一切經音義 14

English (machine translation) 14

Language: English

14.1

Compiled by the Great Tang translation monk Huilin

14.2

Sounds and meanings for the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, from fascicle 56 through fascicle 91, totaling 36 fascicles of the sūtra

14.3

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 56 (Assembly on the Garbhāvakrānti [Entering the Womb], fourteenth [assembly], in two fascicles; this is the second fascicle)

劫比羅 Kapilavastu: (A Sanskrit city name. Formerly called 迦維 [Jiawei], or 迦毘羅 [Jiabiluo], or 迦毘羅衛 [Jiabiluowei], which are all corrupted and abbreviated errors. In full, it should be said 劫比羅縛窣覩 [Kapilavastu], which is the city governed by King Śuddhodana).

14.5

䍑有 Rarely present: (The first character has the fanqie 呵嬾 [hǎn]. The Shuowen says: "A net." It takes 网 as semantic and 干 as phonetic. Character dictionaries say: "Rare; few." In the sūtra text, it is written with 穴 as 罕, which is incorrect).

14.6

汝腕 Your wrist: (The second character has the fanqie 烏灌 [wàn]. The joint behind the palm and wrist. It takes 肉 as semantic and 宛 as phonetic. It is a vulgar character).

14.7

裹収 Wrapping and gathering: (The first character is pronounced 果 [guǒ]. The Shuowen says it takes 衣 as semantic and 果 as semantic. The second character has the fanqie 守留 [shōu]. It takes 又 and 丩; 丩 has the fanqie 吉由 [jiū]. In the sūtra text, writing it with 扌 is incorrect).

14.8

放帚 Setting down the broom: (The second character has the fanqie 章柳 [zhǒu]. An implement for sweeping away dung. The Shuowen writes it 帚; it shows a hand 又 holding a cloth 巾 sweeping inside an enclosure 冂; [冂] has the fanqie 癸營 [guì]).

14.9

縱賊 Letting a thief go: (The first character has the fanqie 足用 [zòng]. A rhetorical interrogative particle).

14.10

毘舍佉 Viśākhā: (The last two characters have the fanqie 去伽 [qù-qié]. A Sanskrit personal name).

14.11

顧眄 Glancing askance: (The second character is pronounced 麫 [miǎn]. The Yunying says: "To look sideways." It takes 目 as semantic and 丐 as phonetic; 丐 has the same pronunciation as the word above. In the sūtra text, it is written 目丏, which is incorrect).

14.12

瞎獼猴 Blind monkey: (The first character has the fanqie 呀戞 [xiā]. The Kaosheng says: "The eyes cannot see objects." It is also written 瞎, as already explained above. 呀 has the fanqie 嚇加 [xià-jiā]; 戞 has the fanqie 加八 [jiā-bā]).

14.13

牀帷 Bed curtains: (The second character has the fanqie 葦威 [wéi]. The Kaosheng says: "Curtains and hangings." The Shuowen says: "Those hanging at the sides are called 帷." It takes 巾 as semantic and 隹 as phonetic. Versions written with 心 are incorrect).

14.14

縫補 Sewing and mending: (The first character is pronounced 逢 [féng]. The Shuowen says: "To stitch clothes with a needle." It takes 系, pronounced 覓 [mì], as semantic and 逢 as phonetic. The character 補 takes 衣 as semantic).

14.15

㮏洛迦 Naraka: (The first character has the fanqie 奴割 [nà]; the third character has the fanqie 居伽 [jiā]. A Sanskrit name for the hells. There are many names for this, and here I briefly mention one or two: in the Tang language, it is rendered "unlovable," or "unsavable," or "without rest," or "incessant").

14.16

糞屎 Excrement and feces: (The first character has the fanqie 分悶 [fèn]. It is a vulgar character. The Shuowen writes it [(白-日+?)/土], meaning to discard and sweep away dung. The Yunying says: "Filth." The Kaosheng writes it 𡑝 or 𡓴. The second character is pronounced 始 [shǐ]).

14.17

鉆拔 Pincers pulling out: (The first character has the fanqie 強廉 [qián]. The Kaosheng says: "Iron tweezers"; 銸 has the fanqie 女輒 [niè], referring to using iron tweezers to clamp and extract things. In the sūtra text, it is written with 甘 as 鉗, which is an erroneous substitution, for that denotes an iron collar or cangue for the neck. The second character has the fanqie 辨八 [bá]. The Kaosheng says: "拔 means to draw out." Gu Yewang says: "To pull and take out." The Guangya says: "To come out." The Shuowen says: "To draw out." It takes 手 as semantic and 犮 as phonetic. 犮 has the fanqie 盤末 [bá]; the Shuowen says it is the sound of a dog running).

14.18

捩齒 Twisting out teeth: (The first character has the fanqie 蓮揑 [liè]. The Yunying says: "To snap and twist." It takes 手 as semantic and 戾 as phonetic. 揑 has the fanqie 年䥫 [niè]; 拗 has the fanqie 厄絞 [ǎo]).

14.19

擭目 Gouging out eyes: (The first character has the fanqie 淵決 [jué]. The Kaosheng says: "擭 means to gouge." It takes 手 as semantic and the phonetic component; gouge [挑] has the fanqie 體遙 [tiāo]).

14.20

以鋸 With a saw: (The second character has the fanqie 居御 [jù], and was already explained above).

14.21

剺解 Slicing open: (The first character has the fanqie 理之 [lí]. The Kaosheng says: "剺 means to cut, to slash." The Zilin writes it [黍*(刀/刀)]. In the sūtra text, it is written 㓟, which is incorrect. When checking all character dictionaries, none has this character; solely by the meaning in the sūtra, it must be the character 剺, which takes 刀 as semantic and an abbreviated 𠩺 as phonetic).

14.22

䂎鑱 Short spears and chisels: (The first character has the fanqie 倉亂 [cuàn]. The Picang says: "A short spear." The second character has the fanqie 仕咸 [chán]. The Kaosheng says: "Sharp appearance." The Guangya says: "鑱 is a double-edged weapon." The Cangjie pian says: "A chisel." The Shuowen glosses it: "A sharp chisel." It takes 金 as semantic and an abbreviated 毚 as phonetic. It is also written 劖 or 欃, in three forms. 鈹 is pronounced 披 [pī]; 鏨 is pronounced 慙 [zàn]. 鑱 is also read in the departing tone).

14.23

矟刺 Long lance piercing: (The first character has the fanqie 雙捉 [shuò]. The Kaosheng says: "A long spear." The second character has the fanqie 清積 [cì]. It takes 刀 as semantic and 朿, pronounced 次 [cì], as phonetic. The sūtra writes it 刾, which is a vulgar character).

14.24

棒打 Striking with a club: (The first character has the fanqie 白項 [bàng]. It is a vulgar character. Character dictionaries say: "To strike." The orthodox form is sometimes written 棓. The Kaosheng says: "A large staff." The Shuowen says: "To strike." It takes 木 as semantic).

14.25

䥫鎚 Iron hammer: (The second character has the fanqie 直追 [chuí]. It is also written 槌. The Jixun says: "To strike." It is also written 椎. The Kaosheng says: "To hit." It takes 木 as semantic and 隹 as phonetic. In the sūtra text, it is written 鎚, which mistakenly uses the character for a steelyard weight).

14.26

鎔銅 Molten bronze: (The first character has the fanqie 涌從 [róng]: smelting and casting).

14.27

鑯鑊 Pointed caldron: (The second character has the fanqie 皇郭 [huò]. The Kaosheng says: "A caldron without legs." It takes 金 as semantic and an abbreviated 蒦 as phonetic).

14.28

鵶口 Crow's beak: (The first character has the fanqie 厄加 [yā]).

14.29

凹凸 Indentations and protrusions: (The first character has the fanqie 烏瓜 [wā], and also the sound 鵶交 [yāo]. The second character has the fanqie 田頡 [tié]. Both are ancient pictographic characters. They are also written 窊 and 垤).

14.30

籬間 Among the fences: (The first character has the fanqie 理知 [lí]: a bramble fence or brushwood fence).

14.31

羯邏藍 Kalala: (Sanskrit; also termed 歌邏羅 [geluoluo]).

14.32

瓶鑽 Churning rod in a jar: (The first character has the fanqie 蒲冥 [píng]. The second character has the fanqie 纂鸞 [zuàn]: an implement for clarifying butter. In the sūtra text, it is written with 手 as 攢, which is incorrect; it should properly be emended to take 金 as semantic).

14.33

如榍 Like a wooden wedge: (The second character has the fanqie 先節 [xiè]. The Jixun says: "A wooden wedge." It takes 木 as semantic).

14.34

鍋中 Inside the cooking pot: (The first character has the fanqie 古禾 [guō]: a cooking vessel. Character dictionaries say: "A small caldron").

14.35

頞部陁 Arbuda: (Sanskrit; already explained fully above. It resembles curds).

14.36

刀韒口 Opening of the scabbard: (The second character has the fanqie 肖要 [qiào]. Character dictionaries say: "The case for a knife").

14.37

䥫箸 Iron chopsticks: (The second character has the fanqie 直慮 [zhù]. The Kaosheng says: "Spoons and chopsticks").

14.38

蚯蚓 Earthworms: (The first character is pronounced 丘 [qiū]; the second character is pronounced 引 [yǐn]. I note that the Shixun of the Duke of Zhou says: "Five days after the Beginning of Summer, earthworms come out; on the day of the Winter Solstice, earthworms curl up." The Erya also calls them 螼螾 [qǐnyǐn]. In the region east of the Yangtze they are called 'singing women' [歌女], which is presumably a local dialect expression).

14.39

健南 [Ghana]: (The first character has the fanqie 渠彥 [jiàn]).

14.40

鞋楥 Shoe last: (The first character has the fanqie 霞皆 [xié]. The second character has the fanqie 暄院 [xuàn]. The Jixun says: "A mold for boots and shoes is called a 楥").

14.41

荑草 Sprouting weeds: (The first character is pronounced 夷 [yí]: noxious weeds).

14.42

聚沫 Cluster of foam: (The first character has the fanqie 情喻 [jù]; it has 乑 beneath; 乑 is pronounced 吟 [yín], meaning a crowd standing. The second character has the fanqie 滿鉢 [mò]; it takes 水 as semantic and 末 as phonetic. The Shuowen also explains that the character 末 adds one horizontal stroke above 木 to become 末).

14.43

水苔 Water moss: (The second character has the fanqie 大來 [tái]: green moss in water).

14.44

吹脹 Blown up and swollen: (The second character has the fanqie 張亮 [zhàng]: puffed up and swollen).

14.45

鍛師 Blacksmith: (The first character has the fanqie 都亂 [duàn]).

14.46

橐扇 Bellows blower: (The first character has the fanqie 湯洛 [tuó]: a bellows fan, an implement for blowing on fire. The character 韛 is pronounced 敗 [bài]).

14.47

從䐡 From the navel: (The second character is pronounced 齊 [qí]; it takes 肉 beneath. The Shuowen says: "毘䐡 [navel]").

14.48

藉以 Matting with: (The first character has the fanqie 情夜 [jiè]: to pad or cushion).

14.49

線口 Opening of the thread: (The first character has the fanqie 先薦 [xiàn]; the orthodox form is written 綫).

14.50

千筋 A thousand tendons: (The second character is pronounced 斤 [jīn]. The Shuowen says it takes 竹, 肉, and 力 as semantic. In the sūtra, writing it with 草 is incorrect).

14.51

孔隙 Apertures and crevices: (The second character has the fanqie 卿逆 [xì]. The Shuowen says it takes 阜 as semantic and 白, narrow at the top and bottom. In the sūtra text, writing it with 巢 as 隟 is incorrect).

14.52

𢀩舛 Discrepant and erroneous: (The first character has the fanqie 策迦 [chā]; it is the orthodox character. The Shuowen says: "To deviate; to miss each other and not coincide." The orthodox form takes 垂 and 左 as [(傘-(企-止)+一)-┬+(厂@工)]; Cai Yong's Stone Classics followed popular usage and wrote it 差. The second character has the fanqie 川耎 [chuǎn]. The Guangya says: "舛 means to turn one's back on." Gu Yewang says: "Discrepant and uneven." The Shuowen says: "Opposing each other." It takes 夕, pronounced 陟紀 [zhǐ], and [(巨-匚)*(十/十)], pronounced 口寡 [kǔ]).

14.53

爽失 Deviation and loss: (The first character has the fanqie 霜愴 [shuǎng]. The Mao Commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "爽 means to err." Guo's commentary on the Erya says: "The application of the mind is erroneous and not single-minded." Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: "爽 means to deviate." Guo's commentary on the Fangyan says: "An error." The Shuowen says it takes 㸚 and 大; 㸚 has the fanqie 力尒 [lǐ]. In the sūtra text, writing it with four 人 is mistaken. The second character 失 takes 手 and 乙, where 乙 is also phonetic. The Guangya says: "失 means an error." The Yupian says: "失 means to lose").

14.54

巧匠 Skilled craftsman: (The second character has the fanqie 情樣 [jiàng]. The Yunquan says: "One who is skilled at tasks is called a 匠." The Shuowen says: "A woodworker." It takes 工 and 斤; 匚 resembles the utensil produced. It is an associative compound character).

14.55

塵翳 Dust and obstruction: (The first character has the fanqie 長隣 [chén]. The Shuowen writes it 塵, meaning dust, taking 鹿 and 土 as semantic. The second character has the fanqie 於計 [yì]. Guo's commentary on the Fangyan says: "To screen." The Guangya says: "To block." The Kaosheng says: "To cover." The Shuowen says it takes 羽 as semantic and 殹 as phonetic; 殹 has the fanqie 於計 [yì]).

14.56

揩拭 Wiping clean: (The first character has the fanqie 客皆 [kāi]. The Guangya says: "揩 means to rub." The Shuowen says it takes 手 as semantic and 皆 as phonetic; the character 皆 contains 白. The second character has the fanqie 傷翼 [shì]. Zheng's commentary on the Yili says: "拭 means to make clear." The Liji says: "To make clean." The Shuowen says it takes 手 as semantic and 式 as phonetic).

14.57

𦝫髁 (The upper character is pronounced kua4 [kua-hua fan], and is also read in the rising tone. The Kaosheng says: 'The bone above the thigh.' It is also written as 𡱼, an ancient character. The Yunying says: 'The bone below the waist.' Or written as 胯, formed from [the semantic component] 'flesh' (肉) and the phonetic component 𡗢; the sound of 𡗢 is the same as the above. The sūtra text writes 胯, which is an erroneous vulgar character).

14.58

慳澀 (Pronounced se4 [can-li fan]. Formed from 'water' (水) and four 止; two 止 form an associative compound character. The sūtra text writes 澁 with three 止, which is incorrect).

14.59

插在 (The upper character is pronounced cha1 [chu-xia fan]. The Kaosheng says: '插 means to insert or pierce.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from "hand" (手) with 臿 as phonetic.' The sound of 𠚏 is the same as the above. The character [臿-臼+(凵@((犀-尸-牛)-〡))] is pronounced jiu4. The sūtra text has it with 千 and 臼, pronounced ju2, writing 插, which is incorrect. For the lower character 在, the Shuowen jiezi says: '在 means to exist.' Formed from 'earth' (土) with 扌, which is also phonetic).

14.60

尖幖 (The upper character is pronounced jian1 [jie-yan fan]; it is an associative compound character. The lower character is pronounced biao1 [bi-yao fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A banner.' A character book says: 'The tip of a pole.' The standard form has 'cloth' (巾) with 票 as phonetic. The two characters 灬 and 票 have the same pronunciation. The sūtra text writes 標 with 'wood' (木) or with 'hand' (手), which is an erroneous usage).

14.61

乾燥 (Pronounced zao4 [sang-dao fan]. The Kaosheng says: '燥 means dry (乾).' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from "fire" (火) with 喿 as phonetic.' The pronunciation of 喿 is the same as the above).

14.62

黧黑 (Pronounced li2 [lü-zhi fan]. The Kaosheng says: 'Black yet also yellow.' Missing in the Shuowen jiezi. The Gujin zhengzi says: 'Black.' Formed from 'black' (黑) with 𥝢 abbreviated. The character 黎 is formed from 'grain' (禾), 'knife' (刀), and 'small' (尒); 禾 is pronounced ji1, referring to bent tree-tops).

14.63

煗蘇 (Pronounced nuan3 [nu-guan fan]. The Yunquan says: '煗 means warm (溫).' It is also written as 㬉; some write 暖 or 煖, which are vulgar characters).

14.64

榆皮 (Pronounced yu2 [yu-zhu fan]. The name of a river).

14.65

鋒𦬆 (The upper character is pronounced feng1 [fu-rong fan]: the tip of a weapon blade. It is also written as 鏠; the sūtra text writes 鋒 with 夆, which is an error. The lower character is pronounced mang2 [wu-fang fan]. A character book says: 'The tip of a blade; the point of a leaf of grass.' Formed from 'grass' (草) with 亾; the character 亾 is formed from 'person' (人) and 𠃊, and 𠃊 is pronounced yin3 [yu-jin fan]. The sūtra text writes 芒, which is an erroneous vulgar character).

14.66

腐爛 (The upper character is pronounced fu3 [fu-fu fan]. The Kaosheng says: 'Rotten meat; decayed.' Formed from 'flesh' (肉) with 府 as phonetic. The lower character is pronounced lan4 [lang-dan fan]; it has already been explained above).

14.67

推手 (Pronounced tui1 [ta-lei fan]. The Yunying says: '推 means to push aside.' Formed from 'hand' (手) with an abbreviation of 堆 as phonetic; 堆 is pronounced dui1 [du-hui fan]).

14.68

臠割 (The upper character is pronounced luan3 [lie-zhuan fan]. The Kaosheng says: 'A slice of meat.' Formed from 'flesh' (肉) with an abbreviation of 戀 as phonetic. The lower character is pronounced ge1 [gan-la fan]. The Guangya says: '割 means to sever.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from 害 with "knife" (刀).' The character 害 is formed from 'mouth' (口) and 半; the sound of 半 is the same as the above; 辢 is pronounced ge1 [ji-ge fan]).

14.69

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 57

14.70

搖車 (Pronounced yao2 [yao-xiao fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It means to move.' Formed from 'hand' (手) with [采-木+(工/山)] as phonetic. The character [采-木+(工/山)] is pronounced you2. The character [采-木+(工/山)] is formed from 'flesh' (肉) and [午/止], which is pronounced gou3 [fu-gou fan]).

14.71

襁褓 (The upper character is pronounced qiang3 [jiang-liang fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Garment for carrying an infant on the back.' Formed from 'clothing' (衣) with 強 as phonetic. The lower character is pronounced bao3. The Cang Jie pian says: '褓 means swaddling-cloth.' The Shenglei says: 'An infant's coverlet.' It is also written as 緥 or 䙗, pronounced ti4).

14.72

朽邁 (Pronounced mai4 [mo-bai fan]. 邁 means distant/advanced in years).

14.73

梗槩 (The upper character is pronounced geng3 [ge-xing fan]. Wang [Yi]'s commentary on the Chuci says: '梗 means strong.' The Erya says: 'Straight.' The Guangya says: 'Brief, general.' Formed with 'wood' (木). The lower character is pronounced gai4 [gai-ai fan]. The Kaosheng says: '槩 means standard/moderation.' Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: 'To measure.' Xue Zong says: '梗槩 means broad, not finely detailed.' Formed from 'wood' (木) with 既 as phonetic).

14.74

掉戲 (The upper character is pronounced diao4 [ting-yao fan]. The Guangya says: '掉 means to shake.' In colloquial speech, it means to rock/sway. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from "hand" (手) with an abbreviation of 卓 as phonetic.' The lower character is pronounced xi4 [xi-yi fan]. The Mao Commentary on the Book of Odes says: '戲 means leisurely recreation.' The Erya says: '戲 means playful banter.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from "dagger-axe" (戈) with 䖒 as phonetic.' 䖒 is pronounced xi1, formed from 虍 and 豆. The sūtra text writes 戱 with 虛 and 戈, which is incorrect. 虍 is pronounced hu1).

14.75

欬嗽 (The upper character is pronounced kai4 [kai-dai fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Reversal of breath.' The lower character is pronounced sou4 [su-zou fan], a vulgar character. The standard form is [病-丙+(弓*欠)]. The Kaosheng says: 'Breath surging in the throat.' A character book says: 'A disease of phlegm in the chest and diaphragm.' It is also written as 𲃒, with the same meaning).

14.76

痰癊 (The upper character is pronounced tan2. The lower character is pronounced yin4 [yu-jin fan]: an illness of the chest and diaphragm).

14.77

栲楚 (The upper character is pronounced kao3: to beat or flog).

14.78

咀嚼 (Pronounced ju3 [qing-yu fan]. The Guangya says: '咀 means to chew.' The Cang Jie pian says: '噍,' pronounced jiao1. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To savour in the mouth.' Formed from 'mouth' (口) with 且 as phonetic. The Shenglei writes 齟 with 'teeth' (齒). The lower character is pronounced jue2 [qiang-yao fan]. The Guangya says: '嚼 means to chew/ingest.' A character book says: '咀.' Indeed, 嚼 also means to bite. Formed from 'mouth' (口) with 爵 as phonetic).

14.79

溼以 (Pronounced shi1 [shi-ru fan]. The Kaosheng says: '溼 means damp, soaked.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Dark and wet.' Formed from 'water' (水), 𢆶, and 'earth' (土); '一' represents covering. It is an associative compound character indicating water dampening where earth is covered. The sūtra text writes 濕 with 'sun' (日) and 'silk' (絲), which is incorrect. 濕 was originally pronounced ta4 [ta-he fan], the name of a river in Wuyang of Dong Commandery).

14.80

涎唾 (Pronounced xian2 [xiang-yan fan], a vulgar character. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Saliva.' The standard form is written as 㳄, formed from 'water' (水) and 'yawn/lack' (欠). The lower character is pronounced tuo4 [tu-huo fan]: moisture in the mouth).

14.81

嘔逆 (Pronounced ou3 [wu-kou fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To vomit.' The standard form is 歐).

14.82

火𰞎 (Pronounced yi4 [zheng-yi fan]. An associative compound character formed from 'flesh' (肉) above 'fire' (火)).

14.83

拳縮 (Pronounced suo1 [shuang-yun fan]. Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the Guoyu says: '縮 means to withdraw; to exhaust.' Song Zhong's commentary on the Taixuanjing says: 'To stop.' The Han Commentary on the Book of Odes says: 'To draw back.' It is a phono-semantic compound character).

14.84

蠭蝶 (The upper character is pronounced feng1 [fang-yong fan]. The Kaosheng says: 'An insect name. Some make nests in trees, while others make burrows in the earth; there are many kinds, and "蠭" is the collective term.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Flying insect that stings people; formed from 䖵 with 逢 as phonetic.' It is also written as 𧒒; the sūtra writes 蜂, a vulgar character. The lower character is pronounced die2 [tian-jia fan]. Sima Biao's commentary on the Zhuangzi says: 'A butterfly (蛺蝶).' The sūtra text writes [(乏-之+虫)*(云/木)], a vulgar character).

14.85

蚤蝨 (The upper character is pronounced zao3 [zao-lao fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A jumping insect that bites people.' Formed from 䖵 and 叉, pronounced zhua3. The sūtra writes it with 欠 as 𧈸, an erroneous abbreviation that fails to form a proper character. The lower character is pronounced shi1 [suo-yi fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'An insect in clothing that bites people; formed from 䖵 and 卂.' 卂 is pronounced xin4. The sūtra text writes 虱 with half of 風, which is incorrect).

14.86

蛆蟲 (The upper character is pronounced qu1 [qi-yu fan]; properly written as 䏣 with 'flesh' (肉). The Kaosheng says: 'Worms in spoiled meat and fermented paste.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Worms produced by flies in meat; formed from "flesh" (肉) with 且 as phonetic.' The sūtra text writes 蛆 with 'insect' (虫), which is a vulgar character. The lower character is pronounced chong2 [zhu-rong fan], formed from three 'insects' (蟲). The Erya says: 'Those with feet are called 蟲').

14.87

[刀/肉/火]鼈 (The upper character is the standard form of the character 魚 ('fish'). The Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from 刀 as a pictograph; 火 represents the fish's tail. The fish's tail resembles a swallow's tail and accidentally looks like the character 火, but it is not formed from the character 火 ('fire'). The lower character is pronounced bie1 [bian-mie fan]. The Kaosheng says: 'An aquatic creature.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'An aquatic shelled creature; formed from 黽 (pronounced meng3) with 敝 as phonetic.' In the sūtra it is written as 鱉 with 'fish' (魚), which is an incorrect vulgar character. The sound of 敝 is the same as the above).

14.88

黿鼉 (The upper character is pronounced yuan2. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A large soft-shell turtle; formed from 黽 with 元 as phonetic.' The lower character is pronounced tuo2 [tu-he fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'An aquatic shelled creature, resembling a lizard but larger; formed from 黽 with 𠹈 as phonetic.' The pronunciation of 𠹈 is tuo2. The Shuowen jiezi states that the character 𠹈 is formed from 叩 and 里. The sūtra text writes it with 𠫹, which is incorrect. 黽 is pronounced meng3. The vulgar usage of writing both 黿 and 鼉 with 黽 is incorrect).

14.89

觶蛭 (Pronounced zhan3 [chan-zhan fan]. The Shanhaijing says: 'The slippery fish, shaped like an earthworm.' Guo Jingchun's commentary on the Erya says: 'The eel-fish, resembling a snake with spots.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A fish whose skin can be used for drums.' It is a phono-semantic character. The lower character is pronounced zhi4 [zhen-ri fan]. The Erya says: '蛭 is 蟣.' Guo's commentary says: 'Leeches in the water that enter people's flesh to drink their standing blood').

14.90

𧉳蛤 (The upper character is pronounced bang4 [peng-xiang fan]. The lower character is pronounced ge2 [gan-la fan]. The Lüshi chunqiu says: 'Clams and oysters are yin creatures. When the moon is full, clams and oysters are full; when the moon is dark, clams and oysters are empty: they resonate with each other.' The Shuowen jiezi writes 𧊧, and there are three types, all born in the sea: the oyster of a thousand years transformed from a sparrow, which Qin calls the male oyster; the sea-clam transformed from a hundred-year-old swallow; and the kui clam, another name for the conch, transformed from an old bat. Formed from 'insect' (虫) with 合 as phonetic. The sūtra text writes 蛤, which is the same).

14.91

蝦蟇 (The upper character is pronounced xia2. The lower character is pronounced ma2).

14.92

狐𧲪 (The upper character is pronounced hu2: a type of jackal. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A bewitching beast, ridden by ghosts.' The lower character is pronounced he2 [he-ge fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Resembles a fox but smaller; fond of sleeping.' In the sūtra it is written as 狢 with 'big' (大). The Shuowen jiezi, Gujin zhengzi, and Dianlun all write it as 貈 with 'boat' (舟), which is an error. The standard form has 亢; 亢 is pronounced he2 [ge-dang fan]. The Kaosheng also writes it as [豸*兄], which provides evidence; some also write 貉, which is also acceptable).

14.93

鵰鷲 (The upper character is pronounced diao1. The lower character is pronounced jiu4).

14.94

𧏙蜋 (The upper character is pronounced jié [que-jiang fan]. The lower character is pronounced liang2. The Erya says: 'The 蛣𧏙 is the dung beetle (𧏙蜋).' Guo Pu says: 'That which eats dung.' The Shuowen jiezi writes 䖼蜋; it is a phono-semantic character).

14.95

肉疱 (Pronounced pao4 [peng-mao fan]).

14.96

顄車 (Pronounced han4 [he-lan fan]. 顄 means the jaw/chin. The sūtra writes 頷, a vulgar character. The lower character is pronounced che1 [chang-zhe fan]).

14.97

腿足 (Pronounced tui3 [tui-nei fan], an incorrect vulgar character. The standard form is written with 'bone' (骨) as 骽. The Kaosheng says: '骽 means the thigh bone; the thigh.' A character book says: 'The hip.' The Gujin zhengzi says: 'Formed from "bone" (骨) with 妥 as phonetic.' The sound of 妥 is the same as 骽; 餒 is pronounced nei3 [nu-hui fan]. It is missing in the Shuowen jiezi).

14.98

鈎綴 (Pronounced zhui4 [zhang-wei fan]. Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the Guoyu says: '綴 means to connect.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To join and fasten together.' Formed from 'silk' (糸) with 叕 as phonetic. 糸 is pronounced mi4; 叕 is pronounced zhuo2 [zhu-lie fan]).

14.99

𰮣危 (Pronounced cui4 [quan-sui fan]. The Guangya says: '𰮣 means brittle and weak.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Fragile and easily broken.' Formed from 'flesh' (肉) with an abbreviation of 絕 as phonetic. It also explains that the character 絕 is formed from 'silk' (糸), 'knife' (刀), and 'kneeling person' (卩), an associative compound character; 卩 is pronounced jie2).

14.100

無梢 (Pronounced shao1 [suo-jiao fan]: twigs of firewood. Formed with 'wood' (木), or with 'hand' (手), with 肖 as phonetic).

14.101

與篅 (For the upper character 與, the Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from [臼/一/八] (pronounced yu2) with 與 in the middle.' The lower character is pronounced chuan2 [shi-luan fan], a vulgar character. The standard form is written as 圌. Xu Shuzhong's commentary on the Zhuangzi says: '圌 is a round bamboo granary.' The Jixun says: 'A granary.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Split bamboo coiled round to store grain is called a 圌').

14.102

𪖦唾 (The upper character is pronounced ti4. The sūtra writes 洟, which is an error; its original sound is yi2, not the character ti4. The lower character is pronounced tuo4 [tu-huo fan]: oral fluid. Both were fully explained in the preceding fascicles).

14.103

強拔 (The upper character is pronounced qiang2 [qu-liang fan]. It has been passed down and commonly used, but it is not the original character, which properly should be 弜, formed from two bows (弓). It is also pronounced qiang4 [qu-liang fan], which also fits the meaning. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: '強 means solid; to encourage and transform.' Guo's commentary on the Erya says: 'Diligence.' The Cang Jie pian says: 'Robust.' The Posthumous Names rules state: 'To be magnanimous, gentle, and respectful is called 強; to not retaliate against lawlessness is called 強; to be harmonious without drifting along is called 強.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A bow with strength; formed from 虫 with 弘 as phonetic.' The lower character is pronounced ba2 [pai-ba fan]. A character book says: 'To snap with the hand; to pull out.' In the sense of the sūtras, it means to rescue, to liberate. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from "hand" (手) with 犮 as phonetic.' 犮 is pronounced pan2 [pan-wei fan]).

14.104

森竦 (The upper character is pronounced sen1 [se-zen fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The appearance of many tall trees.' Formed from 'wood' (木) and 'forest' (林); 林 is also phonetic. It is also written as 槮. The lower character is pronounced song3 [su-yong fan]. The Kaosheng says: 'Above.' The Zhuangzi says: '竦 means tall/elevated.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from "standing" (立) and "bundle" (束), bound together from oneself.' It is an associative compound character).

14.105

屆彼 (The upper character is pronounced jie4. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Book of Documents says: '屆 means to arrive.' Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Mao Commentary on the Book of Odes says: '屆 means to dwell.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Difficulty in walking; the utmost.' Formed from 'door' (戶) with 由 as phonetic).

14.106

窣堵波 (堵 is pronounced du3. A Sanskrit word, meaning a brick stūpa for relics. Formerly called futu (浮圖), an abbreviated translation).

14.107

婆羅痆斯 (痆 is pronounced nie4 [nia-xia fan]. A Sanskrit city name [Vārāṇasī]. Formerly called Boluonai, which was erroneous and abbreviated).

14.108

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 58 (Assembly 15: The Assembly on the Prophecy of Mañjuśrī, three fascicles of sūtra)

14.109

繽紛 (The upper character is pronounced bin1 [pi-bin fan]. Formed from 'silk' (糸) and 'cowrie' (貝) with [宋-木+(少-小+正)] as phonetic; [宋-木+(少-小+正)] is pronounced bin1. The lower character is pronounced fen1 [fu-wen fan]: the appearance of heavenly flowers falling in profusion).

14.110

恬怕 (Pronounced tian2 [dian-ku fan]. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Book of Documents says: '恬 means tranquil.' The Fangyan says: '恬 means quiet.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed from "heart" (心) with an abbreviation of 甜 as phonetic.' The lower character is pronounced bo2 [pu-bai fan]. The Guangya says: '怕 means quiet.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Non-action.' Formed from 'heart' (心) with 白 as phonetic. 拈 is pronounced nian2 [nian-tian fan]).

14.111

各齎 (Pronounced ji1 [jing-xi fan]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To hold and bestow.' Formed from 'cowrie' (貝) with 齊 as phonetic. The sūtra text writes 賫, an erroneous vulgar character, altered from the ancient character [絫-糸+(企-止+頁)] into 賫).

14.112

門閫 (Pronounced kun3 [kun-wen fan]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Book of Rites says: '閫 means a doorsill.' The Shuowen jiezi lacks the character 閫, but has the characters 闑 and 榍. Although it is one object, it has many names: 門閾, 門閫, 門榍, and 門砌 are all doorsills. In vulgar speech it is called 門砌; because it is made of stone, 砌 came to be pronounced qie4. 閾 is pronounced yu4 [wei-bi fan]; 闑 is pronounced nie4 [yu-lie fan]; 㨝 is pronounced jie2 [xian-jie fan]; 穩 is pronounced wen3 [wen-ben fan]).

14.113

Naked (倮者: [pronounced with the fanqie] 華 [hua] + 瓦 [wa]; a borrowed phonetic character. The original pronunciation is 盧 [lu] + 果 [guo] [luǒ]. Gu Yewang states: 'To take off clothing and bare the body.' It is composed of the person radical (亻/人) with 果 as the phonetic component. In the sūtra text it is written as 羸 or as 裸, or with the body radical as 躶; all mean the bare body).

14.114

Blind (盲瞽: the upper character [blind (盲)] is 莫 [mo] + 耕 [geng] [mēng]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'An eye lacking a pupil.' It is composed of the eye radical (目) with the radical 亾 abbreviated as phonetic. The lower character [sightless (瞽)] is pronounced like 鼓 [gǔ]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'When the eye merely has a filmy membrane, smooth like a drumskin, it is called 瞽.' It is composed of the eye radical (目) with 鼓 as the phonetic component).

14.115

Deaf (聾聵: the upper character [deaf (聾)] is 祿 [lu] + 東 [dong] [lóng]; the ears have no hearing. It appears in the Guiyuan. The lower character [stone-deaf (聵)] is 瓦 [wa] + 恠 [guai] [kuài]. The Kaosheng says: '聵 means completely deaf.' It is composed of the ear radical (耳) with 貴 abbreviated as phonetic. In the sūtra text it is written with the eye radical as 瞶, which is incorrect).

14.116

Destitute and poor (貧窶: [pronounced with the fanqie] [公*(內-入+人)] [ju/gu] + 麌 [yu] [jǔ], the rising tone of the character 具. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Being poor without wealth to prepare ritual offerings is called 窶.' It is composed with an abbreviation of 縷).

14.117

Curb faults and transgressions (摧過咎: [the character 咎 (fault)] is 求 [qiu] + 有 [you] [jiù]. The Kaosheng says: '咎 means a crime; it also means wrath; it also means ailment.' Derived from the ancient script for 咎, it is composed of divination (卜) and mouth (口), with 久 as the phonetic component).

14.118

Pure and unadulterated (澄粹: [the character 粹 (pure)] is 雖 [sui] + 酢 [zuo] [suì]. The Guangya says: '粹 means pure.' The Zhouyi says: 'Purity (純粹) is the quintessence.' Character glossaries say: 'Refined and subtle.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of the rice radical (米) with 卒 as phonetic').

14.119

Market stalls and shops (廛肆: the upper character [market lot (廛)] is 長 [chang] + 連 [lian] [chán]. The Yupian says: 'An open space within a market.' The lower character [market stall (肆)] is pronounced 四 [sì]. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: '肆 means to set out.' Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '肆 means to arrange.' It means arranging and displaying merchandise in a market. Character glossaries say: 'Dwelling place.' It is composed of 長 with an abbreviation of 聿 as phonetic).

14.120

Deliberate and pour (斟酌: the upper character [deliberate / ladle (斟)] is 章 [zhang] + 任 [ren] [zhēn]. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: '斟 means to take; 酌 means to serve [wine].' The Shuowen jiezi says: '酌 means to ladle.' Composed of the ladle radical (斗) with 甚 as phonetic).

14.121

Leaning upon a low couch (據[田/(十-一+(前-刖))]牀: [the character 據 (lean upon)] is 居 [ju] + 御 [yu] [jù]. The Kaosheng says: '據 means to settle; that which one relies on.' The Yunying says: 'To press down.' Composed of the hand radical (扌/手) with 豦 as phonetic; the pronunciation of 豦 is 渠 [qú]. The Shuowen jiezi has it under the tiger radical (虍), pronounced 乎 [hū], and from pig (豕). The sūtra text writing it as 據 is a conventional error. It also explains that the character for low couch ([田/(十-一+(前-刖))]) is composed of 甲 and 左. The Zitong says: 'Referring to it as low (卑) means placing it on the left (左); it is low.' The character for couch (牀) is composed of 木 and 爿, pronounced 牆 [qiáng]).

14.122

Thoroughly discerning (鑒徹: the upper character [mirror / discern (鑒)] is 革 [ge] + 陷 [xian] [jiàn]. The Yupian says: 'A mirror.' The Guangya says: 'To illuminate.' It is also written as 鑑. The lower character [penetrate (徹)] is 廛 [chan] + 列 [lie] [chè]. The Kaosheng says: 'To pass through.' The Shuowen jiezi has it composed of 彳 (丑 [chou] + 尺 [chi] [chǐ]), 育, and 支. The sūtra writing it with 去 and 曰 is incorrect).

14.123

Clearing the throat and coughing (謦欬: the upper character [cough lightly (謦)] is 輕 [qing] + 郢 [ying] [qǐng]; the lower character [cough (欬)] is 康 [kang] + 愛 [ai] [kài]. The fanqie indicates that 謦欬 means clearing the throat and letting breath through; it is the sound of coughing).

14.124

When reaching (暨乎: [the character 暨 (reaching)] is 渠 [qu] + 義 [yi] [jì]. The Yunying says: '暨 means to reach; it also means to reprimand.' It is composed of 且 with 既 as phonetic).

14.125

Treacherous and devious (險詖: [the character 詖 (flattering / biased)] is 彼 [bi] + 寄 [ji] [bì]. The Cang Jie Pian says: 'Flattering and deceitful.' The Guangya says: 'Clever.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Debating and lecturing').

14.126

Yearning and hoping (悕望: the upper character is the character 希 [xī]; the Shuowen jiezi writes it as 𭤔. The lower character [gaze / hope (望)] is 冈 [gang] + 方 [fang] [wàng]. Composed of the moon radical (月), pronounced 月 [yuè], with 壬 and 亾 as phonetic).

14.127

Frighten and intimidate (恐愶: the character for fear (恐) is composed of the heart radical (心) and 𢀜, pronounced 拱 [gǒng]; the character 𢀜 is composed of 丮 and 工, pronounced 戟 [jǐ]. In the sūtra written as 恐 is an error. The lower character [intimidate (愶)] is 香 [xiang] + 葉 [ye] [xié]. The Shangshu says: '愶 means to govern by intimidation.' The Guangya says: '愶 means cowardly.' Gu Yewang says: 'To intimidate by mighty power.' The correct form is composed of three 'power' radicals (劦); the sūtra writing it with three 'knife' radicals (恊/脇 variant) is erroneous).

14.128

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Fifty-Nine

14.129

Admiring and coveting (歎羨: [the character 羨 (covet)] is 涎 [xian] + 箭 [jian] [xiàn]. The Han text of the Shijing says: '羨 means to wish for.' The Kaosheng says: 'To love; to long for.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Greedy desire.' Composed of 美 (pronounced 眉 [mei] + 彼 [bi] [mǐ]) and 㳄 as phonetic. The character 㳄 is pronounced 夕 [xi] + 延 [yan] [xián], meaning saliva from the mouth, composed of water (水) and yawn (欠). Modern vulgar usage writes it with sheep (羊) and next (次) as 羨, which is incorrect).

14.130

Store up and use (稸用: [the character 稸 (store up)] is 丑 [chou] + 六 [liu] [chù]. The Kaosheng says: '稸 means to accumulate.' It is composed of the grain radical (禾) with 畜 as phonetic. In sūtras that simply write it as 畜, pronounced 許 [xu] + 六 [liu] [xù], it is also acceptable in meaning).

14.131

Heavy burden (重檐: [the character 檐/擔 (carry a load)] is 擔 [dan] + 濫 [lan] [dàn]. The Gujin zhengzi says: 'To lift.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To bear on the back.' It is composed of the hand radical (扌/手) with an abbreviation of 詹 as phonetic; it is also written as [仁-二+(六/言)]).

14.132

Like a rhinoceros (如犀: pronounced 西 [xī]; the name of a beast. The Erya says: 'The rhinoceros resembles a pig.' Guo Pu's commentary says: 'Its shape resembles a water buffalo with a pig's head, large belly, and short legs, each foot having three hooves; it is black with three horns—one on top of the head, and one on the snout. The one on the snout is called the feeding horn, and it loves to eat thorns; there are also those with a single horn.' The sūtra uses the metaphor of the single-horned [rhinoceros]. The Shuowen jiezi states that it is composed of the ox radical (牛) and an abbreviation of tail (尾)).

14.133

Overbear and slight (淩懱: the upper character [overbear (淩)] is a borrowed character with the water radical (氵/水), which is the name of a river; correctly it should be written with the strength radical (力) as 陵. The lower character [slight / despise (懱)] is 眠 [mian] + 結 [jie] [miè]. The Kaosheng says: 'To treat lightly.' Composed of the heart radical (忄/心) with 蔑 as phonetic. The sūtra text simply writing it as 蔑 is incorrect. The Shuowen jiezi also states that the character 蔑 is composed of 戍 with 𦭝 as phonetic, 𦭝 being pronounced 眠 [mian] + 結 [jie] [miè], the same as above).

14.134

Narrow and inferior (陿劣: [the character 陿 (narrow)] is 咸 [xian] + 甲 [jia] [xiá]. It is composed of the mound radical (阝/阜) and 匧. The sūtra text writing it with the dog radical as 狹 is not the primary character. It has already been explained in detail earlier. 匧 is pronounced 謙 [qian] + 葉 [ye] [qiè]).

14.135

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Sixty (No words requiring pronunciation or glossing)

14.136

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Sixty-One (Bodhisattva's Discernment of Reality Samādhi Assembly, the Sixteenth, in sixteen fascicles)

14.137

Kālodayin (迦盧陁夷: the correct Sanskrit pronunciation is Kā [with long vowel] -lo-da [with long vowel] -yi. Formerly written as Jialuotuoyi [迦留陁夷], the name of an arhat).

14.138

Thousand loads (千載: [the character 載 (load)] is 才 [cai] + 賴 [lai] [zài]. 載 means a cartload. Following vulgar corrupt usage, it is pronounced as 在 [zài]).

14.139

Irrigate and water (溉灌: the upper character [irrigate (溉)] is 飢 [ji] + 義 [yi] [gài]; the lower character [water (灌)] is 官 [guan] + 喚 [huan] [guàn]).

14.140

Brambles and thorns (棘刺: the upper character [brambles (棘)] is 矜 [jin] + 嶷 [yi] [jí]. The Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of two side-by-side 朿; 朿 is pronounced 次 [cì]. In the sūtra, it is written with two 束, which is erroneous. The lower character [thorns (刺)] is pronounced 次 [cì]. The Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of the knife radical (刂/刀) and 朿. The sūtra writing it with 夾 is incorrect. Date (棗) is pronounced 早 [zǎo], with one 朿 doubled atop another; vulgar scripts writing it with two side-by-side 朿 are wrong).

14.141

Even chest (膺平: [the character 膺 (chest)] is 憶 [yi] + 凝 [ning] [yīng]. The Cang Jie Pian says: 'The bone above the two breasts.' In the Hanshu, Wei Zhao says: 'Where the chest is elevated on all four sides and sunken in the center, it is called 膺.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '膺 means chest.' It is composed of the flesh radical (月/肉) with 雁 as phonetic; it is also written with the bone radical as 𩪠 in ancient script).

14.142

Proportionate and slender (傭纖: the upper character [well-proportioned / upright (傭)] is 丑 [chou] + 龍 [long] [chōng]. The Kaosheng says: 'Even and balanced from top to bottom.' The Yunying says: 'Straight.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Even and straight.' Composed of the person radical (亻/人) with 庸 as phonetic. The sūtra writing it with the flesh radical as 𦟛 is a vulgar character. The lower character [slender (纖)] is 相 [xiang] + 閻 [yan] [xiān]. The Guangya says: '纖 means minute.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Fine.' Composed of the silk radical (糸) with 韱 as phonetic; it is also written with the woman radical as 孅. 韱 is pronounced 尖 [jiān]. The sūtra writing it with 截 is incorrect).

14.143

Enclosure of deer (鹿[跳-兆+專]: [the character [跳-兆+專]] is 常 [chang] + 耎 [ruan] [chuán]).

14.144

That which is swept away (所漂: [the character 漂 (drift / swept away)] is 匹 [pi] + 遙 [yao] [piāo]).

14.145

Swords and spears (劒矟: [the character 矟 (lance)] is pronounced 朔 [shuò]. The Kaosheng says: 'A long lance is called 矟').

14.146

Overgrown and concealed (蔽諸: [the character 蔽 (cover / conceal)] is 卑 [bei] + 袂 [mei] [bì]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The appearance of small weeds.' Composed of the grass radical (艹/艸) with 敝 as phonetic).

14.147

Plateaus and low wetlands (原隰: [the character 隰 (wetland)] is 尋 [xun] + 立 [li] [xí]. The Erya says: 'Low and moist land is called 隰.' That is to say, its soil is damp. It is also written as 漝, which is a vulgar character. 𫮛 is pronounced 居 [jū]).

14.148

Luxuriant and dense (蓊欝: the upper character [flourishing (蓊)] is 屋 [wu] + 孔 [kong] [wěng]; the lower character [dense (欝)] is 蘊 [yun] + 律 [lü] [yù], a vulgar character. The Kaosheng says: '蓊欝 means the luxuriant appearance of grass and trees').

14.149

Precious ore (寶𨥥: [the character 𨥥 (ore)] is 瓜 [gua] + 猛 [meng] [kuàng]. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Gold and jade that have not yet been crafted into utensils.' The Kaosheng also says: 'Unrefined ore of copper, iron, etc.' It is also written as 礦 or 磺. The Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of the metal radical (金) with 廾 as phonetic; 廾 has the same pronunciation as above).

14.150

Dense continuous rain (綢雨: [the character 綢 (dense / bind)] is 逐 [zhu] + 留 [liu] [chóu]. The Guangya says: '綢 means wrapped; sheathed.' The Kaosheng says: 'Bound and tied.' Composed of the silk radical (糸) with 周 as phonetic. It is also written as the 稠 in 'dense and sparse' (稀稠); reading it as 稠 is also acceptable in meaning).

14.151

Banners and drums (旌鼓: the upper character [banner (旌)] is 積 [ji] + 盈 [ying] [jīng]; it is also written as 矜. The Erya commentary says: 'A pole topped with yak-tail hairs is called a 旌.' Guo Pu says: 'Affixing yak-tail hairs atop the pole.' Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '旌 means insignia.' Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: '旌 means an emblem.' Gu Yewang says: 'In general, 旄 refers to the tail of a yak, attached to the tip of banners, like modern streamers.' 旄 is pronounced 毛 [máo]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Mounted on excursion carriages, banners serve to encourage soldiers to advance vigorlously.' Composed of 㫃 (pronounced 偃 [yǎn]) and 生, with 生 as phonetic. The lower character [drum (鼓)] is pronounced 古 [gǔ]; drums are used to alert the multitudes. The Zhouli has six types of drums: the thunder drum, the spirit drum, the road drum, the fen drum (扶 [fu] + 文 [wen] [fén]), the gao drum (公 [gong] + 刀 [dao] [gāo]), and the jin drum (𨑲 [jin] + 刃 [ren] [jìn]). The Yijing says: 'To drum is to stimulate; it is the sound of thunder (Zhen).' Zheng's commentary on the Yili says: 'To strike.' The Baihu tong says: 'The drum embodies the qi of Kan.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Drum means an enclosure.' Composed of 壴 (竹 [zhu] + 句 [ju] [zhù]) and 支. In the sūtra text it is written with the skin radical as 皷, which is an incorrect vulgar character).

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Depressed and sorrowful (悒慼: the upper character [depressed (悒)] is pronounced with the fanqie of 立 [lì]. The Cang Jie Pian says: '悒悒 means the appearance of unease.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Restless'; a phono-semantic compound. The lower character [sorrowful (慼)] is 請 [qing] + 亦 [yi] [qī]; it is also written as 慽. He Xiu's commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: 'Painful.' Zheng's commentary on the Lunyu says: 'Much anxiety and fear.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '慽 means anxiety and dread.' It also explains that the character 戚 is composed of 戊, pronounced 千 [qian] + 月 [yue] [qiè], with 尗 as phonetic; 尗 is pronounced [?*十]).

14.153

Bathing oneself and bathing others (自浴并浴他: In many editions of the sūtra it is written as 'bathing pool' (浴池), which is incorrect, being an error by copyists. The character 'others' (他) is correct).

14.154

Gold thread (綫金: [the character 綫 (thread)] is 先 [xian] + 箭 [jian] [xiàn]; it is also written as 線. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A thread.' Composed of the silk radical (糸) with 戔 as phonetic. Vulgar texts write it as 綖, which is incorrect).

14.155

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Sixty-Two

14.156

Sweet and pleasant (甛美: the upper character [sweet (甛)] is 亭 [ting] + 閻 [yan] [tián]. The Kaosheng says: 'Sweet.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Pleasant.' Composed of tongue (舌) and sweet (甘), an associative compound; it is also written as 甜, which is the same. The lower character [pleasant / beautiful (美)] is 眉 [mei] + 鄙 [bi] [měi]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Sweet in taste.' Composed of sheep (羊) and large (大). In terms of tone, sheep provided the greatest sweetness for kitchen meals; hence it is formed from sheep and large, an associative compound).

14.157

Saddle and saddle-cloth (鞍韀: the upper character for saddle (鞍) is also written as 鞌. The lower character [saddle-pad (韀)] is 剪 [jian] + 前 [qian] [jiān]; the correct character is 𩋋. The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 𦆉, meaning a felt under-saddle pad).

14.158

Crupper and reins (鞦轡: the upper character [crupper (鞦)] is 七 [qi] + 遊 [you] [qiū]; the crupper of a horse. It is also written as 䋺 or 鞧; all are identical. The lower character [bridle / reins (轡)] is 悲 [bei] + 媚 [mei] [bèi]; a horse's bridle. Composed of silk (糹/絲) and 叀; 叀 is pronounced 衛 [wèi]. In sūtras it is written with cart (車) and mouth (口) as 轡, which is a vulgar character).

14.159

Boots and caps (鞾㡌: [the character for boots (鞾)] is 暉 [hui] + 迦 [jia] [xuē]. The Yunquan says: 'Footwear with a shaft.' Character glossaries say: 'Footwear of foreign peoples (Hu).' The character for footwear (屩) is pronounced 羗 [qiang] + 嬌 [jiao] [juē]. The Kaosheng states that the orthodox form is 㞜. Sūtras write it as 𩋖, 鞾, or 靴, all of which are vulgar characters. The lower character [cap (㡌)] is 毛 [mao] + 報 [bao] [mào]; it is also written as 帽. The Kaosheng says: 'Headwear.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Headwear for young children and barbarian tribes.' Originally written as 冒, in clerical script it is composed with the cloth radical (巾) and 冒 as phonetic).

14.160

Divine turtle (神龜: [the character 龜 (turtle)] is 愧 [kui] + 韋 [wei] [guī]; an aquatic shelled creature. The Zhouli has six types of turtles, and the Erya has ten types of turtles; this refers to the first, the divine turtle. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Bones on the outside and flesh on the inside.' Composed of 它 as a pictograph; it takes the alligator (鼉) as its male mate. Giant turtles (黿), softshell turtles (鼈), and frogs (黽) all derive from 它).

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Old softshell turtle (舊鼈: [the character 鼈 (softshell turtle)] is 卑 [bei] + 滅 [mie] [biē]; the name of an aquatic creature. The Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 黽 (pronounced 猛 [měng]) with 敝 as phonetic. In sūtras it is frequently written with the fish radical (魚) or with 黽 as 鱉 or 鼈, both of which are incorrect).

14.162

Knotted mane (髻鬉: the upper character [topknot / knot (髻)] is pronounced 計 [jì] and also 結 [jié]. Zheng Xuan says: 'Knotted hair.' Here the sūtra text refers to braiding and tying the mane and tail of a horse. The lower character [mane (鬉)] is pronounced 宗 [zōng]. The Kaosheng says: 'The bristle/mane of a horse.' It is also written as 巤 or 𩭤, pronounced 獵 [liè]).

14.163

Tassels and streamers (旒蘇: the upper character [streamer (旒)] is pronounced 流 [liú]. The Kaosheng says: '旒蘇 refers to the pendants of a flag.' Here, hanging pearl-strings are referred to as 旒蘇, resembling the pendants of a ceremonial crown. In ancient script it is written as 㐬, which is a pictographic character).

14.164

Mother-of-pearl (硨磲: the upper character [硨] is pronounced 車 [chē]; the lower character [磲] is pronounced 渠 [qú]. The Guangya says: '硨磲 is a precious stone, secondary only to jade').

14.165

Bag for holding hair (盛髮之帒: [the character 帒 (bag)] is pronounced 大 [dài]. The Kaosheng says: 'A sack.' Composed of the cloth radical (巾). Sūtras write it as 袋, which is a vulgar character).

14.166

Door threshold (門閫: [the character 閫 (threshold)] is 坤 [kun] + 本 [ben] [kǔn]. Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: '閫 means the door threshold.' The Shuowen jiezi has it composed of the wood radical (木) as 𰙀, a phono-semantic character).

14.167

Door pivot (門樞: [the character 樞 (pivot)] is 衝 [chong] + 朱 [zhu] [shū]. The Kaosheng says: 'The place where the door leaf rotates.' Nowadays it is called the door elbow (門肘), or the turning elbow (轉肘). Older glossaries say the door socket (門臼), which is likely incorrect. The Guangya says: '樞 means root/origin.' The Han text of the Shijing says: 'The pivot and spring are what control motion.' Composed of the wood radical (木) with 區 as phonetic).

14.168

Bracket-arm and corbel block (櫨栱: [the character 櫨 (capital)] is 魯 [lu] + 都 [du] [lú]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A thin capital, the cross-block atop a pillar,' pronounced [一/(尸@肉)]. The Cang Jie Pian says: 'Wood atop a pillar.' The lower character [bracket (栱)] is 恭 [gong] + 擁 [yong] [gǒng]; the curved timber atop a pillar supporting the bearing block. It resembles a person clasping their hands (栱), hence the name. In vulgar speech it is sometimes pronounced in the falling tone).

14.169

Yellow handle (黃柄: [the character 柄 (handle)] is 兵 [bing] + 命 [ming] [bǐng]. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'A handle is that by which one grasps.' Jia Kui says: '柄 means authority/leverage.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '柄 means shaft/handle.' The Cang Jie Pian says: '柄 means haft (尿).' The Guangya says: '柄 means post/pillar.' Composed of the wood radical (木) with 丙 as phonetic. The character 尿 here is pronounced 勑 [chi] + 利 [li] [chì]).

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Deprived of hearing (奪聽: the upper character [deprive (奪)] is 徒 [tu] + 活 [huo] [duó]; the lower character [hearing (聽)] is 體 [ti] + 廷 [ting] [tīng]. The Kaosheng says: 'Hearing with the ears.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To listen.' Composed of 悳 (pronounced 得 [dé]) and ear (耳), with 壬 as phonetic; 壬 is pronounced 天 [tian] + 郢 [ying] [tǐng]).

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese