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Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c14: Notes

Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c14

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Contents

Notes

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Pp. 1-17 (1-15) General Description of India.

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A. ITS SHAPE :

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(i) as described by Eratosthenes (a rhomboid), (ii) as described in the Mahâbhârata (an equilateral triangle), (iii) as described by Ptolemy and (iv) by Hwen Thsang or Yüan Chwang (a half-moon).

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B. ITS DIVISIONS :

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(i) as described in the Kûrma-vibhâga of the Brihat Samhitâ on the authority of the Parâsara-tantra which has been quoted by Utpala in his commentary on the Brihat Samhitâ. (Vizianagram Sanskrit Series, Benares). This Nava-khanda (नव-खण्ड) (or nine divisions) of India has also been stated in detail in the Mârkandeya Purâna, Chap. LVIII. (ii) as described in Chinese records (the five Indies, N., W., Central, E., and S.). This system differs very little from that stated in the (iii) Kâvya-Mîmâmsâ (p. 93) :

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तत वाराणस्याः परतः पूर्व्वदेशः । माहिष्मत्याः परतः दक्षिणपथः । देवसभाया परतः पश्चादेशः । पृथूदकात् परतः उत्तरापथः । विनशनप्रयागयोः गङ्गा-यमुनयोश्च अन्तरम् अन्तर्वेदी ॥

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Thus the Chinese system was borrowed from the then current Indian system with this difference that the "Middle Country" of the Buddhist Literature was substituted for अन्तर्वेदी and that it included the western portion of the Pûrvadesa or Eastern India.

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Note also that the Purânas mention, in their (iv) Bhuvana-kosha section, the countries and nations of India under the following heads:—(1) Madhyadesa (Central), (2) Udîchya (N.), (3) Prâchya (E.), (4) Dakshinâ-patha (S.), (5) Aparânta (W.). Thus the Puranic system is also the same as (ii) and (iii). But the Purânas add (6) the *Vindhyavâsinah* (those who dwell on the Vindhyas), (7) the *Parvatâsrayinah* (nations dwelling on the Himalayas) and (8) the North-Westerners (mentioned in the *Mârkaṇḍeya*).

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(v) As for the Nine Divisions—*Indra*, *Kaṣerumat*, etc. see Appendix I, dealing with the divisions of Greater India.

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C. PHYSICAL FEATURES.

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As for Mountains, Rivers, changes in their course, read M'Crindle's *Ptolemy*, pp. 75-104, Pargiter's *Mârkaṇḍeya Purâṇa*, LVII., 11-32 ; J. A. S. B., 1886, Part II, pp. 332-340 ; 1892, Part I.

Pp. 17-19 (15-17) Northern India.

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The Skr. name is *Uttarâpatha* ; पृथूदकात् परतः उत्तरापथः (Northern India is on the other side of *Pṛthûdaka* or Pehoa, about 14 miles W. of Thaneswar) [*Kâvya Mîmâmsâ*, p. 93]. Bâna Bhatta also has used the word in this narrower sense. (*Harsha Charita*). [The word means, in its later and wider sense, the whole of *Aryâvarta*].

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Historical Sketch.—It was the first settlement of the Vedic Aryans. [Mr. Pargiter has controverted this view in his *Ancient Indian Historical Traditions*, London, 1922.] The Rigveda mentions *Gândhâra*, the *Suvâstu* (Swat), *Kubhâ* (Greek Kophen, mod. Kabul river), *Gomatî* (Gomal) and *Krumu* (Kurrum)—the western tributaries of the *Sindhu* (*Sindhus* in nominative singular, *Hindus* in Iranian, *Ἰνδός* in Greek which had no H) During the epic age it was stigmatized as impure. Its N. W. was included within the Persian Empire (500-331 B. C.). Alexander the Great conquered the greater portion of it from various princelings. Chandragupta Maurya re-conquered it from the Greeks. The weak successors of Asoka could not retain it and so we hear of a series of foreign inroads—Greek, Parthian, Saka, Kushan and Hun. The descendants of Kaniska, the Great Buddhist Emperor, ruled its N. W. portion for many centuries (Alberuni). The last king of that family was deposed and the throne was usurped by his Brâhman Minister, who founded the Brâhman Shâhi family of Kabul and Ohind, defeated and driven away by Mahmud of Ghazni.

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Ancient Routes and States.—Though our author has discussed the geography of Alexander's March and the routes resorted to by F. H. and Y. Ch. in the body of the book, the following lists have been added to help students to form a clear idea of the subject.

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(i) Alexander's Invasion.—The whole of North-western India was parcelled out into innumerable kingdoms and republics at the time of the Macedonian invasion. The more important among them are :—

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1. The Aspasian Territory.—(Aspasioi = Skr. Asvaka अश्वक through the Iranian form of Aspa meaning horse). It lay in the difficult hill country north of the Kabul river. Its capital was on or near the river Euaspla (supposed to be identical with the Kunar, a tributary of the Kabul).

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2. The country of the Guraeans washed by the R. Guraeus Skr. Gaurî, mod. Panjkora).

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3. The kingdom of Assakenus—Asmaka अश्मक (Pânini, IV. 1. 173). It had its capital at Massaga situated E. of the Guraeus—a formidable fortress probably situated not very far to the north of the Malakand Pass but not yet precisely identified.

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4. Peukelaotis (Pushkalâvatî).

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5. Nysa.—It was a small hill-state with a republican constitution. It was alleged to have been founded by Greek colonists long before the invasion of Alexander. Arrian says that the Nysaeans are not an Indian race, but descended from the men who came into India with Dionysus. Curiously enough a Yona or Greek state is mentioned along with *Kamboja* in the *Majjhima Nikâya* (II. 149) as flourishing in the time of Gotama Buddha and Assalâyana.

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According to Holdich (Gates of India, p. 122) the lower spurs and valleys of Koh-i-Mor are where the ancient city of Nysa once stood.

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6. Taxila (Takshasilâ).

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7. Abisares (Abhisâra, lower and middle hills between the Jhelum and Chenab).

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8. Arsakes (Urasâ, उरसा; modern Hazara).

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9. The kingdom of the Elder Poros (between the Jhelum and the Chenab).

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10. The country of the *Glauganicians* (Aristobulus) or Glausians (Ptolemy) to the west of the Chenab.

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11. *Gandaris* (between the Chenab and the Ravi). The name seems to be connected with Gândhâra, the easternmost part of which it once might have been. It was ruled by the Younger Poros.

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12. The *Adraistoi* on the eastern side of the Hydraotes or the Râvi. The name stands for Skr. *Adri-stha* अद्रि स्थ or mountain-dwellers. [Camb. H. I., p. 371 gives Adhrishtas, अधृष्ट ]. Their main stronghold was Pimprama.

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13. *Kathaioi* or Cathaeans (Probably Skr. Kantha [Pânini II. 4. 20] or Kratha [M. Bh. VIII. 85. 16.] ; Camb. H. I., p. 371 takes the word to be identical with Kshatriyas).

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Some writers locate their country in the tract between the Hydaspes and the Acesines. (Jhelum and Chenab) ; some on the other side of the Acesines and of the Hydraotes (Ravi).

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14. The kingdom of *Sophytes* "lord of the fastness of the Salt Range stretching from the Jhelum to the Indus." (V. Smith ; but there is difficulty in accepting the identification, for "our sources all agree in placing the principality E. of the Jhelum"—Camb. H. I., p. 372).

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15. The kingdom of Phegelis or Phegeus [probably Skr. "Bhagala," a royal race of Kshatriyas mentioned in Pâninian Ganapâtha] lying between the Hydraotes (Ravi) and the Hyphasis (Bias).

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16. The Siboi.

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They were probably identical with the Siva (शिव) people of the Rigveda VII, 18, 7. The Jâtakas (No. 527; 547) mention a Sivi country. A place called Siva-pura is mentioned by the scholiast on Pânini as situated in the northern country. It is, doubtless, identical with Sibipura mentioned in a Shorkot inscription edited by Dr. Vogel who takes the mound of Shorkot to be the site of the city of the Sibis (E. I., 1921, p. 16). The local tradition also connects Shorkot with Siva; Sivapura = Siaura = Shor. [C. A. S. R., V. pp. 97-103]. The Sivis migrated (probably 300 B. C.) to the territory round Nagri, a small town near Chitor where have been discovered seven coins with the legend Majhamikâya Sivijanapadasa which thus locates Sivi and Madhyamika [C.A.S.R., VI. pp. 196, 202.] near Chitor.

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17. The Agalassoi.

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18. The Sudracae or Oxudrakai dwelling on the banks of the Hyphasis (Bias). The Skr. form of their name is Kshudraka or Kshaudraka [M. Bh. VII. 68.9.]

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19. The Malloi [or Mâlavas who seem to have migrated (300-200 B. C.) to the tract about Nâgar or Karkota Nâgara about 30 miles N. of Bundi where have been discovered more than 500 coins with the legend Mâlavâna—C. A. S. R., VI. pp. 162-195] between the lower Hydraotes (Ravi) and the Acesines.

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20. The Abastanoi on the lower Akesines. So named by Arrian. Diodorus calls them Sambastai, Curtius Sabarcæ and Orosius Sabagræ. They seem to be the Ambashthas (अम्बष्ठ) mentioned in the Mahâbhârata (II. 52. 14-15), along with the Sivis (शिवि), Kshudrakas, Mâlavas and other north-western tribes. The Bârhaspatya Arthasâstra (Ed. by Dr. Thomas, p. 21) mentions their country with Kashmîra, Hûna and Sindhu. An Ambashtha king is mentioned in the Aitareya Brâhmana (VIII. 21).

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They migrated, in a later period, to the neighbourhood of Maikal hill(मेकल) —the source of the Narmadâ (Kûrmavibhâga of the Brihat Samhitâ and Mârkandeya Purâna). Thence they have dispersed themselves to Bengal where they can still be traced.

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Dialogues of the Buddha (Part I, p. 109) state an Ambastha to be a Brâhmana. It seems that they were a tribe of *Brahma-Kshatriyas* (i.e. Brahmins by descent but warriors by profession), but some of them took to other occupations, viz. those of farmers (Jâtaka, No. 363) and physicians (Manu, X. 47).

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21. The *Xathroi* (Kshatri) and the *Ossadioi* (Vasâti वसाति of the M. Bh. VII, 19. 11 ; 89. 37 ; VIII. 44. 46).

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22. The *Sodrai* (Sogdoi) and the *Massanoi* (occupying N. Sindh).

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23. The Kingdom of *Mousikanos*.

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24. The Principality of *Oxykanos*. (*Portikanos*).

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25. The principality of *Sambos* with Sindimana as capital.

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26. *Patalene*.

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[22-26 are in W. India. But they have been mentioned here to make the list a complete one.] (Raychowdhuri's P.H.A.I., p. 125 *ff*).

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*Fahian's Route*.—*Udyâna* (Swat valley), *Soo-ho-to* (Bunir-valley), *Gândhâra*, *Takshasilâ*, *Purushapura*, *He-lo*, *Bannu*, *Pe-to* (Bhida) ; [*Mathura*].

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*Yuanchwang's Route*:—1. *Ka-pi-shih*, 2. *Lan-po*, 3. *Na-ki-lo-ho*, 4. *Gândhâra*, (*a*) *Pushkalâvatî*, (*b*) *Purushapura*, (*c*) *Udabhândapura* (उदभाण्डपुर), 5. *Udyâna*, 6. *Takshasilâ*, 7. *Sinhapura*, 8. *Urasâ* उरसा, 9. *Kashmir*, 10. Parnotsa, 11. Rajapurî, 12. Takka टक्क (capital-Sâkala शाकल ), 13. Chînabhûkti, 14. Jâlandhara, 15. Kulûta, 16. Satadru [Pâryâtra, Mathura].

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Alberuni's account of the route from Kanoj to Ghazni. From Kanoj via Mirat (W. 10+10+10+10 farsakhs), Panipat (10 far.), Mandahukur, the capital of Lauhawur (Lahore district), east of the R. Irawa (Ravi) (10+10+N.W. 9+6+8 far.), Waihand (Ohind) the capital of Kandhar (Gandhar) (12+8+20 far.), Purshawar (Peshawar 14 far.) and Kabul (15+12 far.) to Ghazna (17 far.) [Alberuni's India, chap. 18.]

1. Kao-fu or Afghanistan.

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P. 19 (17).—Kao-fu was in Y. Ch.'s time the border land of the Barbarians—Indian in religion and culture but not in race. It seems to have derived its name from Kao-fu (the Kuhakas, a northern nation mentioned in Mar. LVII. 42). It was then divided into ten districts of which Kâpisî कापिशी was the chief. The king of Kâpisî—a benevolent Buddhist Kshatriya—was the overlord of the 10 districts, 8 of which were directly under his rule and two (Kabul and Ghazni) had their separate Buddhist kings—that of Kabul being of Turkish descent. Buddhism was not the only religion, there were numerous Digambaras (Jains), Pâsupatas (पाशुपत) and Kâpâlikas ; the Non-Buddhists were the most numerous in Gândhâra. [Y. Ch.].

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P. 21 (18). Kapisene.—The Skr. name is not Kapisâ which is being used since the days of Cunningham but Kâpisî कापिशी mentioned in Pânini IV. 2. 99 as famous for its grape-wine, कापिशायनी सुरा, referred to in Kautilya's Arthasâstra, Book II, Chap. XXV. Y. Ch.'s Ka-pi-shih (Watters, I, p. 122) also gives the same sound and is nearer to the original than the classical forms of Capisa or Kapisa.

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P. 22 (19). Mount Aparasin.—Upairi-saena of Avesta [Skr. Upari-syena उपरि-स्येन ‘higher than eagles’ (can fly). Dr. Stein in a paper communicated to the 7th Oriental Congress held at Vienna].

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P. 23 (20). Opiân.—The name may be connected with the Aupadhas (Pkr. Opaha), a northern nation. (Mar. LVII, 40).

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For other sites proposed for Alexandria under the Caucasus, read V. Smith’s E. H. I., p. 49.

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P. 23 (20). Begram : it means, in the local language, the city.

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P. 30. Si-pi-to-fa-la-sse : Watters (I. p. 126) transcribes it as Svetavatâlaya and spells the last syllable (sse) as tzu.

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Aruna : Y. Ch.’s A-lu-no ; referred to by Alberuni (II., p. 143).

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Kiu-lu-sa-pang : Watters (Vol. II, p. 269) transcribes it as Gulsafan.

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Milindu : printing mistake for Milinda identified with Menander.

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The names Karisi, Kalasi and Ku-la-sa-pang suggest that the Rigvedic river Kulisî (कुलिशी) is to be located here and I identify it with the united Panjshir and Ghorband.

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P. 40 (33).—Our author thinks that Y. Ch. interchanged the names between the province and the capital ; that Hu-phi-na = Kipin and Fo-li-shi-sa-tang-na = Portosthâna, Urddhasthâna or Kabul. But Y. Ch. does not transcribe initial K with H. Again, ‘‘the Chinese texts distinguish Kipin from Kao-fu or Kabul. In the 7th century, Kipin generally meant Kapisâ. In the time of the Han and Wei dynasties the term ordinarily meant Kashmir.’’ [V. Smith’s E. H. I. p. 251. Read also Sten Konow’s remarks on the location of Kipin in E. I., XIV, p. 291].

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Fo-li-shi-sa-tang-na sounds more like Skr. Pratish-thâna प्रतिष्ठान (settlement, colony). We know of two other Pratisthânas, one on the Jumna and the other on the Godâvarî.

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P. 42 (36). Nikaia.—Sir Thomas Holdich supported Cunningham's identification. Dr. V. Smith located it at Jalâlâbâd. But their discussions "are invalidated by the fact that Nicaea (Nikaia), if we follow Arrian, was not on the river Kabul at all. Alexander from Nicaea advances towards the Kabul." [Prof. Bevan in Camb. H. I., p. 348].

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P. 44 (38). Vaekereta.—Its identification with Kabul supported by Prof. Jackson. [Camb. H. I., p. 327].

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P. 46 (40). Ozola.—Spelt Axola in M'Crindle's Ptolemy (P. 316). Watters (II. 226) takes Tsau-ku-to as Skr. Jâguda (ङ). (Juguda or Jaguda)—a northern nation (Mar. LVII, 40 ; Vâyu XLV. 199 ;) through whose country flows the Indus (Matsya CXX. 46-48). Cunningham derived it from ’Αραχωτός (Arachosia ; Arokhaj or Rokhaj of the Arabs). The Arachosia of the Greeks comprised a considerable portion of Eastern Afghanistan. It extended westward beyond the meridian of Kandahar and its eastern frontier was skirted by the Indus. This name is usually derived from Haraqiati. Prof. Jackson informs us that the true Avestic form of the name is Harahvaiti and that Arachosia was known in later Parthian times as "White India"—’Ινδικήλευκή. [Camb. H. I., p. 326] Harahvaiti is the Persian form of Skr. Sarasvatî (the original Saras-vatî having a saras or lake, Arakhotos Krênê of Ptolemy, Hâmûn Lake or Zirrah, through which it flows). [When the Vedic Aryans migrated to Kurukshetra, they named the local sacred river after this original Sarasvati. Sir R. G. Bhandarkar prefers to derive it from the Arkshodas, the people of Mt. Rikshoda referred to in Pânini IV. 3. 91. (I. A. 1872, p. 21) ].

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P. 45.—Amongst the most remarkable relics of a bygone age in the Kabul district are the colossal figures carved in the cliff at Bamian, N. of the Koh-i-Baba, and the adjacent caves. The largest of these figures is 180 ft. high. Authorities differ as to their origin, but it seems most probable that they are Buddhist. The surrounding caves answer to the requirements of a Buddhist monastery, and close to the foot of the cliff is a mound resembling a Buddhist stupa, the exploration of which may some day put the question at rest. [Imp. Gaz. Ind. XIV, p. 242 ; read also I. A., VIII, pp. 82, 198, 227, 225].

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P. 46 (39). Ho-si-na identified with Ghazni.—Dr. Stein supports it in his Report of Arch. Surv. in N. W. F. Province, Peshawar, 1905. River Helmand is Haêtumant of Avesta, Etumandros and Hermandus of classical authors. (I. A., 1886, p. 22).

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P. 49 (42). Lan-po.—[Y. Ch.'s description in Watters, Vol. I, pp. 180-81 ; M'Crindle's Ptolemy, pp. 104, 106]; its Skr. form is Lampâka [M. Bh., Drona-p cxxi, 4846-7 ; Mar. LVII, 40, etc.].

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The Abhidhâna-chintâmaní of Hemachandra (IV. 26. लम्पाकास्तु मुरुण्डाः स्युः ) gives Murunda (mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudra-Gupta) as another name of the same people. Dr. Sten Konow has pointed out that Murunda is a later form of a Saka word meaning lord, master. Lampâka was thus the capital of the Sakas.

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P. 51 (43). Nagarahâra.—Fa-Hian (Chap. XIII) saw at Nagara various objects of Buddhist interest, a tooth-relic etc. Y. Ch.'s Records locate Na-ki-lo-ho 100 li south-east of Lan-po ; but his Life gives a southern direction. Mr. Watters transcribes the name as Nagarakot (Vol. I, pp. 182-7), which has been mentioned by Alberuni. (II, p. 11). For Ptolemy's Nagar see M'Crindle, pp. 112-13. The Skr. name of Nagarahâra occurs in the Parâsara-Tantra (quoted by Utpala in his commentary on the Brihat Samhitâ, Vizianagram Skr. series, Benares). Baber refers to it as Nungnehar (Erskine's Translation of his Memoirs, p. 141).

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As regards the site of the capital, Cunningham located it at Begram 2 miles W. of Jalâlâbâd. But Mr. William Simpson (who investigated the local antiquities during the Afghan War) proposes to identify it with the numerous remains (called *Balar Hissar* of a *Purâna Sherh* i.e. citadel of an old city) of an old town of importance on the right bank of the Surkhab at its junction with the Kabul river (about 4 miles E. of Jalâlâbâd). [J. R. A. S. 1881, p. 183]. The correctness of the identification he could not doubt, since Nagrak, ‘Nagarat’ or ‘Nagara’ was still applied to the ruins by the natives on the spot, since the site answers the description of Y. Ch. and since there is no other place in the vicinity where he could discover the ruins of a city.

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P. 52 (44). *Hi-lo*, or *Fo-ting-ko-ching*.—It was 30 *li* S.E. (Watters I. 184) or 1 *yojana* S. of Nagara and was 16 *yojanas* to the W. of Purushapura. (F. H. Chap. XIII). It was famous for the skull-bone relic of Buddha. It has been identified with Hidda 5 miles S. of Jalâlâbâd. The vicinity of Hidda is covered with *Stûpas*, tumuli and caves. (Masson's Travels, II, 164 ; Ariana Antiqua, plate VIII and the plate opposite to p. 262 ; Simpson in J.R.A.S. 1882, p. 328 ; Rev. C. Swinnerton's discovery of a Buddhist tope, I. A., 1879, p. 198).

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P. 54 (47). *Gândhâra*.—*Gândhâra* is a name of high antiquity occurring in the Rigveda. It is mentioned frequently in the Mahâbhârata and other Skr. works as containing the two royal cities of Takshasilâ and Pushkalâvatî, the former situated to the E. and the latter to the W. of the Indus which flows through it (Vâyupurâna). It would therefore, appear that in early times the Gândhâric territory lay on both sides of that river, though in subsequent times it was confined to the western side. The old Persian form of the name was Ga(n)dâra. (Camb. H. I., p. 327). [Strabo, Bohn's Library Ed. III, p. 89 ; Ptolemy (p. 115), F.-H. Chap. X., Y. Ch. (I. 198)].

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Capitals of Gândhâra.—The oldest capital was Pushkalâvatî. Kaniska's city was Purushapura (in Y. Ch.'s time also). Alberuni mentions Waihand (Ohind) as the capital of 'Qandhar.'

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Pushkalâvatî ("abounding in lotuses"?).—It is said to be named after Pushkara, a son of Bharata. [Râmâyana VII. 100, 10; the com. states that the city was in Gândhâradesa]. M'Crindle's Ptolemy, pp. 115-17. Schoff's Periplus (pp. 41-42) informs us of its trade. Y. Ch. (I. 214) locates Pu-se-kia-lo-fa-ti, famous for the stûpa of eye-offering, at a distance of 100 li (Life ; 50 li—Records). N.E. of Purushapura.

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P. 58 (50). Charsada.—Its ruins described in C. A. S. R. Vol. II, p. 90; Vol. XIX, pp. 96-110. The site has been excavated and the identification is certain [Annual Rep. A. S. I. for 1902-3, pp. 140-154].

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P. 60 (51). Po-lu-sha.—Famous as the scene of the Vessantara (विशंतर) Jâtaka, was about 100 li S.E. of Pushkalâvatî. (Y. Ch. I. 217). Y. Ch. describes a double-chambered cave in which Prince Sudâna and his wife took refuge (20 li N.E. of the town).

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Cunningham's identification of the site as stated in the text has been discarded. The town has now been identified with Shahbazgarhi (famous for its Kharosthi version of the Rock Inscriptions of Asoka). The name Shahbazgarhi is not older than Baber. It is built on the actual ruins of an ancient stone-built town. About 1¾ mile N.E. of the Asokan Inscriptions is a double-chambered cave which answers exactly to the Chinese description of Sudâna's cave.

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Arrian's description of Bazaria as situated upon an eminence and surrounded by a stout wall agrees so closely with it, as well as with the account of Sudâna's city, that the three seem to be identical. [C. A. S. R., Vol. V, pp. 9—18].

Takht-i-Bahai.

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100 li N.W. of the city of Sudâna, Y. Ch locates a great mountain with a Mahâyâna monastery and an Asoka stupa marking the scene of Ekasringa (एकशृङ्ग) Avadâna. Cunningham identified it with Takht-i-Bahai (where an inscription of Gondophornes, गदंफिण of the Purânas, was discovered) [C. A. S. R., V., p. 23; excavation report in An. R. A. S. I. 1907-8, p. 132 ff; 1910-11, p. 33 ff.]. Sir A. Stein locates the scene at Butan, a large important Buddhist site, in the Palai valley, not far from the S. foot of the Shahkot Pass leading into Swat. [An. R. A. S. I., 1911-12, Part I, p. 12].

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P. 61 (52). Utakhanda.—The real form is Udakabhânda (उदकभाण्ड). The Râjataranginî mentions Udabhândapura and its kings, Lâlliya Sâhi, Kamaluka and Trilochanapâla who was conquered by Hâmmîra (Amir-ul-Mumin Mahmud of Ghazni). In Alberuni's account of Mahmud of Ghazni's conquest we find mention of the Hindu Shahis—Lalliya, Kamaluka—who were Brahmins by caste. He also states that their city was "Waihand the capital of Qandhar."

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Thus Wu-to-ka-han-cha = Udakabhânda = Udabhânda (ण्ड) (pura) = Pkr. Uahanda = Waihand = Mod. Ohind on the N. bank of the Indus. [Dr. Stein on Râjataranginî, II, 337; C. A. S. R., V, 83]. उदकभाण्ड or उदभाण्ड means a pitcher full of water.

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P. 66 (56). Ohind.—Cunningham's location of Alexander's bridge at this place has been supported by Prof. Bevan. [Camb. H. I., p. 357]; its ruins etc. described in C. A. S. R., II, p. 95 ff.

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Pp. 66-7 (57). Sâlâtura (शालातुर): Watters' Y. Ch., I, p. 221; C. A. S. R., II, p. 95.

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P. 67 (58). Aornos.—Read V. Smith's E. H. I., 2nd Edn., Appendix D; it was not far from modern Amb. [Camb. H. I., p. 356]. Dr. Stein explored (in 1904-5)

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the hitherto inaccessible mountain tract of the Mahaban range. His survey proved beyond all question that the natural features of that mountain are totally dissimilar from those of Mount Aornos as described by the historians of Alexander, and demolished consequently, at a sweep, the arguments in favour of their identity. [Annual Rep. A. S. I. for 1904-5, p. 42].

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P. 76 (66).—Bâzâr or Bazaria : read notes on Po-lu-sha. [P. 673-74].

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P. 90 (78). Purusha-pura (Peshâwar).—F.-H., Chap. XII ; Watters' Y. Ch., I, 198-202 ; C. A. S. R., II, p. 87 ; Annual Rep. A. S. I. for 1908-9, p. 38 ff ; 1909-10, p. 135 ff ; 1910-11, p. 25 ff.

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Its identification with Peshâwar (capital of N.-W. F. Province ; 30° 1′ N. and 71° 35′ E.) referred to by Alberuni as Purshawar (through the Prakrit form of Purisa-ura) is now certain. The site has been excavated and Buddha's relic casket has been discovered in the ruins of the great Kaniska stupa now known as Shah-ji-ki-dheri.

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P. 93 (81). Udyâna.—F.-H., Chap. VII ; Y. Ch., I, pp. 225-6.

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Y. Ch.'s statement that there were 1400 old Sang-hârâmas on the banks of the river Su-po-fa-su-tu [शुभवास्तु, Suvâstu, or Swat] was no exaggeration, as ruins are now found all through the country. [Mr. Deane, the Chief Political Officer with the Chitral Relief Force, in J. R. A. S., 1896, p. 653].

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P. 95 (82). The identification of the capital of Udyâna with Mangora or Monglora has been supported by Dr. Stein who made an archæological tour with the Buner Field Force. [I. A., 1889, p. 44].

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As for A-po-lo-lo, the source of the Subha-vâstu (Swat), Mr. Deane writes: "The distance and direction given by the Pilgrim bring us exactly to Kalâm, the point at which the Utrot and Laspur (Ushu of Maps) streams meet. The junction of these is the present head of the Swat river." [J. R. A. S., 1896, p. 656].

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P. 97 (84). *Banu* or *Varnnu* (वर्णु).—Poh-na, 13 days' journey to S. of Nagara and three days' journey to W. of the Indus. (F. H. Chap. XIV). *Fa-la-na*, 15 days' journey to the S. of Lampâka; above 900 *li* N.E. of A-fan-tu; 4000 *li* in circuit; mountainous (Y. Ch. II. 262).

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"General Cunningham's identification of Fa-la-na with the territory of which Bannu was the natural and political centre must appear convincing to any student who is familiar with the actual geography of this part of the N. W. Frontier." (Stein's Report of Arch. Survey in N. W. F. Province, Peshawar 1905, p. 5.)

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The Skr. is not *Varana* or *Barna*, but *Varnnu* ref. to in *Pânini* [IV. 2. 103 ; IV. 3. 93]. The district is watered by the Kuram (Vedic *Krumu*) and the Gomal (Vedic *Gomatî*) rivers. Mod. Bannu is one of the four trans-Indus districts of the N. W. F. Province and lies between 32° 16' and 32° 5' N. and 70° 23' and 71° 16' E.

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P. 99 (86). Ki-kiang-na (Skr. Kokankana of the *Kûrmavibhâga*) district, on the W. frontier of Fa-la-na, situated in a valley under a high mountain (Y. Ch. II p. 262). Identified by Stein with Waziristan (Arch. Surv. in N. W. F. Province, Peshawar 1905, p. 6.)

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P. 100 (87). Opokien or *A-po-kan*.—It was N.W. of Fa-la-na and S.E. of Tsau-ku-ta; mentioned, not in the *Records*, but in the *Life* of Y. Ch. (II. p. 265).

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Cunningham thinks that it stands for Afghan and locates it near the source of the Tochi branch of the Kurram river. It may be the आपगा a northern nation ref. to in the *Vâyupurâna* (*Bhuvana-kosha* section).

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P. 103 (89). *Kashmîr*.—The ancient geography of *Kashmîr* has been fully treated by Dr. Stein in the second volume of his English translation of the *Râjataranginî*. He has shown that Ptolemy's *Kaspeira*, *Kaspeiroi* of Dionysios and Nonus and Kaspatyros of Herodotos refer to Kashmir, though located wrongly on the lower course of the Rhuadis or Ravi. It was called Ki-pi-n by the Chinese in the time of the Han and Wei dynasties. (Notes on p. 40). In Yuan Chwang's time its king (Durlabha-vardhana Prajnâditya) was the overlord of Wu-la-shi (उरशा ; modern district of Hazara ; ref. by Alexander's Historians as Arsakes), Puan-nu-tso (पर्णोत्स mod. Punach or Prunts), Ko-lo-she-pu-lo (राजपुरी. mod. Rajaori), Seng-ha-pu-lo (सिंहपुर, Salt Range) and Ta-cha-shi-lo (तक्षशिला). The last mentioned district was then a newly conquered one, being formerly included with the dominion of Kâpisî (कापिशी ).

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Other adjoining hill-states mentioned in the Râjataranginî are:—Kâshthavâta (काष्ठवाट, mod. Kishtwar), Champâ (चम्पा, mod. Chamba) and Vallâpura (Ballâwar) to the S.E. of Kashmîra proper and Lohara (लोहर. mod. Loharin) to the S.W.

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The ancient capital of Kashmîr was (old) Srînagara, now known as Pândrethân (from पुराणाधिष्ठान or old capital) about 3 miles to the S.E. of Modern Srinagar the real name of which was Pravarapura.

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P. 120 (104). Takshasilâ (तक्षशिला):—The name is generally connected with Takshaka, King of the Nâgas, who killed Parikshit ; Janamejaya invaded Takshasilâ and conquered it. (Mahâ Bh. Adi-P III. 682-3 and 832-4 ; XL-XLIV ; XLIX. 1954, L. 1991). Takshaka's descendants are the Takkas who held all the country around. (C. A. S. R., II. p. 6). The name may also mean "Hewn rock"—it having been built of that material instead of brick or mud. Skr. Siras शिरस् = Pkr. Sila (head) ; hence it = "Severed Head" ; and a legend originated of the almsgift of the head of Buddha at this place. It was a great Buddhist tîrtha and University.

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Taxila—60 Roman miles (=55 Eng. m.) from Peucolaites ; situated on a low but level plain in a district called Amanda. (Pliny, IV. 23). The greatest of all the cities between the Indus and the Hydaspes. (Arrian, M'Crindle's Alexander p. 83). Thickly peopled and extremely fertile (Strabo, p. 34 of M'Crindle). Taxila in the Arsa Skr. Urasâ) territory. (Ptolemy p. 118). Chu-sha-she-lo ("Severed Head") 7 days' journey to E. of Gândhâra (F. H., X.). 3 days' journey to the E. of the Sintu (Indus, Sung-yun). The city, 10 *li* in circuit, 12 or 13 *li* N. of it was the *stûpa* marking the spot of Buddha's alms-gift of his head, or 1000 heads in so many births ; the country had a very fertile soil with flowing streams and luxuriant vegetation ; then a dependency of Kashmir ; circuit 2000 *li* ; (Y. Ch. I. 240). After this we lose sight altogether of Taxila, and do not even know how and when its ruin was accomplished. Muhammadan writers do not refer to it. Alberuni, in his notes on the *Kûrma-vibhâga* (Chap. 29) remarks Takshasilâ i.e. Mârikala.

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Boundaries of the country—N. Urasâ ; E. the Jhelum ; S. Sinhapura ; W. the Indus.

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The city has been identified by Cunningham with the ruins near Shah-dheri (=Roval Residence) 12 m. N.W. of Rawalpindi. Here have been found colossal statues, thousands of coins, traces of at least 55 stupas 28 monasteries, 9 temples, a copper plate containing the name of Takshasila and a vase with Kharosthi inscription "the tope was erected at Taxila—", [C. A. R. S., II pp. 111-35 ; III. 135 ; V. 66-75 ; XIV.] The ruins cover several miles and stretch up to Hassan Abdal (Attock district, Punjab). It has been recently excavated. [Annual Report, A. S. I. 1912-13, pp. 1-5 ; *ibid* part I. pp. 8-16 · 1915-16 ; Part I, pp. 10-12.] Sir John Marshall's Guide to Taxila describes the remains of three distinct cities located in the same valley watered by the Haro river. These are situated immediately to the E. and N.E. of Saraikala, a junction on the railway, 20 miles N.W. of Rawalpindi.

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P. 139 (121). Mânikyala.—(The spot where Buddha gave his body to feed a starving tigress—2 days' journey to the S.E. of Taxila (F. H. XI,), 8 days' journey to the S.E. of the capital of Udyâna (and not of Gândhâra as Cunningham wrongly states). [Sung-yun] 200 *li* S.E. from the north of the country of Taxila. [Y. Ch. I. 255:]

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Cunningham fancied that all these accounts suit exactly with the identification of this spot with Mânikyala (15 m. S.E. of Rawalpindi, 33° 27' and 73° 13' E.) where are the ruins of a monument built, according to an inscription found inside, during the reign of Kanishka. Everybody is now agreed that Cunningham was mistaken. Dr. Stein shows strong, if not absolutely conclusive, reason for believing that the buildings on Mount Banj, (Gadun territory in N. W. F. Province) a spur of Mahaban, represent the scene of body-offering. [But Stein's identification involves an awkard correction of a bearing given by Y. Ch. from S.E. to N.E. Stein's Rep. Arch. Sur. N. W. F. Province. Peshawar, 1905, pp. 41-45.]

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P. 142 (124). Sinhapura.—Seng-ho-pu-lo, 700 *li* S.E. of Takshasilâ ; rested on hills and was a natural fortress ; circuit of the district with the Indus on its W. frontier was 3500 *li*. [Watters' Y. Ch., I. p. 248.]

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Khetas or Katas : On the north side of the Salt range, Jhelum district, Punjab ; 32° 43' N. and 72° 59' E.; 2000 ft. above sea-level. It is visited every year by thousands of pilgrims. Next to Jwâlâmukhi, it is the most frequented place of pilgrimage in the Punjab : Katas (कटाक्ष) and Pushkara lakes have their origin from the tears of Siva. [C. A. S. R., II., p. 188 ; Imp. Gaz. Ind.]

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P. 145 (126). Kotera.—At its foot are the remains of twelve temples (of Kashmir architecture of 800-1300 A.D.) clustered in a corner of an old fort. These are attributed to the Pândavas. Facing them to the east is the basement of a great structure—probably a Buddhist stupa. (C. A. S. R. II., pp. 188-90). At a short distance lies the hill of Murti on which are the ruins of a Jain temple marking the spot where Mahâvîra was supposed to have obtained his enlightenment. [Stein in Vienna Oriental Journal, 1890, p. 80 ; p. 260.]

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P. 148 (129). Ko-lo-she-pu-lo: राजपुर (mod. Rajaori) repeatedly mentioned in the Râjataranginî. As a passage of the Mahâbhârata (VII, 4, 5 ; Karna, Râjapuram gatvâ Kâmbojâ Nirjitâs-tvayâ) states that Râjapura was the home of the Kâmbojas and as Kâmboja is constantly associated with Gândhâra (M. Bh., XII, 207, 43 ; Asoka's R. E., V.), Dr. Hemchandra Roy Chowdhury locates Kâmboja here. [P. H. A. I., p. 77.]

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P. 150 (130). Dogra.—The Skr. form is Durgara (दुर्गर).

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P. 156 (136). Jâlandhara.—She-lan-ta-lo ; E. to W.—1000 li ; N. to S.—800 li. (Y. Ch. I. 296). जालन्धरास्त्रिगर्त्ताः स्युः (Hemachandra's अभिधानचिन्तामणि IV. 24). Trigarta is the land watered by three rivers—the Râvi, the Bîas, and the Sutlej (C. A. S. R., V. p. 148). It formerly comprised the whole of the upper Doâb between the Ravi and the Sutlej. Its cities were Jâlandhar and Kot Kangra. (Ibid. p. 145).

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P. 157 (137). Kulindrine of Ptolemy is Kulûta. (M'Crindle's Ptolemy, p. 110 ; spelt as Kylindrine).

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P. 161 (141). Chamba.—Champâ (चम्पा) of the Râjataranginî. (Kâstwar is Kâsthavâta काष्ठवाट).

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A remarkable series of inscriptions authenticate its history. It was founded probably in the 6th century A.D. by Marut, a Sûryavamsîya Rajput, who built Brahmapura, mod. Barmawar, on the Budhil river, the southern affluent of the Ravi. (C. A. S. R., XIV, pp. 109-119 ; a separate vol. (Chamba) published by the Arch. Department treats of its antiquities).

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P. 162 (142). *Kullu.*—Watters' Y. Ch., I. p. 298. It is the *Kulûta* or *Kaulûta* of the Râmâyana, Mahâbhârata, Purânas, Brihatsamhitâ, Mudrârâkshasa, and Kâdambari, which refers to its princess Patralekhâ. (An. R. A. S. I. 1907-8, p. 261 ff.)

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P. 164 (142). *Lo-hu-lo* district (N.E. of Ku-lu-to) is *Lho-yal* of the Tibetans and *Lâhul* of the people of Kullu. Still further to the N., Y. Ch. (I. 299) places *Mo-lo-so* (=Tibetan Mar-sa, a synonym of Mar-yul "Low-land"—the old as well as the present name) of Ladakh. [Francke (J. R. A. S. 1908, pp. 188-9) has pointed out that there is no necessity of correcting it into *Mo-lo-po* as Cunningham has done].

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P. 164 (143). *Mandi.*—Read C. A. S. R., XIV, p. 119.

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P. 165 (144). *Satadru.*—Y. Ch.'s *Sha-to-tu-lo* has been transcribed as *Satadru*. Watters proposes *Satadûra*. (Y. Ch. I, p. 300). Both the words begin with श.

c14.s1.t2.43

P. 170 (148). *Taki.*—*Tse-kia* (Cheh-ka) above 10,000 *li* in circuit; lying between the Indus (W) and Pi-po-she (Bias) (E); ancient capital—*She-kie-lo* (=Sâkala शाकल) (Y. Ch. I, 287).

c14.s1.t2.44

Sâkala, the capital of the *Madras*, *Arattas* (Skr. A-râshtra, अराष्ट्र or kingless; Arattii of Periplus, p. 41), *Jârtikas* or *Bâhîkas* (Mahâ Bh. Sabhâ—P. XXXI. 1197, Karna—P. VII. 6, 32, 80) who are पञ्चानां सिन्धुषष्ठानां नदीनाम् अन्तराश्रिताः; बाहीकाः टक्कनामानः (Hemachandra's Abhidhâna-Chintâmani, IV, 25).

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P. 177 (155). *Old Bhira* or *Jobnath-nagar.*—Extensive mound of ruins on the W. bank of the Jhelum. It may be identical with *Pi-cha* or *Pe-too* through which F. H. (Chap. XV.) passed on his way from Bannu to Mathurâ. (C. A. S. R. XIV. 35-36). As for the kingdom of Sophytes ("lord of the fastness of the Salt-Range stretching from the Jhelum to the Indus," V. Smith), there is difficulty in locating it, for "our sources all agree in placing the principality E. of the Jhelum." [Camb. H. I., p. 372].

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Hence Cunningham may not be right in placing the capital to the W. of the Jhelum. As for modern Bhira on the eastern bank, it is not an ancient city being founded by Sher Shah in A. D. 1540. (C. A. S. R., XIV., p. 36).

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P. 192 (159). *Boukephala*.—Cunningham located it at Dilawar opposite to Jalâlpur. (C. A. S. R., II, p. 173-186) Jalâlpur has also been identified with *Râjagriha* or *Girivraja*, the capital of the Kekayas (C. A. S. R., II., p. 14) whose country has been located, in the *Râmâyana* (II, 68, 19-22) on the other side of the Vipâsâ (Bias) and stretching up to Gândhâra.

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V. Smith located *Boukephala* at Jhelum. Here have been discovered many old coins, but not earlier than the Indo-Scythian period, three iron tripods of Greek form, two brass bowls and portions of some 24 later stone pillars. (C. A. S. R. II, pp. 174-5 ; XIV, pp. 41-2). A point in its favour is that it is higher up and Alexander seems to have kept close to the hills. But it is not possible to decide the question with our defective documents. (Camb. H. I. p. 361).

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P. 204 (177). *Nikœa*.—As for the site of Mong read C. A. S. R., II. p. 186-7. Dr. V. Smith has located it at Sukhcainpur. [E. H. I.]

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P. 205 (179). *Gujarât*.—The name of this city indicates that the *Gurjaras* once dwelt in the Punjab. They were found, by Yuan Chwang, to occupy a portion of Râjaputana. Then they migrated to what is now known as the peninsula of Guzerat.

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P. 206 (179). *Ali Khan*.—Alakhâna defeated by Sankaravarman, king of Kashmîra (883-902 A.D.) ; he was ruler of the upper portion of the flat Doab between the Jhelum and the Chenab rivers south of the Dvârvâbhisâra, together with a part of the Punjab plain further east. He had to cede *Takkadesa* (टक्कदेश) or the tract adjoining the lower hills to the E. of the Chenab to his victor. (Stein's Râjataranginî, V.).

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P. 206 (179). Sangala and Sâkala.—(शाकल) Cunningham (A. S. R. II. pp. 192-200) identified Sangala with Sâkala and located them at Sângalawâla-tîba (Jhang district ; 31°43' N. and 73°27' E).

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But they are not identical: Sangala (Sânkala of Pânini, IV. 2.75) was to the E. of the Hydraotes or the Râvi (Arrian and Curtius); whereas Sâkala was, as the following passage clearly states, to the W. of the Râvi.

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शाकलं नाम नगरमापगा नाम निम्नगा। जातिका नाम बाहीकास्तेषां वृत्तं सुनन्दितम् ॥ ......शतद्रुतं नदीं तीर्त्वा तां च रम्यामिरावतीम् । गत्वा स्वदेशम् ..........॥ पञ्च नद्यो वहन्त्येता यत्र पीलु-वनानिहः। शतद्रुश्च विपाशा च तृतीयैरावती तथा ॥ चन्द्रभागा वितस्ता च सिन्धुश्च बहिरिरेः। आरट्टा नाम ते देशाः नष्टधर्माः न तान् वर्जत् ॥

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(M. Bh. Karna-p VII.) Skr. Sâkala = Pkr. Sâgala "the capital of Milinda" and of Mihirakula.

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Recent authorities place Sangala in Gurdaspur district (Lahore Division) [Imp. Gaz. Ind. XII. p. 393]. Prof. Bevan notes that the site is uncertain and that Anspach conjectures Jandiâla. (Camb. H. I., p. 371).

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Sâkala is Sial-kot (Fleet in 14th Oriental Congress). A Brahmin informed Cunningham (C. A. S. R., xiv, pp. 44-6) that Sial-kot was originally called Sâkala, the capital of Bâhîka country. The name Sial-kot is said to have been originated from the fact that it was the fort (kot) of Raja Sâla (शल्य, the brother of Queen Mâdrî, the princess of Madra identical with Bâhîka) the maternal uncle of the Pândavas. (Note that the modern name of the Madras Presidency has nothing to do with ancient मद्र ).

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The passage from the Mahâ Bhârata quoted above states that the Bâhîkas were also called Jârtikas (Jat) and Arattas (Arattai of Schoff's Periplus, p. 41 ; = Skr. Arâshtra अराष्ट्र, Kingless). The word Bâhîka has been derived by Kâtyâyana, in his Vârttikas on Pânini, from बहिस 'outside'. Thus the word means those who live outside the land of the Aryans. These Bâhîkas were held in so much disrepute that we find the following description in the Mahâbhârata :

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बहि नाम हीकस् विपाशयां पिशाचकौ ।
तयोरपत्यं बाह्लीकाः नैषा सृष्टिः प्रजापतेः ॥
(Karna p., VII.)

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P. 219 (191). *Asarur* :—in Gujranwala district ; 31° 47' N and 73° 43' E ; the ruins (described in C. A. S. R., II, pp. 200-202.) consist of an extensive mound 15000 ft. in circuit.

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As Cunningham's location of *Sâkala* has been rejected and it has been identified with Sialkot, so we shall have to locate Tse-kia, the capital described by Y. Ch. (I. p. 288) about two miles N.E. of Sialkot.

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P. 221—223 (193). *Ransi* and *Ambakapi* :—ruins described in C. A. S. R., II. pp. 202-205, XIV. p. 48.

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P. 228 (199). *Kasûr* :—31° 8' N ; 74° 24' E.

c14.s1.t2.64

P. 230 (200). *Chi-na-puh-ti* :—

c14.s1.t2.65

The winter residence of the Chinese hostages in the time of Kanishka (Y. Ch. I. 292). Julien and Cunningham transcribe it as Chînapati. Cunningham identified it with Patti, a very old town 27m. N.E. of Kasur. Watters has shown that the real Skr. form is "Chîna-Bhukti" i.e. Chîna-allotment—the district assigned by Kanishka to the Chinese hostages. So it cannot be identified with Patti.

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Mirza Muhammad Beg places *Chiniyari* on the road from Amritsar to Parsarur. (Mod.) Chine is exactly 11 miles from Amritsar on the high road to Sialkot (=Sâkala) (C. A. S. R. XIV. p. 54). It may be identified with Chînabhukti. V. Smith (Appendix, Watters' Y. Ch. Vol. II) located it at Ferozpur.

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P. 233 (203). *Po-fa-to* :—(Skr. *Parvata* ref. to in Pânini iv. 2. 143), circuit 5000 *li* ; 700 *li* N.E. of Mou-losan-pu-lo (Multan?) [Y. Ch., II, p. 255 ]. Cunningham wrongly corrected the name into *So-lo-fa-to* and identified the capital with Shorkot. But he afterwards abandoned the identification and located it at Harapa (Montgomery district) where are most extensive ruins (prehistoric stone-implements ; three "Harapa seals" with strange inscriptions ; a chain of mounds 3500 ft. long ; C. A. S. R., V, pp. 105-8). Dr. Fleet has accepted this location. (J. R. A. S., 1907. p. 650).

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[V. Smith (Y. Ch., II appendix) identified it with Jammu included within the state of Kashmir. But as Jammu is about 250 miles away from Multan, the identification cannot be accepted.]

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P. 235 (205). *Shorkot* :—the old fort of Shorkot is the loftiest of all the mounds in the Punjab, being 100 ft. above the surrounding fields. The local Brahmins derive the name from Skr. शिवपुर, Pkr. Siaura. Here have been found some bricks inscribed in early Gupta characters. (C. A. S. R., V. pp. 97-103 ; plate XXX.). Dr. Vogel takes it to be the city of the Sibis. (E. I., 1921, p. 16).

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P. 238 (208). *Kot Kamâlia* :—Cunningham's derivation of the word from *Malli* cannot be accepted.

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P. 246 (216). As for the futility of identifications of the sites mentioned in connection with Alexander's march, Read V. Smith. p. 92-93.

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P. 257 (224) *Tulamba* :—the name was originally Kulamba. (C. A. S. R., V. pp. 111-112).

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P. 264 (230) *Multan* :—Cunningham believes that it has been referred to by classical writers as *Kaspapuros*, *Kaspeira* &c. But Dr. Stein has shown (Translation of Râjataranginî, vol. II, topography of Kashmir) that these names refer to Kashmir, though located wrongly.

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Yuan-chwang visited *Mou-lo-san-pu-lo* (Skr. Mûlas-thâna) which he located 900 *li* to the east of Sindh.

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(Watters, II, p. 254). This Mûlasthâna has been identified by Cunningham with Multan. Mr. Watters (vol. II, p. 254) objected to this identification, for Multan is to the N., and not to the E., of Sindh. V. Smith (Appendix, Watters, vol. II) supports Cunningham evidently on the ground that we know of no other Mûlasthâna and as such the eastern direction is a slip of the pen. But a ninth century A. D. record of Indrarâja, (uncle to the Râshtrakûta ruler Amoghavarsha I), the ruler of Lâta (लाट (mentions a Mûlasthâna on the Narmadâ in the Province of Bhrigukachchha (Bharoch—भृगुकच्छे नर्मदायां मूलस्थानतीर्थे लाटा I. A.). This can be identified with Y. Ch.'s Mou-lo-san-pu-lo to the E. of Sindh.

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Some authorities connect the name of Multan with that of the Malloi. But it was never a Mâlava city, for it is to the south of the confluence of the Hydraotes and Akesines. (Camb. H. I., p. 375).

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The idol of the Sun-god of Multan has been referred to by Alberuni. (Chap. XI.)

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P. 277 (241) Kahror: Alberuni is our authority to locate here the scene of the great battle between Vikramâditya and the Sakas.

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P. 281 (245) Johiya:—Prakrit form of Yaudheya (यौधेय). The Yaudheyas have been mentioned in the Pâninian system with the Saubhreyas (probably identical with Sabracoe of Curtius) as war-like tribes in the Punjab. They are mentioned in the inscriptions of Rûdradâman and Samudra-Gupta. The find-spots of their coins indicate that the extensive territories of the tribe comprised the southern portion of the Punjab, including the Sikh states and the northern part of Rajputana. Either the Bias or the Râvi was probably the N.W. boundary of the tribal country which abutted on the territory of the Madras or Mâdrakas in the Central Punjab. The cities of Lahore, Bahawalpur, Bikanir, Ludiana and Delhi roughly indicate the limits of the tribal territory.

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P. 284 (248). देवसभायाः परतः पश्चाद्देशः । तत्र देवसभ-सुराष्ट्र-दशेरक-तवण-भृगुकच्छ-कच्छीय-आनर्त-अर्बुद-ब्राह्मणवाह-यवन-प्रभृतयो जनपदाः ॥ (Kâvyamîmâmsâ p. 93). *Devasabhâ* is a city on a mt. (not identified) referred to in Arthasâstra (Skr. text p. 78) as producing red sandal ( पत्तगन्ध चन्दन ).

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It comprised Sindh, Western Rajputana, Cutch, Gujarât and a portion of the adjoining coast on the lower course of the Narmadâ, 3 states—Sindh, Gurjara and Valabhi (Y. Ch.)

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1. SINDHUDESA.

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P. 285 (248). 'The country along the Indus'; denoted lower portion only of it, *i.e.* Sindh. The *Saindhavas* identified, or closely connected with the *Sauvîras* (? M. Bh. Vana—P. cclxiii, 15576-81 ; cclxvi, 15618 and 15635-7 etc.). Alberuni (chap. 29) notes 'सौवीर *i.e.* Multan and Jahrâwar'. *Vrachada* ( व्र ) (Pischel's Gram. Prakrit, §. 28.) seems to be a name of it.

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Places and nations mentioned in connection with Alexander's invasion :—Sodræ or Sogdi, Massanæ, Musikani, Prœsti, Sindimana, Patala.

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It is identical with the *Indo-Scythia* through which flows the *Sindhus* (Indus) with its seven mouths on the middle of which is the market-town of *Barbaricum* and the capital of which is Minnagara subject to Parthian princes ; (Gulfs of Eirinon and Baraca are the Rann and Gulf of Cutch). (Schoff's Periplus, pp. 37-8).

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P. 286 (249) *Vichavapura* :—Lieut. Col. Branfill has suggested its identification with Vijnot (Vijnor, Vijnaur, Vijnavapur), a ruined town in Upper Sindh in the Ubauro taluk of the Rohri division. It was, according to tradition, one of the five ancient sites of Sindh. (I.A., 1882, p. 1 ; p. 5.)

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P. 294 (257).—*Alor*: Its identification with the city of *Mousikanos* (which may be the *Mushika*, of Sanskrit Literature, occupying Sindh in this period and afterwards migrating to the South) is probable but not certain. (V. Smith, E. H. I., p. 100 ; Camb. H. I., p. 377).

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P. 300 (262). *Middle Sindh*:—*O-fan-cha* (as it has been spelt by Watters) or *A-fan-tu*. It was above 300 *li* N.E. of *Pi-to-shih-lo*, 2400 *li* in circuit. (Y. Ch. II. 259). The name has been transcribed as *Avanda* (अवन्द) (Julien) or *Avanta* (अवत) (Watters.)

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P. 302 (263) *Sehwan*:—It has been identified with *Sindimana* for no better reason than that both names begin with S. (V. Smith, E. H. I., p. 101.) It is in Karachi district, about 192 miles from Karachi. Here are the remains of a fort said to have been built by Alexander. (A. S. I., N. I. S., vol. xvi, p. 213.)

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P. 306 (267). *Brâhmanâbâd*:—25° 56′ N. and 68° 54′ E.; ब्राह्मणवाद of *Kâvyamîmâmsâ* (p. 93). It was probably one of the oldest cities in India. The historian Bilâdhûra writing a thousand years ago calls it *Brahmana-bad-al-atiqah* or *Brâhmanâbâd*, the ancient. Here is one vast mass of ruins forming irregular mounds within a circumference of four miles. (J. B. B. R. A S., vol. v., p. 413; A. S. I., N. I. S., xvi., pp. 215-216.) It has been excavated recently (Annual Rep. A. S., 1903-4, pp. 132-144 ; 1908-9, p. 79 ff.) and various prehistoric remains have been discovered. The correct spelling of the name is said to be Bahmanâbâd (said to be named after Bahman, an Iranian King in the fifth century B. C.)

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V. Smith (E. H. I. pp. 102-3) identified it with *Pattala* which was located by Cunningham at Hyderabad and about 30 miles S.E. of the latter by Holdich. (Camb. H. I., p. 378).

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P. 318 (281). *Pi-to-shih-lo*:—It was 700 *li* N. of Atien-po-chih-lo and 300 *li* S.W. of O-fan-cha (Y. Ch. II, p. 258) ; 3000 *li* in circuit.

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Julien sanskritized the name as *Pīta-śilā* (पीतशिला) or Yellow Rock ; Cunningham as *Pāṭasilā* or "Flat Rock" and identified it with Lower Sindh the important town in which is Haidarabad, formerly called Patalpur, situated on a *flat-topped* hill.

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Mr. Watters transcribes it as *Bheda-Sira* (भेदशिर:) or "Cleft Head" and remarks that the name may have reference to the Jātaka of which the Pilgrim makes mention and that he may have used a Buddhist designation unknown to ordinary Indian Literature.

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As *A-tien-po-chih-lo* has been identified, with better reasons, with Lower Sindh, Bhedasira is to be located somewhere to the N.W. of the Lower and to the S.W. of the Middle Sindh or O-fan-cha.

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P. 330 (288). *Min-nagar*:—probably the ‘city of Min’ (a saka name) ; the capital of Indo-Scythia. (Schoff’s Periplus, pp. 37-8) ; =Binagar of Ptolemy. (C. A. S. R.; II., p. 46).

Alexander’s Haven and Barbaricum.

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P. 337 (294). "No Indian author, Hindu, Buddhist or Jain, makes even the faintest allusion to Alexander or his deeds." These are the words with which Dr. Vincent Smith concludes his account of Alexander’s Indian campaign. Though there is no allusion to the deeds of Alexander, is there not a reference to the cities founded by him in India? A careful search ought to be made for them. The hypothetical Sanskrit forms for *Ἀλέξανδρος* and *Ἀλέξαδρεια* are, according to the rules of Sanskrit phonetics, Alakshandrah and Alakshandrā. In the vernacular Alakkhandâ or Alashandâ'* are the forms expected. The second form is very nearly identical with Alasanda or Alasadda, the birth place of Milinda, which has been identified with Alexandria Opiane at the foot of Mount Caucasus.† But this Alasadda was not in India proper. Is there any reference to Alexander's Haven which certainly bore his name and which was in India proper? Now the Haven must have been famous on account of its commercial importance. Hence we ought to search for it in works like Kautilya's *Arthasâstra*, the Sabhâparvan of the *Mahâbhârata*, *Ratna-Sâstras* and *Vaidyakâ Nighantus* which mention the products and articles of commerce of the various parts of India. And it is actually referred to in Kautilya's *Arthasâstra* in the expression 'Alakandaka coral' (=Coral of Alakanda).‡ Where was this Alakanda? Kautilya is silent. The commentator remarks that at the mouth of the river of Barbara, a river falling in the Sea of Barbara was, according to the same authority, the River Srotasî mentioned as a source of pearls. A lake named Srîghanta श्रीघण्ट in a corner of the Sea of Barbara has also been mentioned by him.§ The Epics and Purânas mention the Barbaras (or Varvaras) as a northern or north-western people.|| Now by combining these bits of information we find that the country of the Barbaras was in the W. or N.-W. frontier of India and that it stretched up to the [Arabian] sea. Through it flowed a river named Srotasì. In it was a lake not far from the sea. And Alakanda stood at the mouth of a river.

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