Elements of Hindu Iconography v3.c21: Appendix B. Measurement of Proportion in Images. The Uttama-Daśa-Tāla Measure

Elements of Hindu Iconography v3.c21

Language: English

v3.c21.s1 Circumferential Measurements—(Parimana) — 2 parts
v3.c21.s2 Measurements of the Eye — 7 parts
v3.c21.s3 Measurements of the Mouth — 2 parts
v3.c21.s4 Measurements of the Ear — 4 parts
v3.c21.s5 Measurements of the Back of Body — 13 parts
v3.c21.s6 उत्तमदशतालविधिः । — 252 parts

Appendix B. Measurement of Proportion in Images. The Uttama-Daśa-Tāla Measure

In the Indian measure of length there are two different kinds of units, namely the absolute and the relative. Of these the first is based upon the length of certain natural objects, while the second is obtained from the length of a particular part or limb of the person whose measurement is under consideration. The following table gives the relation between the various quantities used in the absolute system:—

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Besides these there are also other larger units of length; they are:—

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24 *Aṅgulas* or *Mānāṅgulas* make 1 *Kishku*, 25 *Mānāṅgulas* ,, 1 *Prājāpatya*. 26 ,, ,, 1 *Dhanurgraha*. 27 ,, ,, 1 *Dhanurmuṣṭi*. 4 *Dhanurmuṣṭis* ,, 1 *Daṇḍa*.

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The measure called *daṇḍa* is employed in ascertaining large lengths like that, for instance, of a street in a village.

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In the relative system an *aṅgula* is taken to be the length of the middle digit of the middle finger of either the sculptor or the architect, or of the rich devotee who causes a temple to be built or an image to be set up. The *aṅgula* thus obtained is called a *mātrāṅgula*. Another kind of *aṅgula* is obtained by dividing the whole length of the body of an image into 124, 120 or 116 equal parts; each of these divisions is called a *dēha-labdha-aṅgula* or shortly *dēhāṅgula*. The relative measure is meant to be used in the construction of temples or in the making of images; it is however, employed for the latter purpose more often than for the former. Different names are given to certain lengths representable by two or more *dēhāṅgulas* up to twenty-seven; a knowledge of these is also very necessary for the proper understanding of the descriptions given in the Sanskrit texts printed in this Appendix. An explanatory list of those names is accordingly given below :—

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A distance of one *aṅgula* is called *Murti*, *Indu*, *Viśvambharā*, *Moksha* and *Ukta*.

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A distance of two *aṅgulas* is called *Kalā*, *Gōlaka*, *Aśvinī*, *Yugma*, *Brāhmaṇa*, *Vihaga*, *Akshi* and *Paksha*,

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A distance of three *aṅgulas* is called *Riṇa*, *Agni*, *Rudrāksha*, *Guṇa*, *Kāla*, *Śula*, *Rāma*, *Varga* and *Madhyā*.

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A distance of four *aṅgulas* is called *Vēda*, *Pratishṭhā*, *Jāti*, *Varṇa*, *Karṇa* (or *karaṇa*), *Abjajānana*, *Yuga*, *Turya*, and *Turīya*.

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A distance of five *aṅgulas* is called *Vishaya*, *Indriya*, *Bhūta*, *Ishu*, *Supratishṭhā* and *Pṛithvī*.

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A distance of six *aṅgulas* is called *Karma*, *Aṅga*, *Rasa*, *Samaya*, *Gāyatrī*, *Kṛittikā*, *Kumārānana*, *Kauśika* and *Ṛitu*.

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A distance of seven *aṅgulas*, *Pātāla*, the *Munis*, *Dhātus*, *Lōkas*, *Ushṇik*, *Rōhiṇī*, *Dvīpa*, *Aṅga* and *ambhōnidhis*.

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A distance of eight *aṅgulas* is called *Lōkapālas*, *Nāgas*, *Uraga*, *Vasus*, *Anushṭup*, and *Gaṇas*.

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A distance of nine *aṅgulas*, is called *Bṛihatī*, *Gṛihas*, *Randhras*, *Nandas* and *Sutras*.

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A distance of ten *aṅgulas*, is called *Dik*, *Prāturbhāvā*, *Nāḍi*, *Paṅkti* and . . .

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A distance of eleven *aṅgulas*, is called *Rudras* and *Trishṭup*.

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A distance of twelve *aṅgulas* is called *Vitasti*, *Mukha Tāla*, *Yama*, *Arka*, *Rāśi* and *Jagatī*. A distance of thirteen *aṅgulas* is called *Atijagatī*. A distance of fourteen *aṅgulas* is called *Manu* and *Śakvarī*. A distance of fifteen *aṅgulas* is called *Ati-śakvarī* and *Tithi*. A distance of sixteen *aṅgulas* is called *Kriyā*, *Aṣṭi* and *Indu-Kalā*. A distance of seventeen *aṅgulas* is called *Atyaṣṭi*. A distance of eighteen *aṅgulas* is called *Smṛiti* and *Dhṛiti*. A distance of nineteen *aṅgulas* is called *Atidhṛiti*. A distance of twenty *aṅgulas* is called *Kṛiti*. A distance of twenty-one *aṅgulas* is called *Prakṛiti*. A distance of twenty-two *aṅgulas* is called *Akṛiti*. A distance of twenty-three *aṅgulas* is called *Vikṛiti*. A distance of twenty-four *aṅgulas* is called *Saṃskṛiti*. A distance of twenty-five *aṅgulas* is called *Atikṛiti*. A distance of twenty-six *aṅgulas* is called *Utkṛiti*. A distance of twenty-seven *aṅgulas* is called *Nakshatra*.

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The measurements described in Sanskrit authorities are altogether of six kinds; and they are respectively called *Māna*, *Pramāṇa*, *Unmāna*, *Parimāṇa*, *Upamāna* and *Lambamāna*. Of these *Māna* is the measurement of the length of a body; *pramāṇa* is that of its breadth, that is a linear measurement taken at right angles to and in the same plane as the *māna*; measurements taken at

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right angles to the plane, in which the māna and pramāṇa measures have been noted, are called unmāna, which obviously means the measure of thickness; parimāṇa is the name of the measurement of girths or of the periptery of images; upamāna refers to the measurements of inter-spaces, such, for instance, as that between the two feet of an image; and lastly lambamāna is the name given to measurements taken along plumb-lines. These six names of the requisite linear measurements have a number of synonyms which it is also very necessary to know for understanding aright the texts given in this Appendix. They are therefore given here below:—

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Māna—Āyāma, Āyata, Dīrgha. Pramāṇa—Vistāra, Tāra, Stṛiti, Viśṛiti, Viśṛitam Vyāsa, Visārita, Vipula, Tata, Vishkambha and Viśāla. Unmāna—Bahala, Ghana, Miti, Utchchhrāya, Tuṅga, Unnata, Udaya, Utsēdha, Uchcha, Nishkrama, Nishkṛiti, Nirgama, Nirgati and Udgama. Parimāṇa—Mārga, Pravēśa, Pariṇāha, Nāha, Vṛiti, Āvṛita and Nata. Upamāna—Nivra, Vivara and Antara. Lambamāna—Sutra, Lambana, and Unmita.

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Besides the smaller unit known as the dēhāṅgula there are other larger relative units of length, which are called Prādēśa, Tāla, Vitasti and *Gōkarṇa*. The distance between the tips of the thumb and the forefinger, when they are stretched out to the utmost, is called a *prādēśa*; that between the tips of the thumb and the middle finger, when they are also so stretched out, is called the *tāla*; that between the tips of the stretched out thumb and ring-finger is known as the *vitasti*; and that between the stretched out thumb and little-finger is called the *gōkarṇa*.

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The *Āgamas* prescribe various proportions to the images of the various gods, goddesses and other beings belonging to what may be called the Hindu pantheon: the unit of measurement chosen for stating these proportions is the *tāla*. The different *tāla* measurement prescribed for the various images are given below:—

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The *Uttama-daśa-tāla* (of 124 *dēhāngulas*) is prescribed for the images of the principal deities—Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva.

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The *Madhyama-daśa-tāla* (of 120 *dēhāngulas*) for those of Śrīdēvī, Bhūmidēvī, Umā, Sarasvatī, Durgā, Sapta-mātṛkās, Uṣā and Jyēṣṭha.

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The *Adhama-daśa-tāla* (of 116 *dēhāngulas*) for Indra and the other Lōkapālas, for Chandra and Sūrya, for the twelve Ādityas, the eleven Rudras, the eight Vasus, the two Aśvini-dēvatas, for Bhṛgu and Mārkaṇḍēya, for Garuḍa, Sēsha, Durgā, Guha or Subramanya, for the seven Rishis, for Guru, Ārya, Chaṇḍēsa and Kshētrapālakas.

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The Navārddha-tāla for Kubēra, for the nine Grahas (planets) and certain other celestial objects.

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The Uttama-nava-tāla for Daityēśa,* Yakshēśa, Uragēśa, Siddhas, Gandharvas and Chāraṇas, Vidyēśa and for the Ashṭamūrtis of Śiva.

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Sa-tryaṅgula-nava-tāla for such persons as are equal to the gods in power, wisdom, sanctity, etc.

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Nava-tāla for Rākshasas, Asuras, Yakshas, Apsarases, Astramūrtis, and Marudgaṇas.

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Ashṭa-tāla for men.

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Sapta-tāla for Vētālas and Prētas.†

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† These are, according to the Kāraṇāgama, to be made according to the Shaṭ-tāla measure.

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Shaṭ-tāla for Prētas.

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Pañcha-tāla for Kubjas or deformed persons and for Vighnēśvara.

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Chatustāla for Vāmanas or Dwarfs and for children.

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Tritāla for Bhūtas and Kinnaras.

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Dvitāla for Kūshmāṇḍas.

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Ēka-tāla for Kabandhas.

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The measurements relating to an image of the Uttama-daśa-tāla proportion are given in tabular form below; and a figure is also drawn to show clearly how this proportion works out.

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∗ These are, according to the Kāraṇāgama, to be made according to the Uttama-nava-tāla measure.

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In this connection, it would be interesting to note that, according to the canons of European art, a well-proportioned male figure is equal to eight times the length of the head : in other words is *aṣṭa-tāla* in height; that of a female figure is seven and a half times that of a head, or *sārdha-sapta-tāla*. According to European artists the ear is said to extend from a line drawn across the side of the head on a level with the eye brow, and another which is drawn on a level with the wing of the nose : or, in the language of Indian artists between the *bhrū-sūtra* and the *nāsā-puṭa-sūtra*. Similarly the other rules arrived at by the Indian artist do not appear to be divergent from those evolved by the European artist, and if in Indian sculpture the results are not good in some instances it is the fault of the artist and not attributable to the guide-books. The similarity of the limbs of the body as compared with various natural objects such as for instance, the nose with the sesamum flower and the trunk composed of the chest and abdomen with the face of a cow are very well pointed out with reference to a number of illustrations by Mr. Abanindranath Tagore in his excellent article entitled ‘Indian Iconography’ contributed to the Modern Review for March 1914.

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A figure of Vishnu drawn in accordance with the Uttama-daśa-tala measure.

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Scale 1"= 16 angulas.

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[Figure: Madhya S. Puta S. Vaktra-bahya S. Netra-(Akshi) S. Mukha-(Parsva) S. Karna S. Kakesha S.]

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12a

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[Figure: 1a 3y USHNISHAM 3a KESAM 2a 2y BHRU,S. 2a 2y AKSHI S. 4a 3y 4a 3y 6a 4y HINKA S. 3a 6y 13a 3y 13a 3y NABHI S. 13a 3y MEDHRA- MULAM 27a 4a 27a 4a TOTAL 124a]

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4a F D

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6 1/2

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9a A

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[Figure: 6 1/2 7a 4a A TALAM.]

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[Figure: K 8a]

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| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Kāmikāgama. | | Vaikhānasāgama. |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| **VERTICAL MEASUREMENTS (MANA.)** | | | | | | | | | | |
| The height of the uṣṇīṣa ... | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| From the bottom of the uṣṇīṣa to the end of the front hair ... | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| From the end of the front hair to the akṣi-sūtra ... | 4 | 3 | ... | ... | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| From the akṣi-sūtra to the end of the nose ... | 4 | 3 | ... | ... | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| From the end of the nose to the end of the chin ... | 4 | 3 | 4 | ... | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| The small fleshy fold below the chin ... | 0 | 4 | ... | ... | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Height of the neck ... | 3 | 7 | ... | ... | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 7 |
| From the hikkā-sūtra to the middle of the chest ... | 13 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 3 |
| From the middle of the chest to the navel ... | 13 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 3 |

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| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Kāmikāgama. | | Vaikhānasā-gama. | | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | |
| From the navel to the root of the penis ... | 13 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 13 | 3 | |
| From the root of the penis to the end of the thigh ... | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 26 | 5 | |
| The length of the knee ... | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 3 | |
| The length of the foreleg ... | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 26 | 5 | |
| The height of the foot (from the ankle to the ground) ... | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 3 | |
| From the tip of the toe to the back of the heel... | 17 | 0 | 17 | 0 | ... | 0 | ... | ... | 17 | 0 | |
| From the bony projection at the ankle to the root of the toe ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 9 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
| The length of the upper arm, from the hikkā-sūtra to the elbow ... | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | ... | ... | 27 | 0 | |
| The length of the forearm ... | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ... | ... | 2 | 0 | |
| The length of the palm of the hand from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger ... | 21 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 21 | 4 | ... | ... | 21 | 0 | |

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| MEASUREMENT OF WIDTHS—(PRAMANA.) | | | | | | | | | | |
| The width of the face | ... | 12 | 4 | 12 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | 14 | 0 |
| The width of the face at its end (?) | ... | 13 | 4 | 13 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | 9 | 4 |
| The width of the neck at the top | ... | 9 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 8 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the neck at the bottom | ... | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 9 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width from shoulder to shoulder, immediately below the hikkā-sūtra | ... | 40 (?) | 0 | 27 | 0 | ... | ... | 44 | ... | 0 |
| The distance between the arm-pits | ... | 22 | 4 | 22 | 4 | 24 | 0 | 24 | ... | 0 |
| The width of the arm where the biceps muscle ends | ... | 9 | 4 | ... | ... | 9 | 2 | ... | 20 | ... |
| The distance between the nipples. | ... | 21 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the chest, at the place where it ends and the abdomen begins | ... | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 18 | 4 | ... | ... | ... |
| The width at the loin, (madhya, the place where the upper portion of the body joins with the lower limbs) | ... | 3 | 4 (?) | 16 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | 16 | 0 |
| The width of the abdomen | ... | 1 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | 4 | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the male-organ | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the hip below the male organ, (śroṇidēśam) | ... | 20 | 4 | 20 | 4 | ... | ... | 20 | ... | 0 |

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| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasāgama. | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| The width of the thigh at its root | ... | 6 | ... | 2 | ... | ... | 3 | 0 |
| at its middle | 13 | ... | 14 | ... | 13 | ... | 13 | ... |
| at its lower end | 8 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 9 | ... | 11 | 4 |
| Do. | ... | ... | ... | ... | 8 | ... | ... | ... |
| Do. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 9 | ... |
| The width of the knee | 5 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... |
| The width of the portion where the knee ends and the foreleg begins | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | ... | ... | 7 | 0 |
| The width of the foreleg at its middle | 4 | ... | 4 | ... | ... | ... | 4 | 4 |
| The width of the shaft of the foreleg | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The distance between the inner bony projections on the ankles | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| The width of the heel | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ... | ... | 4 | 4 |
| The height of the heel (from the ankle to the ground) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ... | ... | 4 | 4 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width at the middle of the sole of the foot. | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | ... | 4 | ... |
| The breadth of the sole at the toe end | 7 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 5 | ... |
| The length of the great toe | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | ... |
| The width of the same | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | ... |
| The width of the toe-nail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ... |
| The length of the same | 0 | ½ | 6 | ½ | 6 (?) | 2 | ... | ... |
| The length of the toe adjacent to the great toe | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| The length of the middle toe | 3 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 7 |

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| The length of the toe next to that | ... | 3 | 2 | ... | ... | 7 | 7 | 3 |
| The length of the small toe | ... | 1 | 4 | ... | ... | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| The width of the toe next to the great toe | ... | 3 | 2 | ... | ... | 8 | 7 | 3 |
| The width of the middle toe | ... | 1 | 4 | ... | ... | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| The width of the toe next to that... | ... | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
| The width of the small toe | ... | 4 (?) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
| Of the total breadth of the nails of each toe a fourth should be that of the surrounding strip of flesh that keeps them bound to the toes | ... | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 4 |
| The Kāraṇāgama gives 5½, 4½, 4 and 3 yavas as the lengths and breadths of the nails of the toes | ... | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the arm at the biceps | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| The width at the elbow | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the forearm | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width at the wrist | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the palm of the hand, minus the fingers | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the middle finger | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The length of the ring-finger | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The length of the forefinger (or index-finger) | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The length of the smallest finger | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The length of the thumb | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The width of the thumb at its root | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The width of the middle finger at its root | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The width of the forefinger at its root | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The width of the ring-finger at its root | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| The width of the smallest finger at its root | ... | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |

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| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasa-gama. | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| The width of the fingers at the tips is less by one sixteenth of their width at the root | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Five-sixths of the width at the tips of the fingers is the width of the nail of each finger | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The lengths of the nails of the fingers are five fourths of their width | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The nails of the toes should be circular and those of the fingers oval in shape | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the digit of the finger bearing the nail should be twice the length of the nail... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of that digit of the thumb which is near the palm | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the digit of the thumb which bears the nail = | 2 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the index finger = | 1 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the middle finger = | 1 | 7½ | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the ring-finger = | 1 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the small finger = | 1 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of that digit of the | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

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(Fig. 1.) Foot, drawn in accordance with the measurements given in the Amśumadbhēdāgama. Scale 1" = 5 ang.

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(Fig. 2.) Palm of the hand, drawn in accordance with the measurements given in the Amśumadbhēdāgama. Scale 1" = 4 ang.

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(Fig. 3.) Ear, drawn in accordance with the measurements given in the Suprabhēdāgama. Scale, 1" = 2 ang.

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| The length of that digit of the middle finger which is near the palm | ... | 2 | 2 | 2 | ... | ... |
| The length of that digit of the index finger which is near the palm | ... | 2 | ... | 2 | ... | ... |
| The length of that digit of the ring-finger which is near the palm | ... | 2 | 0 | 2 | ... | ... |
| The length of that digit of the small finger which is near the palm | ... | 1 | 5 | 1 | ... | ... |
| The lengths of the middle digits of each finger should be the arithmetical mean of the lengths of the extreme digits of each finger | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| There should be only two digits in the thumb, while the other fingers should have each three digits | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the palm at its finger end | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 1 |
| The width of the same at its middle | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| The width of the same near the wrist | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | ... | ... |

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v3.c21.68

| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumat-bhedāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasā-gama. | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| The length of the space between the root of the thumb and the root of the forefinger | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | ... | ... | 3 | 4 |
| The distance between the root of the thumb and the wrist | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The thickness of the palm of the hand near the wrist (Pārṣṇihasta) | ... | ... | 1 | 4 (?) | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The thickness of the same near the finger end. | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | ... | ... | 4 | 0 |
| | 1 | 0 | ... | ... | 1 | 6 | The width of the Parshnihasta = 3 | 6 |
| The shape of the two halves of the palm near the wrist should have the shape of the body of a parrot | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | The width of the portion resembling the belly of the parrot. 2 | 6 |
| | | | | | | | The thickness of this portion = 2 | 4 |
| At the roots of the fingers there should be strips of flesh 4 yavas in thickness | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The thickness of the palm should decrease from the wrist to the finger by 5, 4 and 3 yavas... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

v3.c21.69

There should be fine lines in the shape of a *yava*, *chakra*, *śūla*, *padma* or *kuśa* drawn on the palm of the hand. Their depth should be a eighth of a *yava*.

v3.c21.70

According to the *Vaikhanasagama*, the line called the *ayurekha* (the line of life) should begin from near the root of the small finger and should reach the side of the root of the index finger : 6 *yavas* below this line should be the *vidyarekha* (the line of learning); from the middle of the bottom of the palm right up to the finger end of the palm should be the *brahma-rekha*. Besides, there should be other lines resembling in shape the outlines of the *sankha*, *chakra* &c.

Circumferential Measurements—(Parimana)

v3.c21.s1.1

| The circumference of the head round where the ears are attached to the head | ... | 38 | 0 | 38 | ... | 42 | 0 |
| The distance, measured behind, from ear to ear. | ... | 11 | 7 | 11 | ... | 13 | 0 |
| The distance, measured in front, from ear to ear | ... | 22 | 0 | 22 | ... | 26 | 0 |
| The width of the place where the ear is attached | ... | 2 | 0 | 2 | ... | 1 | 4 |
| The girth of the chest | ... | ... | ... | ... | 76 | ... | ... |
| The girth of the abdomen round the navel | ... | ... | ... | ... | 43 | 0 | ... |
| The girth at the hip | ... | ... | ... | ... | 50 | 0 | ... |
| *Śirōmadhya-maṇḍala* (?) (The portion of the head covered by the crown) | ... | 4 | 0 | 4 | ... | ... | ... |
| *Maṇḍalāt-agra-kēśāntam* (?) (From the circumference of this circle to the front hair) | ... | 9 | 0 | 9 | ... | ... | ... |

v3.c21.s1.2

| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasa-gama. | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| *Maṇḍalāt-karṇa-keśāntaṃ* (?). (From this circle to the side hair near the ear) | ... | ... | 9 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| *Maṇḍalāt-pṛṣṭha-keśāntaṃ* (?). (From the circumference of this circle to the back hair) | 10 | 4 | 2 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| From the *uṣṇīṣa* to the front hair | ... | ... | ... | ... | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| From the same to the *karṇa-keśa*, (the hair next to the ear) | ... | ... | ... | ... | 12 | 4 | 12 | 0 |
| From the same to the back hair | ... | 9 | ... | 0 | 13 | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the forehead | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

Measurements of the Eye

v3.c21.s2.1

The brow should lie exactly between the front hair and the *akshi-sūtra*.

v3.c21.s2.2

The brow should resemble a bow. The space between the inner ends of the brows. The length of the brow | 0 | 4½ | 0 | 5 | ... | 0 | 1 | 0 |

v3.c21.s2.3

| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 6 | ... | 5 | 4 |
| From the front hair to the middle of the brow (*Kesan-tat-bhruvor-madhyam*) = 3 | | | | | | | | |

v3.c21.s2.4

| The breadth of the brow at its middle | ... | 0 | 2 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The shape of the brow should be that of the crescent moon or that of a stringed bow. | ... | 0 | 1 | 6 | ... | ... | ... | 1 6 |
| The diameter of the pupil (*kaṇinikā*) | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | 0 |
| The diameter of the black ball of the eye | ... | 0 | 6 | 6 | ... | ... | ... | 6½ |
| The lengths of the whites of the eye on either side of black ball | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The shape of the eye should be like the outline of a fish, the petal of the lotus flower or like the half moon. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| At the ends of the eyes there should be half a *yava* of red flesh. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| It is stated that in the middle of the pupil (*kaṇinikā*) there is what is called the *jyōtir-maṇḍala* whose diameter is said to be a *yava*. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The breadth of the upper lid (in the open eye). | ... | 0 | 1¼ | 0 | ... | ... | ... | 2 |
| The breadth of the lower lid | ... | 0 | 1¼ | 0 | ... | ... | ... | 1½ |
| The length of the eye lids | ... | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ... | ... |
| There should be 90 lashes in each eye-lid, according to the *Kāraṇāgama*. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The distance between the eyes | ... | ... | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ... | ... |
| The length of the eyes | ... | ... | 6 | 6 | ... | 3 | 2 | ... |
| The width of the eyes | ... | ... | ... | 0 | ... | ... | ... | 0(?) |
| MEASUREMENTS OF THE NOSE. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the *nāsā-puṭa* (the wing of the nose) | ... | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ... | 2 |
| The width of the same | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | 0 |

v3.c21.s2.5

| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasā-gama. | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| The thickness of the same at the base of the nose | ... | ... | 0 | 4½ | 0 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
| The portion between the upper lip and the base of the nose, which is depressed like a cup, is known in Sanskrit by the name of gōji. | ... | ... | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| The height of the tip of the nose from the gōji. | ... | ... | 0 | 7½ | 0 | 7¼ | 1 | 3 (?) | ... | ... |
| The length of the hole of the nostril | ... | ... | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | ... | ... |
| The breadth of the same | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The nāsikā-puṭa should resemble the seed of the long bean, and the shape of the nose should be like that of the flower of sesamum. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The septum or wall between the two nostrils is called in Sanskrit Puṣhkara. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the pushkara along the base of the nose | ... | ... | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Its thickness | ... | ... | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 (?) | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The distance between the nāsāpuṭa-sūtra to the tip of the nose | ... | ... | 0 | 1¼ | 0 | 1½ | ... | ... | 0 | 1½ |
| The length of the gōji | ... | ... | 0 | 4½ | 0 | 4½ | ... | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Its breadth | ... | ... | 0 | 2¼ | 0 | 2¼ | ... | ... | 0 | 2 |
| Its depth | ... | ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... |

v3.c21.s2.6

Front and side view of a face drawn to the measurements given in the āgamas.

v3.c21.s2.7

[To face page 20 App. B.]

Measurements of the Mouth

v3.c21.s3.1

| The length of the upper lip, which is also the length of the mouth | ... | 4 0 | 2 3½ | 4 0 | 2 3½ | 4 0 | ½ 3½ |
| The breadth of the upper lip at its middle | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The breadth of the upper lip should gradually diminish from the middle to the sides. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| There should be a thin rim throughout the length of the upper lip (*pāli* in Sanskrit) whose thickness should be a *yava*; and the rim should slant from 3½ *yavas*, the breadth of the middle part of the upper lip, to half a *yava* at its extremity. The upper lip should have three bends along its length. | ... | 2 1 0 | 2 1 1½ | 2 1 0 | 2 1 | 0 1 ... | 1 3 ... |
| The length of the lower lip | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Its breadth at the middle | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The thickness of the *pāli* of the lower lip | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The *pāli* of the lower lip should be turned downwards. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The height of the tip of the upper lip, from the chin | ... | 0 | 6½ | 0 | 6½ | 0 | 7 | ... |
| The mouth should always be sculptured so as to express a smiling appearance. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The *snāna* (?) of the cheek from the chin. | ... | 0 3 | 1½ 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The breadth of the cheek. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the cheek. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2 3 | ... |
| The height or convexity of the cheek, (*vardhana*). | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The cheek should be oval in shape. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

v3.c21.s3.2

| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasa-gama. | | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | |
| The length of *hanu-chakra* (the oval elevation at the chin) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0 | 6 | |
| The breadth of the same | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0 | 3 | |
| The length of the four upper front teeth | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0 | 3 | |
| The width of these teeth | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0 | 3 | |
| The length and width of the four lower front teeth | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0 | 3 | |
| The length of the canine teeth | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2½ | 4 | |
| The shape of the canine teeth should be like the (jasmine) bud. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
| The length of the teeth in the lower jaw, corresponding to the canine teeth | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 0 | 4½ | |
| The width of the molar teeth is the same as that of the front teeth and their length is half a *yava* longer than that of the front teeth. There should be five teeth on each side of the front middle four teeth. Total, 32 teeth. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | |
| The length of the tongue | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 6 | 0 | |
| The width of the same | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 3 | 0 | |
| The length and width of the uvula | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 0 | |

Measurements of the Ear

v3.c21.s4.1

| At the junction of the ear with the cheek, the length of the *karṇa-bandha* | ... | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | ... | 10 | 0 |
| A space of 1¾ *aṅgulas* outside the ear is called the *karṇa-vēśa*. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Here the ear should spring up. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The distance between the ears measured in front of the head | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 21 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| The distance between the ears, measured behind the head | ... | ... | 7 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| The distance between the eye and the ear | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the ear | ... | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 0 |
| The breadth of the ear | ... | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| The height of the top of the ear from the *nētra* or *akṣi-sūtra* | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| According to the *Kāraṇāgama*, the top of the ear should be on a level with the *Bhrū-sūtra*. | ... | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The breadth of the portion of the ear that is folded inwards on the top | ... | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The rest of the ear should be circular in shape (?) | ... | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ... | 4 | ... | ... |
| The length of the ear below the *nētra-sūtra* | ... | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | ... | ... |
| The length of the bored and pendulous lobe of the ear, called the *nāla* in Sanskrit | ... | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of this strip of flesh in front | ... | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the same at the back | ... | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | ... | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| The thickness of the same | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

v3.c21.s4.2

| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumat-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasā-gama. | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| The distance between the two pieces of nāḷa, the front and back pieces | ... | ... | 4 | 6 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The total length of the ear, from top to the bottom of the nāḷa | 8 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 0 | ... | ... |
| The thickness of the pippaḷi or anti-tragus | 1 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the same | 3 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 0 |
| Its height | 0 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | 4 | ... | ... |

v3.c21.s4.3

The pippaḷi should have decreasing width from the top to the bottom.

v3.c21.s4.4

A member designated the piñchhaḷi (tragus) is said to be at the place wherein the ear resembles the letter la (written as in the Grantha alphabet). Its length is 2 0. The width of the piñchhaḷi 1 4. The distance of the hole of the ear below the nētra-sūtra 1 4. This ear hole should be round. The thickness of the rim of the ear 0 1. The width of the ear at the back 1 4.

Measurements of the Back of Body

v3.c21.s5.1

| The distance between the back hair and the ear. | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | ... | ... | ... |
| The thickness of the *kṛitāni* (?) at the back of the ear | 0 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the ear at the back below the *kṛitāni* | 4 | 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The distance between the back of the ear and the raised part of the nape of the neck called in Sanskrit the *krikāṭi* | 10 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The height of the nape of the neck below the back hair | 4 | 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the nape of the neck at the top | 9 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width at the bottom | 10 | 4 | ... | ... | 9 | 6 | ... |
| The nape of the neck should be broader at the base than at the top and the girth of the neck should be circular. | * | * | * | | | | |
| The distance between the armpits measured behind the back | 27 | 4 | ... | ... | 27 | 0 | ... |
| The height of the shoulder-blade above the armpit | 7 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The length of the upper-arm from the armpit. | 7 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the back at the *madhya-sūtra* | 16 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the back at the *nābhi-sūtra* | 20 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the waist at the back | 18 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of each glutial | 9 | 6 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| These should be spherical in shape. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the space between the glutials | 0 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

v3.c21.s5.2

| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Karaṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasāgama. | |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| MEASUREMENTS OF THE WIDTH ON THE SIDES. | | | | | | | | |
| The width of the side of the body near the armpits | 7 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the side of the body at the stana-sūtra | 16 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the side at the madhya-sūtra | 12 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The region below the madhya-sūtra is known as the Śrōṇi-dēśa. | | | | | | | | |
| The width of the side of the body at the middle of the Śrōṇi | 17 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The height or bulge of the Śrōṇi | 7 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The height or bulge of the śrōṇi should consist of 4 angulas below and 4 angulas above the nābhi-sūtra. | | | | | | | | |
| The height of the hip below the Śrōṇi. | 5 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the hip | 12 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The Śrōṇi should be bulging near the hip. | | | | | | | | |
| The glutials should be raised from the root of the thighs. | | | | | | | | |
| The nīvra of the Śrōṇi. | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

v3.c21.s5.3

| The outline of the side of the body from the armpit to the abdomen should be slanting and the total slant is | 2 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| In the case of Śiva the neck above the hikkā-sūtra should be blue in colour. | 2 | 0 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The height of the nipples from the chest | 2 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The diameter of the nipples | 0 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The height and diameter of the nut of the nipple (chuchuka) | 1 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the navel. | 0 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The spiral in the navel should be clockwise. | 4 | 0 | ... | 0 | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the navel at the bottom | 5 | 2 | ... | ... | 5 | ... | ... |
| The width at the base of the penis | 2 | 1 | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... |
| The length of the penis | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Its width | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The proportion between the shaft and the nut of the penis is as 2 to 1. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width of the nut where it joins the shaft should be greater than that of the shaft by one yava. The Kāraṇāgama states that the width of the shaft is 1/8th less than that of the nut. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The nut of the penis should resemble in shape the bud of a lotus. | 4 | 4 | ... | 0 | 4 | ... | ... |
| The length and width of the testes | 3 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Their thickness | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The thigh just below the testes should be fleshy and well developed. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The width at the back of the knee-joint | 4 | 2 | ... | 2 | ... | ... | ... |

v3.c21.s5.4

| PARTS OF THE BODY MEASURED. | MEASUREMENTS ACCORDING TO THE | | | | | | |
| | Śilparatna. | | Amśumad-bhēdāgama. | | Kāraṇāgama. | | Vaikhānasāgama. |
| | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. | Ang. | Yava. |
| The thickness of the knee-joint | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| The middle and the sides of the body should be modelled beautifully. | | | | | | | |
| According to the Vaikhānasāgama, there should be marks resembling the *chakra* and *śaṅkha* on the sole of the feet. | | | | | | | |
| The image should be made beautiful so as to produce a pleasing effect on the eye of the observer. | | | | | | | |
| The upper portion of the body (above the *madhya-sūtra*) should be exactly equal in length to the lower portion. | | | | | | | |
| In the sculpturing of the various limbs of the image, deviations of about one to six *yavas* from the standard measurements given above may occur and the resulting image should not be treated as of faulty proportions. The artist may model images as well as he can and with due proportions. | | | | | | | |

v3.c21.s5.5

PLATE 4, App. B.

v3.c21.s5.6

LAMBA-PHALAKĀ.

v3.c21.s5.7

SCALE 1"= 8 AṄGULAS.

v3.c21.s5.8

For measuring lengths along plumb-lines an instrument called the *Lamba-phalakā* is employed. It is a plank two *angulas* in thickness and measuring 68 *angulas* in length and 24 in breadth. All round the plank a margin of 3 *angulas* is left. A small hole, just a trifle larger than a *yava* in diameter, is bored in the centre of the margin along the length of the plank; this hole is meant for the *madhya-sūtra*. Other holes are bored for the *puṭa-paryanta-sūtra* (*nāsā-puṭa-sūtra*), *nētra-paryanta-sūtra*, *karṇa-paryanta-sūtra*, *kaksha-paryanta-sūtra*, and *bāhu-paryanta-sūtra*, in places marked on the accompanying diagram of the *Lamba-phalakā*. Through these are suspended by strings, which are one *yava* in thickness, small plummets of iron or clay. In the case of reclining figures the *sūtras* are strings stretched horizontally in front of the figure which is in the process of modelling. In the case of the *sthānaka-mūrti*, the *madhya-sūtra* which is suspended from the *śikhāmaṇi* (crest-jewel) set in front of the *kirīṭa* (crown) of the image, should pass through the middle of the forehead, between the brows, the middle of the nose, the neck, the chest, the abdomen, the private part and between the legs; it should touch the body at the tip of the nose and the middle of the abdomen. The distance of the top of the crown behind the *madhya-sūtra* is 6 *aṅgulas*; that of the middle point of the chin 4½ *aṅgulas*; that of the *hikkā-sūtra*, 4 *aṅgulas*; that of the middle of the chest, 2½ *aṅgulas*; that of the navel, 1¾ *aṅgulas*; that of the root of the penis, 2 *aṅgulas*; that of the middle of the thighs, 3 *aṅgulas*; that of the knee-joint, 8 *aṅgulas*; that of the shin bone, 16 *aṅgulas*; of the total length of the great toe a portion measuring half an *aṅgula* is to be in front of the *madhya-sūtra*, while the remaining portion of it measuring 2½ *aṅgulas* is found to be behind the *madhya-sūtra*. The *bāhu-paryanta-sūtra*, which is also known as the *aṅga-pārśva-madhya-sūtra*, should pass through the middle of the side jewel of the crown, the head, the sides of the ear, the upper arm, the elbow, and the middle of the knee, the foreleg and the foot. The other *madhya-sūtra* which is hung behind the middle of the back, should pass through the middle of the back of the crown, the head, the nape of the neck, the back-bone, between the two glutials, and the heels. The *vaktra-bāhya-sūtra* should pass by the side of the head, through the extremity of the mouth, side of the cheek, end of the chin, side of the *śroṇi*, and the middle of the thigh and the foreleg.

v3.c21.s5.9

All the six *sūtras* mentioned above should be suspended as far below as the *pīṭha* or pedestal on

v3.c21.s5.10

which the image is made to stand, whereas other sūtras, which are required for taking the measurements of particular limbs of the body may be suspended as far as the lower extremity of those limbs.

v3.c21.s5.11

The nāsā-puṭa-sūtra is also called the dṛigan-taṇi-sūtra, that is, the line that passes through the inner margin of the eye near the nose. This sūtra also passes through the extremity of the mouth and is the same, therefore, as the vaktra-bāhya-sūtra. The antarbhujāvadhi-sūtra is the same as the kaksha-paryanta-sūtra and is also sometimes called the aṅga-pārśva-madhya sūtra, a term which means the line which is to pass through the middle of the side of the body. The sūtra which passes through the back of the head and is known as the śirah-pṛishṭhāvasāna-sūtra, is also the outer limit of the back hands of a figure with four arms.

v3.c21.s5.12

Different names are found given to the same sūtra, according as the sūtra is viewed from the front or the side of the Lamba-phalakā; for example, the kaksha-paryanta-sūtra, when viewed from the front of the Lamba-phalakā, is seen passing just in front of the arm-pit and is therefore called the line that forms the limit of the arm-pit; the same sūtra when viewed from the side is seen passing just in front of the bhuja or the upper arm; hence it is called the line which forms the inner boundary of the upper-arm or *antarbhujā-vadhi-sūtra*.

v3.c21.s5.13

If the image is a seated one, the six *sūtras* should be suspended as far as the *pīṭha* on which it is seated. The distance between the two knees in a figure seated with crossed legs, as in the *yōgāsana* posture, is equal to half the total height of the corresponding standing figure, that is, 62 *aṅgulas*.

उत्तमदशतालविधिः ।

v3.c21.s6.1

उत्तमां दशतालस्य शृणु वक्ष्ये विशेषतः ।

v3.c21.s6.2

उत्तमदशतालத்தினாலே அங்கமானம் சொல்லப்படா நின்றது.

v3.c21.s6.3

सवेदाविंशदंशं तु शतं बिम्बोदयं कुरु ॥ तेष्वेव तालमात्रं स्यात् (?)

v3.c21.s6.4

பிம்போதயத்தை 124 செய்து இதில் ஓரம்சம் தேக மாத்திராங்குலமென்று பெயராம்.

v3.c21.s6.5

तन्मात्रं वसुभाजितम् । एकांशं तु यवं प्रोक्तं

v3.c21.s6.6

அந்த விரலை 8 செய்தால் ஓரம்சத்துக்கு யவை என்று பெயராம்.

v3.c21.s6.7

यवैश्चाङ्गुलैरपि ॥ उष्णीषात्पादपर्यन्तंङ्गमानं प्रकल्पयेत् ।

v3.c21.s6.8

........உஷ்ணீஷம் துடங்கி பாதபர்யந்தமாக அங்கமானது அளக்கப்படா நின்றது.

v3.c21.s6.9

त्रियवाधिकचन्द्रांशमुष्णीषमुदाहृतम् ॥

v3.c21.s6.10

अधिनिन्तुं केशान्तमाग विरल [1, यवै*] 3.

v3.c21.s6.11

केशान्तादक्षिसूत्रान्तं युगांशं त्रियवाधिकम् । . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.12

अक्षिसूत्रात्पुटान्तं च पुटाद्वन्वन्मानकम् ॥

v3.c21.s6.13

प्रत्येकं त्रियवाधिक्यं युगांशोदयमिष्यते । . . . . . पुटान्तत्तिनिन्रु हन्रुवन्तमागवम् ओरोंत्रुक्क विरल 4, यवै 3.

v3.c21.s6.14

हन्वादिलमानं तु चतुर्यवमुदाहृतम् ॥ . . . . . यवै 4.

v3.c21.s6.15

यवैकोनयुगांशं तु कर्णोच्चमिति * विद्यते ।

v3.c21.s6.16

कर्णोच्चम् † ओरु यवै कुरै . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.17

† कण्ठोच्चम् ?

v3.c21.s6.18

[कण्ठान्ततिर्यक्सूत्रं तु *] हिक्कासूत्रमुदाहृतम् ॥

v3.c21.s6.19

कण्ठत्तुक्कुक कुरुकुण्डान नूल हिक्का सूत् तिर मेन्टु पयराम.

v3.c21.s6.20

∗ Could it be कण्ठोच्चम् ?

v3.c21.s6.21

तत्सূत्रा[हृदयान्तं च हृदयान्नाभिसीमकम् । नाभेस्तु*] मेढ्रमूलान्तं समं गुणयवाधिकम् ॥ त्रयोदशांशमुत्सेधं प्रत्येकं द्विजसत्तमाः ! । . . . . . கவும் விரல் 13 யவை 3. இருதயத்தி னின்று நாபிஸீமாந்தமாகவும் விரல் 13 யவை 3. நாபியி லிருந்து . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.22

मेढ्रमूलात्तिर्यक्सूत्रं मध्यसूत्रं तदुच्यते ॥ மேட்ரமூலத்துக்குக் குறுக்குண்டான சூத்திரம் . . . . . † மென்று பெயராம்.

v3.c21.s6.23

† மத்திய சூத்ர௦
* ௦கைக்கும் துடையின் நீளமே.

v3.c21.s6.24

मध्यसूत्रादधश्चोरुदीर्घं नक्ष[त्र*] (भाग) मायतम् । துடை நீளம் விரல் 27.

v3.c21.s6.25

तस्माद्देदाङ्गुलं जानुतुङ्गं जङ्घोरुसादृशम् ॥ அதினின்றும் ஜானுதுங்கம் விரல் 4. ஜங் . . . . . *

v3.c21.s6.26

युगं पादतलोत्सेधमेवमुत्सेधमुच्यते । பாததலோத்ஸேதம் விரல் 4. இப்படி உஷ்ணீஷத் தில் நின்றும் பாதபர்யந்தமாக உத்ஸேதம் விரல் 124.

v3.c21.s6.27

उत्तमदशतलविधिः ।

v3.c21.s6.28

अङ्गुष्ठाग्रात्तु पाष्ण्र्यन्तं तलं सप्तदशाङ्गुलम् ॥ பெருவிரல் நுனியிலே நின்றும் குதியளவாகவுள்ள நீளம் விரல் 17.

v3.c21.s6.29

हिक्कासूत्रादधोबाहुदीर्घमक्षाङ्गुलं भवेत् । . . . . . *ழ் பாஹு-தீர்க்கம் விரல் 27.

v3.c21.s6.30

कूर्परोच्चं द्विभागं स्यादेकविंशत्प्रकोष्ठकम् ॥ கோர்ப்பரோச்சம் விரல் 2 . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.31

सार्धत्रयोदशाङ्गुल्यं (तस्मान्) मध्यमाङ्गुलिसीमकम् । முன்கையெல்லையின் முடிவினின்றும் மத்யாங்குளியின் அக்கிரளவாக விரல் 13½.

v3.c21.s6.32

ततो वै मुखविस्तारं सार्धमान्वङ्गुलं भवेत् ॥ . . . . . ரம் விரல் 12½.

v3.c21.s6.33

मुखान्तस्य तु विस्तारं सार्धत्रयोदशाङ्गुलम् । முகாந்தத்தினுடைய . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.34

ग्रीवाग्रं सार्धनन्दांशं ग्रीवामूलं दशाङ्गुलम् ॥ கீரிவாக்கிரம் பரப்புவிரல் 9½. கீரிவாமூலம் பரப்பு விரல் 10.

v3.c21.s6.35

हिक्काधो बाहुसीमन्तं चत्वारिशां[शमेव हि* ।] . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.36

∗ ஹிக்கா சூத்திரத்தின் கீ°

v3.c21.s6.37

सार्धद्वाविंशदङ्गुल्यं कक्षयोरन्तरं तथा ॥ नवांशं चतुर्वोपेतं बाहुमूलविशालकम् । கக்ஷங்களுக்கு நடுப்பரப்பு விரல் 22½ . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.38

एकविंशति बाहुस्यात्स्तनदेशे च विस्तरम् ॥ हृदयाधिविस्तारमेकोनविंशदङ्गुलम् । . . . . . இருதயமளவாக விஸ்தாரம் விரல் 19.

v3.c21.s6.39

कलांशं चतुर्वोपेतं मध्यव्यासमुदाहृतम् ॥ மத்தியவியாசம் 16 . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.40

एकोनविंशदंशं तु श्रोणितारमुदाहृतम् । சுரோணிதாரம் விரல் 19.

v3.c21.s6.41

कटेरग्रविशालं तु द्विनवाङ्गुलमुच्यते ॥ கடியினுடைய அக்கிரம் விசாலம் விரல் 18.

v3.c21.s6.42

तदधः कटिपार्श्वान्तविस्तारं सार्धविंशतिः । அதின்கீழே கடிகை பார்சுவாந்தமாக விஸ்தாரம் விரல் 20½.

v3.c21.s6.43

पादोमनुभागं तु ऊरूमूलविशालकम् ॥ ஊருமூல விசாலம் விரல் 13¾.

v3.c21.s6.44

सपादमनुभागं तु ऊरुमध्यविशालकम् । ஊருமத்திய விசாலம் விரல் 14¼.

v3.c21.s6.45

पादोनधर्मभागं तु जानुव्यासमुदाहृतम् ॥ जाநு வியாசம் விரல் 9¾.

v3.c21.s6.46

सपादवसुभागं तु जङ्घामूलविशालकम् । ஜங்காமூல விசாலம் விரல் 8¼.

v3.c21.s6.47

पादोनसप्तभागं तु जङ्घामध्यविशालकम् ॥ ஜங்கா மத்திய விசாலம் விரல் 6¾.

v3.c21.s6.48

तयोर्मध्यततं विप्राः ! नवभागमुदाहृतम् । முன்சொன்ன இரண்டு நடு விசாலம் விரல் 9.

v3.c21.s6.49

पादोनपञ्चभागं तु नलकाविस्तृतं भवेत् ॥ நளகா விசாலம் விரல் 4¾.

v3.c21.s6.50

त्र्यवाधिकपञ्चांशं गुल्फाक्षव्यासमुच्यते । குல்பாக்ஷ விசாலம் விரல் 5 யவை 3.

v3.c21.s6.51

अक्षादातलतुङ्गं तु सार्धवेदाङ्गुलं भवेत् ॥ அக்ஷத்தில் நின்றும் தலமளவாக உயரம் விரல் 4½.

v3.c21.s6.52

पार्ष्णीतारं च तत्तुत्यं पाष्ण्योरुच्चं तदेव हि । பார்ஷ்ணிதாரம் விரல் 4½. அதினுடைய உச்சம் விரல் 4½.

v3.c21.s6.53

तलमध्यं षडङ्गुल्यं यवद्वयसमायुतम् ॥ தலமத்தியம் விரல் 6 யவை 2.

v3.c21.s6.54

तलाग्रविस्तृतं सप्तभागमित्यभिधीयते ।

v3.c21.s6.55

तலாக்கிரவிஸ்தாரம் விரல் 7.

v3.c21.s6.56

द्वियवाधिकवेदांशं पादाङ्गुष्ठायतं भवेत् ॥

v3.c21.s6.57

பாதாங்குஷ்டாயதம் விரல் 4, யவை 2.

v3.c21.s6.58

यवोपेतद्वयांशं तु तस्य विस्तारमुच्यते ।

v3.c21.s6.59

பாதாங்குஷ்ட விஸ்தாரம் விரல் 2, யவை 1.

v3.c21.s6.60

ताराधं नखविस्तारं पादोनायामवर्तुलम् ॥

v3.c21.s6.61

அங்குஷ்ட விஸ்தாரத்தில் பாதி நகவிஸ்தாரமாவது அதில் முக்கால் ஆயாமமாவது.

v3.c21.s6.62

त्रियवोपेतवेदांशं तर्जन्यायाममुच्यते ।

v3.c21.s6.63

தர்ஜ்யாயாமம் விரல் 4, யவை 3.

v3.c21.s6.64

पादोनेदभाग न्वनामिकायाममिष्यते ॥

v3.c21.s6.65

அநாமிகாயாமம், விரல் 3, யவை 1.

v3.c21.s6.66

सार्धपक्षांशमानं तु कनिष्ठाङ्गुलिदीर्घकम् ।

v3.c21.s6.67

கநிஷ்டிகா தீர்க்கம் விரல் 2½.

v3.c21.s6.68

प्रदेशिन्याः क्रमात्तारं नवसप्तार्धसप्तषट् ॥ यवमानं स्वताराधं नखं पूर्वोक्तवद्विदुः ।

v3.c21.s6.69

பிரதேசினீ முதலான நாலுவிரலுக்கும் தாரம் அடைவே 9, 3½ (7½?), 7, 6, யவை மாத்திரமாவது. அந்தந்த தாரத்தில் பாதி நகமாவது.

v3.c21.s6.70

उत्तमदशतालाविधिः ।

v3.c21.s6.71

तत्तदङ्गुलविस्तारं वेदांशं विभजेद्बुधः ॥ त्रिभागमङ्गलाग्रोचं शेषं स्यात्तु नखेतरे । அந்தந்த விரல் விஸ்தாரத்தை 4 செய்து இதில் 3 கூறிலே நகாக்கிரோச்சம் கொள்ளுவான். நின்றது........

v3.c21.s6.72

त्रियवाधिकवस्त्वंशं बाहुमध्यविशालकम् ॥ பாகு மத்திய விசாலகம் விரல் 8, யவை 3.

v3.c21.s6.73

सपादसप्तभागं तु कूर्परव्यासमुच्यते । கோர்ப்பரா வியாசம் . . . . .

v3.c21.s6.74

पादो The रसभागं तु प्रकोष्ठमध्यविस्तरम् ॥ முன்கை நடுவிஸ்தாரம் விரல் 5¾.

v3.c21.s6.75

पादो The नचतुरंशं तु मणिबन्धविशालकम् । மணிபந்த விசாலகம் விரல் 3¾.

v3.c21.s6.76

सप्तांशं तु तलायामं सार्धषणमध्यमाङ्गुलम् ॥ உள்ளங்கை நீளம் விரல் 7. நடுவிரல் நீளம் விரல் 6½

v3.c21.s6.77

सपादभूतभागं स्यादनाम्यायाममुच्यते । அநாமிகா நீளம் விரல் 5¼.

v3.c21.s6.78

यवाधिकं तु पञ्चांशं तर्जन् The ायममुच्यते ॥ தர்ஜநீ நீளம் விரல் 5, யவை 1.

v3.c21.s6.79

सपादवेदभागं तु दीर्घाङ्गुष्ठकनिष्ठयोः । அங்குஷ்ட கநிஷ்டங்களுடைய தீர்க்கம் விரல் 4¼.

v3.c21.s6.80

अङ्गुष्ठमूलविस्तारं सपादांशमुदाहृतम् ॥ பெருவிரல் அடிப்பரப்பு விரல் 1¼.

v3.c21.s6.81

तर्जन्यष्टयवा ख्याता नवसङ्ख्या तु मध्यमा । தர்ஜநி அடிப்பரப்பு யவை 8. மத்யமை மூலவிஸ் தாரம் யவை 9.

v3.c21.s6.82

अनामिका चाष्टयवा कन्यसाततिषड्यवाः ॥ அநாமிகா மூலவிஸ்தாரம் யவை 8. கநிஷ்டிகா மூலத் தில் யவை 6.

v3.c21.s6.83

अङ्गुष्ठाद्यङ्गुलीनां तु मूलविस्तारमुच्यते । அங்குஷ்டம் முதலான விரல்களில் மூல விஸ்தாரம் சொல்லப்பட்டது.

v3.c21.s6.84

तत्तन्मूलकलांशैऽशहीनमग्राविशालकम् ॥ அந்தந்த விசாலங்களில் மூலதாரத்தை 16 செய்து அதில் ஓரம்சம் குறைத்து அக்கிர விசாலம் கொள்ளுவான்.

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Linked texts (5)

Kāmikāgama — Sanskrit
Kāśyapaśilpa — Sanskrit
Kāraṇāgama — Sanskrit
Kaṇvasmṛti — Kaṇva, Sanskrit
Śilparatna — Śrīkumāra (Śilparatna) 1500, Sanskrit