一切經音義 15

English (machine translation) 15

Language: English

15.1

Compiled by the Great Tang monk and translator Huilin

15.2

Sounds and Meanings of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Part 5

15.3

Pronunciation and meanings for the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, from Fascicle 92 through Fascicle 120, totaling 29 fascicles.

Wholesome qualities are emaciated (羸 has the fanqie 纍危 [léi + wēi]; the Yunying says: '羸 means inferior'; the Yunquan says: 'Weak'; it takes the semantic classifier 羊 'sheep' and the phonetic 𣎆; 𣎆 has the same sound).

15.6

Mixed in confusion (the first character has the fanqie 暉袁 [huī + yuán]; also written as 灌; in ancient script written as 叩; the second character has the fanqie 財合 [cái + hé]; it takes the semantic classifiers 衣 'clothing' and 集).

15.7

Worldly talks (䛡 has the fanqie 胡快 [hú + kuài]; the Shuowen says: 'To gather for wholesome speech; it takes the semantic classifier 言 'speech' and the phonetic 𠯑'; the Kaosheng says: 'To converse and banter'; also written as 譮; in ancient script written as 𦧵; the Shuowen gives the fanqie sound 胡卦 [hú + guà]; we now adopt the latter pronunciation; in the sūtra text, 話 is a vulgar variant).

15.8

Arrogant and haughty (the first character has the fanqie 薑妖 [jiāng + yāo]; the second character has the fanqie 我告 [wǒ + gào]).

15.9

Restless and disturbed (the first character has the fanqie 子到 [zǐ + dào]; Gu Yewang says: '躁 means agitated'; the Kaosheng says: 'Impatient disposition'; Zheng Xuan says: 'Not calm and quiet'; the Shuowen says: '躁 means hasty'; written as 趮 with the semantic classifier 辵 'walk'; the Yupian has it with the semantic classifier 足 'foot' and the phonetic 喿; 喿 has the fanqie 桑到 [sāng + dào]; in the sūtra, written with 參 as 𮜒, which does not form a legitimate character; the second character has the fanqie 而沼 [ér + zhǎo]; the Kaosheng says: 'To perturb and stir up; due to this, vexing that'; it takes the semantic classifier 手 'hand' and the phonetic 憂; 憂 has the fanqie 奴刀 [nú + dāo]; in the present sūtra text, written with 憂, which is incorrect; the character 夒 in the Shuowen takes 頁, 止, 巳, and 夂; its sound is like 憂, or written as 憂).

15.10

Sugarcane (蔗 has the fanqie 之夜 [zhī + yè]; also written as 蔗).

15.11

Perverse and intractable (the first character has the sound 恨; the second character has the sound 麗; 佷戾 means unsubmissive and disobedient).

15.12

Coarse and fierce (獷 has the fanqie 古猛 [gǔ + měng]: wicked, fierce).

15.13

Birdcage (the first character has the sound 煩; the Kaosheng says: 'A birdcage'; the Shuowen says: 'A bird of prey unable to fly'; it takes the semantic classifiers 爻 and 林, with 大 as phonetic; also pronounced 攀; also written as 𰐌, which is the same).

15.14

Cast out and rejected (the first character has the fanqie 賓印 [bīn + yìn]; Sima Biao's commentary on Zhuangzi says: '擯 means to discard'; the Shiji says: 'Mutually repelling and rejecting'; the Shuowen writes it as 儐 with the semantic classifier 人 'person'; the second character has the sound 尺; Liu Zhao's commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: '㡿 means to point out and speak'; the Guangya says: 'To push'; Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: '斥 means to banish'; Xu Shuzhong's commentary on the Huainanzi says: '㡿 means to expand'; the Shuowen says: 'A set-back chamber; it takes the semantic classifier 广 and the phonetic 屰'; 广 has the sound 儼, and 屰 has the sound 逆; in the present sūtra text it is written as 宇, which is a vulgar and erroneous usage, a corruption resulting from cursive script).

15.15

Stammering and sluggish (the first character has the fanqie 薑偃 [jiāng + yǎn]; the Zhouyi says: '謇 means difficult'; the Fangyan says: '謇 means to stutter'; also written as 𧮈, or as 寋 or 𰍉, all being the same; the second character has the fanqie 參立 [cān + lì]; the gloss is as before; written in the sūtra as 澀).

15.16

Fascicle 93 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (Assembly 26, The Good Arm Bodhisattva, translated by Kumārajīva)

15.17

Leather slippers (屣 has the fanqie 所綺 [suǒ + qǐ]; the Jixun says: 'Footwear that does not gather at the heel is called 屣; dancing slippers'; written with the semantic classifier 足 'foot' as 躧, or with the semantic classifier 革 'leather' as 𩎉; it takes the semantic classifier 尸 and the phonetic 徙).

15.18

To provide a couch (牀 has the fanqie 狀莊 [zhuàng + zhuāng]; the Shuowen says: 'An implement for resting the body'; in the sūtra written as 床, which is incorrect).

15.19

Water jug (the first character has the sound 早; the Yunying says: 'To wash'; the Shuowen says: 'To wash hands'; it takes the semantic classifier 水 'water' and the phonetic 喿; 喿 has the fanqie 蘇到 [sū + dào]; in the present sūtra text, written with 參 as 滲, which is incorrect; 滲 has the fanqie 霜禁 [shuāng + jìn], not the meaning in the sūtra; the second character has the fanqie 古翫 [gǔ + wàn]: a bottle for holding clean water; the Jixun says: 'A vessel for drawing water'; it takes the semantic classifier 缶 'pottery vessel' and the phonetic 雚; 缶 has the fanqie 甫苟 [fǔ + gǒu]; 雚 is the same as 鑵; in the sūtra, written with 水 'water' as 灌, which is an error; irrigation is not the meaning intended by the sūtra).

15.20

Brush and ink (written in the sūtra as 默, which is incorrect).

15.21

Swift and agile (捷 has the fanqie 潛葉 [qián + yè]; it takes the semantic classifier 手 'hand').

15.22

Relatives (戚 has the fanqie 清亦 [qīng + yì]; the Kaosheng says: 'Intimate, close'; the Shuowen says: 'It takes the semantic classifier 戉 and the phonetic 𰍪'; 𰍪 has the sound 叔; in the present sūtra text, written with the classifier 人 as 戚, which does not form a legitimate character; mostly this is scribes following their own foolish fabrications).

15.23

Execution and slaughter (戮 has the fanqie 力竹 [lì + zhú]; Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: '戮 means to disgrace'; Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: '戮 means to kill'; the Kaosheng says: 'Punishment'; the Shuowen says: 'It takes the semantic classifier 戈 and the phonetic 翏'; also written with the classifier 刀; in the sūtra, written with 力, which is an error; 翏 has the fanqie 六幻 [liù + huàn]).

15.24

Words and expressions (辭 has the fanqie 似茲 [sì + zī]; the Kaosheng says: 'Expounding principles through words'; in ancient script written as 𤔲; the Shuowen says: 'Resolving litigation; it takes the semantic classifiers 𤔔 and 辛; 𤔔 and 辛 resemble arbitrating crimes'; 𤔔 has the sound 亂 [luàn], meaning to govern; in the present sūtra written as [舌*愛], which is an erroneous fabrication by foolish people, not forming a character).

15.25

Suffering and distress (惱 has the fanqie 奴倒 [nú + dǎo]; the Shuowen says: 'Grief and hatred'; in the sūtra text written as 惚, which is incorrect, not the sense of the sūtra, but a foolish mistake that does not form the proper character).

15.26

Gouging out eyes (挑 has the fanqie 體遙 [tǐ + yáo]; it takes the semantic classifier 手 'hand').

15.27

Head ablaze (in the sūtra written as 投燃, which is incorrect).

15.28

Fascicle 94 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra

15.29

Morsel of meat (also written as 搏; 團 has the fanqie 徒鸞 [tú + luán]; in the present sūtra text written as 揣, which is incorrect; 揣 has the fanqie 初捶 [chū + chuí]; 揣 is completely contrary to the sūtra's meaning).

15.30

To borrow (in the sūtra text written as 賈, which is incorrect; 賈 refers to a merchant or a surname).

15.31

Tranquil and still (in the sūtra text written as [家-?], which is an ancient character; also written as 𧧌 or 𠴫; today in vulgar usage commonly written as 寂; of these five forms, one is orthodox, one is vulgar, and three are ancient).

15.32

Fascicle 95 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (Assembly 27, The Good and Compliant Bodhisattva, translated by Bodhiruci)

15.33

Disappointed (悵然; 悵 has the fanqie 勅亮 [chì + liàng]; a phono-semantic character).

15.34

To test and refine (鍊 has the fanqie 蓮奠 [lián + diàn]; not the original character, which properly is 柬; the Kaosheng says: 'To select carefully'; also written as 揀, a vulgar character; in the present sūtra text written as 鍊, the character for smelting and refining gold and iron; though not the original character, it is also accepted).

15.35

Fickle manners (態 has the fanqie 他代 [tā + dài]; the Kaosheng says: 'Changes of intent without constancy'; the Jixun says: 'Bearing and appearance'; it takes the semantic classifier 心 'mind' and the phonetic 能; 能 has the sound 耐).

15.36

Bribes and goods (賄 has the fanqie 灰外 [huī + wài]; the Kaosheng says: '賄 means wealth'; also written as 𧶅; it takes 有 with the phonetic 貝).

15.37

Spreading rampantly (the first character has the fanqie 子慈 [zǐ + cí]; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: '滋 means to increase'; the Kaosheng says: 'Abundant'; the second character has the sound 萬; its explanation has already appeared in the preceding text).

15.38

Constantly hanging (挂 may be read with both pronunciations 卦 and 怪; the Kaosheng says: '挂 means to suspend, to stop'; also written as 絓; it takes the semantic classifier 手 'hand' and the phonetic 圭).

15.39

Chests and boxes (the first character has the fanqie 息羊 [xī + yáng]; the second character has the fanqie 謙葉 [qiān + yè]).

15.40

Treading with feet (踏 has the fanqie 談合 [tán + hé], a vulgar usage; its original pronunciation is 貪合 [tān + hé]; stepping upon the ground; properly written as 蹋; the Kaosheng says: '蹋 means to trample'; it takes the semantic classifier 足 'foot' and the phonetic [日/羽], which has the sound 塔).

15.41

Fascicle 96 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (Assembly 28, The Elder Diligent Grant, in one fascicle, translated by Bodhiruci)

15.42

To banquet and carouse (讌 has the fanqie 烟見 [yān + jiàn]; the Kaosheng says: 'Feasting and drinking joyous wine'; the Yunying says: 'Gathering to drink wine and converse'; also written as 宴; it takes the semantic classifier 言 'speech' and the phonetic 燕).

15.43

Unfired earthen vessel (the first character has the fanqie 普盃 [pǔ + bēi]; pottery vessels that have not yet been fired are called 坏, as seen in the Wenzi jilüe; any unfired vessel ruins upon meeting rain; the sūtra takes its meaning of fragility).

15.44

Privy (圊 has the fanqie 磧盈 [qì + yíng]; the Zishu says: '圊 means latrine (圂)'; 圂 has the fanqie 胡悶 [hú + mèn]; the Kaosheng says: '圊 also means privy (廁)'; it takes the semantic classifier 囗 'enclosure' and the phonetic 青; the gloss for 廁 is the same as the above).

15.45

Flesh and minced meat (the first character has the fanqie 苦瓌 [kǔ + guī]; the second character has the fanqie 古外 [gǔ + wài]; it takes the semantic classifier 肉 'meat' and the phonetic 會).

15.46

As if splitting (析 has the fanqie 星亦 [xīng + yì]; 析 means to divide; properly written as half a tree alongside 片; also written as 㭊; in ancient script written as 片).

15.47

Swift river (駛 has the fanqie 師事 [shī + shì]; the Yunying says: 'Fast and rapid'; it takes the semantic classifier 馬 'horse' and the phonetic 史; also written as 決; in the present sūtra text written with 夬 as 駃, an error by the copyist; 駃 has the fanqie 涓血 [juān + xuè]; 駃騠 is the name of a breed of horse, which is not the sūtra's meaning).

15.48

Balled food (also written as 團; with the fanqie 段欒 [duàn + luán]; Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: '團 means round'; the Kaosheng says: 'To grasp and hold in the fist'; the Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: 'To gather'; it takes the semantic classifier 手 'hand' and the phonetic 專; the character [企-止+皂] properly takes 亽, which has the fanqie 精入 [jīng + rù], and 皂, which has the fanqie 彼立 [bǐ + lì]; considering this, 摶食 means eating various flavours mixed together into balls).

15.49

Phlegm and fluid retention (the first character has the sound 談; the second character has the fanqie 於禁 [yū + jìn]).

15.50

Bound and interwoven (the first character has the fanqie 鼈綿 [biē + mián]; Liu Zhao's commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: '編 means to join and connect'; the Cangjie pian says: '編 means to weave'; Gu Yewang says: 'To arrange in order'; the Shuowen says: 'To string bamboo slips in order'; the Shenglei says: 'To bind objects in order using cords'; the second character has the fanqie 郎各 [láng + gè]).

15.51

Sinews wrapped around (the first character has the sound 斤; the second character has the fanqie 徹連 [chè + lián]).

15.52

Window aperture (䆫 is a vulgar character; properly written as 牎; the Zishu says: 'Assisting doors to provide light'; it has the fanqie 楚江 [chǔ + jiāng]; the Shuowen says: 'In a wall it is called 牖; in a roof it is called 囱, an ancient pictograph'; in clerical script today it is commonly written as 窓; it also means an open aperture; the Kaosheng says: 'The windows at the two ends of modern houses'; the second character has the fanqie 鄉逆 [xiāng + nì]; it takes 白 with 小 above and below; in the sūtra, written with 巢 as 隟, which is incorrect).

15.53

Seven apertures (竅 has the fanqie 谿叫 [xī + jiào]; Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: '竅 means a hole'; Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: 'There are seven yang apertures and two yin apertures'; the Shuowen says: '竅 means an empty hole; it takes the semantic classifier 穴 'cavity' and the phonetic 敫'; the sound is 叫).

15.54

Wrapped in skin (皮裹: [裹 is pronounced with the] fanqie 果).

15.55

Festering and putrid (殨爛: [殨 is pronounced with the] fanqie 迴塊. The Yunying says: "殨 means rotten flesh." It is composed of the radical 歹 with 潰 abbreviated for phonetic value. 歹 is pronounced 殘).

15.56

As if borrowing (如借: [借 is pronounced with the] fanqie 精亦).

15.57

Internal nasal mucus (中洟: the second character is pronounced 夷. The Yunying says: "Nasal secretion." It is also written 咦 or 𪖦).

15.58

Eye rheum (眼眵: [眵 is pronounced with the] fanqie 齒支. The Yunquan says: "Eye fluid, rheum." The Shuowen says: "Eye fluid." It is composed of 目 with 侈 abbreviated for phonetic value).

15.59

Grinding and polishing (磨鎣: [鎣 is pronounced with the] fanqie 縈併. The Yunying says: "Polishing pearls and jade; 鎣 means polishing a mirror to make it bright." It is composed of 金 with 熒 abbreviated for phonetic value).

15.60

Feeding foxes and wolves (餧狐狼: the first character has the fanqie 威位. The Yunying says: "Feeding cattle." The Kaosheng says: "Giving food." It is composed of 食 with 委 for phonetic value. It is also written 萎).

15.61

Boastful flaunting (𧧳衒: the first character has the fanqie 苦瓜. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: "Arrogantly excessive, making oneself boastfully prominent." The Shifa says: "Flowery words without substance is called 𧧳." It is composed of 言 with 𡗢 for phonetic value. In the current sūtra text it is written with 亐 as 誇, which is an erroneous vulgar usage. The second character has the fanqie 玄絹, with 玄 in the rising tone. The Yunying says: "Peddling while traveling is called 衒." The Jixun says: "衒 means showing off one's own talents." It is composed of 行 with 玄 for phonetic value).

15.62

Fascicle 97 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (The Assembly of King Udayana, the twenty-ninth, in one fascicle, translated by Bodhiruci).

15.63

Kauśāmbī (拘睒彌: the first character is pronounced 俱, the second has the fanqie 商染. This phrase is Sanskrit; its literal Chinese character meaning is not to be sought. It is the name of a country in Central India. When the Buddha was in the world, this country had a king named Udayana, translated into the Tang language as "Born of Love" (Chulai). Older translations called him 優陀延 or King Udayana (優填王), both of which are corrupt abbreviations).

15.64

Neck and nape (頸項: the first character has the fanqie 居并, the second 瓨講. The Cangjiepian says: "The 頸 is in front, the 項 is in back." The Shuowen says: "The stalk of the head." Both take 頁 as radical, with 頁 pronounced 頡. They take 巠 and 江 [abbreviated] respectively for phonetic value).

15.65

Under the yoke (被軶: [軶 has the] fanqie 鳥革. A carriage yoke. 軶 means to obstruct. The sūtra text writes it as 軛, which is a vulgar character; the standard form takes 戶 with 乙, written as 戹).

15.66

Nursing and feeding (乳哺: [哺 has the] fanqie 蒲慕. Xu Shuzhong's [Xu Shen's] commentary on the Huainanzi says: "Chewing food in the mouth and giving it [to a child]." The Kaosheng says: "Holding and chewing food in the mouth, like a bird feeding its chick." It is composed of 口 with 捕 abbreviated. In the sūtra text it is written as 餔, which is an error; the character 餔 originally has the fanqie 步胡, and is not the original character).

15.67

Trading (𧶻易: [𧶻 has the] fanqie 莫候. The Erya says: "𧶻 means marketplace." Gu Yewang says: "To exchange." The Zitong says: it takes 貝 as radical with 戼 for phonetic value; 戼 is the ancient form of the character 卯. Today's clerical script erroneously takes it from 死. The following character 易 is pronounced 亦).

15.68

Howling and shrieking (嗥叫: the first character has the fanqie 號高. The Zuozhuan says: "Where jackals and wolves howl." The Shuowen says: "嗥 means to roar." It takes 口 as radical with 皋 for phonetic value; 皋 is pronounced 高, composed of 白 and 本, with 本 pronounced 滔. The second character has the fanqie 驍曜. The Guangya says: "叫 means to cry out." Lexicons say: "To call." The Shuowen says: "To roar." It is composed of 口 with [┴*├][┴*├] pronounced with the fanqie 經由. The Yupian writes it 噭, or 嘌, 嘂, or 討; these are all ancient forms of the character 叫. Deriving it from 刀 is incorrect).

15.69

Eḍaka (翳荼迦: a Sanskrit insect name; dung-eating insects of the dung-beetle sort).

15.70

Pouring hail (澍雹: the first character is pronounced 注. The sūtra text writes it with 雨 as 霔, which is incorrect; lexicons do not have this character at all. The second character has the fanqie 龐覺; 龐 has the fanqie 蒲江).

15.71

Potter (窯師: [窯 is] pronounced like the character 姚).

15.72

Detesting (猒惡: [pronounced with the] fanqies 伊𦦨 and 烏固).

15.73

Burning blaze (焚燎: [燎 has the] fanqie 遼[內-入+了]).

15.74

Saliva and nasal mucus (涎涕: the first character has the fanqie 夕延, the second 體計; oral fluid. In the sūtra text it is written with 夷 as 洟, which is an erroneous usage; although dictionaries have the reading [tì] for it, it was originally the character 夷. The Cui hexagram of the Yijing says: "Lamenting with sighs and tears (涕洟)"—this is the proof).

15.75

Granaries and storehouses (倉廩: [廩 has the] fanqie 臨錦; the character in contemporary use. The Shuowen writes it 㐭: "㐭 means a granary; a pictographic character, composed of 入 and 回, depicting the doors and windows in a building." Current clerical script adds 禾 to make 稟; the Zilin writes it 廩; both are acceptable).

15.76

Awned grain and chaff (穬䴬: [穬 has the] fanqie 古猛. The Cangjiepian says: "Grain that has awns." The Shuowen says: "Awned grain. It takes 禾 as radical with 廣 for phonetic value." The second character has the fanqie 蠅即. The Kaosheng says: "Wheat chaff. It takes 麥 as radical with 弋 for phonetic value." It is also written 芅).

15.77

Falling prostrate (顛仆: the first character has the fanqie 下堅. Lexicons say: "顛 means to fall down." It takes 頁 with 真, or takes 人 as 傎; 傎 means to tumble over. In the sūtra it is written with two 真 as 㒹, an erroneous vulgar character. The second character has the fanqie 孚付, homophonous with the character 赴. The Kaosheng says: "Lying on the back; a stiff corpse." It takes 人 with 赴 abbreviated for phonetic value).

15.78

Swimming (游泳: the first character is pronounced 由. The Kaosheng says: "The appearance of flowing with the water." It is composed of 水 with 遊 abbreviated for phonetic value. The second character has the fanqie 榮命. The commentary on the Mao Shi says: "Moving submerged." The Erya says: "泳 means to swim (游)." Guo Pu says: "Moving submerged under the water." It takes 水 as radical with 永 for phonetic value).

15.79

Leaping and prancing (跳躑: the first character has the fanqie 亭姚, meaning to leap. The second character has the fanqie 呈劇; 躑 also means to jump).

15.80

Boiling cauldron (鑊湯: [鑊 has the] fanqie 戶郭; the gloss is as explained at the beginning of the fascicle).

15.81

Iron trough (鐵槽: [槽 is] pronounced 曹. Lexicons say: "A horse manger").

15.82

Iron beak (鐵觜: [觜 has the] fanqie 醉髓. The Yunying says: "A bird's beak." It is also written 𭪿 or 𠲿. The Yunquan also says: "A bird's mouth." It is also written 𠻘 or 喍; these are all the character 觜. 喙 has the fanqie 吁穢).

15.83

Probing and pecking (探啄: the first character has the fanqie 他含; the second character is pronounced 卓).

15.84

Hot embers and ashes (煻煨: the first character is pronounced 唐; the second has the fanqie 烏瓌. Composed of 火 with 隈 abbreviated for phonetic value: hot ash fire).

15.85

Sharp and keen (銛利: the first character is pronounced 纖, meaning sharp-pointed).

15.86

Molten copper (洋銅: [洋 is] pronounced 羊).

15.87

Fascicle 98 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (This fascicle contains two assemblies: The Assembly of the Maiden Sumati, the thirtieth, and The Assembly on the Gaṅgā River, the thirty-first, both translated by Tripiṭaka Master Bodhiruci).

15.88

Damaged and ruined (沮壞: [沮 has the] fanqie 情預, also pronounced with the fanqie 疾與. Lexicons say: "Damp, soaked").

15.89

Flattering and fawning (諛諂: [pronounced with the] fanqies 喻朱 and 丑染).

15.90

Pervasively harmonizing (普洽: [洽 has the] fanqie 咸甲. The Kaosheng says: "洽 means harmonious").

15.91

Adorned and decorated (裝校: the first character has the fanqie 莊狀, the second 交孝; [meaning] adornment).

15.92

Piercing and chiseling (穿鑿: the first character is pronounced 川. The Shuowen says: "穿 means to pierce through; it takes 牙 inside 穴, an associative compound." The second character has the fanqie 藏鶴. The Kaosheng says: "A woodworking tool." The Shuowen says: "Used to bore wood. It is composed of 金 and 丵, with 臼 below, alongside 殳 and 金." The sūtra text writes 鑿, which is an error. 丵 has the fanqie 鋤學; 臼 is pronounced 舊; 殳 is pronounced 殊; in ancient script it is written 𠬛).

15.93

Fascicle 99 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (The Assembly of the Bodhisattva Abhayapradāna, the thirty-first [second], in two fascicles, translated by Buddhaśānta).

15.94

Precious pattens (寶屐: [屐 has the] fanqie 渠逆. The Shuowen says: "Wooden clogs." It takes 履 as radical with 伎 abbreviated for phonetic value. The sūtra text erroneously writes it with 足 as 跛).

15.95

Narrow and inferior (陿劣: [陿 has the] fanqie 咸夾, meaning restricted and cramped. It is composed of 阜 with 匧. The sūtra text writes it with 犬 as 狹, which is an erroneous usage; that is the character for familiarizing dogs and horses, not the meaning intended in the sūtra).

15.96

Castor bean (萞麻: [萞 has the] fanqie 閉迷. The Kaosheng says: "Name of a plant; its seeds resemble cattle ticks (螕), hence the name." It takes 草 with 𣬉 for phonetic value. In the current sūtra text it is written 𦳈 or 蜱, neither of which is the original character).

15.97

Hesitating and wandering (躑躅: already glossed with sound and meaning in the earlier fascicle 82).

15.98

Small raft (小橃: [橃 is] pronounced 伐. Lexicons say: "Fastening bamboo or wood together to float on water is called a 橃." In the sūtra text it is written 筏, a vulgar character and not the standard form).

15.99

Large ocean vessel (大舶: [舶 is] pronounced 白. A large ship at sea is called a 舶).

15.100

A single drop (一滴: [滴 has the] fanqie 丁歷. Some write 滴 [with variant], which is incorrect).

15.101

You attain (女得: [女 is] pronounced 汝. In the three passages below, it is always the character 汝; all say "You (汝) now for the sake of dwelling...", which is this).

15.102

If licking (若舐: [舐 has the] fanqie 食爾. The Shuowen says: "Taking things with the tongue." It is also written 舓 or 𦧇, both acceptable; these are all ancient forms of the character 䑛. The sūtra text writes 䑛, which is incorrect, and it is unclear where it derives from).

15.103

If sniffing (若齅: [齅 has the] fanqie 休救. Approaching an odor with the nose is called 𩝠. The sūtra writes 嗅, which is a vulgar character).

15.104

If pecking (若唼: [唼 has the] fanqie 昝合. Birds feeding).

15.105

Fascicle 100 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (The Assembly of the Bodhisattva Vimaladattā, the thirty-third, in one fascicle with five chapters, translated by Dharmarakṣa).

15.106

Shaving hair (鬀髮: the first character has the fanqie 體討. The Shuowen says: "Beard and hair." It takes 髟 as radical with 弟 for phonetic value. For adults it is called 髠, for young children it is called 鬀, and removing all body hair completely is called 鬄, pronounced 釋. 髟 has the fanqie 必遙; 髠 is pronounced 兀).

15.107

Eyes fluttering (眼眴: [眴 is] pronounced 縣; the appearance of rapid glancing. Pronouncing it 舜 is incorrect).

15.108

Straight and well-formed thighs (傭䏶: the first character has the fanqie 勅庸, the second is pronounced 陛).

15.109

Calves (𧿲腸: the first character has the fanqie 常兖. The Shuowen says: "The fleshy belly of the leg [calf]." It takes 足 as radical with 專 for phonetic value. The Shuowen also notes that the character 專 is composed of 叀 and 寸; it is also written 腨, which is vulgar. The second character 膓 is pronounced 長, composed of 肉 with 易 abbreviated for phonetic value).

15.110

Qilin (麒麟: the first character is pronounced 其, the second pronounced 隣. The qilin is an auspicious beast with a single horn on its head. Its appearance and the character analysis have already been repeatedly glossed in fascicles 1, 30, and 66 of the previous sūtras).

15.111

Fascicle 101 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (The Assembly of the Bodhisattva Guṇaratnasaṅkusumita, the thirty-fourth; and The Assembly on Entering the Good Intent, the thirty-fifth, in the same fascicle).

15.112

Archery art (射術: the first character has the fanqie 時夜. The Shuowen says: "Discharged from the body by bow or crossbow to hit at a distance. It takes 身 with 寸; 寸 represents measure." It is also written with 矢 as 䠶, meaning the same. The second character has the fanqie 瞬律. The Han Shi says: "術 means method." Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: "Path; skill." The Shuowen says: "A thoroughfare within a town. It takes 行 as radical with 术 for phonetic value." 术 has the fanqie 鍾律, and takes 朮 abbreviated for phonetic value).

15.113

Uttarāsaṅga (鬱多羅僧伽: Sanskrit name for a monastic robe; namely the seven-strip kāṣāya, which is the robe for regular wear among the three robes; also called the "upper robe"; see the Nanhai jigui zhuan).

15.114

Railing (欄楯; upper [character] *le* + *dan* fanqie, lower pronounced *shùn*. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Latticework railings. The vertical ones are called *lan*, the horizontal ones are called *shun*. The balusters between railings are called *ling*; in vulgar parlance they are called *goulan*." The character *shun* 楯 takes the *mù* (wood) radical with *dùn* (shield) as the phonetic. The character *dùn* 盾 is pronounced *shùn*, derived from the *hàn* 𠂆 and *shí* 十 radicals with *mù* (eye)).

15.115

Beg (乞匃; *gē* + *ài* fanqie. The *Yunying* states: "*Gài* also means to beg." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "The top takes *rén* (person), the bottom takes *wáng* (loss). When a person loses wealth and goods, then they beg." The sūtra text writes it as *kě* 可, which is incorrect. *Gài* 丐 is pronounced *mián* + *diǎn* fanqie, which deviates from the meaning of the sūtra).

15.116

Fascicle 102 of the *Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra* (Assembly of the Devaputra Supratiṣṭhitacitta, a three-fascicle sūtra)

15.117

Gouging the body (剜身; *wān* + *guān* fanqie. The *Yupian* states: "*Wān* means to gouge (*quān*)." The character *quān* is pronounced *huì* + *yuán* fanqie. The *Cang Jie pian* states: "*Quān* means to take out." The *Guangya* glosses *quān* and *wān* mutually).

15.118

Severing the thigh (割股; upper [character] *gān* + *è* fanqie. Kong's commentary on the *Shangshu* states: "*Gē* means to cut." The *Erya* states: "*Gē* means to tear apart." The *Guangya* states: "*Gē* means to sever; to slice; to cut off." It is a phono-semantic character. Lower [character] pronounced *gǔ*. Zheng's commentary on the *Mao Shi* states: "The base of the shank is called *gǔ*." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "*Gǔ* is the thigh; derived from the *ròu* (flesh) radical with *shū* as phonetic." It is sometimes written with the *gǔ* (bone) radical as 骰. *Shū* 殳 is pronounced *shū*).

15.119

Gushing flow (滂流; upper [character] *pǔ* + *gāng* fanqie. Wang Yi's commentary on the *Chuci* states: "*Pāng* means flowing extensively." The *Guangya* states: "*Pāng* means flowing to all sides." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Torrential (*pèi*)." It is a phono-semantic character. *Pèi* 霈 is pronounced *pèi*).

15.120

Halter (羈羅; upper [character] *jì* + *yí* fanqie. Wang Yi's commentary on the *Chuci* states: "Leather straps encircling a horse's head." Lexica say: "To tie up." The *Kaosheng* states: "A horse's bridle." The *Shuowen jiezi* writes it as 羈: "Encircling straps for a horse's head; derived from 𠕀 [net], *gé* (leather), and 𮩸. 𮩸 is pronounced *zhī* + *lì* fanqie. 𮩸 means horse fetters, derived from 囗; 囗 is pronounced *wéi*, representing horse hooves. It is an associative compound." 𮩸 is pronounced *zhī* + *lì* fanqie. The sūtra text writes 羈, which is used mistakenly, as it is the character for travelling/lodging (*jīlǚ*), diverging from the meaning of the sūtra. Both characters 羈 and 羅 take the net radical 𠕀).

15.121

Fascicle 103 of the *Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra*

15.122

Hand-cart and high carriage (輦軒; upper [character] *lì* + *zhǎn* fanqie. The *Rites of Zhou* states: "The queen rides in the five carriages, [including] the hand-cart (*niǎn*)." Zheng Xuan says: "Having light wheels, drawn by humans on foot." Lower [character] *xiàn* + *yán* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* states: "A comfortable carriage." Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "A carriage for grand masters." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "A carriage with a curved shaft and screens; derived from the *chē* (carriage) radical with *gān* as phonetic").

15.123

Pressed close (迫迮; upper [character] pronounced *bǎi*, lower *zhuāng* + *gé* fanqie).

15.124

Senile (昬耄; *máo* + *bào* fanqie. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "*Mào* means old age." Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "Confused." The *Quli* says: "Eighty or ninety years of age is called *mào*." It is a mutually defining character).

15.125

Emaciated and feeble (羸瘠; upper [character] *lì* + *zhuī* fanqie. Lexica say: "Inferior; weak." Lower [character] *qíng* + *yì* fanqie. He Xiu's commentary on the *Gongyang zhuan* states: "*Jí* means sick; dialect of the people of Qi." The *Kaosheng* states: "Lean." It is sometimes written with the *ròu* (flesh) radical as 膌 or as 𤹠, both of which are ancient characters).

15.126

Jealousy (離妒; *dōu* + *gù* fanqie. In the sūtra text it is written as 姤, which is incorrect; that is pronounced *gòu*).

15.127

Clamorous and disorderly (諠猥; upper [character] *xiāng* + *yuán* fanqie, or written as 灌; both are correct forms. Zheng's commentary on the *Liji* states: "*Xuān* means clamorous." The *Guangya* states: "Shouting." The sūtra text writes 喧, which is a vulgar character; the ancient script writes it as 叩, an associative compound. Lower [character] *wū* + *mèi* fanqie. The *Guangya* states: "*Wěi* means numerous." The *Cang Jie pian* states: "Abrupt." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "The sound of barking; derived from the *quǎn* (dog) radical with an abbreviated *wèi* as phonetic").

15.128

Right shoulder (右髆; *bǔ* + *mò* fanqie. The *Wenwen jilüe* states: "*Bó* means the shoulder blade." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Derived from the *gǔ* (bone) radical with an abbreviated *bó* 愽 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it takes the *ròu* (flesh) radical as 膊, which is incorrect; that is pronounced *pǔ* + *bó* fanqie, meaning dried meat, not the meaning of the sūtra).

15.129

Fascicle 104 of the *Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra*

15.130

Beard and hair (鬚髮; upper [character] *xiāng* + *yú* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* states: "Hair and beard." The *Shuowen jiezi* writes it as 須: "Facial hair; derived from *yè* 頁 (head) and *shān* 彡 representing hair." Lower [character] *fàn* + *wà* fanqie: "Long hair on the head." The *Shuowen jiezi* writes it as [翅-羽+(巢-果+(一/自))], which is an ancient character).

15.131

Shave off (鬀除; upper [character] *tī* + *jì* fanqie; fully explained earlier in Fascicle 100).

15.132

Araṇya (阿蘭拏; *nú* + *jiā* fanqie. A corrupted Sanskrit transcription. In Tang language it means a quiet and tranquil place, five li or more away from villages).

15.133

Brush away (拂去; *fēn* + *wù* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* states: "*Fú* means to eliminate; to wipe clean").

15.134

Fascicle 105 of the *Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra*

15.135

Holding a club (把棓; lower [character] *páng* + *jiǎng* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* states: "A large staff." It is also written as [梣-今+牛] with the *mù* (wood) radical; in vulgar form it is written as 棒).

15.136

Grasping a clod (捉塊; *kuí* + *wài* fanqie. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "A clod of earth." In vulgar speech called a clod of dirt. It is also written as 𠙽, an ancient character).

15.137

Casting aside (放捐; pronounced *yuán*. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "*Juān* means to abandon." The sūtra writes 捐, which is a vulgar character).

15.138

Hastily reporting (遽告; *qú* + *jù* fanqie. Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* states: "Fearful." Gu Yewang says: "Urgent." The *Cang Jie pian* states: "Quick." Jia's commentary on the *Guoyu* states: "Rapid." Zheng's commentary on the *Liji* states: "Sudden." Phonetic is *jù* 豦. In the sūtra text it takes *chù* 處 as [這-言+(?/匆)], which is incorrect. The *Shuowen jiezi* derives it from *hū* 虍, *shǐ* 豕, and *chuò* 辵).

15.139

Past transgressions (昔𢝐; *jié* + *yán* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* states: "*Qiān* means transgression; derived from *chì* 彳 and *xīn* 心 with *jiān* 幵 as phonetic." *Jiān* 幵 is pronounced *qiān*. It is also written as [彳*(哉/心)] or 寒 in ancient script. In the sūtra it takes *yǎn* 衍, which is incorrect).

15.140

For the sake of explanation (為解; *jiē* + *hǎi* fanqie. Pronouncing it as *jiǎ* is incorrect; follow this pronunciation elsewhere).

15.141

Fragrant (芬馥; upper [character] *fāng* + *wén* fanqie. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "The diffusing scent when plants first sprout; derived from the *cǎo* (grass) radical with *fēn* as phonetic." The sūtra text writes it with the *qì* (air) radical as 氛, pronounced *fú* + *wén* fanqie, which is incorrect, as that refers to auspicious vapors (*fēnyūn*), not the meaning of the sūtra. Lower [character] pronounced *fù*. The *Han Shi* states: "*Fēnfù* describes the fragrance of scent; derived from the *xiāng* (fragrance) radical with an abbreviated *fù* 復 as phonetic").

15.142

Fascicle 106 of the *Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra* (Assembly of Prince Ajātaśatru, the thirty-seventh; and the Assembly on the Expedient Means of the Great Vehicle, the thirty-eighth; a three-fascicle sūtra)

15.143

Able to ensnare (能罥; *kě* + *yǎn* fanqie. Derived from 𠕀 (net) with an abbreviated *yuān* 肙 as phonetic).

15.144

Permit / the Buddha permits (聽許佛聽; both pronounced *tǐ* + *jīng* fanqie, in the level tone. *Tīng* also means to permit. Later passages matching this sentence follow this pronunciation).

15.145

Listen attentively / to hear (諦聽而聽; both pronounced *tǐ* + *jīng* fanqie, in the falling tone. To respectfully receive instruction. Passages below follow this pronunciation and will not be explained again).

15.146

A mouthful of food (一摶食; *tú* + *luán* fanqie; explained previously, follow it below).

15.147

Falling to the ground (躃地; *pí* + *bì* fanqie. The *Jixun* states: "*Bì* means to stumble/fall; derived from the *zú* (foot) radical with *pì* as phonetic." The sūtra text writes it with the *rén* (person) radical as 僻, which is incorrect, for that is the character for sycophantic (*biànpì*). The *Kaosheng* states: "Neither tall nor short, bearing oneself lightly and easily," not the word for falling down. Also pronounced *pǐ* + *yì* fanqie, meaning secluded/deviant, which diverges entirely from the meaning of the sūtra).

15.148

Suddenly dragged (頓抴; upper [character] *dūn* + *kùn* fanqie, derived from *xié* 頁 with *tún* 屯 as phonetic; meaning to jerk and pull. Lower [character] *yíng* + *yì* fanqie. The *Yunquan* states: "Dragging an object while lying down; derived from the *shǒu* (hand) radical with *shì* 世 as phonetic." It is also written as 拽. *Xié* 頁 is pronounced *xié*, *tún* 屯 is pronounced *tún*, *chè* 掣 is pronounced *chǎn* + *rè* fanqie, and *tái* 擡 is pronounced *tái*).

15.149

Gopī (瞿夷; upper [character] *jù* + *yú* fanqie. Sanskrit; its literal meaning is not sought. The name of Rāhula's mother. Also called Yaśodharā; the present 'Gopī' is an ancient abbreviated transcription).

15.150

Inside the cave (窟中; *kùn* + *wù* fanqie. The *Wenzi yinyi* states: "An earthen chamber; derived from the *xuè* (cave) radical, a phono-semantic character." It is also written with the *tǔ* (earth) radical as 堀).

15.151

Stingy with (匱惜; *kuí* + *wèi* fanqie. The *Jixun* states: "*Kuì* means a chest (*dú*); a box. Derived from the *fāng* 匚 radical with *guì* 貴 as phonetic." The sūtra writes 匱 by a clerical error, which is incorrect. Lower [character] pronounced *xī*. *Xī* means stingy. *Dú* 匵 is pronounced *dú*).

15.152

What is lacking (所虧; *guì* + *wéi* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* states: "Impaired; fallen." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Diminution of breath; derived from 雐 and 亐." It is also written with 𠔃 as 虧, or with 䖒 as 虧, both of which are correct. In the sūtra it takes *xū* 虛 as 𧇊, which does not constitute a character. *Guì* 跪 is pronounced *kuí* + *fěi* fanqie; 雐 is pronounced *hū* + *guō* fanqie; 䖒 is pronounced *xī*).

15.153

Incantation rites (祝術; upper [character] *zhōu* + *jiù* fanqie. Gu Yewang states: "Covenants and invocations focus on vows, serving ghosts and spirits to pray for blessings." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Derived from *shì* 示 and *kǒu* 口, with an abbreviated *duì* 兌. The *Yijing* says: 'Du represents shamans and mouths.'" It is also written as 呪 or 詶).

15.154

Mass of flesh (肉團; *duàn* + *luán* fanqie. The *Mao Shi Commentary* states: "*Tuán* means gathered together." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Round. The exterior takes 囗 [pronounced *wéi*], the interior takes *zhuān* 專, which is also phonetic." The sūtra text writes 椯, which is incorrect, being pronounced *chū* + *léi* fanqie, greatly deviating from the meaning of the sūtra).

15.155

Claws and teeth (爪齒; upper [character] *zhuāng* + *jiǎo* fanqie. The *Yunquan* states: "Nails of the hands and feet." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "*Jǐ* 丮; *jǐ* is pronounced *jū* + *nì* fanqie." It also says: "A hand placed downwards is called *zhǎo*; a pictographic character." In the sūtra, adding the hand radical to write 抓 is a mistaken usage, as that is the level-tone character meaning to scratch an itch; it is also written as 祄, which is incorrect. Lower [character] pronounced *zhǐ*. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "The gums and teeth of the mouth; picturing the shape of mouth teeth, with *zhǐ* 止 as phonetic").

15.156

Fascicle 107 of the *Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra*

15.157

Humane ones, you may come (仁等可來; the sūtra text writes 行等, which is an error. The character 來 [come] contains two *rén* 人 and originally takes an abbreviated *mài* 麥).

15.158

Planks and boards (板椑; upper [character] *bān* + *jiǎn* fanqie; its correct form takes the *piàn* radical as 版. The *Kaosheng* states: "A flat and wide piece of wood." Lower [character] *bài* + *mái* fanqie; also takes the *piàn* radical as 牌, or the *mù* (wood) radical. *Bǎnpí* means a wooden partition wall).

15.159

Crawling on hands and knees (匍匐; upper [character] *bù* + *mó* fanqie, lower *péng* + *mò* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* states: "Placing hands on the ground and prostrating on the ground." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "Walking with hands; prostrating. Both derive from the *bāo* 勹 radical and are phono-semantic characters." 勹 is pronounced *bāo*).

15.160

Valiant and keen (勇銳; *yuè* + *huì* fanqie. Gu Yewang states: "*Ruì* means sharp." The *Guangya* states: "*Ruì* means stabbing." The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "A sharp point; derived from the *jīn* (metal) radical with *duì* as phonetic." It is also written as 鏸, pronounced *hú* + *yán* fanqie. The character *yǒng* 勇 takes *lì* 力 below).

15.161

Right flank (右脇; *xiǎn* + *yè* fanqie; derived from the *ròu* (flesh) radical with *xié* 劦 as phonetic. The character *xié* 劦 takes three *lì* 力).

15.162

Tuṣita (兜術; upper [character] *dōu* + *tóu* fanqie. A Sanskrit term, imprecise due to regional distortion. The correct Sanskrit sound is *Tuṣita* (覩史多); in Tang language it means 'Contentment', as fully explained previously).

15.163

Arrogant (慠慢; *áo* + *gào* fanqie, and *mán* + *biàn* fanqie. Lexica say: "*Àomàn* means disrespectful").

15.164

Chandaka (車匿; *ní* + *lì* fanqie. The name of the servant of Prince Siddhārtha).

15.165

Kaṇṭhaka (揵陟; upper [character] pronounced *gān*, lower *zhī* + *lì* fanqie. The name of the white horse with red mane ridden by the prince; both are Sanskrit terms).

15.166

Obstruction (障閡; upper [character] *zhāng* + *ràng* fanqie. The *Shuowen jiezi* states: "*Zhàng* means to block off; derived from the *fù* 阜 radical, a phono-semantic character." The sūtra takes the *yì* (city) radical as 鄣, which is incorrect, as that is the name of a commandery or town, and is also in the level tone. Lower [character] *wǔ* + *gài* fanqie, a vulgar character; the correct form takes the *shí* (stone) radical as 礙. The *Kaosheng* states: "To separate; to stop; to resist; to hinder. Derived from the *shí* (stone) radical with *yí* 疑 as phonetic").

15.167

Fascicle 108 of the *Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra*

15.168

Sujātā (修舍佉女; the Sanskrit name of the cowherd maiden who offered milk-rice when the Tathāgata first attained enlightenment).

15.169

Dance-mats (綩綖; *yuàn* + *yuǎn* fanqie, lower *yǎn* + *yān* fanqie; fully explained earlier in Fascicle 9 of the sūtra; types of mats for dancing robes).

15.170

Striking the earth (拍地; *pǔ* + *bó* fanqie. Striking the earth with the palm of the right hand to awaken the earth goddess, making her witness that the Tathāgata's former ascetic practices were true and not false).

15.171

The blink of an eye (蹔眴; *xuán* + *juàn* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* states: "Opening and closing the eyes; repeatedly blinking. Derived from the *mù* (eye) radical with *xún* 旬 as phonetic." The sūtra writes it as 眴, pronounced *shùn*, which is also acceptable).

15.172

Imitating (佼𦨕; *yáo* + *jiào* fanqie. The *Kaosheng* says this is the character 佼. The *Jixun* states: "*Jiǎo* means to imitate; derived from the *rén* (person) radical with *jiāo* as phonetic." In sūtras it is often written as 効, which is an error).

15.173

Merchant (賈人; *gōng* + *wǔ* fanqie. Follow this pronunciation in subsequent passages. It means a merchant (*gǔ*). Selling while sitting in a market is called *gǔ*. Pronouncing it as *jiǎ* is incorrect).

15.174

Javelin and spear (𥎞矛: [𥎞 is] c[āng]-luàn [fǎn]; the Yunying says: "𥎞 means a short spear (鋋)." 鋋 is pronounced sh[āng]-rán [fǎn]. It was already fully explained above in fascicle 56. The sūtra text writes 鑽牟, which are both incorrect. Later instances of holding a 𥎞 to stab are also of this same sound).

15.175

Stab to death (刺殺: [刺 is] q[īng]-yì [fǎn]; the Kaosheng says: "To strike with a blade." Another sound is c[ǐ]-zì [fǎn]; the dictionaries say: "To kill; to wound; to prick." It takes the knife radical (刀) and cì (朿) phonetic. 朿 is pronounced cì. The sūtra text writes 㓨, which is a vulgar character. The lower character is sh[ān]-zhá [fǎn]; the Shuowen says: "To execute; a law." It takes 𠬛 and shā (杀) phonetic, being the ancient character for shà (煞). The sūtra text writes 煞, which is an erroneous vulgar character).

15.176

Khadira thorn (佉達羅刺: Sanskrit; the name of the thorn of a poisonous tree, of the same kind as the Chinese honeylocust [Gleditsia sinensis]).

15.177

Trample underfoot (腳蹋: the upper character is ji[āng]-nüè [fǎn]; the Shuowen says: "腳 means the shin." It takes the flesh radical (肉) and xì (郤) phonetic. 郤 is pronounced qi[áng]-lüè [fǎn]. The sūtra text written with qù (去) is a vulgar character. The lower character is t[ú]-hé [fǎn]; the Kaosheng says: "To tread upon." It takes the foot radical (足) and tà ([日/羽]) phonetic. [日/羽] is pronounced t[ā]-hé [fǎn]. In the sūtra written with xì (翕) as 蹹 is an error; it is not the character for treading upon).

15.178

Wooden bowl (木𥁄: [𥁄 is] z[ì]-jū [fǎn]; the Kaosheng says: "𥁄 is a large bowl; one source says that a bowl without a foot is called a 𥁄." The sūtra text writes 杇, which is incorrect. It is a mundane utensil; when the non-Buddhist woman falsely tied a wooden bowl to her belly to slander the Buddha, she would not have used a large mortar or plasterer's trowel (杇), which is a utensil for bathing).

15.179

Jetavana (祇洹: [洹 is] h[ú]-guān [fǎn]; Sanskrit, the name of a vihāra in that land).

15.180

In a trench (塹中: [塹 is] q[ī]-yàn [fǎn]; a small pit at the edge of a garden).

15.181

Made manifest (彰露: the upper character is pronounced zhāng; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: "彰 means clear and bright." Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: "Prominent." The Kaosheng says: "Manifest." The Mao commentary on the Shijing says: "Displayed." The Shuowen says it takes shān (彡) phonetic [and semantic], being a phono-semantic character. The sūtra text written with the city radical (邑) as 障 is the name of a commandery or county, and not for use here).

15.182

Clod of earth (土塊: [塊 is] k[ū]-wài [fǎn]; sometimes written 𠙽).

15.183

Fascicle 109 of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra (The Assembly of the Elder Bhadrapāla, Part 39)

15.184

Tender flower (嫰花: [嫰 is] n[ú]-dùn [fǎn]; the Kaosheng says: "Small; delicate." Sometimes written 腝).

15.185

Bed and couch (牀榻: the upper character is zhu[àng]-zhuāng [fǎn], taking the wood radical (木) and qiáng (爿). The lower character is t[ǔ]-hé [fǎn]; a narrow and long bed is called a tà (榻). The Shuowen says it takes the wood radical (木) and tà ([日/羽]) phonetic. 爿 is pronounced qiáng, and [日/羽] is pronounced dā).

15.186

Quilt and mattress (被褥: the upper character is p[í]-mèi [fǎn]; the Lunyu says: "There must be sleeping garments, half again as long as the body." Kong Anguo says: "The bèi (被, quilt) of today." Gu Yewang says: "A bèi is a coverlet." The lower character is r[ú]-zhú [fǎn]; the Kaosheng says: "A felt mat covered with patterned silk or gauze is called a rù (褥, mattress)." Both bèi and rù are phono-semantic characters).

15.187

Bolster (倚枕: the upper character is y[ī]-lǐ [fǎn]; the lower character is zh[ī]-rěn [fǎn]. As for a bolster (倚枕), it is a pouch made of brocade, damask, or patterned silk filled with soft materials, placed on the left and right by persons of rank, used to lean or recline upon; hence it is called a bolster).

15.188

Asbestos cloth (火浣布: [浣 is] hu[án]-guǎn [fǎn], a vulgar character; the standard form is 澣. The Kaosheng says: "浣 means to wash; washing with the feet is called 澣, and washing with the hands is called shù (漱)." Liu Zhao's commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: "Washing raw raw silk is called shù; removing old grime is called 澣." Sūtra texts written with mào (皃) as 𣴟 are incorrect. We note that the Shanhai jing, Kuodi zhi, Shizhou ji, Shenyi jing, Bowu zhi, Baopuzi, and other works all state: On Mount Huolin in Yanzhou in the south, there grows unburnable wood. Large fires constantly burn on that mountain day and night, not intensified by fierce winds nor extinguished by torrential rains. The bark and flowers of its trees can both be made into cloth; cloth made from the bark is coarse, while cloth made from the flowers is fine. There is also a fire-cleansed beast whose form resembles a rat, weighing perhaps a hundred catties. Its hair is three to four inches long, white, and fine as silk. It constantly lives in fire, glowing bright red like flame. At times it comes outside; the barbarians chase and douse it with water, and once doused, it dies. They take its hair and spin it into cloth. Those barbarians all wear clothes made of it. When it becomes soiled, washing it with ash-water all day long leaves it still soiled and cannot clean it; but if placed in fire and burned until red-hot like the fire, it needs only be taken out after the time of two meals and shaken, whereupon the dirt falls away and it is as pure and white as new; hence it is named 'fire-cleansed'. The Baopuzi says: "There are three kinds of fire-cleansed cloth in all: tree bark, flowers, and animal fur." Jìn (燼) is pronounced xi[áng]-jìn [fǎn]).

15.189

Hemp and ramie (麻紵: [紵 is] ch[ú]-lù [fǎn]; 紵 means fine cloth; a phono-semantic character).

15.190

Bearing and posture (姿態: [姿 is] z[ǐ]-sī [fǎn]; the Jixun says: "姿 means demeanour." The dictionaries say: "姿 means charm." The Cang Jie pian says: "Appearance." The Shuowen says: "Posture (態)." It takes the female radical (女) and cì (次) phonetic. The sūtra text written with the heart radical (心) as zì (恣) is incorrect; moreover, that is the falling tone zì of uninhibited self-indulgence (縱恣), which violates the sense of the sūtra. The lower character is t[āng]-dài [fǎn]; the Lüshi chunqiu says: "Posture and appearance (態度) denote emotional expressions." The Kaosheng says: "Fluctuation of intention without constancy." The Shuowen says: "Posture (態) means self-expression." It takes the heart radical (心) and néng (能) phonetic; sometimes written with the person radical (人) as [仁-二+熊]).

15.191

Gorgeous and beautiful (艶美: [艶 is] y[án]-jiàn [fǎn], a vulgar character. The Kaosheng says: "A seductive physique and charming countenance, both beautiful and tall." The standard form takes hé (盇) as 𧰚. The sūtra text written with the color radical (色) as 艷 is in vulgar use and not the standard character. 冶 is pronounced yě. 盇 is pronounced h[ān]-[臘-月+骨] [fǎn]. The Shuowen says: "The character 盇 takes dà (大) and xuè (血)." Modern vulgar usage universally takes qù (去) and mǐn (皿), which is far off the mark. The lower character měi (美): the Shuowen says: "美 means sweet." It takes dà (大) and yáng (羊); sheep are presented for meals, being synonymous with good (善)).

15.192

Teasing and jesting (調謔: [謔 is] xi[āng]-yuè [fǎn]; Guo Pu's commentary on the Erya says: "To banter and tease one another; jocular and wanton").

15.193

Furrowing the brows (皺眉: [皺 is] zhu[āng]-shòu [fǎn]; the sūtra text written as 皺 is erroneous and nonstandard. The Zitong gives it with chú (芻); 芻 is pronounced ch[ū]-yú [fǎn]. The Kaosheng says: "Wrinkling (皺) means the skin gathering together; another says knitting the brows (頻眉)." The Shuowen lacks it).

15.194

Wrinkling the nose (蹙頞: the upper character is j[í]-yù [fǎn], taking the foot radical (足) and qī (戚) phonetic. The lower character is ā[n]-gē [fǎn]; the Mengzi says: "Wrinkling the brow with an aching head and wrinkling the nose (摵頞) as they speak to one another." The Kaosheng says: "蹙 means to bunch up; the appearance of being small." Sometimes written 嘁 or [貝*蹙]; all four forms are identical. The Cang Jie pian says: "頞 means the high bridge of the nose." The Shuowen says: "The bridge of the nose wrinkling." It takes the head radical (頁) and ān (安) phonetic; sometimes written 齅).

15.195

Slender and long (纖長: the upper character is xi[āng]-yán [fǎn]; the Erya says: "纖 means tiny." The Shuowen says: "Fine." It takes the silk radical (糸) and qiān (籤) phonetic. Sometimes written with the female radical (女) as 孅. 韱 is pronounced jiān).

15.196

Ankle and wrist (踝腕: the upper character is hu[á]-wǎ [fǎn]; the Cang Jie pian says: "The ankle (踝) is at the side of the foot." The Shenglei says: "The outer bone attached to the foot." The Shuowen says it takes the foot radical (足) and an abbreviated kē (稞) phonetic. The lower character is w[ū]-guàn [fǎn], a vulgar character. The Wenzi jilüe has it with the flesh radical (肉) as 腕. The Shuowen writes 𢫪, taking the hand radical (手) and huó (𪱙) phonetic. 𪱙 is pronounced y[ī]-huó [fǎn]. The ancient form is 𰯈. Zheng's commentary on the Yili says: "The joint of the palm." Yang Xiong says: "腕 means to grasp." The sūtra text written 捥 is also a vulgar character).

First 196 of 490 passages. Read on

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese