means bright and discerning.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It means observant. It is formed from [the semantic component] "ear" (耳) and has 忩 as phonetic.' The second character has the fanqie 悅惠; the Guangya states: '叡 also means acute.' The Jixun states: 'A sage must penetrate into subtleties.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Profoundly luminous. It is formed from [(├/(同-(一/口)+、))*又]'—[(├/(同-(一/口)+、))*又] having the fanqie 藏安—'and is formed from "eye" (目) with the character 谷 abbreviated as phonetic.').

68.10

Fascicle Two

68.11

Indulgent and craving (耽嗜: the first character has the fanqie 答含; its correct form is 媅. Kong Anguo's Commentary on the Book of Documents states: 'Excessive indulgence in pleasure is called 媅.' Han Ying's Commentary on the Odes states: 'The extreme of taking pleasure.' Jia Kui states: 'To crave.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It means taking pleasure. It is formed from [the semantic component] "woman" (女) and has 甚 as phonetic.' The Shenglei also writes it as 妉, 躭, or 酖, all meaning the same. The second character has the fanqie 時利; Kong's Commentary on the Book of Documents states: 'Craving without satiety.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Liking desires. It is formed from [the semantic component] "mouth" (口) and has 耆 as phonetic.').

68.12

Cotton catkin (㲲絮: the first character has the fanqie 恬葉; the second character has the fanqie 胥慮. We note: 㲲絮 refers to the catkin-like floss of tree-cotton from the Western regions, like the willow catkins of this land; nowadays it is also found in Jiaozhi in the south).

68.13

Alert and awakened (警覺: the first character has the fanqie 京影; Kong's Commentary on the Book of Documents states: 'To warn and caution.' The Boya states: 'It means the spirit being startled and uneasy.' The Wenzidian shuo states: 'It is formed from [the semantic component] "speech" (言) and has 敬 as phonetic; it is also written as 取 [for semantic/phonetic variation]').

68.14

Fascicle Three

68.15

Intransigent and perverse (籠戾: the first character has the fanqie 聾董. We note: 籠戾 means unyielding, obstinate, and difficult to tame. Looking through the character dictionaries, there is no standard base character for this [meaning]; the treatise borrows 籠 as a phonetic loan. In various sūtras and treatises, it is also written as 𢤱悷, both with the semantic component "mind" (心). The second character has the fanqie 犁帝; Han Ying's Commentary on the Odes says: '戾 means not good.' Zheng Xuan's Commentary on the Odes says: '戾 means excessive.' The Guangya says: 'Hasty and stubborn.' The Mao text of the Odes says: 'Violent, perverse, and without familial affection.' The Wenzidian shuo says: '戾 means a standard/perversity. It is formed from "door" (戶) and "dog" (犬); it is an associative compound.').

68.16

Dreading and fearing (忌憚: the first character has the fanqie 其記; Du Yu's Commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '忌 means to fear; it also means to revere.' The second character has the fanqie 檀且; Zheng's Commentary on the Mao Odes says: '憚 means difficult; it also means to fear.' The Shuowen jiezi says that both characters are formed from the semantic component "mind" (心), with 己 and 單 functioning as phonetics respectively).

68.17

Prison (囹圄: the first character has the fanqie 歷丁; the second character has the fanqie 魚舉. Zheng Xuan's Commentary on the Book of Rites says: '囹圄 is that which is used to detain and guard prisoners, like modern-day separate prisons.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It means to guard.' Both characters are formed from the semantic component "enclosure" (囗), with 令 and 吾 acting as phonetics; 囗 is pronounced 韋).

68.18

Branches and trunk (枝榦: the second character has the fanqie 于岸; Wang Yi's Commentary on the Songs of Chu says: '幹 means trunk/body.' The Guangya says: 'Trunk/root.' The character dictionaries also say: 'Branch.' The Wenziqu shuo says: 'The branches and trunk of a tree; it means trunk. It is formed from [the semantic component] "tree/wood" (木) and has 倝 as phonetic'—倝 being pronounced the same as above. In the treatise it is written as 擀, which is the name of a tree and does not fit this meaning; it is also written as 幹).

68.19

Toad (蝦蟇: the first character has the fanqie 夏加; the second character has the fanqie 罵已. The Picang says: 'The 蝦蟇 is a crawling creature/toad.' The Shuowen jiezi says that both characters are formed from the semantic component "insect/reptile" (虫) as phono-semantic characters).

68.20

Fascicle Four (contains no difficult characters requiring gloss or explanation)

68.21

Fascicle Five

68.22

Withered and emaciated (萎忰: the first character has the fanqie 鬱為; character dictionaries say: '萎 means to wilt or dry up.' The Jixun says: 'Like plants and trees withering and yellowing.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'It is formed from [the semantic component] "grass" (草) and has 委 as phonetic; it is also written as 𣨙.' The second character has the fanqie 秦遂; the Fangyan says: '悴 means harmed/worn down.' Zheng's Commentary on the Odes says: '忰 means haggard.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Grief/distress. It is formed from the semantic component "mind" (心) and has 卒 as phonetic; it is also written with "head" (頁) as 𱂕.').

68.23

Soaring and leaping (𦫀踊: the first character has the fanqie 鄧登; Zhuangzi says: '𦫀 leaped upward.' Gu Yewang says: '騰 means jumping/leaping.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "horse" (馬) and has 勝 abbreviated as phonetic; its standard form is written from 舟 as 騰.' The second character has the fanqie 容腫; He Xiu's Commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: '踊 means going upward.' Gu Yewang says: '踊 means leaping up and ascending. It is formed from [the semantic component] "foot" (足) and has 甬 as phonetic.').

68.24

Vipāśā (毘簸奢: the first character has the fanqie 婢彌; the next character has the fanqie 波麼. In Sanskrit, this is the name of a river in the Western regions. 麼 has the fanqie 摩火).

68.25

Kumbhā (屈戅婆: the middle character has the fanqie 卓絳. In Sanskrit, this is also the name of a river).

68.26

Exchanging a small amount (貿少: the first character has the fanqie 莫候; Gu Yewang says: '貿 means trading/exchanging.' The Erya says: '貿 means marketing and selling.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It is formed from [the semantic component] "wealth/cowrie" (貝) and has 夗 as phonetic'—夗 being pronounced the same as above).

68.27

Fascicle Six (contains no difficult characters for gloss or explanation)

68.28

Fascicle Seven

68.29

Unicorn horn (麟角: the first character has the fanqie 栗珍; the Gongyang zhuan says: 'The qilin is a benevolent beast.' The Erya says: 'The lin has the body of a 𪊽-deer, the tail of an ox, and a single horn, with flesh at the tip of the horn; it is also written as 𪊭.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "deer" (鹿) and has 粦 as phonetic.' 𪊽 has the fanqie 鬼筠; 粦 is formed from 炎 and 舛).

68.30

Ṣaṇḍhapaṇḍaka (扇搋半擇迦: 搋 has the fanqie 坼迦; in Sanskrit, this is a general term for eunuchs/neuters).

68.31

Fascicle Eight

68.32

Looking at a stump (見杌: the second character has the fanqie 五骨; the Yunlüe states: '杌 means a tree without branches.' The Kaosheng states: 'The appearance of a tree trunk emerging short.' The Wenzidian shuo states: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "tree/wood" (木) and has 兀 as phonetic.').

68.33

Moulding into the center (摶中: the first character has the fanqie 叚巒; the Boya says: '摶 means clasping with hands to make [substances] adhere together.' The Kaogong ji says: '摶 means round.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Round. Formed from [the semantic component] "hand" (手) and has 專 as phonetic.').

68.34

Inside the sheath (鞘中: the first character has the fanqie 霄曜; the Kaosheng says: 'The 鞘 is a sheath/scabbard for knives and swords; it is also written with the semantic component "leather" (韋) as 鞘.').

68.35

Jaw disk (𩒼輪: the first character has the fanqie 含敢; the Cangjie pian says: '𩒼 means the lower jaw.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '𩒼 means the chin. Formed from [the semantic component] "head" (頁) and has 甬 as phonetic; it is also written as 頷.' The second character has the fanqie 律椿; it is formed from [the semantic component] "chariot/wheel" (車)).

68.36

Eyelashes (眼睫: the second character has the fanqie 尖葉; the Shuowen jiezi says: '睫 means the hair beside the eyes. It is formed from [the semantic component] "eye" (目) and has 建 as phonetic; it is also written as 脥.' 建 has the fanqie 慈葉).

68.37

Slender and sharp (纖利: the first character has the fanqie 變閻; Kong's Commentary on the Book of Documents says: '纖 means fine.' The Guangya says: 'Subtle/minute.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "silk" (糸) and has 韱 as phonetic; 韱 is pronounced 僉.').

68.38

Pressed and cramped (迫迮: the first character is pronounced 百; the Guangya says: '迫 means narrow.' Gu Yewang says: '迫 means pressing/crowding.' The second character has the fanqie 爭格; the Kaosheng says: '迮 means narrow and small.' The Shuowen jiezi says that both are formed from the semantic component "walk" (辵), with 白 and 乍 as phonetics; it is also written as 窄).

68.39

Gradual passing (荏苒: the first character has the fanqie 而枕; the second character has the fanqie 而琰. Sun Mian's Tangyun says: '荏苒 means passing gradually or shifting.' The Gujin zhengzi states that both are formed from the semantic component "grass" (草), with 任 and 冉 acting as phonetics).

68.40

Fascicle Nine

68.41

Pupil of the eye (瞳子: the first character has the fanqie 徒公; the Picang says: '瞳 means the eyeball/pupil.' The Great Commentary to the Book of Documents states: 'Shun had double pupils in his eyes.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "eye" (目) and has 童 as phonetic.').

68.42

Fascicle Ten

68.43

Pen gate (圈門: the first character has the fanqie 求遠; Xu Shen's Commentary on the Huainanzi says: '圈 means an animal pen.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'An enclosure for keeping domestic beasts. Formed from [the semantic component] "enclosure" (囗) and has 卷 as phonetic; 囗 is pronounced 韋.').

68.44

Case Two of the Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra

68.45

Fascicle Eleven

68.46

𢎢 (pronounced 引)

68.47

Fascicle Twelve

68.48

Habituated (串: has the fanqie 關患; it is a popular character, the standard form being written from the semantic component "mind" as 慣. The Yunying says: 'To practice/become accustomed.').

68.49

Smoke and blaze (烟[燜-心+函]: the first character has the fanqie 宴賢; the second character has the fanqie 閩壍. The Kaosheng says: '[燜-心+甬] means the light of fire.' The character dictionaries say: 'Fire smoldering slightly.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "fire" (火) and has 閻 as phonetic.' In the treatise it is written as 焰, which is a popular character and is also acceptable).

68.50

Śaṅkha (餉佉: the first character has the fanqie 商讓; the second character has the fanqie 羗迦. In Sanskrit, this is the name of a dog in the Western regions).

68.51

Privy and pigsty (廁圂: the first character has the fanqie 惻事; the second character has the fanqie 渾困. The Shuowen jiezi says: '廁 means a latrine. 圂 also means a privy;' they define each other. In the treatise, it is written from the semantic component "water" as 溷, meaning confused/muddy, which does not fit this meaning. 囗 is pronounced 韋).

68.52

Timid and inferior (怯劣: the first character has the fanqie 久業; Gu Yewang says: '怯 means fearful.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "mind" (心) and has 去 as phonetic.' The second character has the fanqie 臠惙; the Shuowen jiezi says: '劣 means weak. Formed from "few" (少) and "strength" (力); it is an associative compound.').

68.53

Fascicle Thirteen

68.54

Hand-span (磔手: the first character has the fanqie 知厄; the Guangya says: '磔 means to open; it also means to spread out.' We note: 磔手 means spreading open one's hand and taking the distance reached from the thumb to the middle finger as a measure. Writing it with [the semantic component] "stone" as 磔 is correct. In the treatise it is written with "hand" as 搩, which is pronounced 桀 and does not carry the meaning of the character 磔).

68.55

Rustic and mean (鄙陋: the first character has the fanqie 碑美; Du Yu's Commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '鄙 means a border town.' The Shiji says: 'Being far from the capital, it becomes vulgar and rustic.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "settlement" (邑) and has [圖-囗] as phonetic.' The second character has the fanqie 樓豆; the Kaosheng says: '陋 also means vulgar; it means mean/lowly.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '陋 means narrow. Formed from [the semantic component] "hill/mound" (𨸏) and has [└@丙] as phonetic.').

68.56

Sneer and laugh (嗤笑: the first character has the fanqie 齒之; character dictionaries say: '嗤 is the appearance of a slight chuckle.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "mouth" (口) and has 蚩 as phonetic.' In the treatise it is written as 蚩, which is an error; it is also written as 㰩, an ancient form).

68.57

Coriander (胡荾: the second character has the fanqie 髓遺; the Kaosheng says: 'Name of a fragrant herb.' In the treatise it is written as 荽, which is incorrect).

68.58

Roasted grain meal (散[麥*酋]: the second character has the fanqie 尺沼; the Guangya says: '[(麩-夾+來)-夫+酋] is food.' The Wenzidian shuo says: '[(麩-夾+來)-夫+酋] is dried wheat meal. Formed from [the semantic component] "wheat" (麥) and has 酋 as phonetic.' In the treatise it is written as [麩-夫+少], which is a popular variant).

68.59

Halberd and lance (戟矟: the first character has the fanqie 京逆; the Fangyan says: 'The 戟-halberd has branched blades.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A halberd is a weapon with branches, sixteen feet long. It is written as 戟 from 卓 and 戈.' The second character has the fanqie 雙捉; the Guangya says: '矟 is a long spear.' The Picang says: 'It is eighteen feet long.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "spear" (矛) and has 肖 as phonetic.').

68.60

Grindstone and mill (磑磨: the first character has the fanqie 吾對; the second character has the fanqie 𦬆播. The Kaosheng says: 'A 磑 is an implement for grinding wheat.' The Shiben says: 'Gongshu Ban first manufactured stone mills.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '磑 also means to grind.' The standard form is written 磑磨, or with the semantic component 靡 as [歹*靡]).

68.61

Resplendent and grand (赫弈: the first character has the fanqie 亨格; the Mao Commentary on the Odes says: '赫 is the appearance of illustrious magnificence. Formed from two "red" (赤) characters.' The second character has the fanqie 盈益; Du's Commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '弈弈 is the appearance of abundance and greatness.' The Mao Commentary on the Odes says: '弈 means tall and large.' Zheng's Commentary says: 'Brilliant and magnificent.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Great. Formed from [the semantic component] "great" (大) and has 亦 as phonetic.').

68.62

Maudgalyāyana (目揵連: the first character is pronounced 乾. In Sanskrit, this is the name of an arhat).

68.63

Fascicle Fourteen

68.64

Damaged wick (損炷: the second character has the fanqie 朱乳; the Kaosheng says: '炷 means the wick of a lamp.').

68.65

Stumbling and falling (𰷻蹶: the first character has the fanqie 典年; the Shuowen jiezi says: '𧽍 means stumbling while running. Formed from [the semantic component] "run" (走) and has 真 as phonetic; it is also written with "foot" as 蹎, or as 傎.' In the treatise, it is written with "head" as 顛, meaning the high crown of the head, which does not fit this meaning. The second character has the fanqie 卷曰; Jia's Commentary on the Guoyu says: '蹶 means running fast.' Gu Yewang says: '蹶 conveys the sense of being startled and rushing in haste.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To fall stiffly. Formed from [the semantic component] "foot" (足) and has 厥 as phonetic; it is also written as 𧽸.').

68.66

Planting and shoots (栽㮆: the first character has the fanqie 宰才; the Yunying says: '栽 means to plant.' The Kaosheng says: 'The remaining stump of a cut-down tree. Formed from 𢦏 with 木 as phonetic.' The second character has the fanqie 我葛; the Jixun says: 'New shoots emerging from a tree that has been cut down; it also means the remaining stump of a cut-down tree.').

68.67

Hard and stiff (堅鞕: the second character has the fanqie 額更; character dictionaries say: '硬 means solid.' The Kaosheng says: 'Hard.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "leather" (革) and has 更 as phonetic; it is also written as 䩕 or 硬.').

68.68

Toil and distress (劬勞: the first character has the fanqie 具俱; the Mao Commentary on the Odes says: 'Toiling painfully in the wilderness.' Han Ying's Commentary on the Odes says: '劬 means frequent/distress.' Zheng's Commentary on the Book of Rites says: '劬 also means toil.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [the semantic component] "strength" (力) and has 句 as phonetic.').

68.69

Fascicle 15

68.70

Agile and sharp (倢利; the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 潛 + 葉. Wang [Yi]'s commentary on the *Chuci* states: "倢 means swift." The *Fangyan* states: "Between Song and Chu, cleverness is called 倢." Guo [Pu]'s commentary states: "Clever and comprehending. 倢 means convenient and deft." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* states: "[俎-且+(ㄙ/人)] [dexterous and quick]. Composed of 'person' (人) and 疌 as the phonetic." In the treatise it is written as 捷, the meaning is identical).

68.71

Forging gold (鍛金; [the first character is] 端 + 亂. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Shangshu* states: "鍛 means to temper and refine." The *Cang Jie pian* says: "鍛 means to hammer with a mallet." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Composed of 'metal' (金) and 段 as the phonetic").

68.72

Suddenly emerging (欻有; [the first character is] 𡼡 + 欝. Xue Zong's commentary on the *Xijing fu* states: "欻 means sudden." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Composed of 'yawn' (欠) and 炎 as the phonetic").

68.73

Deceiving and cheating (詭誑; the first character is 歸 + 葦. The *Yunying* states: "To deceive and swindle." The *Guangya* states: "詭隨 means evil." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "To blame; reproach. Composed of 'speech' (言) and 危 as the phonetic").

68.74

Arrogant and haughty (憍傲; the first character is 矯 + 喬. Gu Yewang states: "憍 refers to boasting of oneself, licentiousness, and disrespectful insolence." The *Cang Jie pian* states: "憍 means overflowing with excess." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Composed of 'heart' (心) and 喬 as the phonetic." The second character is 敖 + 詰. Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* states: "傲 means dreadless and disrespectful." The *Guangya* also states: "Haughty and insolent." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Haughty. Composed of 'person' (人) and 敖 as the phonetic." In the treatise it is written with 'heart' as 慠, which is incorrect).

68.75

Disputation and rivalry (角論; the first character is 江 + 岳. Gu Yewang states: "角 refers to two parties contending for victory." The *Kaosheng* states: "To contend; to test." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "A pictographic character; the horn resembles a knife or a fish." In the treatise it is written as 捔, meaning to connect, which is not the meaning here).

68.76

Fascicle 16

68.77

Coughing up breath (欬氣; [the first character is] 開 + 愛. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "欬 means adverse rising of breath. Composed of 'yawn' (欠) and 亥 as the phonetic." In the treatise it is written with 'mouth' as 咳, which is an error).

68.78

Arrogant and perverse (傲很; the second character is 痕 + 墾, an entering tone character. Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* states: "很 means perverse and stubborn." Jia Kui says: "很 means contradictory." The *Wenzi dian* says: "Composed of 'step' (彳) and 艮 as the phonetic." In the treatise it is written with 'person' as 佷, which is an error).

68.79

Po-tuo-li (婆拕梨; 柁 is pronounced 徒 + 箇; the last character is 里 + 知. Sanskrit, the name of an arhat [Bhadrika?]).

68.80

Fascicle 17

68.81

Narrow reason (陿故; [the first character is] 咸 + 甲. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "陿 means confined and narrow. Composed of 'mound' (阜) and 匧 as the phonetic"; 匧 has the same pronunciation as above. The popular form is written with 'dog' as 狹, which is not used here).

68.82

Fascicle 18 and Fascicle 19 (Both have no characters with phonetic glosses)

68.83

Fascicle 20

68.84

Barnyard millet seeds (稗子; [the first character is] 牌 + 賣. Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* states: "A grass that resembles grain." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "A distinct kind of grain. Composed of 'grain' (禾) and 卑 as the phonetic").

68.85

*Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra*, Case 3

68.86

Fascicle 21

68.87

Shields (棑盾; the first character is 敗 + 埋, which is an alternative name for a shield. The *Kaosheng* states: "棑 is the name of a weapon." The *Wenzi dian* states: "Composed of 'wood' (木) and 非 as the phonetic." The second character is 脣 + 准. The *Wenzi jilüe* states: "A shield is a plank held to cover oneself." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "盾 is a 瞂 [shield]"; 瞂 is pronounced 扶 + 發; "that by which one defends the body and covers the eyes; a pictographic character." It is also written as 𣸩).

68.88

Drawing a bow (彎弓; [the first character is] 綰 + 還. The *Cang Jie pian* states: "鸞 means to draw." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Holding the bow and drawing the arrow. Composed of 'bow' (弓) and 變 as the phonetic").

68.89

Sowing and reaping (稼穡; the first character is 家 + 暇. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Zhouli* states: "Sowing grain is called 稼." Ma Rong's commentary on the *Analects* states: "Planting the five grains is called 稼." The second character is 所 + 棘. The *Mao Shi Commentary* states: "Sowing it is called 稼; gathering and harvesting is called 穡." The *Kaosheng* states: "Refers to harvesting the field's sprouts." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Both characters are composed of 'grain' (禾), with 家 and 嗇 as their respective phonetics." In the treatise it is written as 穡, which is a vulgar character).

68.90

Fascicle 22

68.91

Like sheep (如芉; [the second character is] 餘 + 章. The *Zhouli* states: "Ji Province is suitable for raising cattle and sheep." The *Liji* states: "Sheep are called 'soft fleece'." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Sheep means auspiciousness. Composed of 艼, picturing the four feet and the tail." Confucius said: "The characters for ox and sheep are taken from their shapes." [艼-一] is pronounced 關 + 患).

68.92

Fascicle 23 (No characters with phonetic glosses)

68.93

Fascicle 24

68.94

Inchworm (尺蠖; [the second character is] 任 + 郭. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "The 蠖 is a worm that bends and stretches. Composed of 'insect' (虫) and 蒦 as the phonetic"; 蒦 is pronounced 烏 + 獲).

68.95

Fascicle 25

68.96

Fortresses and redoubts (堡塢; the first character is 裏 + 抱; the second character is 烏 + 古. In the *Chuyu*, it is the name of a western king).

68.97

Like Qu-xia-na-mo-lu-cha (如屈廈拏沒魯荼; 廈 is pronounced 遐 + 雅; 拏 is pronounced 搦 + 加; 荼 is 宅 + 加. Sanskrit [Kuṣāṇa-muruṇḍa?]).

68.98

Fascicle 26

68.99

Eggshell (卵㲉; the first character is 巒 + 短; the second character is 苦 + 角. The *Guiyuan zhucou* states: "The shell is the outer skin of a bird's egg." The *Gjin zhengzi* states: "Before hatching, it is called an egg; when broken open, it is called an eggshell. Composed of 'egg' (卵) and 㲉 as the phonetic").

68.100

Apertures and crevices (竅隙; the first character is 輕 + 叫. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Liji* states: "竅 means a hole." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "An opening. Composed of 'cave' (穴) and 敫 as the phonetic"; 敫 is pronounced 叫. The second character is 卿 + 戟. Gu Yewang states: "隙 is like a space or fissure." The *Guangya* states: "A split." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "A hole in the seam of a wall. Composed of 'mound' (𨸏) and 𡭽 as the phonetic").

68.101

Bellows (𩏕囊; [the first character is] 排 + 拜. The *Cang Jie pian* states: "A bellows is an instrument for blowing on a fire." The *Wenzi dian* states: "Composed of 'leather' (韋) and 𤰈 as the phonetic"; 𤰈 is pronounced 備. In the treatise it is written as 㰆, which is also acceptable. The second character is 諾 + 郎. The *Mao Shi Commentary* states: "A large one is called 囊; a small one is called 橐").

68.102

Marketplace commotion (闠閙; the first character is 迴 + 猥. The *Kaosheng* states: "The outer gate of a market." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Composed of 'gate' (門) and 貴 as the phonetic." The second character is 拏 + 効. The *Wenzi dian* states: "Disturbance and clamor. Composed of 'person' residing in a market; an associative compound." In the treatise it is written as 閙, which is a vulgar character).

68.103

Fascicle 27

68.104

Mist and falling snow (雰霏; the first character is 拂 + 雲. The *Cang Jie pian* states: "雰 means fog." The second character is 孚 + 非. The *Mao Shi Commentary* states: "霏 is the appearance of falling rain and snow." The *Shijing* says: "Rain and snow fall profusely (霏霏)." The *Gujin zhengzi* states: "雰 is the appearance of snow. 霏霏 means heavy snow. Both characters are composed of 'rain' (雨), with 分 and 非 as their respective phonetics").

68.105

Fascicle 28 (No characters to gloss phonetically or explain)

68.106

Fascicle 29

68.107

Two steps (二隥; [the second character is] 登 + 鄧. The *Guangya* states: "隥 means to step." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "隥 means to look upward. Composed of 'mound' (𨸏) and 登 as the phonetic." In the treatise it is written with 'foot' as 蹬; dictionaries also accept 蹬).

68.108

Harsh and cruel (嚴酷; [the second character is] 空 + 穀. The *Fangyan* states: "酷 means extreme; also ripe. North of the Yellow River, between Zhao and Wei, the ripening of grain is called 酷," which is not the meaning here. Looking into the character for harsh and cruel, it is written as this [嚳-爻+同]. Gu Yewang states: "Empty and deficient." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "[嚳-爻+同] means urgent; an extreme form of suffering. Composed of 告 and 学 with the phonetic abbreviated").

68.109

Fascicle 30

68.110

Joy and delight (歡喜; [the first character is] 呼 + 官. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Liji* states: "歡喜 means joyful." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "歡 means joy and sincerity. Composed of 雚 and 欠 as the phonetic").

68.111

Pillow for the saṅghāṭī (枕僧伽胝; [the first character is] 針 + 稔; the last character is pronounced 知. Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means the bundle/wrapper for the three robes).

68.112

Birch bark (樗皮; [the first character is] 胡 + 化. The *Kaosheng* states: "樗 is the name of a tree." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "A mountain tree whose bark is used for torches. Composed of 'wood' (木) and 雩 as the phonetic." In the treatise it is written as 樺, which is also acceptable).

68.113

Coiled and tangled (蟠結; [the first character is] 犮 + 䐽. Gu Yewang states: "蟠 means twisting, circling, and entangling with one another." The *Guangya* states: "Curved." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Composed of 'insect' (虫) and 番 as the phonetic"; 䐽 is pronounced 滿).

68.114

*Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra*, Case 4

68.115

Fascicle 31

68.116

Dwarfish and ugly (矬陋; the first character is 徂 + 和. The *Guangya* states: "矬 means short." The *Wenzi dian* states: "Composed of 'arrow' (矢) and 坐 as the phonetic; 坐 is an abbreviation of 留 and composed of 'earth' (土)." 陋 is pronounced 漏. The *Kaosheng* states: "Ugly and repulsive." It was explained previously in Fascicle 13).

68.117

Fascicle 32 (No characters with phonetic glosses)

68.118

Fascicle 33

68.119

Thirst and craving (㵣愛; [the first character is] 看 + 割. The *Kaosheng* states: "㵣 means longing for water." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "㵣 means wishing to drink. Composed of 'yawn' (欠) and 渴 as the phonetic." Nowadays popular usage mostly abbreviates it as 渴. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "渴 means exhausted/dried up").

68.120

Keen-eared and haughty (聰慢; the first character is 麤 + 公. The *Mao Shi Commentary* states: "聰 means hearing." The *Han Shi* states: "聰 means bright and perceptive." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Bright observation. Composed of 'ear' (耳) and an abbreviation of 怱 as the phonetic." The second character is 蠻 + 辦. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Shangshu* states: "慢 means to slight canonical teachings." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "慢 means indolent. Composed of 'heart' (心) and 曼 as the phonetic").

68.121

Fascicle 34

68.122

Thatch covering (被苫; the first character is pronounced 披. The second character is 攝 + 詹. The *Kaosheng* states: "苫 is made of woven straw." The *Erya* states: "A white cover is called 苫." Guo [Pu]'s commentary states: "Thatch made of white cogon grass. Nowadays south of the Yangtze it is called a canopy." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Composed of 'grass' (艸) and 占 as the phonetic").

68.123

Scorched wick (炷焦; the first character is 朱 + 樹; the second character is 子 + 遙. The *Kaosheng* states: "焦 means extremely dry; damaged by fire." The *Guangya* states: "焦 means black." Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Liji* states: "Smoked within fire." The *Shuowen jiezi* properly writes it as 𤓪, stating: "Burned by fire. Composed of 'fire' (火) and 雥 as the phonetic"; 雥 is pronounced 雜. In the treatise it is written as 燋, which is incorrect).

68.124

Clamorous and empty (𮨘虛; the first character is 香 + 驕. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Zhouli* states: "嚻 means noisy clamor." The *Zuo zhuan* says: "Low, cramped, noisy, and dusty"; this is it. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Sound and breath issuing from the top of the head. Composed of 㗊 and 頁; 頁 means head, or it is written as 買"; 㗊 is pronounced 壯 + 立; 頁 is pronounced 纈).

68.125

Fascicle 35 (No characters with phonetic glosses)

68.126

Fascicle 36

68.127

Irrigating and pouring (溉灌; the first character is 基 + 𧨏. Gu Yewang states: "溉 means pouring into." The *Shuowen jiezi* also states: "To irrigate." The second character is 官 + 換. Gu Yewang states: "灌 means drenching and soaking." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Both characters are composed of 'water' (水), with 既 and 雚 as their respective phonetics").

68.128

Surging and overflowing (滂溢; the first character is 普 + 忙. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "滂 means a reservoir; also written as 䨦." The second character is 引 + 一. The *Guangya* states: "溢 means abundant; to spill over." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "A vessel being full. Both characters are composed of 'water' (水), with 旁 and 益 as their respective phonetics." In the treatise it is written as 溢, which is a vulgar character).

68.129

Fascicle Thirty-Seven

68.130

Sawing apart (鋸解): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 居 + 御. The Cangjiepian says: 'A saw (鋸) is an instrument for cutting things apart.' The Shuowen says: 'It means qiāngtáng (iron cutting tool); it takes the radical 金 (metal) and 居 is phonetic.' The second character is 皆 + 蟹, in the rising tone. The Kaosheng says: 'To split open.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'To cleave apart; it takes the radical 刀 (knife), [representing] cleaving ox horns.'

68.131

Distressed and emaciated (慘顇): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 千 + 敢. The Commentary to the Mao Poetry says: 'Cǎn is like sorrow.' The Shuowen says: 'Cǎn means sorrow; the appearance of resentment; it takes the radical 心 (heart) and 參 is phonetic.' The second character is 慈 + 醉. The Cangjiepian says: 'Cuì means sorrow.' The Shuowen says: 'Haggard and emaciated; it takes the radical 頁 (head) and 卒 is phonetic.'

68.132

Broad and narrow (寬陿): [the second character is pronounced with the fanqie] 咸 + 甲. It was already explained in the preceding Fascicle Nineteen.

68.133

Drowsy and dim (𧄼瞢): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 登 + 鄧. The Kaosheng says: '𧄼 refers to the appearance of just awakening from sleep.' The second character is 墨 + 鄧. Du's Commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: 'Méng means stuffy/dull.' The Commentary to the Mao Poetry says: 'Confused.' The Shuowen says: 'Not bright; it takes the radicals 苜 and 䀏; 䀏 means the eyes shaking repeatedly.'

68.134

Beating and striking (撾打): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 竹 + 蝸. The Kaosheng says: 'Zhuā means to strike.' The Shenglei says: 'Zhuā means to beat.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'It takes the radical 水 (water) with 過 as phonetic.' The second character is 丁 + 冷. The Kaosheng says: 'To strike; the orthographic form is written [打-丁+鼎].'

68.135

Actors and entertainers (俳優): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 敗 + 埋; the second character is 郁 + 牛. Du's Commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: 'Páiyōu means jesting and entertainment.' Gu Yewang says: 'Actors and entertainers are what musicians do to make jokes and laughter, bringing pleasure to themselves.' The Shuowen says: 'Pái means jesting; yōu means entertainer. Both characters take the radical 人 (person), and 非 and 憂 are respectively phonetic.'

68.136

Grubs (蠐螬): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 薺 + 賫; the second character is 徂 + 遭. The Shuowen says: 'Grubs (qícáo) are wood-boring grubs, like tree borers. Both characters take the radical 虫 (insect), and 齊 and 曹 are respectively phonetic.'

68.137

Fascicle Thirty-Eight

68.138

Skin wrinkles (皮皺): [the second character is pronounced with the fanqie] 鄒 + 瘦. The Kaosheng says: 'Wrinkles (zhòu) mean the skin gathering together.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'The skin gathering slackly; it takes the radical 皮 (skin) and 芻 is phonetic. 芻 has the fanqie 惻 + 俱.'

68.139

Hunchbacked (背僂): [the second character is pronounced with the fanqie] 錄 + 矩. The Guangya says: 'Lóu means bent.' The Shuowen says: 'Deformed; the Duke of Zhou was hunchbacked; it takes the radical 人 (person) and 婁 is phonetic.' In the treatise it is written with the radical 肉 as 膢, which is incorrect.

68.140

Dark black (黶黑): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 鴨 + 減. Wang Su's Commentary to the Kongzi jiayu says: 'Àn also means black.' The Shuowen says: 'Yǎn means the appearance of deep black; it is also written as 黯.'

68.141

Fascicle Thirty-Nine (no characters to gloss)

68.142

Fascicle Forty

68.143

Pelvis bone (𰯦骨): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 欵 + 丸. The Kaosheng says: 'The hip and thigh bone.' The Shuowen says: 'Thigh bone; it takes the radical 骨 (bone) and 寬 is phonetic.' In the treatise it is written with the radical 肉 as 臗, which is also acceptable.

68.144

Jawbone (頷骨): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 含 + 感. The Shuowen says: 'Hàn means chin; it takes the radical 頁 (head) and 含 is phonetic; anciently written as 𱂚.' In the treatise it is written with the radical 肉 as 𦛜, which is a vulgar character.

68.145

Liver and lungs (肝肺): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 幹 + 寒. The Shuowen says: 'The liver is the water organ.' The second character is 孚 + 廢. The Baihu tong says: 'The lungs (fèi) correspond to noble (guì); they are the quintessence of metal; their colour is white.' The Shuowen says: 'The metal organ. Both characters take the radical 肉 (flesh), and 干 and 市 are respectively phonetic. 市 has the fanqie 軰.' In the treatise it is written as 肺, which is a character used in common practice.

68.146

Spleen and kidneys (脾腎): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 婢 + 彌. The Baihu tong says: 'The spleen (pí) corresponds to discern (bàn); it is that by which essence is stored and qi is received; it is the quintessence of earth; its colour is yellow.' The Shuowen says: 'The wood organ.' The second character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 時 + 刃. The Baihu tong says: 'The kidneys (shèn) correspond to guest (bīn); by drawing off and discharging the quintessence of water, their colour is black; being yin, they are a pair, hence they form a pair.' The Shuowen says: 'Both characters take the radical 肉 (flesh); [the second has] 臤 as phonetic; 臤 has the sound jiān.'

68.147

Stomach and gallbladder (𦞅膽): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 為 + 貴. The Baihu tong says: 'The stomach is the receptacle of the spleen; it governs the receiving of qi; the stomach is the repository for grains.' The Shuowen says: 'The receptacle of grains; it takes the radical 肉 (flesh) with 𱕻 as a pictograph.' The second character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 擔 + 覽. The Baihu tong says: 'The gallbladder is the receptacle connected to the liver; it rules benevolence (rén); when one who is benevolent cannot bear [cruelty], they use the gallbladder to cut it off and stop it, which is why one who is benevolent necessarily has courage.' The Shuowen says: 'It takes the radical 肉 (flesh) and 詹 is phonetic.' In the treatise it is written as 𦝩, which is a vulgar character.

68.148

Faeces and urine (屎𰎁): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 尸 + 是. The Zhuangzi says: 'Filling a basket with faeces.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'Shǐ means excrement; the standard form takes the radical 𰏒 as 𦳊, which is an ancient character; it is also written as [尸@(米*矢)].' In the treatise it is written as 屎, a vulgar character. The second character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 溺 + 吊. Gu Yewang says: '𰎁 is urine (niào).' The Shuowen says: 'Niào means urination; it takes the radicals 尾 (tail) and 水 (water).'

68.149

Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra, Case Five

68.150

Fascicle Forty-One

68.151

Sowing and reaping (稼穡): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 家 + 暇; the second character is 所 + 棘. It was already fully explained in the preceding Fascicle Twenty-One.

68.152

Abundant harvest (豐稔): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 覆 + 風. The Zhouyi says: 'Fēng means large.' Zheng Xuan says: 'Fēng means great.' Jia Kui says: 'Flourishing.' The Commentary to the Mao Poetry says: 'Luxuriant.' The Shuowen says: 'A dou vessel filled to the brim; it takes the radical 豆 (vessel) and is pictographic.' The second character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 壬 + 甚. Jia Kui says: 'Rěn means ripe.' Gu Yewang says: 'It means fully ripe.' The Shuowen says: 'Grain ripening; it takes the radical 禾 (grain) and 念 is phonetic.'

68.153

Fascicle Forty-Two

68.154

Gluttonous and greedy (饕餮): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 討 + 刀; the second character is 天 + 跌. Du's Commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: 'Craving wealth is called tāo; craving food is called tiè.' In the treatise it is written as 饕餮, which are vulgar characters.

68.155

Chewing and masticating (咀嚼): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 疾 + 與. The Cangjiepian says: 'Jǔ means to chew; [chew (噍) is pronounced with the fanqie] 慈 + 醮.' The Shuowen says: 'To hold and savour.' The second character is 匠 + 略. Gu Yewang says: 'Jué also means to chew.' The Guangya says: 'To ingest.' The Shuowen says: 'Both characters take the radical 口 (mouth), and 且 and 爵 are respectively phonetic.'

68.156

Tasting and sipping (嘗啜): the first character has the pronunciation of 常. The Analects says: 'When the ruler bestowed food, he would surely straighten his mat and taste it first.' Du's Commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: 'To try.' The Shuowen says: 'It takes the radical 旨 and 尚 is phonetic.' In the treatise it is written with the radical 口 as 𭋌, which is incorrect. The second character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 川 + 爇. The Shuowen says: 'Chuò also means to taste; it takes the radical 口 (mouth) and 叕 is phonetic. 叕 has the fanqie 陟 + 劣.'

68.157

Reproachful words (誚言): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 樵 + 笑. Kong's Commentary to the Shangshu says: 'Qiào means to blame.' The Shuowen says: 'Qiào means to disturb; it takes the radical 言 (speech) and 肖 is phonetic; it is also written as 譙. 嬈 has the fanqie 尼 + 了.'

68.158

Turtles and crabs (龜蠏): the first character has the pronunciation of 歸. The Guangya says: 'The turtle is a shelled creature.' The second character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 諧 + 買. Han Kangbo's Commentary to the Zhouyi says: 'The crab has its shell on the outside.' The Shuowen says: 'It has two pincers and eight legs, and walks sideways; it takes the radical 虫 (insect) and 解 is phonetic. 𧑃 has the sound áo.'

68.159

Gold ore (金礦): [the second character is pronounced with the fanqie] 虢 + 猛. The Guangya says: 'Iron ore and crude unrefined copper or iron; unrefined ore is called huàng.' The Shuowen says: 'It takes the radical 石 (stone) and 黃 is phonetic.' In the treatise it is written as 鑛, which is also acceptable.

68.160

Piercing the body (鏃身): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 𤗉 + 角. The Shuowen says: 'Zú means to pierce; it takes the radical 金 (metal) and 族 is phonetic; it is also written with the radical 竹 as 簇.' In the treatise it is written with the radical 手 as 𢳇, which is incorrect.

68.161

Fascicle Forty-Three (no characters to gloss)

68.162

Fascicle Forty-Four

68.163

Stumbling and falling (蹎蹶): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 典 + 蓮; the second character is 卷 + 月. It was already explained in the preceding Fascicle Fourteen.

68.164

Milk porridge (乳糜): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 儒 + 王; the second character is 美 + 悲. The Wenzi jilüe says: 'Mí means thick gruel.' The Shuowen says: 'It takes the radical 米 (rice) and 麻 is phonetic.'

68.165

Consorts and younger sisters-in-law (妃娣): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 斐 + 微. Gu Yewang says: 'Fēi is like a queen (hòu).' The Liji says: 'The consort of the Son of Heaven is called the queen.' The second character is 提 + 麗. The Erya says: 'When women are born from the same family, the elder born is the sì, and the younger born is the dì.' Guo's commentary says: 'Because they marry together to serve the same husband.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'Both characters take the radical 女 (woman), and 己 and 弟 are respectively phonetic.'

68.166

Uruvilvā (隖盧頻螺): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 烏 + 古; the second character is 盧 + 和. A Sanskrit name of an arhat.

68.167

Underground passage steps (隧隥): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 隨 + 醉. Du's Commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: 'A passageway.' The Shuowen says: 'It takes the radical 𨸏 and 遂 is phonetic.' In the treatise it is written with the radical 土 as 𡑞, which is incorrect. The second character is 登 + 鄧, already explained in the preceding Fascicle Twenty-Nine.

68.168

Fascicle Forty-Five (no characters to gloss)

68.169

Fascicle Forty-Six

68.170

Seizing and taking (㧖取): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 於 + 草. The Guangya says: 'È means to hold; to take.' The Shuowen writes it as 搹 and says: 'To grasp; it takes the radical 手 (hand) and 鬲 is phonetic.' In the treatise it is written as 㧖, which is also acceptable.

68.171

Tied with breast-straps (靷繫): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 余 + 震. The Commentary to the Mao Poetry says: 'Yǐn is that by which one pulls.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'The strap across the chest is called yǐn; it takes the radical 革 (leather) and 引 is phonetic.' The second character has the sound jì.

68.172

Ladder steps (梯隥): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 體 + 犁. Jia's Commentary to the Guoyu says: 'A ladder means stairs.' The Shuowen says: 'Wooden steps; it takes the radical 木 (wood) and 第 is phonetic.' The second character is 登 + 鄧, meaning a tiered road.

68.173

Fascicle Forty-Seven

68.174

Indulging in and immersed in (耽沔): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 荅 + 含, fully explained in the preceding Fascicle Two. The second character is 綿 + 褊. Kong's Commentary to the Shangshu says: 'Miǎn means indulging excessively in wine and losing one's bearings.' The Shuowen says: 'Indulging in wine; it takes the radical 水 (water) and 丐 is phonetic.'

68.175

Fascicle Forty-Eight

68.176

Drifting and surging (漂激): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 疋 + 遙. Gu Yewang says: 'Piāo is like flowing.' The Shuowen says: 'Piāo means floating.' The second character is 經 + 歷. Sima Biao's Commentary to the Zhuangzi says: 'A swift current is called jī.' The Shuowen says: 'Jī means swift, obstructed, diagonal waves. Both characters take the radical 水 (water), and 票 and 敫 are respectively phonetic.'

68.177

Flogging an ox (捶牛): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 隹 + 水. The Kaosheng says: 'Chuí means to strike.' The Zitong says: 'To strike with a rod; it takes the radical 手 (hand) and 垂 is phonetic.'

68.178

Shaft and yoke (轅軶): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 遠 + 元. The Kaogong ji says: 'Whenever making carriage shafts, triple the height of the wheels, and divide their length into two parts, with two in front and one behind.' The Shuowen says: 'Yuán is the carriage pole (zhōu).' The second character is 嚶 + 革. Zheng Xuan's Commentary to the Kaogong ji says: 'The yoke (è) is the wood at the tip of the shaft that presses on the ox's neck.' The Shuowen says: 'Both characters take the radical 車 (carriage), and 袁 and 戹 are respectively phonetic.' In the treatise it is written with the vulgar character 軛. Zhōu (輈) has the fanqie 肘 + 留.

68.179

Crupper and martingales (鞦鞅): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 七 + 由. The Kaosheng says: 'Qiū means the carriage crupper; it is also written as 鞧 or 緧.' The second character is 央 + 仰. The Wenzi jilüe says: 'A martingale controls the front of the ox or horse's head.' The Shuowen says: 'A neck halter; it takes the radical 革 (leather) and 央 is phonetic; it is also written as 紻. Dà (靼) has the fanqie 之 + 列.'

68.180

Fascicle Forty-Nine

68.181

Sturgeon (鱣魚): [the first character is pronounced with the fanqie] 展 + 連. Guo's Commentary to the Erya says: 'The sturgeon is a large fish; its mouth is beneath the chin, its body lacks scales, and its flesh is yellow. The large ones are twenty to thirty feet long. East of the Yangtze it is called the huángyú.' The Shuowen says: 'It takes the radical 魚 (fish) and 𮧊 is phonetic.'

68.182

Fascicle Fifty

68.183

Hiṅgu (asafetida) (興瞿): [the second character is pronounced with the fanqie] 具 + 俱. Sanskrit name of a medicine; in the Tang language it is called āwèi (asafetida).

68.184

Acrid and pungent (辛辢): [the second character is pronounced with the fanqie] 蘭 + 怛. The Gujin zhengzi says: 'Là also means acrid; it takes the radical 辛 (pungent) and 束 is phonetic.'

68.185

Blind (盲瞽): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 陌 + 耕. The Shuowen says: 'Máng refers to eyes having no pupils.' The second character is 姑 + 五. The Shuowen says: 'Having no eyes is called gǔ. Both characters take the radical 目 (eye), and 亡 and 鼓 are respectively phonetic.'

68.186

Rūpasiddha (如遏璽多): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 安 + 葛; the last character is 斯 + 子. Sanskrit.

68.187

Stump-like and crooked (杌邪): the first character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 五 + 骨. It was already fully explained in the preceding Fascicle Eight.

68.188

Guarding and defending (防扞): the first character has the pronunciation of 房. Zheng's Commentary to the Liji says: 'Fáng means to prepare against.' The Shuowen says: 'An embankment or dike; it takes the radical 阜 and 方 is phonetic.' The second character is [pronounced with the fanqie] 寒 + 案. The Kaosheng says: 'Hàn means to ward off.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'Hàn means to defend; it takes the radical 手 (hand) and 干 is phonetic; it is also written as 桿.'

68.189

Tethered and remaining (縶在: the first character is pronounced zhen-li [zhí]; Mao's commentary on the Classic of Poetry states: '縶 means to hobble.' Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan states: '縶 means to bind and restrain.' The Wenzidian shuo states: 'It is formed with [the semantic classifier] mì (silk) and has zhí as its phonetic component').

68.190

Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra, Case Six

68.191

Fascicle Fifty-One

68.192

Inchworm (尺蠖: the second character is pronounced zhu-guo [huò]; fully explained above in Fascicle Twenty-Four. For the treatise to write it with the insect classifier as 蚇 is incorrect).

68.193

Sharp sickle (利鐮: the second character is pronounced [l]i-yan [lián]; the Fangyan states: 'A 鎌 is an implement for reaping and weeding.' The Wenzidian shuo states: 'It is formed with [the semantic classifier] jīn (metal) and has yú as its phonetic component; it is also written as 鐮.' 𠛎 is pronounced gou-si [gòu]).

68.194

Runged ladder (桄梯: the first character is pronounced guāng; the Kaosheng writes it as 橫 [crosswise], saying: 'Placed crosswise in the middle; it also refers to the crossbars of a bed.' The second character is pronounced ti-xi [tī]; the Shuowen jiezi states: 'A 梯 is a wooden flight of steps.' Fully explained above in Fascicle Forty-Three).

68.195

Donning armor (擐甲: the first character is pronounced guan-huan [huàn]; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '擐 means to put on.' Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: '摜 means to wear armor.' The Shuowen jiezi states: 'It is formed with [the semantic classifier] shǒu (hand) and has the abbreviated huán as its phonetic component').

68.196

Crippled and diseased (尫疾: the first character is pronounced niao-huang [wāng]; the Shuowen jiezi gives the standard character as 尫, meaning lame or having crooked shins; it is formed from dà (large) depicting a deformed, crooked shape. The treatise writes it as 尫, which is an ancient character. 𤯓 is pronounced zào).

68.197

Fascicle Fifty-Two

68.198

Wheel hub (車轂: the second character is pronounced gong-wu [gǔ]; the Shuowen jiezi states: 'The hub is where the spokes converge. It is formed with [the semantic classifier] chē (cart) and has ké as its phonetic component.' Ké is pronounced ku-jiao [què]).

68.199

At a stake (於橛: the second character is pronounced quan-yue [jué]; the Zhuangzi says: 'In front there is the ornament of the bit and the stake.' The Kaosheng states: 'A 橜 is a short, pointed piece of wood.' The Wenzidian shuo states: 'A 橛 is a peg; it is formed with [the semantic classifier] mù (wood) and has jué as its phonetic component.' For the treatise to write 栓 is a vulgar character and incorrect).

68.200

Rivaling adversary (伉敵: the first character is pronounced kang-lang [kàng]; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan states: '伉 also means adversary.' The Shuowen jiezi states: 'It is formed with [the semantic classifier] rén (person) and has kàng as its phonetic component.' The second character is pronounced ting-de [dí]; Gu Yewang says: '敵 means a match, opposing one another.' The Shuowen jiezi states: 'It is formed with [the semantic classifier] pū (tap) and has chì as its phonetic component.' The treatise writes 敵, which is a vulgar character. 啻 is pronounced de [dī]).

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Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese