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History of Dharmashastra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v4.c64: Appendix

History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India) v4.c64

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Contents

Appendix

v4.c64.1

NOTE 191

v4.c64.2

Long lists of high functionaries and other officers occur in several inscriptions. Vide E. I. vol. VII at p. 91 (Kahla plate of Soḍhadeva), E. I. vol. XII at p. 40, E. I. vol, XIV at p. 327 (grant of Mahīpāla). There are about 40 titles in some inscriptions. They are generally arranged in order of dignity and importance, the highest coming first. Sometimes several offices are held by the same man. For example, in the Jesar plate of Śīlāditya (dated in Valabhī year 357) the high officer Mammaka is styled 'sandhivigrahādhikṛta, divīrapati, mahāpratīhāra, sāmanta' (E. I. XXII at p. 120). It is not claimed that the following is a thoroughly exhaustive list. It is, however, exhaustive enough. Titles and dignitaries in South Indian languages have been generally omitted. Vogel stands for Dr. Vogel's work on 'Antiquities of Chamba State' where, on pp. 120-136, he furnishes informing notes on some officers. There is difference of opinion among scholars about the exact meaning of certain office names. The individual functions of several officers are not quite clear. The references given here as to where an office occurs are not exhaustive. Chronologically older references alone are generally given and they are mostly taken (so far as inscriptions are concerned) from the Epigraphia Indica (E. I.) and the Indian Antiquary (I. A.). Many official titles have the word 'mahā' prefixed without any change in meaning in some cases. Vide India Office Plate of Lakṣmaṇasena in his 27th year (E. I. XXVI. p. 1 at p. 7) for many official titles beginning with 'mahā'.

v4.c64.3

अक्षपटलिक—Vide Mahākṣapaṭalika below. 'Akṣapaṭala' means 'Account office' (Stein) or 'Record office' (Fleet). There is 'grāmākṣapaṭalika' mentioned in the Harṣacarita (VII, para 2). Vide Chandela plate dated *saṁvat* 1108 (E. I. XX at p. 128) and Cāndrāvatī plate of Candradeva dated *saṁvat* 1148 (E. I. IX at p. 305). Kauṭilya has a section on the superintendent of 'akṣapaṭala' (II. 7).

v4.c64.4

अक्षपटलाधिकृत—This is synonymous with 'akṣapaṭalika'. This word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 60 p. 257 and in Rājataraṅgiṇī V. 301, 397-398.

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अक्षपटलाध्यक्ष—Superintendent of records and accounts. Vide Kauṭilya II. 7 and p. 143 above for his duties.

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अक्षशालिक or अक्षशालिन्—Officer in charge of the gambling-hall. Vide Komanda plate of Nettabhañja in E. I. XXIV p. 172 at p. 173 (about 4th century A. D.).

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अक्षावाप—Superintendent of gambling. He was one of the ‘*ratnins*’ mentioned in the Tai. S. and Śat Br. Vide H. of Dh. vol. II. p. 1216 and above p. 112.

v4.c64.8

अट्टपति—‘Market-master’. Vide Rājat. V. 167.

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अधिकरणलेखक—Official recorder or scribe (who drew up deeds of sale and the like after having the land sold measured in his presence). Vide Rājat. VI. 38 and note 436 above where Viṣṇu Dh. S. VII. 3 is quoted.

v4.c64.10

अन्तपाल—Officer in charge of boundaries. Vide Kauṭilya I. 12 (one of the 18 *tīrthas*), II. 21, V. 1. and Kāmandaka XII. 5. The word occurs in the Mālavikāgnimitra, Act I.

v4.c64.11

अन्तःपुरमहामात्र—Officer in charge of the inner apartments or of the harem. Vide Masulipaṭam plate of Ammarāja II in E. I. XXIV p. 268 at p. 276.

v4.c64.12

अन्तःपुरिक—Officer in charge of the king’s inner apartments or harem of the king. Vide Candrāvatī plate of Candradeva of Kanoj (in *saṁvat* 1148) in E. I. IX. at p. 305.

v4.c64.13

अन्तरङ्ग—A class of royal servants very intimate with the king (probably same as *ābhyantara*). Vide Parikud plate of Madhyamarājadeva of Śailadbanta family in E. I. XI at p. 286 and grant of Lakṣmaṇasena in E. I. XII p. 91 (of 1122 A. D.).

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अन्तर्वेशिक—Officer in charge of the inner apartments or harem. Kauṭilya I. 12 mentions this officer among the 18 *tīrthas*. The word occurs in the Kādambarī (para 88), the Daśakumāracarita III. p. 71 and is defined by the Amarakośa.

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अभित्वरमाणक—A messenger. The word occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāladeva in E. I. XVII at p. 321 (the words are ‘dūtapraiṣaṇika-gamāgamika-abhitvaramāṇaka’) and in the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapāla (E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250). Vide also Chamba Ins. No. 15 p. 166 for the same and Vogel (pp. 125-126).

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अमच—(Prakrit for अमात्य). Vide Nasik Ins. Nos. 4 and 5 in E. I. VIII pp. 71, 73).

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अमात्य—Minister. Vide p. 104 and note 150 above.

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अश्वघास-कायस्थ—A petty officer in charge of the fodder for horses. Vide Rājat. III. 489.

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अश्वपति—A cavalry officer. Vide Gupta Ins. No. 61 at p. 259 (in the Gupta year 106).

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आक्षपटलिक—Officer in charge of the account or record office. Vide E. I. vol. I pp. 316, 318 (grant of Karṇa I dated *saṁvat* 1148).

v4.c64.21

आग्रहारिक—Officer in charge of an *agrahāra* or *agrahāras*. Vide Gupta Ins. No. 12 (Bihar stone Ins. of Skandagupta) p. 47 at p. 52 and Mallasarul plate of Vijayasena in E. I. XXIII p. 155 at p. 159. The word may also be ‘agrahārika’ or ‘agrahārin’. Vide E. I. XXIV at p. 127 for a note on ‘agrahāra’.

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आज्ञप्ति—One who communicates at the order of the king the details about a landgrant to local officers (probably the same as *dūtaka*). This word occurs in some of the earliest Ins. of Pallava Śivaskandavarman (in E. I. VI p. 84 at p. 88). Vide also E. I. VIII at p. 146 (plates of the great Pallava queen Cārudevi), JBBRAS vol. X p. 365 of *śake* 532 (where the ājñapti is Durgapati), E. I. XII p. 3, E. I. XV p. 70 (plate of Sundara Cola). In the grant of the eastern Cālukya king Amma II we have ‘ajñaptiḥ kaṭakādhīśo bhaṭṭadevaśca lekhakaḥ’ (E. I. VII at p. 188). Vide p. 184 of the same for a discussion of the meaning.

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आज्ञा—a synonym of आज्ञप्ति. Vide Parle plate of Indravarman in E. I. XIV p. 360 at p. 362 (of the Gaṅga year 149) where the words are ‘ājñā mahāmahattara-Śivavarmā’. When in the Gupta Ins. No. 25 at p. 115 (of Mahārāja Saṅkṣobha) or in the plate of Droṇasiṁha in the Valabhi year 183 in E. I. XVI at p. 19 the words at the end are ‘svayam-ājñā’ the meaning is that the king employed no *dūtaka* to convey the details of his grant to the local officers but that he gave the details in person.

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आज्ञादापक—Probably the same as ‘ājñapti’ or ‘dūtaka’. Vide I. A. 14 p. 161 in the record of Vākpatirāja of Dhārā dated *saṁvat* 1036.

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आटविक—Officer in charge of forest tracts. The word occurs in Kauṭilya I. 12 among the 18 *tīrthas*.

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आधिकारिक—Officer. The exact function cannot be indicated. Vide grant of Dhārāvarṣa in *śake* 702 (E. I. XXIV p. 176 at p. 184), Cambay plates of Govinda IV in śake 852 (E. I. VII p. 26 at p. 40), Kauthem plate of Vikramāditya V in śake 930 (I. A. 16 p. 15 at p. 24).

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आभ्यन्तर—Officers specially intimate or in close contact with the king. Vide Rājat. VIII. 426.

v4.c64.28

आयुक्त—An officer. The exact duties are not clear. Pāṇini II. 3. 40 indicates that he knows the word in the sense of a servant or officer. Vide Gupta Ins. No. 1 p. 1 at p. 8 (Allahabad Stone pillar Ins. of Samudragupta) which has 'āyukta-puruṣa'.

v4.c64.29

आयुक्ताक—Same as आयुक्त. The word occurs in Kāmasūtra V. 5. 5 and Kāmandaka V. 82 (q. in note 73 above). Vide Omgudu grant of Vijayaskandavarman (E. I. XI at p. 250), Paharpur plate (E. I. XX p. 59 at p. 61 in Gupta year 159), plate of Droṇasiṁha in Valabhi year 183 (E. I. XI p. 17), grant of Dharasena II in Valabhi year 252 (in I. A. vol. 15 p. 187), the Maitraka plate in Gupta year 252 (E. I. XI p. 83).

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आर्यपुत्र—(Prākrit अयपुत्र)—occurs in Brahmagiri Rock Inscription of Aśoka (in Corpus I. I. vol. I p. 175).

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आशापाल—lit. guardian of quarters. Acc. to Śukra I. 192 he is a chief ruling over 10000 villages.

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उपयुक्त—A subordinate officer. Kauṭilya II. 5 has that word. The duties cannot be specified.

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उपयुक्तक—Probably the same as 'upayukta'. The word occurs in Karhad plates of Kṛṣṇa III dated śake 880 (E. I. IV p. 278, at p. 285), the Cambay plates of Govinda IV in śake 852 (in E. I. VII p. 26 at p. 40).

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उपरिक—A very high officer, somewhat like a Governor of a province. Vide Damodarpur plate of Kumāragupta I in the Gupta year 125 (i. e. 443-44 A. D.) where an *uparika* is said to have been selected by Emperor Kumāragupta to govern Puṇḍravardhanabhukti and where the uparika is said to have appointed the kumārāmātya Vetravarman to govern the district (viṣaya) of Koṭivarṣa (E. I. XV p. 130). He is sometimes styled mahārāja and rājaputra. Vide also Gupta Inscriptions pp. 213, 216, the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), the Banskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211) where *uparika* occurs after 'kumārāmātya' and before 'viṣayapati'. Viśvarūpa on Yāj. I. 307 quotes a prose passage from Bṛhaspati where the qualities requisite in an *uparika* are set out. Vide Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar Festschrift pp. 231-233 for note and Vogel p. 123.

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एकाङ्ग—The exact meaning is not certain; probably an officer belonging to a body organized in military fashion for collecting revenue or performing police duties. The word occurs in Rājat V. 249, VII. 1604.

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कटकैश or कटकराज or कटकाधीश—Superintendent of the royal camp. Vide E. I. VII at p. 185 (grant of Amma II who ruled from 945 to 970 A. D.).

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कट्टुक—Exact function not known. The word occurs in two Taleśvara plates in E. I. XIII at p. 117. Vide महाकट्टुक below.

v4.c64.38

कम्पनाधिपति or कम्पनापति or कम्पनेश—Commander-in-chief. Vide Rājat. V. 447, VII. 1362 and 1366.

v4.c64.39

कम्पनोद्ग्राहय—An officer connected with the army. Vide Rājat. VIII. 1430.

v4.c64.40

करण—A clerk. The word occurs in the Irda plate of Kamboja king Narapāladeva in E. I. XXII p. 150 at p. 155 (about 10th century A. D.).

v4.c64.41

करण-कायस्थ—A scribe of legal documents. Occurs in Chamba Ins. No. 25 p. 187 at p. 194. Vide Vogel p. 133.

v4.c64.42

करणिक—Officer in charge of a State department or office. The word occurs in the Nālandā stone Ins. of Yaśovarmadeva's reign about 530 A. D. in E. I. XX p. 37 at p. 44, in the Chatsu Ins. of Guhilot Bālāditya of about the 10th century in E. I. XII p. 10 at p. 17, in a grant dated *saṁvat* 1203 of Govindacandra's son in E. I. VIII p. 158 (where we have 'karaṇika-ṭhakkura-śrīvivīka), in E. I. XX Appendix p. 52 No. 350 of *saṁvat* 1228 (about the donation of a karaṇika-brāhmaṇa-Chāhaḍa).

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करणिन्—Same as 'karaṇika'. The word occurs in the Harṣacarita VII para 2 (*sakala-karaṇi-parikaraḥ*).

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कर्मसचिव—Executive minister. The word occurs in Rudradāman's Junagadh Ins. of 150 A. D. in E. I. vol. VIII p. 36. Vide p. 105 above.

v4.c64.45

कायस्थ—A scribe or writer in the revenue department of the king. The oldest references are probably those in Yāj. I. 322, Viṣṇu Dh. S. VII. 3 and Bṛ. Saṁ. 86. 12. Vide Aśvaghāsakāyastha above and grāmakāyastha in Rājat. V. 175 and Indian Historical Quarterly, vol. IX p. 12 (a grant of Gupta year 120 i. e. 439-40 A. D.). Vide H. of Dh. vol. II. pp. 75-77 for a note on Kāyastha.

v4.c64.46

कर्मान्तिक—Superintendent of all mines and State manufactories. Kauṭilya I. 12 mentions him among the 18 *tīrthas*. Kauṭilya II. 12 is headed 'ākara-karmāntapravartanam' i. e. 'conducting mining operations and manufactories'.

v4.c64.47

कुमार—A prince younger than a Yuvarāja (the heir apparent). The word 'Kumāla' occurs in the first separate Rock Edict of Aśoka at Dhauli (Corpus I. I vol. I pp. 93, 97). Vide also Corpus I. I. vol. II pp. 40 and 48 (Mathurā Lion Pillar capital).

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कुमारामात्य—A high officer below a provincial Governor. Vide 'uparika' above. In the Allahabad *praśasti* of Samudragupta, Hariṣeṇa is described as *kumārāmātya* and also *sāndhivigrahika* and *mahādaṇḍanāyaka* (Gupta Ins. No. 1 at p. 16). Vide Gupta Ins. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216, the Banskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211), E. I. X at p. 72 in the reign of Kumāragupta in Gupta year 117 (a brāhmaṇa is described as mantrin, kumārāmātya and mahābalādhikṛta). Vide Dr. U. N. Ghoshal's paper on 'kumārāmātya' in the proceedings of the 6th All India Oriental Conference pp. 211 ff., p. 117 above and Vogel p. 123.

v4.c64.49

कुलकरणि—a hereditary clerk or officer. The word occurs in the Sūdi Ins. of *śake* 981 in E. I. XV p. 85 at p. 91.

v4.c64.50

कुलिक—An officer in charge of ten villages who was granted a 'kula' of land for his salary. Vide Manu VII. 119 and Kullūka thereon. In the Damodarpur plate of Gupta year 124 it is said that the head of the district was assisted by the *nagara-śreṣṭhin*, *prathama-kulika* and *prathama-kāyastha* (E. I. XV at p. 130). In the Nālandā plate of Devapāladeva we read 'Oḍra-mālava-khasa-kulika-karṇāṭa-hūṇa-cāṭa-bhaṭasevakādīn' (E. I. XVII at p. 321). Vide Chamba Ins. No. 15 at p. 166. Vogel says that 'Kulika' is a tribe (pp. 126-127). Probably the passage means 'officers in Orissa, Khasa and Mālvā and the cāṭas and soldiers of Karṇāṭa and Hūṇa origin'. Kulika also means 'an arbitrator as a tribunal'. Vide pp. 280-282 above and Indian Historical Quarterly, vol. 19 p. 12 at p. 14. Vide महापरमकुलिक.

v4.c64.51

कोट्टपाल—Officer in charge of a fort. The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306) and in the Nālandā plate of Devapāladeva in E. I. XVII at p. 321 where the word is read as koṭapāla.

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क्षत्तृ—Chamberlain. Vide p. 111 above. He is one of the '*ratnins*'. According to Manu X. 16 and Yāj. I. 94 the offspring of a kṣatriya woman from a śūdra male was called *kṣattṛ* and it is probable that such mixed offspring were employed as door-keepers or chamberlains.

v4.c64.53

क्षत्रप—A provincial chief. The word occurs in Corpus I. I. vol. II p. XXXIV and pp. 23, 28 (Taxila plate of Patika of the year 78) and in the plate of Vidagdha in 'Antiquities of Chamba', Ins. No. 15 p. 164 at p. 166. Vogel says it must be read as 'kṣetrapa'. Vide 'mahākṣatrapa' below. The word is probably a Sanskritized form of Persian 'satrap'.

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क्षेत्रप—The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at 306).

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क्षेत्रपाल—Occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāladeva (E. I. XVII at p. 321).

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खण्डरक्ष—The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), in the Nālandā plate of Devapāladeva (E. I. XVII at p. 321) and in the Chamba Inscription Nos. 15 and 26. In 'Antiquities of Chamba' Ins. No. 25 the form is 'khaḍgarakṣa'. Vide Vogel pp. 127–128.

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खण्डवाल—Occurs in the Kahla plate of Soḍhadeva of *saṁvat* 1134 (E. I. VII p. 85 at p. 91). The form खण्डपाल occurs in the Panchobh plate of संग्रामगुप्त (JBORS. vol. V p. 582 at p. 588).

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खोल—Occurs in the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapāladeva (E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250). The meaning is uncertain.

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गजपति—Officer in charge of the elephant arm in an army. The word occurs in the plate of Jayacandra of Kanoj dated *saṁvat* 1225 in I. A. vol. 15 at p. 7.

v4.c64.60

गजपति—Occurs in the Taleśvara plate (6th to 8th centuries A. D.) in E. I. XIII p. 109 at 115. उत्पल on बृहत्संहिता 52. 13 says 'कोशाभवने गजः'.

v4.c64.61

गञ्जवर—(a Persian word for 'treasurer')—occurs in the Ins. of Mahākṣatrapa Śoḍāsa found at Mathurā (in E. I. IX p. 247). Vide Rājat. V. 177.

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गमागमिन-The meaning is uncertain. It probably means some kind of messenger. It occurs in Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), the Nālandā plate of Devapāladeva (E. I. XVII at p. 321), the Rajor Ins. of Mathanadeva in saṁvat 1016 (in E. I. vol. III p. 263 at p. 266). उत्पल on बृहत्संहिता 85. 34 explains दूत as गमागामिक. In the Khalimpur plate (E. I. vol. IV pp. 243, 250) the words दूतखोलगमागामिकाभित्वरमाण occur one after another.

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गावुण्ड-Same as *grāmakūṭa* below. Vide Ins. from Hottur in E. I. XVI p. 74 (of śake 929).

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गावुण्ड-Same as above. It occurs in the Raṭṭa Ins. from Saundatti of śake 902 (in JBBRAS. vol. X at p. 208).

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गुल्मपति-Officer in charge of a गुल्म, for which see p. 205 above. It occurs in the Panchobh plate of Saṅgrāmagupta (12th century) in JBORS. vol. V p. 582 at p. 588.

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गूढपुरुष-Secret service men. Vide Irda plate of Kamboja king Narapāladeva in E. I. XXII p. 150 at p. 156 (about 10th century).

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गोप-Officer over five or ten villages. Vide Kauṭ. II. 35 and p. 143 above.

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गौल्मिक-'Superintendent of woods and forests' (Fleet). The word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 12 p. 47 at p. 50, in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321), Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), in the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). The word is formed from 'gulma' acc. to Vārtika 13.(āyasthanebhyaṣṭhaka) on Pāṇini IV. 2. 104. Vogel (p. 127) boldly asserts that 'the words śaulkika and gaulmika are unknown in Sanskrit Literature' in spite of Bühler's note in E. I. vol. I p. 2 at p. 7 that śaulkikas are frequently mentioned in inscriptions. But śaulkika also occurs in Yāj. II. 173 and both words occur in the Mahābhāṣya. Gulma means a post of guards. Vide p. 141 above. The word 'gumike' read in the grant of Pallava Śivaskandavarman (E. I. vol. I p. 2 at p. 5) is correctly held by Bühler to stand for 'gaulmika'.

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ग्रामकायस्थ-Village scribe. Occurs in Rājat. V. 175.

v4.c64.70

ग्रामकूट-Village headman. Vide p. 154 for reference from Paithīnasi. Kauṭ. IV. 4 has that word and the com. on Kāmasūtra V. 5. 5 explains 'halotthavṛtti' as 'grāmakūṭa'. Vide also Karhad plates of Kṛṣṇa III dated śake 880 (E. I.

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IV p. 278 at p. 285), the Sanjan plates of Buddha-varasa (E. I. XIV p. 144 at p. 150), the grant of Karka Suvarṇavarṣa in śake 746 (E. I. XXIV p. 77 at p. 84), Cambay plates of Govinda IV in śake 852 (E. I. VII pp. 26, 39).

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ग्रामकूटक—Same as above. This form occurs in Kauṭhem plate of Vikramāditya V dated śake 930 (I. A. vol. 16 p. 15 at p. 24).

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ग्रामणी—Village headman. Vide pp. 153–154 above for ancient references. Pāṇini V. 2. 78 has this word.

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ग्रामनेत्—Same as above. Occurs in Śukra II. 120.

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ग्रामपति—Occurs in the Mit. on Yāj. II. 271.

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ग्रामभर्तृ—Occurs in Yāj. II. 271.

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ग्रामाधिपति—Vide Kāmasūtra V. 5. 5.

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ग्रामिक—Village headman. Occurs in Manu VII. 116, Kauṭ. III. 10 and in Bhūmara stone Pillar Ins. of Hastin and Śarvanātha in Gupta year 189 (Gupta Inscription No. 24 p. 112).

v4.c64.79

घट्टपति—Officer in charge of quays or landing places (*ghaṭs*). Occurs in Kahla plate of Soḍhadeva in *saṁvat* 1134 (E. I. VII. p. 85 at p. 91). For घट्टपाल vide JBORS vol. V pp. 582, 588.

v4.c64.80

चाट—This word has given rise to various opinions. Fleet and Bühler translate as ‘irregular soldiers’. Vogel (pp. 130–132) points out that Chamba is the only place where the ancient word ‘cāṭa’ is still extant in the modern form ‘chaṭ’ meaning ‘head of a *pargana*’. Grants of villages are often expressed as ‘acāṭabhaṭapraveśya’ (not to be entered by cāṭas and bhaṭas)’. For example, in the Surat plate of Maitraka Vyāghrasena (E. I. XI at p. 221) it is stated that the granted land was not to be entered by cāṭas and bhaṭas except for (seizing) robbers and those guilty of harm or treason to the king. Similar words occur in the Betul plates of Saṅkṣobha in Gupta year 199 (acāṭabhaṭapraveśyam coradrohakavarjam) in E. I. VIII p. 287. The words occur also in the Khoh plate of Mahārāja Hastin in Gupta year 191 (Gupta Ins. No. 23 p. 106). Yāj. I. 336 states that it is the duty of the king to protect people from the harassment caused by *cāṭas*, robbers and *kāyasthas* and the Mit. explains ‘cāṭa’ as persons who deprive people of their wealth after producing false confidence in them. Three quarters of the same verse occur in the Pañcatantra I p. 72 verse 343. Aparārka (p. 792) quotes Bṛhaspati that ‘dangers common to all are those arising from cāṭas and thieves’.

v4.c64.81

Prof. Pathak while editing the Abhona plates of Śaṅkaragaṇa dated in Kalacuri *saṁvat* 347 in E. I. IX p. 296 quotes the words of Śaṅkarācārya (tārkika-cāṭa-bhaṭarājāpraveśyam) in his Bhāṣya on Bṛ. Up. and Ānandagiri's explanation thereon viz. *cāṭas* are those that transgress the rules of conduct for decent people and *bhaṭas* are servants telling falsehoods. Vide the Valabhi grant of Dharasena II in 252 Gupta year (I. A. 15 p. 187) and the Palitana plates of the same king and of the same year in E. I. XI. p. 80 at p. 83 and the Banskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208, at p. 211 where we read 'bhaṭacāṭa-sevakādīn) for other early occurrences of the word. In the Naihati grant of Ballālasena we have the words 'caṭṭabhaṭṭa-jātīyān janapadān' (E. I. XIV p. 156 at p. 160).

v4.c64.82

चोरग्राह—Thief-catcher. The word occurs in Nārada (pariśiṣṭa verse 18) and in Kāt. q. by Aparārka p. 844.

v4.c64.83

चोररज्जुक—Probably an officer whose duty it was to secure robbers with ropes. Kauṭ. IV. 13 mentions this officer and II. 6 refers to 'corarajjū' as one constituent of 'rāṣṭra'.

v4.c64.84

चौरोद्धरणिक—Thief-catcher or one who exterminates thieves. This word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216, the Valabhi grant of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187) and the Palitana plate of the same king in the same year (E. I. XI p. 80 at p. 83), the Rāṣṭrakūṭa grant of śake 697 (JBBRAS vol. 16 p. 105 at p. 108), Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E. I. XI p. 6 at p. 9).

v4.c64.85

चौरोद्धर्तृ—Same as above. The word occurs in Yāj. II. 271 and in Kātyāyana quoted by Aparārka p. 844.

v4.c64.86

छत्रधायिक—Umbrella bearer. This word occurs in 'Antiquities of Chamba', Ins. No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 128.

v4.c64.87

ठक्कुर—It appears to have been a mere title and not an office whereby the holder was entitled to wield some kind of power in the State. The word occurs in saṁvat 1005 (E. I. XIX p. 243), in the plate of Govindacandra in saṁvat 1186 (in E. I. XIII p. 295 at p. 297), the Sevadi plate of Cāhamāna Ratnapāla in saṁvat 1176 (E. I. XI p. 304 at p. 310). It occurs as a title in Rājat. VII. 290, 706, 738.

v4.c64.88

तन्त्रपति—A Judge (dharmādhikārin). Occurs in Rājat. VIII. 2422.

v4.c64.89

तन्त्रपाल—Seems to mean some officer like "Charged' affaires". The word occurs in a record at Sūdi in Ron Taluka of Cālukya Someśvara I in śake 973 (E. I. V at p. 77) and in Partabgarh Ins. of Pratīhāra king Mahendrapāla in *saṁvat* 1003 (in E. I. XIV p. 176 at p. 185), one Mādhava being styled 'tantrapāla-mahāsāmanta-mahādaṇḍanāyaka'.

v4.c64.90

तरपति—Superintendent of all ferries. Vide Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321) and Kahla plate of Sodhadeva in *saṁvat* 1134 (E. I. VII at p. 91). In the Nālandā plate 'tarika' and 'tarapatika' come immediately after one another and must be distinguished as to meaning.

v4.c64.91

तरिक—Probably means 'one who plies a ferry boat'. Occurs in Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321), Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306).

v4.c64.92

तलार or तलरक्ष—Meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Ins. of Samarasiṁha of Mewar in *saṁvat* 1330 (E. I. vol. XX, Appendix No. 579 p. 82). In Punjab a subdivision of high class *khatris* is called *Tālwār*.

v4.c64.93

तलावाटक—Meaning not apparent. Bhagavanlal suggested that it is the same as modern 'Talāṭi' (petty revenue officer). It occurs in the Deo-Baranark Ins. of Jīvitagupta (Gupta Ins. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216).

v4.c64.94

दण्डनाथ—Commander of an army. In E. I. vol. V. p. 28 at p. 31 mention is made of a Daṇḍanātha Sahadeva under the Yādava king Jaitugi or Jaitapāla (about 1200 A. D.).

v4.c64.95

दण्डनायक—Various meanings are assigned by several scholars. Stein on Rājatar. VII. 951 takes it to mean 'prefect of police'. In many cases it appears to mean a 'General or Magistrate'. In E. I. VII, Appendix No. 291, 292 and 296 Ins. of the years 1178 to 1181 A. D. there is one Keśimayya styled 'daṇḍanāyaka' lower in rank than mahāmaṇḍaleśvara. Vide also Ins. of Jayakeśi Kadamba of 1125 A. D. in E. I. XIII p. 298 and p. 317 (Daṇḍanāyaka Lakkharasa), JBBRAS XII p. 11 in śake 1145 (Daṇḍanāyaka Puruṣottama of Yādava Singhaṇa), the Abhir Ins. in E. I. V p. 234 where one Mahādevarasa is styled mahāsāmantādhipati and daṇḍanāyaka and his subordinate Māyideva is also called 'daṇḍanāyaka' (about 1153 A. D.), in several Kalacurya Inscriptions (E. I. V p. 24 at p. 28, E. I. V. p. 213 at p. 215). Lakaṇṇa and Mādaṇṇa were daṇḍanāyakas of Devarāya II of Vijayanagara (about 1388 śake) in E. I. XV at p. 15. Vide p. 115 and n. 152 above. E. I. XIX p. 265 at p. 269 (grant of Dharmarāja ) reads 'daṇḍanāyaka'. In Bṛ. Saṁ. 72. 4 the queen, yuvarāja, senāpati and daṇḍanāyaka are placed on the same level in the matter of the staff (daṇḍa) to be prepared for them.

v4.c64.96

दण्डपति—Commander of forces or a governor. Vide Abu Vimala temple Ins. dated *saṁvat* 1378 in E. I. IX pp. 148, 156.

v4.c64.97

दण्डपाल—An officer in charge of all branches of the army. Vide Kauṭ. I. 12 and p. 112 n. 147 above.

v4.c64.98

दण्डपाशिक—Officer in charge of punishment i. e. criminal justice. The word occurs in the Palitana plates of Dharasena II dated in Gupta year 252 (E. I. XI p. 83), in the Valabhi grant of the same king in the same year (I. A. 15 p. 187), in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306 which reads 'dāṇḍapāśika') and Lakṣmaṇasena's grant (E. I. XII at p. 9), also in Yaśastilaka I. p. 50.

v4.c64.99

दण्डवासिक—(a prākrit form of daṇḍapāśika). Occurs in Chamba Ins. No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 129.

v4.c64.100

दण्डशक्ति—Meaning uncertain. The word occurs in Khalimpur plate of Dharmapāla in E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250.

v4.c64.101

दण्डाधिनाथ—Same as daṇḍapāla. The word occurs in the Chittur plates of Kullottuṅga Coḍadeva (I. A. 14 p. 55 in *śake* 1056).

v4.c64.102

दण्डाधिप—Same as above. The word occurs in a quotation in the com. on Yaśastilaka I. p. 91 and the Abu Vimala temple Ins. dated saṁvat 1378 in E. I. IX p. 148 at p. 151. Vide note 148 above for quotation.

v4.c64.103

दण्डिक—Same as 'daṇḍavāsika'. Vide Chamba Ins. No. 15 at p. 166.

v4.c64.104

दण्डेश—Same as दण्डनाथ. In J. B. B. R. A. S. vol. 15 p. 386 (of śake 1160) there is a commander (daṇḍeśa) Bicirāya under Yādava king Siṅghaṇa.

v4.c64.105

दाण्डपाशिक—Same as 'daṇḍapāśika'. This word occurs in the Pañcatantra II, *Kathā* 4 (as daṇḍapāśaka meaning a watchman), in the grant of Mahābhavagupta I (E. I. XI at p. 94), in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321), in E. I. XIX p. 265 at p. 269. Vide Vogel p. 129.

v4.c64.106

दाण्डभोगिक—Probably the same as दाण्डपाशिक. The word occurs in the Wala plate of Guhasena in Valabhī year 246 (E. I. XIII at p. 339).

v4.c64.107

दाण्डिक—A police officer. The word occurs in the Gupta Ins. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216, in the Bhagālpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306), in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321). In this last 'dāṇḍika' and 'dāṇḍapāśika' come immediately after one another.

v4.c64.108

दापक—Appears to be the same as 'dūtaka'. The word occurs in the grant of Paramāra king Sīyakadeva dated *saṁvat* 1026 (in E. I. XIX p. 177) and in E. I. XIX at p. 243 (dated *saṁvat* 1005).

v4.c64.109

दाशापराधिक—meaning doubtful. Probably an officer whose concern was with the ten *aparādhas* of which the king could take cognisance *suo motu*. The word occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321) and in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306). Vide p. 264 above for the ten *aparādhas*.

v4.c64.110

दिक्पाल—Probably officers in charge of the borders of a kingdom. The word occurs in Nārada (Dr. Jolly's edition, pariśiṣṭa verse 17) q. by the Mit. on Yāj. II 271 and Kāt. (813) q. by Aparārka p. 844.

v4.c64.111

दिविर—a clerk. The Rājat. VIII. 131 makes it clear that 'divira' was distinct from the 'kāyastha'. The word occurs in the Gupta Ins. No. 27 at p. 122 of Mahārāja Jayanātha in Gupta year 177 (where one of the donees is a *divira* Sarvavādha).

v4.c64.112

दीवीरपति (or दिविरपति)—chief of clerks. In the grant of Śīlāditya of the Gupta year 286 a certain officer is styled 'sāndhivigrahādhikṛta-divirapati' (E. I. XI p. 174 at p. 180); vide also Jesar plate of Śīlāditya in 357 Valabhi year (E. I. XXII p. 114 at p. 117) where a person called Mammaka is styled 'divirapati' and also *sandhivigrahika-mahāpratīhāra* and *sāmanta'*.

v4.c64.113

दुःसाधसाधनिक—Vide दौःसाधसाधनिक below.

v4.c64.114

दुर्गपाल—Superintendent of a fort. Vide p. 112 note 147 above.

v4.c64.115

दुष्टसाधक—meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Kahla plate of Soḍhadeva of *saṁvat* 1134 (E. I. VII at p. 91).

v4.c64.116

दूत—Messenger, envoy. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 13–14, 28 for his qualifications and pp. 112, 127 above. In the 13th Rock Edit of Aśoka at Shahabazgadhi we have 'duta' (vide Corpus I. I. vol. I p. 67).

v4.c64.117

दूतक—A high officer or delegate who conveys the king's command about the grant of land to local officers. The word occurs in the Betul plate of Saṅkṣobha in 199 Gupta year (Gupta Ins. pp. 286–289), and in the plate of Mahārāja Jayanātha of Gupta year 174 (Gupta Ins. No. 26 p. 117 at p. 119 where the 'dūtaka' is Uparikadīkṣita Sarvadatta), in the Banskhera plate of Harṣa in E. I. IV p. 208 (dūtakotra mahāpramātāra-mahāsāmanta-śrī-Skandagupta) and also in the Madhuban plate of Harṣa (E. I. VII at p. 158). In the Daulatpur plate of Bhojadeva I in Harṣa *saṁvat* 100 the dūtaka is said to be 'Yuvarāja-Nāgabhaṭa'. Vide also E. I. VI p. 285, E. I. VIII. 287, XI p. 80. In the Khalimpur plate of Dharmapāla (in E. I. vol. IV p. 243 at p. 250) the king states that he was requested to make a grant by Mahāsāmantādhipati Nārāyaṇavarman through the Prince Tribhuvanpāla as dūtaka.

v4.c64.118

दूतप्रेषणिक—Meaning doubtful. The word occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321) and the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. 15 p. 304 at p. 306).

v4.c64.119

देशाधिकृत—(Prākit 'desadhikata')—Governor of a Province. The Prakrit form occurs in the Ins. of Pallava Śivaskandavarman in the year 8 (E. I. vol. I. at p. 5).

v4.c64.120

दौःसाधसाधनिक—Meaning doubtful. Probably means 'those who catch dangerous robbers whom it is difficult to secure'. The word occurs in the Banskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211). The form 'duḥsādha-sādhanika' occurs in the Sevadi plates of Cāhamāna Ratnapāla in saṁvat 1176 (E. I. XI at p. 310). Vide also E. I. XXVI at p. 206 and 'mahāsādhanika' below.

v4.c64.121

दौःसाधिक—Probably the same as above. The word occurs in the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena in the 3rd year of his reign (i. e. 1122 A. D.) in E. I. XII at p. 9.

v4.c64.122

दौवारिक—Doorkeeper. Vide Kauṭilya I. 12, Lalitavistara p. 136, Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 30.

v4.c64.123

द्राङ्गिक—Officer in charge of a city station or watch tower for collecting customs duties. 'Draṅga' means either 'a town' (as in E. I. XX, No. 810 of śake 1509) or 'a watch station' (as in Rājat. VIII. 2010). The word occurs in Valabhī plate of Dharasena II in Valabhī saṁvat 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187), Gupta Ins. No. 38 at p. 169, Palitana plate of Siṁhāditya in 255 Valabhī year (E. I. XI p. 16 at p. 18), Bhavanagar plate of Dhruvasena I in Valabhī year 210 (E. I. XV p. 257), Wala plate of Guhasena (E. I. XIII at p. 339), the Navalakhi plate of Śīlāditya (E. I. XI at p. 179).

v4.c64.124

द्राङ्गेश—Guardian of frontiers. Vide Stein's translation of Rājat. vol. II pp. 291-292 for the meaning of 'draṅga'.

v4.c64.125

द्वारनाथ, द्वारपति, द्वाराधिप—Superintendent of passes leading into the kingdom (Stein). Vide Rājāt. V. 214.

v4.c64.126

धर्ममहामात्र—Superintendent of morality. Vide Aśoka's Edicts in Corpus I. I. vol. I p. 96 (first Rock edict at Girnar).

v4.c64.127

धर्माधिकरण—Judge. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 24–25.

v4.c64.128

धर्माधिकरणिन्—Judge. Vide Matsyapurāṇa 215. 24 and note 167 above.

v4.c64.129

धर्माध्यक्ष—Vide p. 126 above.

v4.c64.130

ध्रुव—Collector of the royal share of grain. The word occurs in the Bhinmal Ins. of *saṁvat* 1320 (Bombay Gazetteer, vol. I part 1 p. 477).

v4.c64.131

ध्रुवाधिकरणिक—Probably the same as above. The word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 38 pp. 164–166 (Māliya plate of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252), the Wala plate of Guhasena (E. I. VII at p. 339 of Valabhi year 246).

v4.c64.132

नगरपति—City Prefect. The word occurs in the Śilāra grant of *Śake* 1016 (I. A. vol. 9 p. 33 at p. 35).

v4.c64.133

नगरव्यावहारिक—City Magistrate. Vide Kauṭilya I. 12 for Paura-vyāvahārika and note 147 on p. 112 above. The word ‘Nagalaviyohālaka’ occurs in the First separate Rock Edict of Aśoka at Dhauli (Corpus I. I. vol. I. p. 92).

v4.c64.134

नगरश्रेष्ठिन्—City Banker or guild president of the town. The word occurs in the Damodarpur plate No. 4 of the time of Budhagupta (E. I. XV at p. 115) and in the Paharpur plate (E. I. XX at p. 63).

v4.c64.135

नगराधिकृत or नगराधिप—City prefect. Occurs in Rājāt. IV. 81, VI. 70, VIII. 3334.

v4.c64.136

नरपति—Exact function doubtful. The word occurs in the plate of Jayacandra of Kanoj in *saṁvat* 1225 (I. A. vol. 15 p. 6 at p. 7) and in the Panchobh plate of Saṅgrāmagupta in JBORS. vol. V p. 582 at p. 588.

v4.c64.137

नागरक—Chief Officer of the city. The word occurs in Kauṭilya II. 36, Kāmasūtra V. 5. 9 (the com. on which explains *nāgaraka* as *daṇḍapāśika*). Vide p. 149 above for his functions.

v4.c64.138

नागरिक—Chief of the police. The word occurs in the Vikramorvaśīya V (after verse 4), the Daśakumāracarita II. pp. 58 and 59. The Vaijayantī explains the word as ‘*kārāpati*’ (Jail Superintendent).

v4.c64.139

नायक—Head of (ten) villages. The word occurs in Kauṭilya I. 12, Śukra I. 192.

v4.c64.140

नियुक्त—An officer, whose exact function is not known. The word occurs in the grant of Karka dated *śake* 746 (E. I. XXIV p. 77 at p. 84), in the Kauthem plate of Vikramāditya V dated *śake* 930 (I. A. vol. 16 p. 15 at p. 24), in the Rajor Ins. of Mathanadeva dated *saṁvat* 1016 (E. I. III p. 263 at p. 266).

v4.c64.141

निहेलपति—Governor of some part of a kingdom. In Chamba Ins. No. 15 p. 164 at p. 166 we read in Vidagdha's plate 'Viṣaya-pati-nihelapati-kṣatrapa'. Vide Vogel p. 124. In Gupta Ins. No. 80 p. 286 at p. 289 the 'dūta' of the grant is 'nihila-pati' Kuśala-prakāśa. So 'nihila' and 'nihela' probably mean the same thing.

v4.c64.142

नैमित्तिक—Probably 'soothsayer or astrologer'. The word occurs in the plate of Candradeva of Kanoj of *saṁvat* 1148 (E. 1. IX p. 302 at p. 305).

v4.c64.143

पञ्चकुल—An officer over a certain number of villages. The word occurs in the grant of Arjunadeva of Anahillapāṭaka in Vikrama year 1320 (I. A. vol. 11 at p. 242, where we read 'Śrī-Abhayasīhaprabhṛti-pañcakulapratipattau'), in the Bhinmal Ins. No. 12 dated *saṁvat* 1333 (Bombay Gazetteer vol. I part I p. 480) where we read 'tan-niyukta-mahā-Gajasīha-prabhṛti-pañcakula-pratipattau'). In E. I. XXIV at p. 89 (in an Ins. from Udaipur) we have a Pañcolī of the Gughāvata family. Here, it appears that 'pañcakula' was a board of officers of whom Gajasīṁha was one (or the chief). Vide महापाञ्चकुलिक below.

v4.c64.144

पञ्चमण्डली—A board of five officers or a *panchayat*. The word occurs in the Sanchi Stone Ins. of Candragupta II in Gupta year 93 (vide Gupta Ins. No. 5 at p. 31).

v4.c64.145

पट्टकिल—Village headman. The word occurs in the Malva plates of Vākpatirāja in *saṁvat* 1031 and 1078 (I. A. vol. 6 at pp. 51 and 53), in the Māndhātā plate of Jayasiṁha of Dhārā in *saṁvat* 1112 (E. I. vol. III p. 46 at p. 48), in the plate of the Paramāra king Udayavarman of *saṁvat* 1256 (I. A. vol. 16 p. 252 at p. 254). Vide p. 154 above for other references.

v4.c64.146

पट्टोपाध्याय—Recorder of official documents. Vide Rājat. V. 397.

v4.c64.147

पण्डित—Vide note 150 above.

v4.c64.148

पिङ्गनवेत्रिक—probably means 'an officer who drives away undesirable persons with a cane'. The word occurs in the plate of Mahābhavagupta I (*E. I.* XI p. 93 at p. 94 ).

v4.c64.149

पीठिकावित्त—Meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Belava plate of Bhojavarmadeva (*E. I.* XII p. 37 at p. 40).

v4.c64.150

पुंस—means 'inferior servant' (as in Kauṭilya II. 5) or a bailiff attached to a Court of justice (as in Bṛ.). Vide p. 278 above.

v4.c64.151

पुरोहित—Vide pp. 111-112 and 117 above. The purohita occurs in the list of functionaries in the Candrāvati plate of Candradeva of Kanoj in *saṁvat* 1148 (*E. I.* IX at p. 305) and in the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (*E. I.* XII p. 6 at p. 9).

v4.c64.152

पुस्तपाल—Keeper of land records. The word occurs in the Damodarpur plates dated Gupta year 124 and 129 (*E. I.* XV p. 113, at p. 130) and in the Paharpur plates (*E. I.* vol. XX. p. 61).

v4.c64.153

पारव्यावहारिक—Vide p. 112 note 147 above. Compare 'nagala-viyohālaka' above under 'nagara-vyāvahārika'.

v4.c64.154

प्रतिनर्तक—Herald. This word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 39 p. 171 at p. 190 dated 766-67 A. D. (The words are 'tan-niyukta-pratinartaka-kulaputrāmātya-Guhena').

v4.c64.155

प्रतिनिधि—Vide note 150 above.

v4.c64.156

प्रतिहार—Chamberlain or 'inditer of grants'. In Nasik Ins. No. 5 the word *patihāra* (pratihāra) occurs (*E. I.* VIII p. 73). Bṛhaspati quoted by Viśvarūpa on Yāj. I. 307 states the qualifications of a 'pratihāra'. Vide Ādiparva 85. 28-29, Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 12, Śukra I. 121 for definitions. In the grant of Dhruvasena dated Valabhi year 206 the *dūtaka* of the grant is *pratihāra* Mammaka.

v4.c64.157

प्रतीहार—Same as above. The form occurs in the Vasantagaḍh Ins. of Varmalāta (*E. I.* IX. p. 187 at p. 192), in the Candrāvatī plate of Candradeva of Kanoj in *saṁvat* 1148 (*E. I.* IX at p. 305); in *E. I.* IX p. 117 at p. 119 Paramāra king Jayavarma II causes *pratīhāra* Gaṅgadeva to give a village to three brāhmaṇas (in *saṁvat* 1317).

v4.c64.158

प्रथमकायस्थ—Chief scribe. The word occurs in the Damodarpur plate 1 of Kumāragupta in Gupta year 124 (*E. I.* XV at p. 130).

v4.c64.159

प्रदेष्टृ—Police Magistrate. Vide Kauṭilya I. 12, IV. 1, IV. 10 (last verse). The word occurs in the Irda plate of the Kamboja king Nayapāladeva (of about the 10th century) in E. I. XXII. pp. 150 at p. 156.

v4.c64.160

प्रधान—Vide note 150 above. The word occurs in the Śilāra plate of Mahāmaṇḍaleśvara Anantadeva (I. A. 9 p. 33 at p. 35 where 'mantrin', 'amātya' and 'pradhāna' are mentioned).

v4.c64.161

प्रमातार—Vogel (pp. 122-123) holds that this officer was concerned with the administration of justice. The word occurs in the Banskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211).

v4.c64.162

प्रमातृ—Probably 'civil judge'. The word occurs in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321) and in the grant of Dhruvasena III in the Gupta year 334 (E. I. vol. 1 p. 85 at p. 88). Vide also E. I. vol. I at p. 115.

v4.c64.163

प्रवेशभागिक—Meaning doubtful. Stein conjectures that he is a subordinate officer of the treasury who received cash payments. The word occurs in Rājat. VIII. 278.

v4.c64.164

प्रशास्तृ—Probably chief magistrate. The word occurs in Kauṭ. I. 12; vide p. 112 *n.* 147 above.

v4.c64.165

प्राणाचार्य—Medical adviser to the king. Vide Viṣṇudharmottara II. 24. 33-34 for his qualifications.

v4.c64.166

प्राड्विवाक—Chief Justice. Vide Manu IX. 234 and p. 272 above.

v4.c64.167

प्रतिसारक—Meaning doubtful. The word occurs in the Valabhi grant of Dharasena II dated Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187).

v4.c64.168

प्रादेशिक-(प्रादेसिक)—An officer under Aśoka, probably the same as the mahāmātra. The word occurs in the 3rd Rock Edict of Aśoka at Girnar (Corpus I. I. vol. I. pp. 4-5).

v4.c64.169

प्रान्तपाल—Governor of a Province or guardian of the frontiers. The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. vol. 15 p. 304, at p. 306) and in 'Antiquities of Chamba' Ins. No. 15 at p. 166. Vide Vogel p. 124.

v4.c64.170

प्रायोपवेशाधिकृत—Officer who watched those that had resolved to fast unto death. Vide Rājat. VI. 14.

v4.c64.171

बलाधिकृत—Commander of an army. The word occurs in the Kādambarī (para 74) of Bāṇa (where Balāhaka is so called) and in the Rāṣṭrakūṭa (Gujarat branch) grant of Śake 679 (J. B. B. R. A. S. vol. 16 p. 105 at p. 108 where 'balādhikṛta' follows 'senāpati').

v4.c64.172

बाह्य—A class of royal servants (as distinguished from 'antaranga'. Vide Rājat. VIII. 426, 680, 1542.

v4.c64.173

बृहदुपरिक—Great Governor of a province. The word occurs in the grant of Lakṣmaṇasena (E. I. XII p. 6 at p. 9). See ‘uparika’ above.

v4.c64.174

भट—The word occurs very frequently in conjunction with ‘cāṭa’ for which see above. Vide also Dudia plates of Pravarasena II in E. I. III p. 258 at p. 261 and Banskhera plate of Harṣa (E. I. IV p. 208 at p. 211), grant of Śivaskandavarman (E. I. vol. I. p. 2 at p. 5) where ‘bhada’ stands for ‘bhaṭa’.

v4.c64.175

भागदुघ—Vide p. 112 above.

v4.c64.176

भागहार—He who recovers the king’s share of the produce of land; one of the six officers of each village, acc. to Śukra II. 120.

v4.c64.177

भागिक—Meaning uncertain. The word has something to do with ‘bhāga’ and ‘bhoga’ which frequently occur in the Gupta Inscriptions (e. g. ‘bhogabhāgam’ in Gupta Ins. No. 40 at p. 194 and No. 41 at p. 198). Vide two Taleśvara plates (E. I. XIII, p. 109 at p. 115) and ‘Antiquities of Chamba’ (Ins. No. 15 p. 166) where both ‘bhāgika’ and ‘bhogika’ are found. Mr. Y. R. Gupte renders it as ‘owner of land’. Vide Vogel p. 130.

v4.c64.178

भाण्डागारप्रथम—The chief of the royal store-house or treasury. The word occurs in the Ambarnath Ins. of Mamvāṇi in śake 782 (JBBRAS. vol. 9 p. 219).

v4.c64.179

भाण्डागारिक—A storekeeper or keeper of royal treasury. The word occurs as ‘bhaṇḍākarikaya’ (‘bhāṇḍāgārikasya’, of a store-keeper) in Nasik Ins. No. 19 (E. I. VIII p. 91) and in the Candrāvatī plate of Candradeva of Kanoj dated *saṁvat* 1148 (E. I. IX p. 302 at p. 305).

v4.c64.180

भिषक्—King’s medical adviser. Vide E. I. IX p. 302 at p. 305.

v4.c64.181

भोगपति—Head of a district. It occurs in the Mitākṣarā on Yāj. I. 320, in E. I. IX p. 296 at p. 298 plates of Śaṅkarkagaṇa where we read ‘anyairvāgāminṛpati-bhogapatibhiḥ’, as contrasted with a king and in ‘Antiquities of Chamba’ Ins. No. 45 at p. 166.

v4.c64.182

भोगिक—Head of a district or Collector of the State share of land produce taken in kind (Bombay Gazetteer I part 1 p. 82). The word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 21 p. 93 at p. 96 and No. 22 p. 100 at p. 104 (of the Gupta year 163), No. 23 p. 106 at p. 108 (of the Gupta year 191), in the Kavi grant of Jayabhaṭa about the beginning of 5th century A. D. (I. A. vol. V at p. 114), in the Taleśvara plates (E. I. XIII p. 109 at p. 117).

v4.c64.183

भोगोद्धरणिक—The same as 'bhogika' above.

v4.c64.184

भोजक—A village headman or 'freeholder' (Bühler). The word occurs in the Deo Baranark Ins. of Jīvitagupta II (Gupta Ins. No. 46 p. 213 at p. 216) and in the grant of Pallava Śivaskandavarman (E. I. vol. I. p. 2 at p. 5).

v4.c64.185

मण्डलेश—'Lord of a maṇḍala', a provincial governor. Vide Rājat. VI. 73, VII. 996, VIII. 1228, 1814, 2029.

v4.c64.186

मण्डलेश्वर—Same meaning as above. The word occurs frequently in the inscriptions of the Raṭṭas of Saundatti. Vide Bombay Gazetteer, vol. 21 p. 354 and 'mahāmaṇḍaleśvara' below.

v4.c64.187

मतिसचिव—Councillor. The word occurs in the Inscription of Rudradāman. Vide p. 105 above.

v4.c64.188

मन्त्रिन्—Minister or councillor. The word occurs in Kauṭ. 1. 8, Yāj. I. 312 and in Candrāvatī plate of Candradeva of Kanoj dated *saṁvat* 1148 (E. I. IX p. 302 at p. 305). Vide pp. 105-106 and n. 150 above.

v4.c64.189

महत्तक—Meaning uncertain. The word occurs as Mahāmahattaka in the Bodh Gaya Ins. dated in the 74th year of the Lakṣmaṇa-sena era (i. e. about 1194 A. D.) in E. I. XII p. 27 at p. 30.

v4.c64.190

महत्तम—Meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. vol. 15 at p. 306) and the Rajor grant of Mathanadeva in *saṁvat* 1016 (E. I. III p. 263 at p. 266 where both 'mahattara' and 'mahattama' occur one after another) and in Rājat. VII. 438.

v4.c64.191

महत्तर—lit. meaning 'elder' (of a town or village). Stein on Rājat. VII. 659 translates it as 'chamberlain.' The word occurs in the Kavi plate of Jayabhaṭa of the beginning of the 5th century A. D. (I. A. vol. V p. 114, 'rāṣṭragrāma-mahattara'), Gupta Ins. No. 38 p. 164 at p. 169 (the Maliya plate of Dharasena II), Abhona plates of Śaṅkaragaṇa (595 A. D.) in E. I. IX p. 297, Palitana plates of Siṁhāditya in the Gupta year 255 (E. I. XI pp. 16, 18), Valabhī grant of Dharasena II in Gupta year 252 (I. A. 15 p. 187), Vide also E. I. VIII p. 26 at p. 39 (śake 852), E. I. IV p. 278, 285 (śake 880), E. I. III p. 263, 266 (Vikrama year 1016), I. A.

v4.c64.192

vol. 16 p. 15 at p. 24 (śake 930). In the Daśakumāra-carita III p. 77 there is 'janapada-mahattara'. Vide note 148 above.

v4.c64.193

महाकरणिक—Vide 'karaṇika' above. The word occurs in the Benares plate of Cedi king Karṇadeva in Cedi era 793 (i. e. 1042 A. D.) in E. I. vol. II p. 297 at p. 309.

v4.c64.194

महाकर्ताकृतिक or महाकार्ताकृतिक—Meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Bhagalpur plate of Nārāyaṇapāla (I. A. vol. 15 p. 304 at p. 306) and in the Nālandā plate of Devapāla (E. I. XVII at p. 321) and the Wala grant of Dhruvasena I in Gupta year 216 (I. A. vol. 4 p. 105).

v4.c64.195

महाकुमारामात्य—Vide 'Kumārāmātya' above. The word occurs in the same two plates as are mentioned under 'mahākartākṛtika'.

v4.c64.196

महाक्षत्रप—The great *satrap* or provincial Governor. The Mathurā Lion Pillar capital (Corpus I. I. vol. II p. 30 at p. 48) and the coins of Rajula are the earliest to mention this word. Vide the Mathurā stone Ins. of Śoṇḍāsa (E. I. IX p. 247) and Rudradāman's Ins. (E. I. VIII p. 36 at p. 44).

v4.c64.197

महाक्षपटलिक—Vide 'akṣapaṭalika' above. The word occurs in Gupta Ins. No. 39 at p. 120 (in 766 A. D.), in the Bhagalpur plate (I. A. 15 pp. 304, 316), Benares plate of Karṇadeva (A. D. 1042) in E. I. vol. II p. 309, in Lakṣmaṇasena's grant (E. I. XII p. 91), E. I. X at p. 100 (Vikrama year 1253). In the Madhuban plate of Harṣa (E. I. VII p. 155 at p. 158) we have 'mahākṣapaṭalādhikaraṇādhikṛta'.

v4.c64.198

महागणस्थ—meaning uncertain. The word occurs in the Naihaṭī grant of Ballālasena (E. I. vol. XIV p. 156 at p. 160).

v4.c64.199

महातलवर—The functions of this high officer are not clear. See the Nagarjunikoṇḍa Ins. in E. I. XX at pp. 6 and 16 where a person is styled mahāsenāpati and mahātalavara. Has the word anything to do with the modern word 'talvār' meaning a sword? If it has then it would mean 'a great swordsman'. The word 'taravāri' in the sense of a double-edged sword occurs in the Yaśastilaka I. p. 50.

v4.c64.200

महादण्डनायक—Vide 'daṇḍanāyaka' above and p. 115 note 152. In the Gupta Ins. No. 1 pp. 10, 15 Hariṣeṇa, the author of the *praśasti*, is styled sāndhivigrahika, kumārāmātya and mahādaṇḍanāyaka; vide also Gupta Ins. No. 46 pp. 213, 216, Mathurā (Kuṣaṇa) Ins. of the year 74 (E. I. IX p. 242), E. I. XVI p. 230 the Kankhera stone Ins. of the year 201 (279 A. D. ?) where we read 'mahādaṇḍanāyakena śakena śrīdharavarmaṇā'), in Nagarjunikoṇḍa Ins. (3rd century A. D.) in E. I. XX at p. 7; in the Wala grant of the Valabhī king Dhruvasena I in the Gupta year 216 there are five titles applied to Dhruvasena of which mahādaṇḍanāyaka is one (I. A. vol. 4 p. 105), the other four being mahāsāmanta, mahāpratīhāra, mahākārtākṛtika and mahārāja.

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