Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c17: Bibliography

Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c17

Language: English

c17.s1 Sources Consulted for More than One Chapter — 5 parts
c17.s2 Chapter I: Historiography and Approach — 5 parts
c17.s3 Chapter II: Origin — 2 parts
c17.s4 Chapter III: Tribe versus Varṇa (c. 1000—c. 500 B.C.) — 3 parts
c17.s5 Chapter IV: Servility and Disabilities (c. 600—c. 300 B.C.) — 1 part
c17.s6 Chapter V: State Control and the Servile Order — 3 parts
c17.s7 Chapter VI: Crisis in the Old Order — 3 parts
c17.s8 Chapter VII: Peasanthood and Religious Rights — 3 parts

Bibliography

Sources Consulted for More than One Chapter

A. Original

c17.s1.t1.1

Epics *Mahābhārata*, (Cal. Edn.) Ed. N. Siromani and others, *BI*, Calcutta, 1834-39. Tr. K. M. Ganguly. Published by P. C. Roy, Calcutta, 1884-96.

c17.s1.t1.2

(Kumbhakonam Edn.) Ed. T. R. Krishnacharya and T. R. Vyasacharya, Bombay, 1905-10.

c17.s1.t1.3

(Critical Edn.) Ed. Various hands, Poona, 1927-1966. Unless otherwise stated the references are to this edition.

c17.s1.t1.4

*The Jaya-Saṃhitā* i.e. *The Ur-Mahābhārata*, 2 volumes, Redactor, Keshavram K. Shastree, Ahmedabad, 1977.

c17.s1.t1.5

*Rāmāyaṇa* of Vālmīki, Ed. Kāśīnāth Pāṇḍurang, 2 pts., Bombay, 1888.

c17.s1.t1.6

Purāṇas *Agni Purāṇa*, Tr. M. N. Dutt, 2 vols., Calcutta, 1903-4.

c17.s1.t1.10

*Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa*. Ed. Rev. K. M. Banerjee, *BI*, Calcutta, 1862. Tr. F. E. Pargiter, Calcutta, 1904.

c17.s1.t1.11

*Matsya Purāṇa*, Ed. Jivananda Vidyasagara, Calcutta, 1876.

c17.s1.t1.12

*The Purāṇa Text of the Dynasties of the Kali Age*, Tr. F. E. Pargiter, Oxford, 1913.

c17.s1.t1.13

*Vāyu Purāṇa*, Ed. R. L. Mitra, 2 vols., *BI*, Calcutta, 1880-88.

c17.s1.t1.14

*Viṣṇu Purāṇa* with the comm. of Śrīdharasvāmi, Ed. Jivananda Vidyasagara, Calcutta, 1882. Tr. H. H. Wilson, 5 vols., London, 1864-70.

c17.s1.t1.15

Inscriptions D. C. Sircar, *Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization*, i, Calcutta, 1942.

B. Dictionaries and Reference Books

c17.s1.t2.1

W. H. Gilbert, *Caste in India* (Bibliography), Pt. I, Cyclostyled copy, Washington, 1948.

c17.s1.t2.2

Laxmanshastri Joshi, *Dharmakośa*, Vol. i (in three parts), Wai, Dist. Satara, 1937-41; Vol. III, pt I. Wai, 1959.

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H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, *A Greek-English Lexicon*, 2 vols., Oxford, 1925-40.

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G. P. Malalasekera, *A Dictionary of Pali Proper Names* 2 vols., London, 1937-8.

c17.s1.t2.5

A. A. Macdonell and A. B. Keith, *Vedic Index of Names and Subjects*, 2 vols., London, 1912.

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Monier Monier-Williams, *A Sanskrit-English Dictionary*, Oxford, 1951.

c17.s1.t2.7

J. Muir, *Original Sanskrit Texts*, i, London 1872.

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T. W. Rhys Davids and W. Stede, *Pali-English Dictionary*, PTS, London, 1921.

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H. H. Wilson, *A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms* etc., London 1885.

C. Histories of Indian Literature

c17.s1.t3.1

S. N. Dasgupta and S. K. De, *A History of Sanskrit Literature* (Classical Period), vol. i, Calcutta, 1947.

c17.s1.t3.2

A. B. Keith, *A History of Sanskrit Literature*, Oxford, 1928.

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B. C. Law, *A History of Pali Literature*, vol. i, London, 1933.

c17.s1.t3.4

Albrecht Weber, *The History of Indian Literature*, Tr. from 2nd German Edn. by J. Mann and T. Zachariae, London, 1876.

c17.s1.t3.5

M. Winternitz, *A History of Indian Literature*, Vol. i, Tr. from German by Mrs. Ketkar, Calcutta.

c17.s1.t3.6

,, ,, *Geschichte der Indischen Literatur*, Vols. ii-iii, Leipzig, 1920.

D. General Works

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K. Antonova, G. Bongard-Levin & G. Kotovsky, *A History of India*, BOOK I, Moscow, 1979.

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L. D. Barnett. *Antiquities of India*, London, 1913.

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A. L. Basham, *The Wonder that was India*, London, 1954.

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M. I. Finlay, *The Ancient Economy*, University of California Press, 1973.

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Raymond Firth (ed.), *Themes in Economic Anthropology*, London, 1975.

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Max Gluckman, *Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society*, Basil Blackwell, 1977.

c17.s1.t4.7

Maurice Godelier, *Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology*, Cambridge, 1977.

c17.s1.t4.8

D. D. Kosambi, *An Introduction to the Study of Indian History*, Bombay, 1956.

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Lawrence Krader (ed. & tr.), *The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx*, Assen, 1972.

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Gunnar Landman, *The Origin of the Inequality of the Social Classes*, London, 1938.

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Christian Lassen, *Indische Alterthumskunde*, 4 vols., Leipzig, 1847-1861.

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R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhuri and K. K. Datta, *An Advanced History of India*, London, 1948.

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R. C. Majumdar and A. D. Pusalker, *The Vedic Age*, London, 1951.

c17.s1.t4.14

,, ,, ,, *The Age of Imperial Unity*, Bombay, 1951.

c17.s1.t4.15

K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, *The Mauryas and Satavahanas*, Bombay, 1957.

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H. C. Raychaudhuri, *Political History of Ancient India*, 6th Edn., Calcutta, 1953.

c17.s1.t4.17

E. J. Rapson, *The Cambridge History of India*, Vol. i, Cambridge, 1922.

c17.s1.t4.18

Walter Ruben, *Einführung in die Indienkunde*, Berlin, 1954.

c17.s1.t4.19

V. A. Smith, *Early History of India*, 4th Edn. revised by S. M. Edwardes, Oxford, 1924.

c17.s1.t4.20

Emmanuel Terray, *Marxism and Primitive Societies*, New York, 1972.

E. Secondary Works Mainly on Social and Economic Life in Ancient India

c17.s1.t5.1

K. V. Rangaswami Aiyangar, *Some Aspects of the Hindu View of Life according to Dharmaśāstra*, Baroda, 1952.

c17.s1.t5.2

A. S. Altekar, *Education in Ancient India*, Banaras, 1934.

c17.s1.t5.3

B. R. Ambedkar, *Who were the Shudras? (How they came to be the Fourth Varna in the Indo-Aryan Society)*, Bombay, 1946.

c17.s1.t5.4

” ” *The Untouchables (Who were they? And why they became Untouchables?)*, New Delhi, 1948.

c17.s1.t5.5

A. Baines, *Ethnography*, Strassburg, 1912.

c17.s1.t5.6

Narayanchandra Bandyopadhyaya, *Economic Life and Progress in Ancient India*, Calcutta, 1945.

c17.s1.t5.7

N. N. Bhattacharya, *Ancient Indian Rituals and Social Content*, Delhi, 1975.

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S. C. Bhattacharya, *Some Aspects of Indian Society from 2nd Century B.C. to 4th Century A.D.*, Calcutta, 1178.

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G. M. Bongard-Levin, “Some Problems of the Social Structure of Ancient India”, *History and Society: Essays in Honour of Professor Niharranjan Ray*, Calcutta, 1977, pp. 199-227.

c17.s1.t5.10

Atindranath Bose, *Social and Rural Economy of Northern India (cir. 600 B.C.-200 A.D.)*, 2 vols., Calcutta, 1945.

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Devraj Chanana, “Ideological Aspects of Slavery in Ancient India”, *Journal of the Oriental Institute*, viii, 1959.

c17.s1.t5.12

” ” *Slavery in Ancient India*, English edn., Delhi, 1960.

c17.s1.t5.13

Moti Chandra, *Geographical and Economic Studies in Mahābhārata*, Lucknow, 1945.

c17.s1.t5.15

K. P. Chattopadhyaya, *The Ancient Indian Culture Contacts and Migrations*, Calcutta, 1970.

c17.s1.t5.16

K. L. Daftari, *The Social Institutions in Ancient India*, Nagpur, 1947.

c17.s1.t5.17

S. A. Dange, *India from Primitive Communism to Slavery*, Bombay 1949.

c17.s1.t5.18

Santosh Kumar Das, *The Economic History of Ancient India*, Calcutta, 1944.

c17.s1.t5.19

J. D. M. Derrett, *Religion, Law and State in Ancient India*, London, 1968.

c17.s1.t5.20

M. G. Dikshit, *History of Indian Class*, Bombay, 1969.

c17.s1.t5.21

Bhupendranath Dutt, *Studies in Indian Social Polity*, Calcutta, 1944.

c17.s1.t5.22

N. K. Dutt, *Origin and Growth of Caste in India*, Vol. i, (*c.* B.C. 2000-300), London, 1931.

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U. N. Ghoshal, *Contributions to the History of Hindu Revenue System*, Calcutta, 1929.

c17.s1.t5.24

G. S. Ghurye, *Caste and Class in India*, Bombay, 1950.

c17.s1.t5.25

L. Gopal, "Slavery in Ancient India" *JAHRS*, xxvii, 70-89.

c17.s1.t5.26

R. C. Hazra, *Studies in the Purāṇic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs*, Dacca, 1940.; 2nd edn., Delhi, 1975.

c17.s1.t5.27

E. W. Hopkins, "Position of Ruling Caste in Ancient India", *JAOS*, xiii, 57-376.

c17.s1.t5.28

J. H. Hutton, *Caste in India*, Oxford, 1951.

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Jagdish Chandra Jain, *Life in Ancient India as Depicted in the Jain Canons*, Bombay, 1947.

c17.s1.t5.30

P. C. Jain, *Labour in Ancient India*, New Delhi, 1971.

c17.s1.t5.31

Suvira Jaiswal, *Caste in the Socio-Economic Framework of Early India*, Presidential Address, Section I, Indian History Congress, 38th Session, Bhubneshwar, 1977.

c17.s1.t5.32

,, *Origin and Development of Vaiṣṇavism* (*c.* 200 B.C.—A.D. 500), Delhi, 1967.

c17.s1.t5.33

,, ,, "Some Recent Theories of the Origin of Untouchability: A Historiographical Assessment," *Indian History Congress, Proceedings of the Thirty-ninth Session*, Hyderabad, 1978, 218-229.

c17.s1.t5.34

K. P. Jayaswal, *Hindu Polity*, 2 pts., Calcutta, 1924.

c17.s1.t5.35

,, ,, *Manu and Yājñavalkya*, Calcutta, 1930.

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D. N. Jha, "Social Changes in Ancient India", *Economic and Political Weekly*, xiv, No. 35, 1 September 1979, 1499-1500.

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Vivekanand Jha, “From Tribe to Untouchable: The Case of the Niṣādas” *Indian Society: Historical Probings*, ed. R. S. Sharmas and V. Jha.

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,, ,, “Stages in the History of Untouchables,” *IHR*, ii, 14-31.

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,, ,, “Untouchables in Early Indian History,” Ph. D. Thesis, Patna University, 1972.

c17.s1.t5.40

,, ,, “Varṇasaṃkara in the Dharmasūtras”, *JESHO*, xiii, 273-88.

c17.s1.t5.41

J. Jolly, *Hindu Law and Custom*, Calcutta, 1928, Tr. S. K. Das from the German Edn. of 1896.

c17.s1.t5.42

P. V. Kane, *History of Dharmaśāstra*, Vol. ii, Poona, 1941.

c17.s1.t5.43

S. V. Ketkar, *The History of Caste in India*, New York, 1909.

c17.s1.t5.44

D. D. Kosambi, *The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in its Historical Outline*, London, 1965.

c17.s1.t5.45

B. C. Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, Poona, 1943.

c17.s1.t5.46

R. C. Majumdar, *Corporate Life in Ancient India*, Calcutta, 1922.

c17.s1.t5.47

R. K. Mookerji, *Ancient Indian Education*, London, 1940.

c17.s1.t5.48

,, ,, *Local Government in Ancient India*, Oxford, 1920.

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Pran Nath, *A Study in the Economic Condition of Ancient India*, London, 1929.

c17.s1.t5.50

Robert A. Padgug, “Problems in the Theory of Slavery and Slave Society,” *Science and Society*. xl, No. 1, 1976, 3-27.

c17.s1.t5.51

Jaimal Rai, *The Rural-Urban Economy and Social Changes in Ancient India*, Varanasi, 1974.

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Dev Raj, *L’Esclavage dans l’ Inde ancienne d’apres les Textes Palis et Sanskrits*, Pondichery, 1957.

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H. Risley, *The People of India*, London, 1915.

c17.s1.t5.54

Walter Ruben. *Die Lage der Sklaven in der altindischen Gesellschaft*, Berlin, 1957.

c17.s1.t5.55

,, ,, *Die okonomische und Soziate Entwicklung Indiens*, Berlin, 1959.

c17.s1.t5.56

Walter Ruben, *Uber die Fruhesten Stufen der Entwicklung der altindischen Śūdras*, Berlin, 1965.

c17.s1.t5.57

,, ,, *Die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung im alten Indien*, II. Die Entwicklung von Staat und Recht, Berlin, 1968.

c17.s1.t5.58

,, ,, *Kulturgeschichte Indiens*, Berlin, 1978.

B. A. Saletore. *The Wild Tribes in Indian History*, Lahore, 1935. K. M. Saran, *Labour in Ancient India*, Bombay, 1957. Emile Senart, *Caste in India*, Tr. Denison Ross from the French Edn. *Les Castes dans l' Inde* (Paris, 1896), London, 1930. R. N. Sharma, *Brahmins Through the Ages*, Delhi, 1977. R. S. Sharma, *Ancient India*, New Delhi, 1977. ,, ,, *Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India*, 2nd edn., Delhi, 1968. ,, ,, (and D. N. Jha) "Economic History of India up to A.D. 1200: Trends and Prospects", *JESHO* xvii, pt.1, 1974. ,, ,, *Light on Early Indian Society and Economy*, Bombay, 1966. Romila Thapar, *Social History of Ancient India*, New Delhi, 1979. G. P. Upadhyay, *Brāhmaṇas in Ancient India*, New Delhi, 1979. P. H. Valavalkar, *Hindu Social Institutions*, London, 1939. Max Weber, *The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilization*, London, 1976. Lynn White, Tr., *Medieval Religion and Technology*, California, 1978.

Chapter I: Historiography and Approach

c17.s2.2

R. G. Bhandarkar, *Collected Works*, Ed. N. B. Utgikar and V. G. Paranjpe, 4 vols., Poona, 1927-33. V. S. Bhattacharya, "The Status of the Śūdras in Ancient India", *Vishwa Bharati Quarterly*, 1924. H. T. Colebrooke, *Miscellaneous Essays*, Ed. E. B. Cowell, 2 vols., London, 1873. J. C. Ghosh, *Brahmanism and the Sudra*, Calcutta, 1902. Mountstuart Elphinstone, *The History of India*, London, 1841. N. B. Halhed, *A Code of Gentoo Laws*, London, 1776. Alfred Hillebrandt, "Brahmanen und Śūdras", *Festschrift für Karl Weinhold*, Breslau, 1896, pp. 53-57. William Jones, *Institutes of Hindu Law or the Ordinances of Manu* (Tr.), Calcutta, 1794.

c17.s2.3

James Mill, *The History of India*, Vols. i and ii, 2nd edn., London 1820.

c17.s2.4

Raja Rammohun Roy, *The English Works*, 3 vols., Ed. J. C. Ghosh, Calcutta, 1901.

c17.s2.5

Swami Dayananda Sarasvati, *Satyārthaprakāśa*, Ajmer, Saṃvat, 1966.

c17.s2.6

Chitra Tiwari, *Śūdras in Manu*, Delhi, 1963.

Chapter II: Origin

Original Sources

c17.s3.t1.1

*Atharva Veda* (of the Paippalādas), Ed. Raghu Vira, Lahore, 1936-41.

c17.s3.t1.2

*Atharva Veda Saṃhitā* (School of the Śaunakas), Ed. C. R. Lanman, Tr. W. D. Whitney, *HOS*, vii and viii, Harvard University, 1905. Ed. R. Roth and W. D. Whitney, Berlin, 1856. With the comm. of Sāyaṇa, Ed. S. Pāṇḍurang, Paṇḍit, 4 vols., Bombay, 1895-98. Tr. R. T. H. Griffith, 2 vols., Banaras, 1916-17. Unless otherwise stated the references are to the Śaunaka recension.

c17.s3.t1.3

*Bhaviṣyatkathā* by Dhanapāla, Ed. C. D. Dalal and P. D. Gune, *GOS*, xx, Baroda, 1923.

c17.s3.t1.4

J. W. McCrindle, *Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy*, Calcutta, 1885.

c17.s3.t1.5

” ” *The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great*, Westminster, 1893.

c17.s3.t1.6

*Ṛg Veda Saṃhitā* with the comm. of Sāyaṇa, 5 vols., Vaidika Samshodhan Mandal, Poona, 1933-51. Tr. of the first six Maṇḍalas, H. H. Wilson, London, 1850-7 Tr. in German, K. F. Geldner, *Der Rig-Veda*, *HOS*, xxxiii-xxxvi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1951-1257.

c17.s3.t1.7

*Vedānta-Sūtra* of Bādarāyaṇa with the comm. of Śaṅkarācārya, 2 vols., *BI*, Calcutta, 1863. Tr. George Thibaut, *SBE*, xxxiv, Oxford, 1890.

Secondary Works

c17.s3.t2.1

H. W. Bailey, "Iranian Arya and Daha," *Transaction of the Philological Society*, London, 1959.

c17.s3.t2.2

V. S. Bhattacharya Sastri, “Śūdra”, *IA*, li, 137-9. T. Burrow, *The Sanskrit Language*, London, 1955. Jarl Charpentier, *Brahman*, Uppsala, 1932. V. Gordon Childe, *The Aryans*, London, 1926. ,, ,, *New Light on the Most Ancient East*, London, 1954. Georges Dumezil, *Flamen-Brahman*, Paris, 1935. ,, ,, “La Prehistoire Indo-Iranienne des Castes”, *Journal Asiatique* (Paris), ccxvi, 109-130. R. Ghirshman, *Iran* (Pelican Series), 1954. N. N. Ghosh, “The Origin and Development of Caste System in India”, *IC*, xii, 177-191. Hermann Grassmann, *Wörterbuch zum Rig-Veda*, Leipzig, 1873. Robert Heine-Geldern, “Archeological Traces of Vedic Aryans”, *Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art* (Calcutta), vi, 87-115. G. J. Held, *The Mahābhārata: An Ethnological Study*, London and Amsterdam, 1935. P. V. Kane, “The Word Vrata in the Rgveda”, *JBBRAS*, NS xxix, 1-28. D. D. Kosambi, “Brahmin Clans,” *JBBRAS*, lxxiii, 1953, 202-8. ,, ,, “Early Brahmins and Brahminism” *JBBRAS*, NS, xxiii, 39-46. ,, ,, “On the Origin of Brahmin Gotras”, *JBBRAS*, NS, xvvi, 21-80. ,, ,, “Early Stages of the Caste System in Northern India” *JBBRAS*, NS, xii, 32-48. B. B. Lal, “Protohistoric Investigation” *AI*, No. 9. ,, ,, “The Indo-Aryan Hypothesis vis-a-vis. Archaeology”, Cyclostyled copy of a paper read at the Seminar on “Ethnic Problems of the Early History of the Peoples of Central Asia and India in the Second Millennium B.C.” held at Dushanbe (USSR) from 17 to 22 October 1977. E. Mackay, *Early Indus Civilizations*, 2nd Edn., London, 1948.

c17.s3.t2.3

F. E. Pargiter, *Indian Historical Tradition*, London, 1922. Louis Renou, *Vedic India*, Calcutta, 1957. R. Roth, "Brahma und die Brahmanen," *ZDMG*, i, 66-86. W. Ruben, "Indra's Fight against Vṛtra in the Mahābhārata", *S. K. Belvalkar Felicitation Volume* (Banaras, 1957), 113-26. Robert Shafer, *Ethnography of Ancient India (on the basis of the Mahābhārata)*, Wiesbaden, 1954. R. S. Sharma, "Conflict, Distribution and Differentiation in Rigvedic Society", *IHR*, iv, No. 1, 1977, 1-12.. " " "Forms of Property in the early Portions of the *Ṛgveda*", *Essays in Honour of Prof. S.C. Sarkar*, New Delhi, 1976, pp. 39-50. E. L. Stevenson, *Geography of Claudius Ptolemy*, New York, 1932. Suryakanta, "Kikaṭa, Phaliga and Paṇi", *S.K. Belvalkar Felicitation Volume*, 43-44. J. Wackernagel, "Indoiranisches", *Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften*, 1918, pp. 380-411. R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, *The Indus Civilization* (Suppl. vol. to *CHI*, i), Cambridge, 1953.

Chapter III: Tribe versus Varṇa (c. 1000—c. 500 B.C.)

c17.s4.2

¹ Books assigned to a period do not necessarily belong to it or deal only with it. It is also difficult to have a clear-cut point for beginning or ending a period.

Original Sources

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*Aitareya Brāhmaṇa* with the comm. of Sāyaṇa, Ed. T. Weber, Bonn, 1879. Tr. Martin Haug, Bombay, 1863.

c17.s4.t1.2

*Āpastamba Śrautasūtra* with the comm. of Rudradatta, Ed. Richard Garbe, 3 vols., Calcutta, 1882-1902. Ed. and Tr. W. Caland, 3 vols., Göttingen-Leipzig-Amsterdam, 1921-1928.

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*Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad* with the comm. of Śaṅkarācārya, Tr. Swami Madhavanand, Almora, 1950.

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*Bṛhad-devatā* attributed to Śaunaka, Ed. and Tr. A. A. Macdonell, HOS, v and vi, Harvard, 1904.

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*Chāndogya Upaniṣad*, Text, Tr. and Annotation, Emile Senart, Paris, 1930.

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*Drāhyāyaṇa Śrautasūtra* with the comm. of Dhanvin, Ed. J. N. Reutter, London, 1904.

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*Gopatha Brāhmaṇa*, Ed. Dienke Gaastra, Leiden, 1919.

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*Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa of the Sāma Veda*, Ed. Raghu Vira and Lokesh Chandra, Nagpur, 1954.

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*Das Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa in Auswahl*, Ed. and Tr. into German, W. Caland, Amsterdam, 1919.

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*Jaiminīya Śrautasūtra*, Ed. and Tr. into German, D. Gaastra, Leiden, 1906.

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*Jaiminīya or Talavakāra Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa*, Ed. Rama Deva, Lahore, 1921.

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*Kāṇva Saṃhitā of the Śukla Yajur Veda*, Ed. Madhava Sastri, Banaras, 1915.

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*Kapiṣṭhala-Kaṭha Saṃhitā*, Ed. Raghu Vira, Lahore, 1932.

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*Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā*, Ed. Leopold von Schroder, Leipzig, 1900-1910.

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*Kātyāyana Śrautasūtra* with the comm. of Karkācārya, Ed. Madanmohan Pathak, Banaras, 1904.

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*Lāṭyāyana Śrautasūtra* with the comm. of Agnisvāmi, Ed. Anandacandra Vedāntarāgeśa, *BI*, Calcutta, 1872.

c17.s4.t1.17

*Maitrāyaṇi Saṃhitā*, Ed. Leopold von Schroder, Leipzig, 1923.

c17.s4.t1.18

*Nighaṇṭu and Nirukta*, Ed. and Tr. Lakshman Sarup. Text, University of Punjab, 1927. Eng. Tr. and Notes, Oxford, 1921.

c17.s4.t1.19

*Ṛg Veda Brāhmaṇas: Aitareya and Kauṣitaki Brāhmaṇas*. Tr. A. B. Keith, *HOS*, xxv, Harvard, 1920.

c17.s4.t1.20

*Śāṅkhāyana Brāhmaṇa*, *ASS*, No. 35, 1911.

c17.s4.t1.21

*Śāṅkhāyana Śrautasūtra*, Ed. A. Hillebrandt, *BI*, Calcutta, 1888.

c17.s4.t1.22

*Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa* (Mādhyandina recension), Ed. V. Sharma Gauḍa and C. D. Sharma, Kasi, Saṃvat, 1994-7.

c17.s4.t1.23

*Satyāṣāḍha (Hiraṇyakeśin) Śrautasūtra* with the comm. of Mahādeva, *ASS*, 1907.

c17.s4.t1.24

*Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa of the Black Yajur Veda*, with the comm. of Sāyaṇa, Ed. R. L. Mitra, 3 vols., Calcutta, 1859-70.

c17.s4.t1.25

*Taittirīya Saṃhitā*, Ed. A. Weber, *Indischen Studien*, Band 11 and 12, Leipzig, 1871-2. Tr. A. B. Keith, *HOS*, xviii and xix, Harvard, 1914.

c17.s4.t1.26

*The Thirteen Principal Upaniṣads*, Tr. R. E. Hume, Oxford, 1931.

c17.s4.t1.27

*Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā* (Mādhyandina recension) with the comm. of Uvaṭa and Mahīdhara, Ed. Wāsudev Laxmaṇ Shāstrī Paṇśikar, Bombay, 1912.

c17.s4.t1.28

*Vārāha Śrautasūtra*, Ed. W. Caland and Raghu Vira, Lahore, 1933.

c17.s4.t1.29

*Zend-Avesta*, pt. I Vendīdād, Tr. James Darmesteter, *SBE*, iv, Oxford, 1880.

Secondary Works

c17.s4.t2.1

A. C. Banerjea, “Studies in the Brāhmaṇas”, Ph. D. Thesis, London University, 1952.

c17.s4.t2.2

Jogiraj Basu, *India of the Age of the Brāhmaṇas*, Calcutta, 1969.

c17.s4.t2.3

M. Bloomfield, *The Atharvaveda*, Strassburg 1899.

c17.s4.t2.4

H. M. Chadwick, *The Heroic Age*, Cambridge, 1912.

c17.s4.t2.5

R. G. Forbes, *Metallurgy in Antiquity*, Leiden, 1950.

c17.s4.t2.6

Wilhelm Geiger, *Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times*, Tr. from the German by D. D. Poshotan Sanjānā, Vol. i, London, 1885.

c17.s4.t2.7

A. Hillebrandt, “Zur vedischen Mythologie und Volkerbewegung.” *ZII*, Band 3, Leipzig, 1925.

c17.s4.t2.8

A. A. Macdonell, *A Vedic Grammar for Students*, Oxford, 1916.

c17.s4.t2.9

J. Muir, “Relation of the Priests to the other Classes of Indian Society in the Vedic Age,” *JRAS*, NS, ii (1866), 257-302.

c17.s4.t2.10

Emile Benveniste, *Indo-European Language and Society*, London, 1973.

c17.s4.t2.11

G. C. Pande, *Studies in the Origins of Buddhism*, Allahabad, 1957.

c17.s4.t2.12

R. S. Sharma, “Class Formation and its Material Basis in the Upper Gangetic Basin (*c.* 1000-500 B.C.),” *IHR*, ii. No 1, 1975, 1-13.”

c17.s4.t2.13

” ” “The Later Vedic Phase and the Painted Grey Ware Culture,” *History and Society: Essays in Honour of Professor Niharranjan Ray*, Calcutta, 1978, pp. 133-41.

c17.s4.t2.14

George Thomson, *Studies in Ancient Greek Society*, i, London, 1949. Vibha Tripathi, *The Painted Grey Ware: An Iron Age Culture of Northern India*, Delhi, 1975. A. Weber, "Collectanea über die Kastenverhältnisse in den Brāhmaṇa und Sūtra", *Indische Studien*, x, 1-160. " " "Der erste Adhyāya des ersten Buches des Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa", *ZDMG*, iv, 289-304. Heinrich Zimmer, *Altindisches Leben*, Berlin, 1879.

Chapter IV: Servility and Disabilities (c. 600—c. 300 B.C.)

Original Sources

c17.s5.t1.1

A. Brāhmaṇical *Āpastamba Dharmasūtra*, Ed. G. Bühler, Bombay, 1932. *Āśvalāyana Gṛhyasūtra* with the comm. of Haradattācārya, Ed. T. Gaṇapati Śāstrī, Trivandrum, 1923. *Baudhāyana Gṛhyasūtra*, Ed. R. Shamasastry, Mysore, 1927. *Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra*, Ed. E. Hultzsch, Leipzig, 1884. *Gautama Dharmasūtra*, Ed. A.S. Stenzler, London, 1876, with the comm. of Maskarin, Ed. L. Srinivasacharya, Mysore, 1917. *Pāṇini-Sūtra-Pāṭha and Pariśiṣṭas* with Word Index, compiled by S. Pathak and S. Chitrao, Poona, 1935. *Pāraskara Gṛhyasūtra*, Bombay, 1917. *Śāṅkhāyana Gṛhyasūtra*, Ed. H. Oldenberg in *Indische Studien*, xv, pp. 13f. *Vasiṣṭha Dharmaśāstra*, Ed. A. A. Führer, Bombay, 1916 Trs. of the Gṛhyasūtras of Śāṅkhāyana, Āśvalāyana, Pāraskara, Khadira, Gobhila, Hiraṇyakeśin and Āpastamba by H. Oldenberg in *SBE*, xxix and xxx, Oxford, 1886-92. Trs. of the Dharmasūtras of Āpastamba, Gautama, Vasiṣṭha and Baudhāyana by G. Bühler in *SBE*, ii and xiv, Oxford 1879-82.

c17.s5.t1.2

B. Buddhist *Aṅguttara Nikāya*, Ed. R. Morris and E. Hardy, 5 vols., PTS, London, 1885-1900. Tr. i, ii and v by F. L. Woodward, and iii and iv by E. M. Hare, PTS, London, 1932-36. *Dīgha Nikāya*, Ed. T. W. Rhys Davids and J.E. Carpenter, 3 vols., PTS, London, 1890-1911. Tr. T. W. Rhys Davids 3 vols., *SBB*, London, 1899-21. *Jātaka* with commentary, Ed. V. Fausböll, 7 vols. (Vol. 7, Index, by D. Anderson) London, 1877-97. Tr. Various hands, 6 vols., London, 1895-1907. *Majjhima Nikāya*, Ed. V. Trenckner and R. Chalmers, PTS, 3 vols., London, 1888-1896. Tr. Lord Chalmers, 2 vols., *SBB*, London 1926-7. *Vinaya Piṭaka*, Ed. H. Oldenberg, 5 vols., London, 1879-83. Tr. I. B. Horner, 5 pts., *SBB*, London, 1938-52.

c17.s5.t1.3

C. Jain. *Antagaḍa-Dasāo* and *Aṇuttarovavāiya-Dasāo*, Ed. P. L. Vaidya, Bombay, 1932. Tr. L. D. Barnett, London, 1907. *Āyāraṅga Sutta* of the Śvetāmbara Jainas, Ed. H. Jacobi, PTS, London, 1882. *Kalpasūtra* of Bhadrabāhu, Ed. H. Jacobi, Leipzig, 1879. *Ovāiya* (or *Aupapātikasūtra* with Abhayadeva's comm., Ed. Muni Hemasāgara, Āgamodaya Samiti publication. *Sthānāṅga Sūtra* with the comm. of Abhayadeva, Ed. Veṇīcandra Suracandra, 2 vols., Bombay, 1918-20. *Sūyagaḍam*, Ed. P. L. Vaidya, Bombay, 1928. *Uttarādhyayanasūtra*, Ed. Jarl Charpentier, Uppsala, 1922. *Uvāsagadasāo*, Ed. A.F. Rudolf Hoernle, Calcutta, 1890.

c17.s5.t1.4

SECONDARY WORKS V. S. Agrawala, *India as known to Pāṇini*, Lucknow, 1953. V. M. Apte, *Social and Religious Life in the Gṛhyasūtras*, Bombay, 1954. N. C. Banerjee, "Slavery in Ancient India" *The Calcutta Review* (Aug. 1930), pp. 249-265.

c17.s5.t1.5

A. L. Basham, *History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas*, London, 1951. Shivnath Basu, "Slavery in the Jātakas", *JBORS*, ix, 369-375. Richard Fick, *The Social Organisation in North-East India in Buddha's time*, Calcutta, 1920. Ivor Fiśer, "The Problem of the Seṭṭhi in Buddhist Jātakas", *AO*, xxii, 238-265. U. N. Ghoshal, "The Status of Śūdras in the Dharma-sūtras", *IC*, xiv, 21-27. Ram Gopal, *India in Vedic Kalpasūtras*, Delhi 1959. D. D. Kosambi, "Ancient Kosala and Magadha", *JBBRAS*, NS, xxvii. B. C. Law, "Slavery as known to Early Buddhists," *Journal of the Ganganath Jha Research Institute*, vi, 1948, 1-10. F. Max Müller, *The Hibbert Lectures 1878*, London, 1880. B. C. Law, *India as Described in Early Texts of Buddhism and Jainism*, London, 1941. R. N. Mehta, *Pre-Buddhist India*, Bombay, 1939. J. J. Meyer, *Uber das Wesen der altindischen Rechtsschriften und zehr Verhaltnis Einander und zu Kauṭilya*, Leipzig, 1927. Rodolf Mondolfo, "Greek Attitude to Manual Labour" *Past and Present*, No. 6. W. Rahul, *What the Buddha Taught*, Badford 1959. T. W. Rhys Davids, *Buddhist India*, London, 1903. R. S. Sharma, "Development of Productive Forces and its Social Implications in India in the First Millennium B.C. With special reference to the Age of the Buddha". Paper presented to International Conference on Development of Productive Techniques and their Consequences for Social Formation, Berlin, G.D.R. November, 1978. ,, "Material Milieu of the Birth of Buddhism", *Das Kapital Centenary Volume*, Delhi, 1967. Narendra Wagle, *Society at the Time of the Buddha*, Bombay, 1966. A. K. Warder, *Indian Buddhism*, Varanasi, 1970. W. L. Westermann, *The Slaves System of Greek and Roman Antiquity*, Philadelphia, 1955.

Chapter V: State Control and the Servile Order

c17.s6.2

(c. 300—c. 200 B.C.)

Original Sources

c17.s6.t1.1

Texts *Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya*, Ed. and Tr. R. P. Kangle, Bombay, 1960-65. Ed. R. Shamasastry, 3rd edn., Mysore, 1924 (unless otherwise stated refs. in this work refer to this text). Tr. R. Shamasastry, 3rd edn., Mysore, 1929. Ed. with comm. by T. Gaṇapati Śāstrī, 3 vols., Trivandrum 1924-25. Ed. J. Jolly and R. Schmidt, Vol. i, Lahore, 1924. Tr. *Das altindische Buch vom Welt und Staatsleben*, J. J. Meyer, Leipzig, 1926.

c17.s6.t1.2

Commentaries *Jayamangalā* (runs up to the end of the BK. I of the *AS* with gaps), Ed. G. Harihara Sastri, *JOR*, xx-xxiii. *Pratipada-pañcikā* by Bhaṭṭasvāmin (on BK. II from sec. 8), Ed. K.P. Jayaswal and A. Banerji-Sastri, *JBORS*, xi-xii. *Naya Candrikā* by Mādhava Yajva (on BKs. VII-XII), Ed. Udayavīra Śāstrī, Lahore, 1924. *A Fragment of the Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra alias Rājasiddhānta with the fragment of the commentary named Nitinirṇiti of Ācārya Yogdhama alias Mugdhavilāsa*, Ed. Muni Jina Vijaya, Bombay, 1959.

c17.s6.t1.3

Inscriptions *Inscriptions of Aśoka*, Ed. E. Hultzsch, *CII*, i, Oxford 1925.

c17.s6.t1.4

Foreign Accounts: J. W. McCrindle, *Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature*, Westminster, 1901. ,, ,, *Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian*, Calcutta, 1926. ,, ,, *Ancient India as Described by Ktesias the Knidian*, London, 1882.

Secondary Works

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K. V. Rangaswami Aiyangar, *Indian Cameralism*, Madras, 1949. N. C. Bandyopadhyaya, *Kauṭilya or an Exposition of his Social and Political Theory*, Calcutta, 1927.

c17.s6.t2.2

Bernhard Breloer, *Kauṭilīya-Studien*, 3 vols., Bonn, 1927-34. Keith Hopkins, *Conquerors and Slaves*, Cambridge, 1978. P. L. Narsu, *The Essence of Buddhism*, Madras, 1912. Eva Ritschl and Maria Schetelich, *Studien zum Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra*, Berlin, 1973. I. J. Sorabji, *Some Notes on the Adhyakṣa-pracāra Bk. II of the Kauṭilīyam Arthaśāstram*, Allahabad, 1914. Thomas R. Trautmann, *Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra*, Leiden, 1971.

Chapter VI: Crisis in the Old Order

c17.s7.2

(c. 200 B.C.—c. A.D. 300)

Original Sources

c17.s7.t1.1

Texts

c17.s7.t1.2

*Āraṇyaka Parva of Mahābhārata*, Ed., V.S. Sukthankar, Critical Edn., Vol. III, pt. I; Vol. IV, pt. II, Poona, 1942. Dramas of Bhāsa: *Avimāraka, Bālacarita, Pañcarātra and Pratimā-nāṭaka*, Ed. T. Gaṇapati Śāstrī, Trivandrum, 1912-15. *Divyāvadāna*, Ed. E. B. Cowell and F. A. Neil, Cambridge, 1886. *Lalita Vistara*, Ed. S. Lefmann, 2 vols., Halle, 1902-1908. *Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali*, Ed. F. Kielhorn, 3 vols., Bombay, 1892-1909. *Mahāvastu*, Ed. E. Senart, 3 vols., Paris, 1882-97. *Manu Smṛti or Mānava Dharmaśāstra*, Ed. V. N. Mandlik, Bombay, 1886. Tr. G. Bühler, *SBE*, xxv, Oxford, 1886. *Milindapañho*, Ed. V. Trenckner, London, 1928. Tr. T. W. Rhys Davids, *SBE*, xxxv-xxxvi, Oxford, 1890-4. *Paṃṇavaṇā Sūtra* (with the comm. of Malayagiri), 2 vols., Banaras, 1884. *Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra* with N. D. Mironov's readings from Central Asian MSS., Ed. N. Dutt, Calcutta, 1952. Tr. H. Kern, *SBE*, xxi, Oxford, 1884.

c17.s7.t1.3

*Yuga Purāṇa*, Ed. D. R. Mankad, Vallabhavidyanagar, 1951. Inscriptions Lüder’s List of Inscriptions, *EI*, x.

Shudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order down to circa A.D. 600 c17: Bibliography

Contents

Bibliography

Sources Consulted for More than One Chapter

A. Original

B. Dictionaries and Reference Books

C. Histories of Indian Literature

D. General Works

E. Secondary Works Mainly on Social and Economic Life in Ancient India

Chapter I: Historiography and Approach

Chapter II: Origin

Original Sources

Secondary Works

Chapter III: Tribe versus Varṇa (c. 1000—c. 500 B.C.)

Original Sources