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Historical Geography of Ancient India c7: Chapter II: Southern India

Historical Geography of Ancient India c7

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Chapter II: Southern India

c7.2

Acyutapuram.—It is near Mukhalingam in the Ganjam district, where plates of Indravarman were discovered. These plates record a gift of land, which was at Kalinganagaram, by one of the kings of Kalinga of the Gaṅga family (*E.I.*, III, 127).

c7.3

Adhirājendravalaṇāḍu.—It is the name of a district (*S.I.I.*, I, 134). It is in the Jayaṅkoṇḍa-śora-maṇḍalam.

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Agaiyāru.—It is the name of a river which passed through the village of Māndoṭṭam (*Ibid.*, II, 62).

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Agastya-malai.—It is a hill in the Travancore State. The river Tāmraparṇi has its source on this hill (W. W. Hunter, *The Imperial Gazetteers of India*, Vol. I, p. 46).

c7.6

Aimbuṇḍi.—It is the old name of the modern village of Ammuṇḍi (*S.I.I.*, I, pp. 87, 135, 136). A plot of land was given by the inhabitants of this place to their god Śiva.

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Airāvaṭṭa.—This has been identified with Raṭāgarh in the Banki Police Station of the Cuttack district (*Bāripādā Museum Plate of Devānandadeva*; vide also *E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. VII, July, 1948, p. 328).

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Ajantā.—The two caves of Ajantā are situated 60 miles north-west of Aurangabad and about 35 miles south of Bhusaval on the main railway. The caves of Ajantā are approached from Phardapur, a small town at the foot of the Ghāṭ. There is a good motorable road from Aurangabad to Phardapur. The 29 caves at Ajantā have been cut, carved and painted at different times. According to V. A. Smith, the bulk of the paintings at Ajantā must be assigned to the 6th century A.D. The resulting political conditions must have been unfavourable to the execution of costly work of art dedicated to the service of Buddhism. Caitya and Vihāra caves are the two types of caves found at Ajantā. The caves Nos. 9 and 10, which are the earliest, date back to the 1st and 2nd century B.C. The huge images of the Buddha found in the inner cells of the Vihāras are almost in the preaching attitude. The frescoes and paintings at Ajantā are the most important features of Buddhist architecture. Decorative painting and ceiling decorations are the earliest specimens of ancient Indian fine arts. The Jātaka scenes are well depicted in these caves. In the cave No. 26 the most notable sculpture on the walls is the large and crowded composition representing the temptation of the Buddha by Māra. The wheel of life, flying Gandharvas and Apsarās can be found here. The caves present a vivid picture of the feelings and aspirations of the Buddhists during the period to which they belong. Figures of birds, monkeys, wild tribes, etc., are all depicted in these caves. Rivers, seas, rocky shores, fishes, etc., have a very high artistic value. The majestic figure of the Buddha on the wall on the left of the corridor at the back has attracted universal appreciation. Palaces and buildings are represented by a flat roof over the heads of the figures supported by slender pillars. Men of higher rank wear little clothing above the waist, but much jewellery, armlets, necklaces, fillets, etc., and men of lower rank are more covered but they have no jewellery. Monks are clothed in their usual dress. Ladies of distinction wear much jewellery. In the cave No. 10, the paintings between the ribs of the aisles are of much later date. The cave No. 16 is one of the Vihāras of great importance. In the cave No. 20 the flight of steps with a carved balustrade leading to a verandah and the pillars with capitals of elegantly sculptured strut figures of girls, the threshold of the shrines recalling the ancient toraṇa, serve as aids to understand the evolution of domestic and socio-religio architecture of India. The portico in front of the shrine is similar to a pavilion (maṇḍapa). The group of worshippers in the cave No. 1 is really very artistic. Soldiers are armed with spears, bows, etc. A high turban with a knob in front is worn by males. A broad heavy neck-chain is prominent. All these remind us of the style of early sculptures of Sāñchī and of the oldest sculpture discovered at Mathurā.

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Aḷanāḍu.—It is a sub-division of Arumoridevavaḷanāḍu (S.I.I., Vol. II, pp. 333–456). Here was Rājacūḍāmaṇicaturvedimaṅgalam (vide Raṅgāchārī’s List 326, Madura District).

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Amarakuṇḍa.—It is a town in Āndhra. Nearby there is a mountain on which stands a beautiful temple adorned with the images of Ṛṣabha and Śāntinātha. For further details, vide B. C. Law, Some Jaina Canonical Sūtras, p. 185.

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Amarāvatī (Pali : Amaravati).—This is the name of a town which contains the Amareśvara temple (E.I., Vol. VII, p. 17). Its old name is Dhānyaghaṭa or Dhānyaghaṭaka, which is identical with Dhānyakaṭa or Dhānyakaṭaka (corn-town), (Hultzsch, S.I.I., Vol. I, p. 25). It is noted for its stūpa (E.I., VI, 146–157; cf. C.I., VI, 17ff.). It was the capital of Amdhāpatiya (N. L. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 7). Buddha in one of his previous births was born in this city as a Brahmin youth named Sumedha (Dhamma-pada-Aṭṭhakathā, I, p. 83). This city may be identified with the modern city of Amaraoti close to the Dharaṇikoṭṭa river, a mile west of ancient Amarāvatī on the Kṛṣṇā, famous for its ruined stūpa. The Amarāvatī stūpa is found about 18 miles to the west of Bezwada and south of Dharaṇikoṭa on the right bank of the river Kṛṣṇā, about 60 miles from its mouth in the Kṛṣṇā district of the Madras Presidency. The Amarāvatī tope was built by the Andhrabhṛtya kings who were Buddhists (J.R.A.S., III, 132). The Amarāvatī caitya is the Pūrvaśaila monastery of Hiuen Tsang. For excavations at Amarāvatī, vide A.S.I.R., 1905-6, 116ff.; A.S.I., Annual Report, 1908-9, 88ff.

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Ambattūr-nāḍu.—It is the name of a village in the Saidapet taluk of the Chingleput district (S.I.I., Vol. III, p. 287).

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Ambāsamudram.—It is situated on the northern bank of the Tāmraparṇī river and is the headquarters of the taluk of the same name in the Tinnevelly district. Iḷaṅgoykuḍḍi was the ancient name of Ambāsamudram. It was a brahmadeya in Muḷḷināḍu. (Ambāsamudram Inscription of Varaguṇapāṇḍya, E.I., IX, 84; E.I., XXV, Pt. I, pp. 35ff.).

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Amdhāpatiya.—In the Mayidavolu Copperplate Inscription of the early Pallava king Śivaskandavarman occurs Amdhāpatiya (Andhrā-patha, Ep. Indica, VI, 88). The Sanskrit equivalent of the place-name may as well be Amdhāvatī. Amdhāpatiya or Andhrāpatha is the Andhra country between the Godāvarī and Kṛṣṇā, which is the eastern Andhra territory as distinguished from the Andhra dominions in western India (Hultzsch, S.I.I., I, p. 113; for details vide Law, Tribes in Ancient India, pp. 164ff.). In the Pali texts the Andhakas are mentioned along with the Muṇḍakas, Kolakas and Cinas (Apadāna, Pt. II, p. 359). The five Drāvidas are the following: Drāviḍa proper (Tamil), Andhra (Telugu), Karṇāṭa (Kanarese country), Mahārāṣṭra and Gurjara. Dhanakaṭaka or Dhānyakaṭaka or Amarāvatī at the mouth of the Kṛṣṇā is its capital (N. L. Dey, Geographical Dictionary, p. 7). In the Harāhā Inscription of the Maukhari king Kumāragupta III (554 A.D.) a certain lord of the Andhras (Andhrādhipati) is said to have given the Maukhari king a great trouble by his ‘thousands of threefold rutting elephants’ (Ep. Indica, XIV, pp. 110ff.). H. C. Raychaudhuri suggests that the Andhra king referred to was probably Mādhavavarman I (Yanāśraya) of the Polamuru plates belonging to the Viṣṇukuṇḍin family (P.H.A.I., 4th Ed., p. 509). This suggestion seems to have been in agreement with the fact that the Jaunpur Inscription of Īśānavarman, father of Īśānavarman Maukhari, refers to the victory over the Andhras on behalf of Īśāvarman (C.I.I., III, p. 230). At the time of the Pallava king Śivaskandavarman, the Andhrāpatha or the Andhra country seems to have come under the sway of the Pallava dynasty whose headquarters were at Dhamnakaḍa (Dhānyakaṭaka). In the thirteenth Rock Edict of Aśoka occurs the expression Bhoja-Patinikeṣu Amdhra-Palideṣu.

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The Pulindas of the Andhra region are always associated with the Andhras who probably inhabited the whole land from the Vindhya to the Kṛṣṇā. Vāsiṣṭhīputra Pulumāyi was the first king who extended Sātavāhana power over the Andhra country. Stray references to the Andhra country and people are found in the later epigraphic records. The Indian Museum Inscription of the 9th year of Nārāyaṇapāladeva of the Pāla dynasty refers to the Andhra Vaiṣayika Śākyabhikṣu sthavira Dharmamitra who erected an image of the Buddha.

c7.16

Ammalapuṇḍi.—This village may probably be identified with Anamarlapuṇḍiagrahāraṃ, 12 miles to the south-east of Tāḍikoṇḍa (E.I., XXIII, Pt. V).

c7.17

Anadutpālīcala.—This is a hill (S.I.I., II, 373).

c7.18

Anamalai Hills.—They merge into the Travancore hills (The Imperial Gazetteers of India, by W. W. Hunter, Vol. I, pp. 190ff.).

c7.19

Anantapura.—It is situated in Trivandrum, the capital of Travancore, which contains the celebrated temple of Padmanātha, which was visited by Śrīcaitanya and Nityānanda.

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Andhramaṇḍala or Andhraviṣaya.—Telegu country (S.I.I., III, p. 128). The Mayidāvolu plates of the early Pallava ruler Śivaskandavarman prove that the Andhrāpatha or the region of the Andhras embraced the Kṛṣṇā district with Dhaññakaḍa or Bezwada as its capital (E.I., VI, p. 88). In the Harāhā Inscription of Maukhari king Kumāragupta III (554 A.D.) a certain lord of the Andhras (Andhrādhipati) is said to have troubled the Maukhari king (Ep. Ind. XIV, pp. 110ff.). The Andhra king referred to was probably Mādhavavarman I Yavāśraya of the Polamuru plates belonging to the Viṣṇukuṇḍin family. This is supported by the fact that the Jaunpur Inscription of Īśāvarman, father of Īśānavarman Maukhari, refers to the victory over the Andhras on behalf of Īśāvarman (C.I.I., III, p. 230). The Andhras are mentioned in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa (VII, 18) and the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa. V. A. Smith holds that they were a Dravidian people and were the progenitors of the modern Telugu-speaking people occupying the deltas of the Godāvarī and the Kṛṣṇā (I.A., 1913, 276-8). According to some they were originally a Vindhyan tribe that extended its political power from the west gradually to the east down the Godāvarī and the Kṛṣṇā valleys (Ibid., 1918, 71). The Mahābhārata (XII, 207, 42) points out that they were settled in the Deccan. The Rāmāyaṇa (Kiṣkindhyākāṇḍa, 41, Ch. 11) connects them with the Godāvarī. The epigraphic evidence proves that they occupied the Godāvarī-Kṛṣṇā valley. The Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (LVII, 48-49) mentions the Andhras as a southern people. The R.E. XIII of Aśoka mentions the country of the Andhras as a vassal state under Aśoka. There is a reference to the Andhra country in a *Jātaka* (*Jāt.*, I, 356ff.) where a Brahmin youth came after completing his education at Taxila to profit by practical experience. According to Pliny the Andhras possessed a large number of villages, 30 towns defended by walls and towers, and supplied their king with a huge army consisting of infantry, cavalry and elephants (*I.A.*, 1877, 339).

c7.21

The Sātavāhanas are claimed by the *Purāṇas* to have been Andhras or Andhrabhṛtyas. They ruled even the whole of Andhra-deśa and the adjoining regions (B. C. Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, 164-5).

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This country as known to the Chinese as An-ta-lo was about 3,000 li in circuit. The soil was rich and fertile. It was regularly cultivated. The temperature was hot. The people were fierce and impulsive. There were some *Saṅghārāmas* and Deva temples (*Beal, Buddhist Records of the Western World*, II, 217-18).

c7.23

The capital of the Andhra-deśa seems to have been Dhana-kaṭaka which was visited by Yuan Chwang. The earliest Andhra capital (Andhapura) was situated on the Telavāha river, probably identical with Tel or Telin-giri, both flowing near the confines of the Madras State and the Madhya Pradeśa (*P.H.A.I.*, p. 196, f.n. 4). For further details, vide B. C. Law, *Indological Studies*, Pt. I, pp. 47ff.; *Law, Tribes in Ancient India*, p. 166; *Imperial Gazetteers of India* (W. W. Hunter), Vol. I, p. 198; *Buddhist remains in Andhra and Andhra History*, 225-610 A.D. by K. R. Subramanian.

c7.24

*Aṅgarāyankuppam*.—This is the modern village of Aṅgaraṅkuppam, six miles north of Viriñcipuram (*S.I.I.*, I, p. 133).

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*Aṅgira*.—A southern country mentioned in the *Brahmāṇḍap.*, II, 16. 59.

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*Annadevavaram*.—This village founded for the habitation of the Brahmins is said to have been situated at Visari-nāṇḍu at the junction of the Pinnasāni and the Gaṅgā (another name of the Godāvarī) (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. I, January, 1941).

c7.27

*Annavaram*.—It is near Tuni in the east Godāvarī district, where the Rajahmundry Museum plates of the Telugu Coḍa Annadeva were discovered (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. I, January, 1941).

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*Antaravedi*.—It forms the last of the seven sacred places on the Godāvarī (*Imperial Gazetteers of India*, by W. W. Hunter, Vol. I, p. 204).

c7.29

*Aragiyasorapuram*.—It is a sub-division of Rājarājavaḷanāḍu. It is a village in Poyirkūrram (*S.I.I.*, II, pp. 449, 492).

c7.30

*Araisūr*.—It is the name of a village on the banks of the Pennar (*Ibid.*, III, 448).

c7.31

*Arakatapura*.—It may be the same as modern Arcot. It was conquered by King Khāravela as we learn from the Hāthigumphā Inscription (B. C. Law, *Geography of Early Buddhism*, pp. 61-62).

c7.32

*Arasil*.—It is the name of a river. It is also known as Ariśil of Arasileyāru (*S.I.I.*, II, p. 52).

c7.33

*Arikameḍu*.—It is on the east coast of India, two miles south of Pondicherry. Some places at the site were excavated by the A.S.I., in 1945.

c7.34

*Arugūr*.—This is modern Ariyūr (*Ibid.*, I, p. 71) near Veḷūr.

c7.35

*Arumaḍal*.—It is a village. Its modern name is Arumaḍal. It was in Kirśengilināḍu, a sub-division of Pāṇḍyakulāśanivaḷanāḍu (*Ibid.*, Vol. II, p. 479).

c7.36

*Asaka*.—It is generally supposed to be identical with Aśmaka on the Godāvarī (Shāma Śāstri’s Tr. of the *Arthaśāstra*, p. 143).

c7.37

*Assaka* or *Aśmaka* Country.—The Assaka or Aśmaka country is mentioned in the *Suttanipāta* (P.T.S., p. 190) as situated on the bank of the river Godāvarī immediately to the south of Patiṭṭhāna (v. 977). Dr. Bhandarkar points out that according to the *Suttanipāta* a Brahmin guru called Bāvarī having left the Kośala country settled near a village on the Godāvarī in the Assaka territory in the Dakṣiṇāpatha (*Carmichael Lectures*, 1918, pp. 4, 53, f.n. 5). Rhys Davids points out that Aśmaka was situated immediately north-west of Avanti. The settlement on the Godāvarī, according to him, was a later colony (*Buddhist India*, pp. 27-28). Asanga in his *Sūtrālaṅkāra* mentions an Aśmaka country in the basin of the Indus.

c7.38

According to Kauṭilya’s *Arthaśāstra* Assaka (Asaka) is generally supposed to be identical with Aśmaka on the Godāvarī, i.e., Mahārāṣṭra (Shama Śāstri’s transl., p. 143, n. 2). The Aśmakas fought on the side of the Pāṇḍavas in the Kurukṣetra war (*Mahābhārata*, VII, 85, 3049). Pāṇini mentions Aśmaka in one of his *sūtras* (IV, 1, 173). There was a connection between the Ikṣvākus and the Aśmakas (*Bṛhannarādīya Purāṇa*, Ch. 9).

c7.39

The capital city of the Aśmakas or Assakas was Potana or Potali, the Paudanya of the *Mahābhārata* (I, 77, 47). At one time the city of Potali was included in the kingdom of Kāśī. According to the *Assaka-Jātaka* (*Jāt.*, II, 155) there was a king named Assaka who reigned in Potali which is stated therein to be a city in the kingdom of Kāśī.

c7.40

The people called Aspasians by the Greeks may be regarded as denoting some western branch of the well-known Aśvaka or Aśmaka-tribe. The Iranian name Aspa corresponds to Sanskrit Aśva or Aśvaka (*C.H.I.*, Vol.I, p. 352, n. 3; B. C. Law, *Indological Studies*, Part I, pp. 1-2; Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, pp. 180ff.).

c7.41

*Atri-āśrama*.—This hermitage was visited by Rāma with Lakṣmaṇa and Sītā, while the sage was living there with Anusūyā. Many hermits were engaged in spiritual practices there.

c7.42

*Attili*.—This town is at present situated in the south-west of the Tanuku taluk of the west Godāvarī district. The Coḍa king Annadeva defeated on the borders of Attili all the southern kings, who were hostile to him, and offered protection to 10,000 of the enemy’s forces who took refuge within the walls of that town (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. I).

c7.43

*Ayodhyā*.—This is the name of a country (*S.I.I.*, I, p. 58). Fifty-nine emperors sat on the throne of Ayodhyā. Vijayāditya, a king of this family, went to the Deccan to conquer it.

c7.44

*Ayyampalayam*.—This village is in the Palladam taluk of the Coimbatore district, about 4½ miles to the north-east of the Somanur railway station, containing a small shrine (*Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art*, Vol. XV).

c7.45

*Adhirājamangalliyapuram*.—It is Tiruvādi in the Cuddalore taluk. It is 14 miles west by north of Cuddalore and one mile south of Panruti railway station. It is also called Adigaimānagar. It is situated on the north bank of the Gedilam (*E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. III, p. 98).

c7.46

*Adipur*.—It is a village in the Pāñcapir sub-division of Mayurbhanj State (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. IV, p. 147).

c7.47

*Ālampundi*.—It is a village in the Señji division of the Tiṇḍivanam taluk of the South Arcot district (*E.I.*, III, 224).

c7.48

*Ālappakkam*.—It is a village in the Cuddalore taluk of the South Arcot district (*E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. III, p. 97).

c7.49

*Ālūr*.—This village is in Padināḍu and may be identical with Ālūr in the Cāmarājanagar taluk in the Mysore district (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, pp. 425-7).

c7.50

*Āmūr* (*Āmbūr*).—This is a town in the Velūr taluk of the North Arcot district (*Ibid.*, Vol. III, p. 165). It is in the Tirukkoyilur taluk of South Arcot district. Two Tamil inscriptions were discovered here (*E.I.*, IV, 180ff.).

c7.51

*Āmurkoṭṭam*.—It is a district (*Ibid.*, Vol. II, Intro. p. 28) in Jayakoṇḍa-coḷamaṇḍalam.

c7.52

*Ānaimalai*.—This is a sacred hill in the Madurā district (*Ibid.*, III, p. 239). It is known as the ‘elephant hill’. It runs from north-east to south-west nearly parallel to the Madura-Melur road from the 5th mile-stone from Madura (*Madras Dist. Gazetteers, Madura*, by W. Francis, pp. 254ff.).

c7.53

*Ānandūru*.—It is the headquarters of the Ānandūru Three Hundred (district) mentioned in the Akkalkot Inscription of Śilāhara Indarasa (*E.I.* XXVII, Pt. II, April, 1947, p. 71). It may be identified with modern Ānadūru, chief town of the taluk of that name in the Usmanabad district in the Hyderabad State. It is about 20 miles to the north of Akkalkoṭ.

c7.54

*Ānāṅgur*.—It is two miles south-east of Villupuram (*E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. III, p. 98). It must have been the principal place in Ānāṅgur-nāḍu.

c7.55

*Andhra*.—This is present Telugu country (*Ibid.*, Vol. II, Intro., p. 4).

c7.56

*Ānnadevavaram*.—It was a village on the bank of the Gaṅgā to the west of Pallūri-Śailavaram. King Annadeva granted this village to the Brāhmaṇas (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. I—*Rajahmundry Museum plates of Telugu Coḍa Annadeva*).

c7.57

*Ārāma*.—It was not far from Sonepur where the royal camp was often pitched. It is described to be a prosperous city with palatial buildings, temples, gardens, tanks, etc., (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. VII).

c7.58

*Āsuvulaparru*.—This village stood on the Kṛṣṇā river in Bezwada taluk (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. V).

c7.59

*Āvūrkurram*.—It is a district, a sub-division of Nittavinodavaḷanāḍu (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, p. 95).

c7.60

*Badakhimedi*.—It is in the Ganjam district. In a village of this estate a set of copperplates of Gaṅga Indravarman were found (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. V, October, 1941, p. 165).

c7.61

*Baṅgavāḍi*.—It is in the Kolar district of the Mysore State (*E.I.*, VI, 22ff.; vide also *E.I.*, VII, 22).

c7.62

*Basinikoṇḍa*.—It is a village near Madanapalle (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. IV, 183ff.—Three Inscriptions of Vaidumba-Mahārāja Gaṇḍatrinetra).

c7.63

*Bavāji Hill*—It is situated near Velapāḍi, a suburb of Vellore in the North Arcot district (*S.I.I.*, Vol. I, p. 76). A rock inscription of Kannaradeva has been found below the summit of this hill (*E.I.*, IV, 81ff.).

c7.64

*Bādāmi*.—It is a village. It is also called Vātāpi (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, p. 399, n. 504). Siruttoṇḍar invaded it in 650 B.C.

c7.65

*Bāhūr*.—It is the modern name of the village called Aragiyaśora-caturvedimaṅgalam, same as Bāhugrāma. It is near Pondicherry. It is included in the district of Aruvā-nāḍu. The village of Bāhūr is the headquarters of a commune in the French territory and was the site of a battle between the English and the French in 1752 A.D. (*Ibid.*, Vol. II, pp. 27 (Intro), 505, 513, 514, 519). It is in the French territory (Vide *Raṅgā-chāri’s List*, pp. 1693-94, 1-18).

c7.66

*Beḷuguḷa*.—The Kap Copperplate of Keladi Sadāśiva-Nāyaka refers to Beḷuguḷa which is Śravaṇa Belgola in the Mysore State.

c7.67

*Bharaṭipūḍu*.—Kāmarāja, a Coḍa king, subdued king Simga near this town in a battle (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. I).

c7.68

*Bhāgīrathī*.—This is the same as the river Gaṅgā (Hultzsch, *S.I.I.*, Vol. I, p. 28).

c7.69

*Bhāskarakṣetra*.—It is Hampi in the Bellary district, which was the capital of the Vijayanagar kings (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. IV, October, 1939, p. 190).

c7.70

*Bhethiśṛṅga*.—It is mentioned in the Indian Museum plates of Gaṅga Indravarman, which may possibly be identified with Barsinga on the Brāhmaṇī river (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. V, October, 1941, p. 168).

c7.71

*Bhīmarathī* (or Bhīmaratha).—The river Bhīmarathī, mentioned in the Daulatabad plates of the Western Cālukya king Jayasimha II, may be identified with the modern Bhīmā, the main tributary of the Kṛṣṇā (*I.C.*, VIII, p. 113). On the north bank of this river a battle was fought between Pulakeśin and Appāyika and Govinda (*E.I.*, VI, 9). The *Vāyu* (XLV, 104) and *Varāha Purāṇas* mention this river. It figures prominently as a Sahya river in the Purāṇas, which appears to flow in the north-western portion of the district of Poona, from which place it takes a south-easterly course and flows into the Kṛṣṇā north of the district of Raichur, Hyderabad. It is fed by many streams (vide B. C. Law, *Rivers of India*, p. 49).

c7.72

*Bhogavadhana* (Skt. Bhogavardhana, the wealth-increaser; Barua and Sinha, *Barhut Inscriptions*, p. 15).—According to the Purāṇas, it is one of the countries in the Deccan. It seems that Bhogavardhana was situated in the Godāvarī region but the location of the place is unknown. The Bhogavardhanas (Bhogavaḍam) are placed in the southern region along with the Maulikas, Aśmakas, Kuntalas, etc. (cf. *Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa*, LVII, 48-49).

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*Bhojakaṭa* and *Bhojakaṭapura* (Skt.: Bhojakaṭa or Bhojya; Bhojya; Barua and Sinha, *Barhut Inscriptions*, p. 7).—The Arulala-Perumal Inscription and the Raṅganātha Inscription of Ravivarman refer to a Bhoja king belonging to the Yadu family of the Kerala country in South India (*E.I.*, Vol. IV, Pt. III, 146). The Khalimpur grant of Dharmapāladeva of Gauḍa (c. 800 A.D.) speaks of the king of Bhoja along with the kings of Matsya, Kuru, Yadu and Yavana as having uttered benedictions at the coronation ceremony of the king of Kānyakubja. The next important mention of the Bhojas is made in the Hāthigumphā Inscription of the Ceṭa King Khāravela (1st century B.C.), which informs us that Khāravela, the Mahārājā of Kaliṅga, defeated the Rāṭhikas and Bhojakas and compelled them to do homage to him. The Rāṭhikas and Bhojakas are evidently the Rāṣṭrikas and Bhojas of Aśoka’s Rock Edicts V and XIII (vide B. C. Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, p. 372). The R.E. XIII refers to the Bhojas and Pitinikas who held the present Thāṇā and Kolābā districts of the Bombay Presidency. The *Sabhāparva* of the *Mahābhārata* (Ch. 30) mentions Bhojakaṭa and Bhojakaṭapura as two places in the south conquered by Sahadeva. If Bhojakaṭa be the same as Bhoja and Bhojya of the Purāṇas, then it must be a country of the Vindhya region. The expression Daṇḍakyabhoja in the *Brāhmaṇas* may indicate that this Bhojakaṭa was either included in or within the reach of Daṇḍaka. It is clear from the *Mahābhārata* list that Bhojakaṭa (= Elichpur) was distinct from Bhojakaṭapura or Bhojapura, the second capital of Vidarbha (modern Berar). Bhoja coincides with Berar or ancient Vidarbha and Chammaka, four miles south-east of Elichpur in the Amaraoti district. In the *Khila-Harivaṃśa*, Bhojakaṭa is expressly identified with Vidarbha (cf. *Viṣṇupurāṇa*, LX, 32). In the Barhut Votive label No. 45 occurs Bhojakaṭa (Barua and Sinha, *Barhut Inscriptions*, p. 131). Aśoka’s R.E. XIII refers to the Bhojas, Pārimdas or Pāladas. Bhoja is mentioned in the *Ṛgveda* (II, 53, 7) as well as in the *Aitareya Brāhmaṇa* (VIII, 14). The *Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa* (XIII, 5, 4, 11) seems to imply that the Sātvatas were located near the Gaṅgā and the Yamunā, which locality was the realm of the Bharatas. The Bhojas spread over central and southern India in very early times. According to the *Purāṇas* the Bhojas and the Sātvatas were allied tribes both belonging to the Yadu family (*Matsya Purāṇa*, Ch. 43, p. 48; Ch. 44, pp. 46-8, *Vāyu Purāṇa*, Ch. 94, p. 52; Ch. 95, p. 18; Ch. 96 pp. 1-2; *Viṣṇu Purāṇa*, IV, 13, 1-6). The descendants of Sātvata, son of Mābhabhoja, were known as Bhojas (*Bhāgavata Purāṇa*, Ch. IX, p. 24; *Kūrma Purāṇa*, Ch. 24, śl. 40; *Harivaṃśa*, Ch. 37). The Bhojas were related to the Haihayas who were a branch of the Yādavas (*Agni Purāṇa*, Ch. 275, śl. 10; *Vāyu Purāṇa*, Ch. 94, pp. 3-54; *Matsya Purāṇa* Ch. 43, pp. 7-49). The Jain sacred books refer to the Bhojas as Kṣatriyas (*Jaina Sūtras*, S.B.E., II, p. 71, f.n. 2). The Bhojas along with the Andhakas and Kukuras helped the Kurus in the Kurukṣetra war (*Mahābhārata*, Udyogaparva, Ch. 19). They were associated with the Śriñjayas and the Cedis (*Mahābhārata*, V. 28). The Jaina *Uttarādhyayana-Cūrṇi* (2, p. 53) mentions that a ruler of Ujjenī came to Bhogakaḍa after becoming an ascetic. For further details, vide B. C. Law, *Indological Studies*, Pt. I, pp. 43ff.; Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, pp. 366ff.

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Bhuvanesvara.—It is a village in the Khurda sub-division, 18 miles south of Cuttack and 30 miles north of Puri town. It is mostly inhabited by the Hindus. It is built on rocky soils composed of laterites overlying small mounds of sandstone. On account of the exposed rocks in the neighbourhood of the place, it becomes hot in summer. This place is not only holy but very healthy, situated on the Balianti river. It enjoys a mild but bracing winter and is not unpleasant during the rains. It is full of nux vomica trees. There are many tanks, some of which may be mentioned, namely, Kedārgaurī near Kedāreśvara, Brahmagaurī near Brahmeśvara, Kapilahrada outside the Kapileśvara temple. The biggest of the tanks is Vindusāgara. The water of the Kedārgaurī tank is quite good for dyspepsia. The Liṅgarāja temple which is the main temple, is unique from the architectural standpoint. Liṅgarāja is otherwise called Bhuvanesvara or Tribhuvaneśvar. The probable date of its construction is Śaka 588 (A.D. 666-7). Yayāti Keśarī began the construction of the temple, which was completed by Lalāṭa Keśarī. It covers an area of 4½ acres and is surrounded by a high thick wall of laterite and oblong in shape. A courtyard inside is flagged with stone and is crowded with 60 or 70 side temples. The temple of Bhagavatī, wife of Śiva, in the north-west corner is important. The main temple consists of four structures, namely, the dancing hall, the refectory hall, the porch and the tower.

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At Bhuvanesvara there stands the Paraśurāmeśvara temple, which according to some, has been dated the 5th or 6th century A.D. (M. M. Ganguli, *Orissa and her Remains*, 270ff.). Scholars differ as to the date of this temple (vide *J.R.A.S.B.*, XV, No. 2, 1949, Letters, 109ff.). The Udyotakeśarin of the Bhuvanesvara Inscription has been identified with the prince of the same name whose inscriptions have been discovered in Orissa in the Lalatendu Keśarī and Navamuni caves (*E.I.*, XIII, 165-66). The Bhuvanesvara Stone Inscription of Narasimha I of the 12th century A.D. refers to the building of a Viṣṇu temple by Candrikā, sister of Narasimha, at Ekāmra or modern Bhuvanesvara in the Utkalaviṣaya (*Brahma-purāṇa*, Ch. 40). The Bhuvanesvara Stone Inscription incised on a slab of stone is on the western wall of the courtyard of the temple of Ānanda Vāsudeva at Bhuvanesvara in the Puri district (*E.I.*, XIII, 198-203).

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For further details, vide Law, *Geographical Essays*, p. 218; *B. and O. Dist. Gazetteers*, Puri, by O'Malley, revised by Mansfield, 1929, pp. 265ff.; *Bengal Dist. Gazetteers*, 1908, Puri, by L. S. S. O'Malley, pp. 234ff.; K. C. Panigrahi, *New light on the early History of Bhubaneśvara* (*Journal of the Asiatic Society, Letters*, Vol. XVII, No. 2, 1951, pp. 95ff.).

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*Birajākṣetra*.—According to the *Brahmapurāṇa* (42. 1-4), it contains the deity named Birajā. It is on the sacred river Vaitaraṇī. The temple of Birajā is situated at Jājpur. There are eight holy places in this kṣetra, e.g., Kapila, Gograha, Soma, Mṛtyuñjaya, Siddheśvara, etc. (*Brahmapurāṇa*, 42. 6-7). The *Yoginitantra* mentions it (2. 2, p. 120).

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*Bobbili*.—It is in the Vizagapatam district of the newly founded Andhra State (*E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. I, p. 33).

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*Bommehāḷu*.—It may be identified with Bommeparti, situated at a distance of seven miles from Anantapura (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. IV, p. 190).

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*Brahmagiri*.—For details, vide *Half Yearly Journal of the Mysore University*, Sec. A, I, 1940. In it a survey of the site is given before the excavation has been made. A set of Minor Rock Edicts of Aśoka has been discovered here.

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*Buguḍa*.—It is in the Gumsūr taluk of the Ganjam district (*E.I.*, III, p. 41).

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*Candaka*.—It is a mountain near the Mahimsaka kingdom, where the Bodhisatta built a leaf-hut at the bend of the river Kannapeṇṇā. It is the Malaya-giri or the Malabar ghats.

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*Candanapurī*.—It is the modern Candanpuri, a small town on the Girṇā river, three miles to the south-west of Malegaum, about 45 miles to the north-west of Ellora (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. I, January, 1939, p. 29).

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*Caṇḍāura*.—This capital city may be identified with modern Caṇḍāvar, situated in the Honavar taluk and about five miles south-east of Kumta, north Kanara district (*North Kanara Gazetteer*, Pt. II, p. 277; *E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. IV, p. 160).

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*Candragiri*.—It is a hill at Śravaṇa-Belgola, the well-known Jaina town in the Hassan district of the Mysore State (*E.I.*, III, 184). It was known to the ancients as Deya Durgā.

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*Candravalli*.—It was situated at a distance of 45 miles to the south-west of Brahmagiri. For details of the excavations at the site, vide M. H. Krishna, *Excavations at Chandravalli* (*Supplement to the Annual Report of the Archaeological Dept. of the Mysore State*, 1929).

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*Cape Comorin* (Skt. Kanyākumārī).—Its Tamil name is Kanni Kumārī or Kanniya Kumārī (*E.I.*, II, p. 236 f.n. 3), famous in early Tamil classics.

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*Cauḍuar*.—The extensive ruins of Cauḍuar spread on the northern bank of the Birupa, a branch of the Mahānadī about four miles to the north of Cuttack. Jayakeśarin, the 25th King of the Keśarin dynasty, made Cauḍuar or the city with four gates his capital. It was once a śaiva centre. Buddhism flourished side by side with Śaivism at Cauḍuar. A seated image of Prajñāpāramitā with a smiling face has been discovered here. A seated image of two-armed Avalokiteśvara has been been acquired from this place for the Indian Museum. Most of the sculptures found here seem to mark the initial stage of the later mediaeval sculptures of Orissa. For further details, vide R. P. Chanda, *Exploration in Orissa*, *M.A.S.I.*, No. 44, pp. 20ff.

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*Cārāla*.—It is in the Punganur taluk of the Chittoor district (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. VI, p. 241).

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*Cebrolu*.—It is in the Bāpaṭlā taluk of the Kistna district (*E. I.*, V, 142ff.).

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*Cellūr*.—It is the name of a village in the Coconada taluk of the Godāvarī district (*S.I.I.*, I, pp. 50, 51). A copperplate grant of Viṣṇuvardhanavīra-coḍa, now in the Madras Museum, throws light on the connection between the eastern Cālukyas and the Coḷas.

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*Cellūru*.—This is a modern village of Cellūr (*Ibid.*, I, p. 52, f.n. 3).

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*Cendalur*.—It is in the Ongole taluk of the Nellore district, where some copperplates of Sarvalokāśraya, dated 673 A.D., were discovered (*E.I.*, VIII, 236ff.).

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*Cera*.—This country comprised present Malabar, Cochin and Travancore (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, p. 21). Cera is a corruption of Kerala. The people of Kerala are known as the Kairalaka (*Bṛhat-Saṃhitā*, XIV, 12). Originally its capital was Vañji, now Tiru-Karūr on the Periyār river near Cochin, and its later capital was Tiruvañjikkalam near the mouth of the Periyār. It had important trading centres on the western coast at Tondi on the Agalappulai about five miles north of Quilandi, Muchiri, Palaiyur (near Chowghāṭ) and Vaikkarai. After the Coḷas the Ceras became the leading power in the south. Keralaputra finds mention in Aśoka’s R.E. II. The Tamil kingdom of Chera is mentioned in the Sanskrit Epics and Purāṇas. (*Mahābhārata*, IX. 352, 365; Sabhāparva, XXX, pp. 1174-75; Rāmāyaṇa, IV, Ch. 41 (Bombay Edition); Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa, Ch. 57, 45; Vāyu Purāṇa, XLV, 124; Matsya Purāṇa, CXIII, 46). For further details, vide B. C. Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, 193ff.

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*Cerām*.—This village in Pulināḍu may be identified with Cārāla in the Puṅgānur taluk of the Chittoor district (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. VI, April, 1940, p. 254).

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*Cerupūru*.—This village may be identified with the modern Chipurupalle in the Vizagapatam district. Some think it to be identical with Cerupūru of the Chipurupalle copperplate of Viṣṇuvardhana I, situated in the Plakiviṣaya.

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*Cevūru*.—This village lies in the Kaikalūr taluk of the Kistna district, where a set of copperplates was discovered (*E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. I, p. 41).

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*Cidambaram*.—It is situated between the Velar on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the east, the Coleroon on the south, and the Viraṇam tank on the west. This is a town in the South Arcot district (*S.I.I.*, Vol. I, pp. 64, 86, 92, 97, 98, 168), noted for its temples.¹ Śirrambalam is the Tamil name of Cidambaram. It is also known as Tillai (*Ibid.*, II, pp. 258, 279, etc.) and as Cidambaram according to the *Devī-Bhāgavata* (VIII, 38). It was a subsidiary capital of the Coḷas, many of whom had their coronations performed in the sacred hall of the temple. It played an important part in the Carnatic and Mysore wars. South India has five elementary images of Mahādeva, one of which is the sky image (*vyoma*) at Cidambaram. The idol of Naṭarāja (the dancing attitude of Śiva) is the most important. According to the *Liṅgapurāṇa* (Uttara, Ch. 12), Śiva has eight images of which five are elementary.

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¹ Chidambaram, by L. N. Gubil, *Modern Review*, LXXI, 1942.

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*Cidivalasa*.—It is near Narasannapeta in the Ganjam district, near which three plates were found (*E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. III, p. 108).

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*Cikmagalur*.—It is the headquarters town of the Kadur district and the Cikmagalur taluk of that district in Mysore (*E.I.*, VIII, 50ff.).

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*Cingleput*.—This is the name of a district (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, p. 340) of which Cingleput is the headquarters.

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*Cirāpalli*.—It is the ancient name of Trichinopoly (*Annual Report* for 1937-38 of South Indian Epigraphy, p. 78).

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*Cittāmūr*.—It is in the Gingee taluk of the South Arcot district, containing two Jain temples (*Annual Report for 1937-38 of south Indian Epigraphy*, 109).

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*Coḷa*.—The Coḷa country (Śoramaṇḍalam) includes the Tanjore, and Trichinopoly districts (*S.I.I.*, I, pp. 32, 51, 59, 60, 79, 92, 96, 97, 100, 111, 112, 118, 134, 135, 139, etc.). It was watered by the river Kāverī (*Ibid.*, Vol. II, pp. 21, Introduction, and 503). The Coḷa kingdom stretched along the eastern coast from the river Penner to the Vellar and on the west reaching to about the borders of Coorg. It included the modern districts of Trichinopoly and Tanjore and part of Pudukottah State (K. A. Nilkanta Śāstri, *The Coḷas*, Ch. II, p. 22). Its capital was Uraiyūr (Old Trichinopoly) which corresponds to Sanskrit Uragapura. Daṇḍin in his *Kāvyādarśa* (III, 166—Rāmacandra Tarkavāgīśa’s Ed.) mentions Coḷa country but the commentator includes it in Karṇāta. The country of Coḷa known to the Chinese as Chūlli-ye was about 2,400 li in circuit. The population was very small. It was deserted and wild. The climate was hot, and the people were dissolute and cruel. They were fierce by nature. There were some *saṅghārāmas* in ruins and deva temples (Beal, *Buddhist Records of the Western World*, II, 227). Rājarāja desirous of the Coḷa kingdom conferred the Veṅgī country on his paternal uncle Vijayāditya. The origin of the name Coḷa is uncertain. The name Coḷa indicated from the earliest times the people as well as the country subject to the Coḷa dynasty of rulers. The Coḷa kings were alleged to belong to the tribe of Tiraiyar or ‘men of the sea’. Ptolemy refers to the kingdom of Sora (Coḷa) ruled by Arkatos, and the kingdom of Malanga ruled by Bassaronagas. Ptolemy calls the Coḷas by the name of Soringae whose capital was Orthoura (McCrindle, *Ancient India as described by Ptolemy*, Majumdar Ed., pp. 64-65, 185-186). Pāṇini mentions Coḷa in his *Aṣṭādhyāyī* (4. 1. 175). Aśoka’s Rock Edicts II and XIII mention the Coḷas along with others as forming outlying provinces (*Pracaṃta*) outside his empire. The *Rāmāyaṇa* (IV, Ch. 41, Bom. Ed.), the *Mārkaṇḍeya* (Ch. 57, v. 45), the *Vāyu* (Ch. 45, v. 124) and *Matsya* (Ch. 112, v. 46) refer to Coḷas. The *Bṛhatsaṃhitā* (XIV. 13) mentions it as a country. The early history of the Coḷa country is obscure.

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According to the *Mahāvaṃsa* (166, 197ff.) the Damiḷas who once invaded Laṅkā came from the Coḷa country. The Coḷas are mentioned in the *Vārttikas* of Kātyāyana. Coḷa is Tamil Sora, and is probably identical with Sora of Ptolemy (cf. Sora Regia Arcati). The Coḷa capital was Uraiyur (Uragapura), and their principal port was at Kāviripaṭṭanam or Pugār on the north bank of the Kāveri. For further details, vide B. C. Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, pp. 186ff.

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*Coleroon* (Koḷḷiḍam).—It is the name of a river (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, pp. 60 and 282 f.n.) which passes the village of Settimaṅgalam. It issues from Trichinopoly and falls into the Bay below Porto Novo.

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*Conjeevaram*.—It is the modern name of the village Kacci or Kāñcī or Kāñcīpura (*Ibid.*, II, p. 259 f.n.). Patañjali in his *Mahābhāṣya* (IV. 1. 4; IV. 2. 2) mentions Kāñcīpura. It was one of the notable centres of Buddhist learning in South India (B. C. Law, *Geographical Essays*, I, pp. 79-80). This ancient place in South India is divided into two parts: Śivakāñcī and Viṣṇukāñcī. Some have divided it into three parts: Large Kāñcī, Small Kāñcī and Pilayar Koliyam. The temple at Śivakāñcī is the most ancient, and the temple at Viṣṇukāñcī was built later. The city of Kāñcī was influenced by Śaivism, Buddhism and Jainism. The Kāmākṣi temple at Conjeevaram is the most important. In the temple of Kailāsanāth there is a figure of Ardhanārīśvara. In the temple of Kacchapeśvara, Viṣṇu in the form of Kūrma is shown worshipping Śiva. There are many Viṣṇu temples. In the western part of the town which is called Viṣṇu-Conjeevaram various forms of Viṣṇu are depicted in sculptures in the temple of Baikunṭha-perumāl.

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Cranganore.—It is the modern name of the village called Koḍungoḷūr (S.I.I., Vol. II, p. 4, Intro.). It is known as the capital of the ancient Ceras.

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Daḍigamaṇḍala.—Fleet thinks that Taḍigaipāḍi may probably be identical with Daḍigamaṇḍala (Ibid., Vol. II, p. 3, Intro.; cf. Indian Antiquary, Vol. XXX, pp. 109ff.).

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Daḍigavāḍi.—It is an ancient district identical with Taḍigaipāḍi located in the Mysore district (S.I.I., Vol. II, p. 3, Intro.).

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Dakṣiṇa Jhārakhaṇḍa.—The Kendupatna copperplate grant of Narasimhadeva II refers to Dakṣiṇa Jhārakhaṇḍa, the northern portion of which covers the Ganjam Agency. It is also known as the Mahākāntāra in the Allahabad Praśasti of Samudragupta who came into conflict with its chief Mahākāntāraka Vyāghrarāja.

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Damiḷa.—It is mentioned in the Sāsanavaṃsa (p. 33) that it was a kingdom where Thera Kassapa lived. The Damiḷas or the inhabitants of Damiḷa were a powerful south Indian tribe. They were disrespectful to the Buddhist stūpas (Mahāvaṃsa Commy., p. 447). They came into conflict with the Ceylonese kings. For further details, vide Law, Geographical Essays, pp. 76–80.

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Daṇḍapalle.—It is a village in the Palamner taluk of the Chittoor district where the plates of Vijayabhūpati were discovered (E.I., XIV, 68ff.).

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Dantapura.—It was the capital of Kaliṅga (Jāt., II, 367, 371, 381; III, 376; IV, 230–32, 236). The Jirjingi plates of Gaṅga Indravarman refer to Dantapura (E.I., XXV, Pt. VI, April, 1940, p. 285) which is a beautiful city, more beautiful than Amarāvatī, the city of gods. It is the Dantapur or Dantakura of the Great Epic (Udyogaparva, XLVII, 1883) and Pālura of the Nāgārjunikoṇḍa Inscriptions, which is near Chicacole. It is also mentioned in the Pali Mahāgovinda Suttanta (Dīgha, II, p. 235) as the ancient capital of Kaliṅga. Dantapura really means ‘Tooth City’ which is believed to have been an important city even before the days of the Buddha (Mahāvastu, III, 361 and Jātaka, II, 367). The sacred tooth of the Buddha is said to have been taken to Ceylon from this place (cf. Dāṭhāvaṃsa, B. C. Law, Ed.). The Jaina Āvaśyaka Niryukti (1275) refers to Dantavakka as the ruler of Dantapura. This town has been identified with Rājmahendri (Rajahmundry) on the Godāvarī. Some have identified it with Puri in Orissa (Dey, Geographical Dictionary, p. 53). S. Levi identified it with Paloura of Ptolemy. According to Subba Rai it is in the ruins of the fort of Dantapura, situated on the southern bank of the river Vaṃśadharā, three miles from Chicacole Road Station.

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Darsi.—It is in the Nellur district of the Madras State where a Pallava copperplate grant was discovered (E.I., I, 397).

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Deuli.—This village is situated at Jājpur sub-division, two miles west of police station of Dharmshala. It contains a temple situated on the bend of river Brāhmaṇi. The roof of the pillared hall has fallen. In front of the temple there is a banyan tree, at the foot of which stands a life-size monolithic image of Viṣṇu (B. and O. Dist. Gazetteers, Cuttack, by O’Malley, 1933).

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*Devapura.*—It may be identified with one of the two villages, Devāḍa in the Sṛṅgavarapu-koṭa taluk or Devāḍi in the Chicacole taluk (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. II, p. 50).

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*Devāraṣṭra.*—It is the Yellamañcili taluk of the Vizagapatam district (*A.S.R.*, 1908-09, 123; 1934-35, 43, 65).

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*Dharaṇikoṭa (Dhannakaḍa).*—The Jaina *Āvaśyaka Niryukti* (324) mentions it. It is in the Guntur district, where the Dharmacakra Pillar Inscription has been discovered (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. VI, April, 1938, p. 256). This was known as Pityundrā by Ptolemy as the capital of Maisolia. It was situated about 20 miles above Bezwada on the Kṛṣṇā (McCrindle, *Ptolemy's Ancient India*, Majumdar Ed., p. 187). The Bāhmani invasion was checked by the Reddis at the Dharaṇikoṭa and turned back (*E.I.*, XXVI).

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*Dhauli.*—This village is situated four miles south-west of Bhubaneśwara on the south bank of the Dayā river. Close to this village two short ranges of low hills exist running parallel to each other. On the north face of the southern range the rock has been hewn and polished. Here some rock edicts of Aśoka are inscribed. The inscription is deeply cut into the rock and is divided into four tablets. Above the inscription there is a terrace, on the right side of which is the forepart of an elephant hewn out of the solid rock. There are some caves, natural and artificial, and temples. The edicts of Aśoka are the most interesting remains of Dhauli, which show a broad catholic view and inculcate a lofty ethical doctrine (*B. and O. District Gazetteers*, Puri, by O'Malley, 1929, pp. 278ff.).

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*Dhavalapeṭa.*—This village is situated about 12 miles from Chicacole in the Vizagapatam district of Madras where copperplates of Mahārāja Umāvarman were discovered (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. III, p. 132).

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*Dibbiḍa Agrahāram.*—It is a village in the Viravilli taluk of the Vizagapatam district (*E.I.*, V, 107).

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*Dinakāḍu.*—It is a village mentioned in the Dinakāḍu Inscriptions. Some lands of this village were given by Vijayāditya to Mādhava (*Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society*, Vol. V, Pt. I, p. 56).

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*Dīrghāsi.*—It is a village four miles north of Kaliṅgapatam in the Ganjam district, where an inscription of Vanapati (Śaka Samvat 997) was discovered (*E.I.*, IV, 314ff.).

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*Ḍommara-Nandyāla.*—It may be identified with the two villages of Nandigāma and Pasimḍikuru (*E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. VI, p. 274).

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*Drākṣārāma.*—It is the name of a village. It is described as 'the crest-jewel of the Andhra country'. It stands on the northern bank of the Iñjaram canal in the Rāmacandrapuram taluk of the east Goḍāvarī district. It is one of the most sacred places in the Goḍāvarī district with a big temple dedicated to Bhīmeśvara (*S.I.I.*, I, pp. 53, 61; *E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. I). The Coḍa king Annadeva caused the pinnacle of the temple of Bhīmeśvara to be overlaid with gold. Two *sattras* for Brahmins were founded here (cf. Sewell, *Lists of Antiquities*, I, p. 25).

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*Drāviḍa.*—It is the name of a country (*S.I.I.*, I, p. 113). It is the Sanskrit name of the Tamil country. It is mentioned in the *Mahābhārata* (Ch. 118. 4), the *Bhāgavata-Purāṇa* (IV. 28, 30; VIII. 4, 7; VIII. 24, 13; IX. 1, 2; X. 79, 13; XI. 5, 39) and in the *Bṛhat-saṃhitā* (XIV. 19). The Jaina *Bṛhatkalpa-bhāṣya* also mentions it (Vr. I, 1231).

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*Dunnivittha.*—It was a Brahmin village in the kingdom of Kaliṅga (*Jāt.*, VI, 514).

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*Eḍeru.*—It is the name of a village (*E.I.*, V, 118; *Ibid.*, I, p. 36) near Akiripalle in the Kistna district, 15 miles north-east of Bezwada. It is also known as Iḍāra Nuzvid taluk, Kistna district.

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*Ekadhīra-Caturvedimaṅgalam*.—It is the name of a village somewhere near Tiruṇāma-nallūr in the South Arcot district. The name Ekadhīra-maṅgalam corresponds to Ekadhīra-Caturvedimaṅgalam (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, p. 529; vide Raṅgāchārī’s List, p. 1695, F.T. 21, for another version).

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*Elāpura*.—The Ellora plates of Dantidurga mention it. It is Ellorā, where Dantidurga built the Daśāvatāra cave temple and where his successor Kṛṣṇa built the Kailāśa temple (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. I, p. 29, January, 1939).

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*Ellore*.—It is also known as Ellūra or Ilvalapura. It is probably the modern name of Kamalākarapura or Kolanu in Telugu. It is on the bank of the Kolleru lake in the Godāvarī district (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, p. 308). It is famous for its Kailāśanātha temple. The caves at Ellore or Ellora in the north-west of the Nizam’s territory, about 16 miles from Aurangabad, are some of the most important Buddhist caves of India. *Bhikṣugṛihas*, known as *Dumaḷeṇas* are the first excavations made at the site. There are Brahmin and Jaina caves in addition to the Buddhist caves. The Buddhist caves contain distinct signs of later Mahayana sect. The cave No. 2 contains galleries full of images of the Buddha, seated on a lotus in a preaching attitude. In the north-east corner there is a figure of the Buddha very rough and almost unfinished. There is also a colossal Buddha seated on a *Siṃhāsana*. In these caves the Buddha is seen in the attitude of preaching or in the *Dharmacakra-mudrā*. The walls are covered profusely with images of Buddha and Buddhist sages. The cave No. 3 is a Vihāra cave containing twelve cells for monks. The walls have also many carvings of Buddhist sages. The cave No. 4 is in ruins. At the north end of this cave there is a prominent figure of Padmapāṇi attended by two females. The cave No. 6 contains an ante-chamber in front of a shrine full of sculptures. In the cave No. 9 there is an image of the Buddha with various attendants. The cave No. 10 is a beautiful Caitya-cave, where there is a large open court in front. The carvings are very beautiful and the façade is highly ornamental. The inner side of the gallery within the chapel is divided into three compartments, full of figures. A gigantic figure of the Buddha is carved in front of the dagoba. The cave No. 11 is two-storied, and this cave is similar to the cave No. 13 in outer appearance. The caves Nos. 11 and 13 contain an open court, cells in the walls, and show signs of Mahāyānism.

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The copperplates of the earliest Rāṣṭrakūṭa Emperor Dantidurga were discovered at Ellora (ancient Elāpura) (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. I, pp. 25ff.).

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*Eḷumbur*.—It is the same as Egmore, a part of Madras (*S.I.I.*, Vol. III, 133).

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*Elūr*.—It is the name of a village (*S.I.I.*, I, p. 108). It contains some temples.

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*Eluru*.—A village in the west Godāvarī district in the Veṅgiviṣaya.

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*Eṇḍapāḍi*.—It is the name of a village (*S.I.I.*, I, p. 83).

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*Eraṇḍapalla*.—It has been identified by Fleet with Eraṇḍol in east Khandesh and by Dubreuil with Eraṇḍapali, a town near Chicacole in the Ganjam district. Some have identified it with Yeṇḍipalli in Vizagapatam (Raichaudhuri, *P.H.A.I.*, 5th ed., p. 540; *Journal of Indian History*, Vol. VI, Pt. III, pp. 402-403).

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*Eyil*.—It is the name of a village, in the Tiṇḍivanam taluk of the South Arcot district (*S.I.I.*, I, pp. 123, 147). This village seems to have given its name to Eyirkoṭṭam.

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*Eyirkoṭṭam*.—This district was probably called after Eyil (fort), a village in the Tiṇḍivanam taluk of the South Arcot district (*Ibid.*, I, p. 123). It is a district of Jayaṅkoṇḍaśolamaṇḍalam. Conjeevaram is said to be situated in it.

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*Gaḍaviṣaya*.—It is identical with Khiñjaliyagaḍaviṣaya of the Antirigam plates of Jayabhañjadeva (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. I, January, 1937, p. 18).

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*Gaṅgā*.—This is the name of a river (*S.I.I.*, I, pp. 57, 58, etc.). This river is also called Mandākinī which descends from the sky with all the fury of its rushing waters and which is borne by the God Śiva on one of his matted locks (*S.I.I.*, II, p. 514). The Puruṣottamapura plates of Rāmacandra mention this river which is the Godāvarī (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. V, p. 208).

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*Gaṅgāpāḍi*.—It is included in the modern Mysore State (*S.I.I.*, Vol. II, pp. 8, 17).

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*Gaṅgāpura*.—This village is identified with the modern Saṅgūr situated at a distance of about eight miles south-west of Hāverī on the road to Sirsi in the North Kanara district. This was included in the Candraguttināḍu belonging to Goveyarājya (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. V, pp. 182ff.).

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*Gautamī*.—It is another name of the Godāvarī river (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. I, January, 1941). It may be identified with the Akhaṇḍa-Gautamī, i.e., the Gautamī before it divides itself into the seven branches collectively known by the name of the Saptagodāvarī (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. I, p. 40).

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