一切經音義 31

English (machine translation) 31

Language: English

31.1

Compiled by the Translation Śramaṇa Huilin

Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra, in four fascicles (Huilin)
Entry into Laṅkā Sūtra, in ten fascicles (Xuanying)
Mahāyāna Entry into Laṅkā Sūtra, in seven fascicles (Huilin)
Sūtra on the Bodhisattva's Realm of Supernatural Powers, in three fascicles
Great Satyaka-nirgrantha Sūtra, in seven fascicles (Huilin)
Ghana-vyūha-sūtra, in three fascicles (Huilin)
Later Translation of the Ghana-vyūha-sūtra, in three fascicles (Huilin)
Śūraṅgama-samādhi-sūtra, in three fascicles (Huilin)
Sūtra on the Contemplation of the Practice of Samantabhadra, in one fascicle (Huilin)
Sūtra on the Inactivity of All Dharmas, in two fascicles (Huilin)
Sūtra on All Dharmas Originally Lacking Activity, in three fascicles (Huilin)
Sūtra on the Boundless Jewel Samādhi, in one fascicle (Huilin)
Sūtra on the Wisdom Seal Samādhi, in one fascicle (Huilin)
Tathāgata Seal of Wisdom Sūtra, in one fascicle (Huilin)
Sūtra on the Ratna-Tathāgata Samādhi, in two fascicles (Huilin)
Great Abhiṣeka Sūtra, in twelve fascicles (Xuanying, revised by Huilin)
The above sixteen scriptures in sixty-three fascicles share the phonetic glosses in this fascicle.

31.3

Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra, Fascicle One

31.4

Compiled by Xuanying; supplemented by Huilin

31.5

Lengqie 楞伽 (the name of a mountain. In correct Sanskrit it is called Laṅkā, which is also the name of a jewel. 䮚 is read with the fanqie 勒鄧. Abatuoluo [avatāra] is translated here as 'entering', meaning entering into this mountain to preach this sūtra).

31.6

Haibin 海濱 (the second syllable is read with the fanqie 必民. The Zilin says: "濱 means the shore of water").

31.7

Cuohui 錯繪 (read with the fanqie 胡對. The Lunyu says: "In painting (繪), the plain work comes later"; Zheng Xuan says: "繪 means painting; combining the five colours is called 繪." The scripture text writing it with 貴 is explained in the Shuowen as surplus woven silk, or it is pronounced like 櫃 [guì], which is not the meaning intended by the scripture).

31.8

Dengzhu 瞪矚 (read with the fanqie 宅耕. The Tongsu wen says: "Looking straight ahead is called 瞪").

31.9

Fascicle Two

31.10

Supplemented by Śramaṇa Huilin

31.11

Tujiao 兔𰴟 (the first syllable is read with the fanqie 土固. The Shuowen says: "A beast; the character resembles it crouching, and the lower dot resembles its tail; it is a pictographic character. The head of a hare (兔) is the same as the head of [奐-大+比], hence it is formed from [奐-大+比] abbreviated").

31.12

Guimao 龜毛 (pronounced with the fanqie 愧逵. The Zitong says: "The tortoise is an aquatic shelled creature; its bones are outside and its flesh is inside. It is formed with 它 [snake]; the head of a tortoise is the same as the head of a snake, being of heaven-and-earth's nature. Generally among shelled creatures there are no males, and creatures like tortoises and turtles take snakes as their mates. The left side depicts its legs, the right side depicts the pattern on its shell, and the head and tail are pictographic").

31.13

Wenrui 蚊蜹 (the first syllable is read with the fanqie 勿分; it is a vulgar character; the standard form is written with 䖵 as 蟁. The Shuowen says: "Small flying insects that bite humans." The second syllable is read with the fanqie 蕤銳. The Guoyu says: "Mosquitoes (蜹), moths, bees, and scorpions are all capable of harming people." Gu Yewang says: "Nowadays there is an insect called 蜹 that bites humans well, colloquially called 'holding poison'; this is that insect").

31.14

Fascicle Three (No words requiring phonetic glosses or explanations)

31.15

Fascicle Four

31.16

Xuanying

31.17

譚婆 (fanqie: 徒南, here borrowed for 談紺: refers to a dog-eater in the western countries).

31.18

Ru lengqie jing (Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra)

31.19

Fascicles One and Two

31.20

Xuanying

31.21

Fascicle Three

31.22

樚櫨 (also written 𨏔轤, the two forms are identical; fanqie: 力木, and 力胡: that which is nowadays used to draw water [i.e., a pulley or windlass]).

31.23

因榍 (also written 楔, identical; fanqie: 先結. South of the Yangtze they say 櫼; the fanqie in Zilin is 楔; a common expression).

31.24

Fascicle Four

31.25

打摑 (in texts sometimes written 馘, identical; fanqie: 古麥: this too is merely phonetic borrowing).

31.26

Fascicles Five, Six, and Seven

31.27

Xuanying

31.28

Fascicle Eight

31.29

韭[薤-韭+(ㄆ/韭)] (also written 薤, identical; fanqie: 諧戒. Shuowen jiezi: "A vegetable, its leaves resembling leeks").

31.30

罝罟 (in ancient script 罝 and 罝 are identical; fanqie: 子邪. Erya: "A rabbit net (𮊁) is called a 𦊨." The commentary says: "𦊨 means to block; blocking to catch rabbits." 𮊁 is pronounced 罟: a cord net).

31.31

機發 (Shuowen jiezi: "The trigger that releases an arrow"; the sound is the "trigger" of triggering. In the sūtra text it is written 䚨, an implement for gathering corded arrows).

31.32

屍陀林 (The correct pronunciation is śītavana, which here translates as "Cold Grove." The grove is deep, secluded, and cold, hence the name. It is beside Rājagṛha. 陀 means "many"; dead people were mostly thrown into it. Now generally referring to places where corpses are abandoned as 屍陀林 [śītavana] is adopting that name).

31.33

Fascicle Nine

31.34

[菛@(一/艮)]𦿆 (fanqie: 力盎; the second character: 徒盎. Picang: "A poisonous plant." In the sūtra text it is written 蓎, which is not the standard form).

31.35

珂乳 (fanqie: 枯何: a genus of spiral shell, pure white like snow. In the sūtra text it is written in the two forms 䯊 and 軻, both erroneous).

31.36

Fascicle Ten (previously unglossed)

31.37

Dasheng ru lengqie jing, in seven fascicles

31.38

Pronounced by the translation monk Huilin

31.39

Preface to the Sūtra

31.40

Composed by the Heavenly Empress in the fourth year of Chang'an

31.41

楞伽 (The first character has the fanqie 勒登; a popular character; standardly written 棱, semantic wood, phonetic 夌; sometimes written 槾. Because it is Sanskrit, one does not seek a Chinese character gloss. The correct Sanskrit sound is laṅkā, the name of a mountain; fanqie: 勒鄧, departing tone, and also rising-tone character. This is also the name of a precious gem; because this mountain abounds in this gem, it was named after it. It is a great island mountain in the southwest corner of the country of Siṃhala in the Southern Sea).

31.42

妙鍵 (fanqie: 乾偃, rising-tone character. Zheng's commentary to the Zhouli says: "A key (鍵) means sturdy." The Fangyan says: "From the Pass eastward, between Chen and Chu, they call a key (鑰) a 鍵." Kaosheng says: "A linchpin of a carriage." Shuowen jiezi: "A 鍵 is a vessel's handle; semantic metal, phonetic 建").

31.43

混假名 (fanqie: 魂穩, rising-tone character. Kaosheng says: "The appearance of a great rush of water." Jixun says: "Chaos (混沌), the state of primordial breath before division." Gujin zhengzi: semantic water, phonetic 昆).

31.44

多舛 (fanqie: 啜兖. Jixun says: "舛 means peeled off, mixed." Yunquan says: "Uneven." Shuowen jiezi: "Lying opposite each other, back to back; semantic 夕, semantic [牙-才+十]." Also has the fanqie 春刃, which is also permissible. 啜 has the fanqie 川劣, and also the sound 衰; [牙-才+十] has the fanqie 苦兀).

31.45

潁水 (fanqie: 營炅. Hanshu says: "The Ying River issues from Mount Yangqian in Yangcheng County of Yingchuan, and reaches Xiacai where it enters the Huai River." It is the soaked riverway of Yuzhou. 炅 has the fanqie 癸井. The character 潁 has semantic water and phonetic 頃).

31.46

于闐 (fanqie: 田練: the name of a barbarian country, belonging to the territory of Kucha; Earth-Breast [Kustana], that is, more than two thousand li southwest of Anxi; also named the Earth-Breast Country).

31.47

齊馥 (pronounced 伏. Kaosheng says: "The appearance of fragrant vapour." A phono-semantic character).

31.48

奧賾 (The first character has the fanqie 烏告, and also the pronunciation 於六; the glosses and meanings are the same. Guangya: "奧 means hidden." Guo's commentary to Fangyan: "The concealed, innermost part inside a room." Shuowen jiezi says: "To fathom; the southwest corner of a room." Zitong: semantic 宀, phonetic [出/八/六]; [出/八/六] has the fanqie 弓六; below is 廾, pronounced 拱; above is the ancient character for 六; 宀 is pronounced 綿. Written with 米 as 奧 is incorrect. The second character has the fanqie 柴革. Kaosheng: "賾 means profound." Jixun says: "Deeply contained." The Yijing says: "The sage is able to perceive the most profound (至賾) in heaven and earth." Liu Huan says: "賾 is the designation of the ultimate in hidden profundity." Gujin zhengzi: semantic 𦣞, phonetic 責. Both Shuowen jiezi and Zilin lack it. 𦣞 has the fanqie 以之).

31.49

菲薄 (The first character has the fanqie 孚尾. Guo's commentary to Fangyan says: "菲 means slight and thin." A phono-semantic character. The second character has the fanqie 傍莫. Kaosheng says: "Not thick." Gujin zhengzi: semantic 艸, semantic 水, phonetic 博 abbreviated).

31.50

媿恧 (The first character has the fanqie 鬼位. Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "媿 means ashamed." Boya: "媿 means shame." Shuowen jiezi: semantic 女, phonetic 鬼; sometimes with semantic 心 written as 愧. The second character has the fanqie 女六. Fangyan: "恧 means ashamed; east and west of the mountains, self-shame is called 恧." Xiao Erya says: "Shame in the heart is 恧." Shuowen jiezi also says: "Ashamed; semantic 心, phonetic 而").

31.51

Dasheng ru lengqie jing, Fascicle One (translated by royal decree by the Khotanese Tripiṭaka Master Śikṣānanda; sounds glossed by the translation monk Huilin)

31.52

咄吒迦音 (The first character has the fanqie 都骨; 吒 has the fanqie 嘲革; 迦 has the fanqie 薑佉. Sanskrit, not seeking Chinese character meanings; in the Tang language it means "sound of delight." In the sūtra it is written 都咤迦, which is not precise, so the characters were changed and their sounds glossed).

31.53

迴眄 (fanqie: 眠遍. Yunying says: "To look askance." Shuowen jiezi: "Eyes partially closed; semantic 目, phonetic 丐." 丐 is pronounced 沔, a rising-tone character).

31.54

髀脇 (The first character has the fanqie 鼙米; it has already been explained in the sounds and meanings of the lower fascicle of the Qidasheng jing in a preceding fascicle. The second character has the fanqie 杴業. Kaosheng: "脇 means ribs." Shuowen jiezi: "The two sides of the torso; semantic 肉, phonetic 劦." Sometimes written 脅, which is the same. 劦 is pronounced 葉, composed of three 力; in the sūtra with three 刀, it is not the standard character. 肋 is pronounced 勒).

31.55

如虹拕暉 (The first character is pronounced 紅. Lexicons say: "虹 is the rainbow." 拕 has the fanqie 他左, a rising-tone character: the appearance of wood lying down. Kaosheng: "To drag"; also in the level tone; also interchangeable with the fanqie 湯何. Jixun says: "To drag and pull; one sees the expression 拕曳." Semantic 手, phonetic 它. Written with semantic 水 is an error).

31.56

遞相 (fanqie: 提禮. Guo's commentary to Erya says: "遞 means to alternate." Shuowen jiezi: semantic 辵, phonetic 虒. 虒 has the fanqie 天伊. In the sūtra text it is written 递 or 遆, popular characters).

31.57

幰葢 (fanqie: 軒偃. Shiming says: "The curtain of a carriage (幰) is that which wards off heat." Kaosheng says: "The canopy of a carriage." Gu Yewang says: "Nowadays the cloth drapery spread over a carriage is called a 幰." Shuowen jiezi: semantic 巾, phonetic 憲).

31.58

𰲕樹 (fanqie: 鄧能. Kaosheng says: "Of the class of trailing vines; in Wu and Yue they call it vine (藤); there are several varieties of vine." Semantic 艸, semantic 舟, semantic 龹, semantic 水. 龹 is pronounced 卷).

31.59

[麩-夫+廣]麥 (fanqie: 虢猛. Kaosheng says: "Barley; popularly, highland barley is also called 𪍿麥." The character has semantic 麥 and phonetic 穬 abbreviated. In the sūtra with semantic 禾 written as 穬, that means grain, not this meaning).

31.60

臆度 (fanqie: 鷹力. Shuowen jiezi: "The chest bone; semantic 肉, phonetic 意." The ancient script standardly wrote 肊, semantic 肉, semantic 乙, an associative compound character).

31.61

Fascicle Two

31.62

[涅-土+(出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))]流 (fanqie: 袍冐. Kaosheng says: "[涅-土+(出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))] means the surging flow of sudden rainwater." Shuowen jiezi: semantic 水, phonetic [日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)]. The character [日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)] has semantic 日, semantic 出, and semantic 廾; 廾 is pronounced 拱; with [(犀-尸)-牛+十], which is pronounced 滔. Composed with 米 is an error).

31.63

溟壑 (The first character has the fanqie 覔瓶. Sima Biao's commentary to Zhuangzi says: "溟 refers to the South and North Poles; being far from the sun and moon, it is named 溟." Shuowen jiezi: semantic 水, phonetic 冥. The second character has the fanqie 呵各, already explained in the Xiangxu jietuo jing).

31.64

慣習 (fanqie: 關患. Wenzidian shuo: "慣 means accustomed to." Zuo's Commentary says: "Just as in archery and charioteering, when accustomed, one can capture birds and beasts." Semantic 心, phonetic 貫).

31.65

分析 (fanqie: 星績. Shenglei says: "析 means to cleave." Kong's commentary to the Shangshu says: "析 also means to divide." Shuowen jiezi: "To split wood; semantic 木, phonetic 斤." Sometimes written with semantic 斤 as 析, which is also permissible. In the sūtra text written with semantic 手 as 折 is an error).

31.66

躁動 (fanqie: 遭奧; already explained in Fascicle Eight of the Baoyu jing. Shuowen jiezi: written with semantic 走 as 趮).

31.67

縷㲲 (The first character has the fanqie 綠主. Shuowen jiezi: "縷 means thread; semantic 糸, phonetic 婁." 婁 is pronounced 樓. The second character has the fanqie 恬協, already explained in Fascicle Four of the Chiren pusa jing).

31.68

Fascicle Three

31.69

脣腭 (fanqie: 五各. Kaosheng: "腭 means the gums." In the sūtra text written as 齶, a popular character. Shuowen jiezi: "The upper palate of the mouth; semantic 口, above picturing its ridges").

31.70

因楔 (fanqie: 先節; already explained in Fascicle Three of the Shenmi jietuo jing. In the sūtra written 榍, which means a door threshold, not this meaning).

31.71

詹蔔 (The first character has the fanqie 之廉; the second: 明北: the name of a fragrance in the western countries [campaka]. In the sūtra the character 詹 is written with bamboo as 簷; 簷 means eaves and pillars, which is not this meaning).

31.72

謦欬 (The first character has the fanqie 輕挺; the second: 開愛; already fully explained in Fascicle One of the Butuizhuan falun jing in the preceding fascicle of sounds and meanings).

31.73

不瞬 (fanqie: 輸閏. Shuowen jiezi: "Opening and closing the eyes in rapid succession; standardly written 瞚, semantic 目, phonetic 寅").

31.74

Fascicle Four

31.75

鸚鵡 (The first character has the fanqie 厄耕; the second is pronounced 武. Shanhai jing says: "On Mount Huang there is a bird shaped like an owl, with green feathers and a red beak, and a human tongue that can speak; it is called a parrot." Guo's commentary says: "Nowadays the parrot's tongue resembles an infant's tongue, with two claws facing forward and two backward on its feet. Those brought out of Funan have five-coloured plumage; there are also pure white ones, the white ones being somewhat larger, like hawks." The Liji says: "Although a parrot can speak, it remains a flying bird." This is it. Shuowen jiezi: both characters take semantic 鳥, with 嬰 and 武 also acting as phonetics; sometimes written 䳇).

31.76

在礦 (fanqie: 古猛. Lexicons standardly write 鉗. Guangya says: "Unrefined iron ore is called 礦." Shuowen jiezi: "Unrefined copper or iron ore; sometimes with semantic 石 and phonetic 黃." In the sūtra written 鑛 is also permissible).

31.77

Silk cocoons (蠶繭: the first character has the fanqie [dza]m + [x]am. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Silkworms are insects that spit silk; it is categorized under 䖵 and phonetic mèi 朁." The character 朁 is pronounced with the fanqie [tsʰ]i + [k]am. The second character has the fanqie [k]en + [t]ian. The Shuowen jiezi says: "The clothing of the silkworm; it is categorized under 糸 and 虫, with mián 芇 as its phonetic." 芇 is pronounced [m]ian, picturing a moth with its two antennae matching each other. In the sūtra text it is written as 蠒, which is a vulgar character; in ancient script it is written as 絸. 䖵 has the sound [k]un).

31.78

Fascicle Five

31.79

Śakra (釋揭羅: with the fanqie [k]iɐn + [ʔ]at; Sanskrit, the name of a deva).

31.80

To throw into disorder (擾亂: the first character has the fanqie [ɲ]i + [t͡ɕ]au. The Shuowen jiezi says: "擾 means troublesome; it is categorized under 手 and 夒." The sūtra writes it with 憂 as 櫌, which is incorrect. 夒 has the fanqie [n]u + [t]au).

31.81

Kṣānti (羼提: with the fanqie [t͡sʰ]ɛt + [x]an; Sanskrit, in the Tang language meaning "patience" [renru]).

31.82

Fascicle Six

31.83

Eagles and vultures (雕鷲: the first character has the fanqie [t]iau + [l]eu. The second character has the fanqie [d͡zʰ]iu + [s]iu. Guo [Pu]'s commentary to the Mu Tianzi zhuan says: "The eagle [雕] is a bird that eats roe deer and deer." Guo's commentary to the Shanhaijing says: "The vulture [鷲] is also an eagle." Shi Kuang said: "In the south there is a bird called the Qiang vulture [羌鷲], with a yellow head and red eyes, possessing all five colors." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A fierce bird of prey, black in color, with many offspring; the eagle [雕] is also of the class of fierce birds of prey. Categorized under 鳥 with 周 as its phonetic." The character 鷲 is categorized under 鳥 with 就 as phonetic. 鷙 is pronounced [t͡ɕ]i).

31.84

Cages and pens (籠檻: the first character is [l]uk + [ɣ]uŋ; it has already been explained in the sound glossary to the preface of the Ru ding buding yin jing. The second character has the fanqie [ɣ]am + [ʔ]am. Wang Yi's commentary to the Chuci says: "檻 is a caged cart, a strong cage." The Shuowen jiezi says: "檻 means an animal pen; it is also a cage. Categorized under 木 with 監 as its phonetic." The sūtra text writes it under 手, which is an error).

31.85

Thick amniotic sac (稠胞: the first character has the fanqie [ɖ]i + [l]iu. The second character has the fanqie [b]æk + [m]au. We examine: "thick amniotic sac" [稠胞] refers to being shielded inside the mother's womb. The sūtra writes 脃 with the pronunciation [tsʰ]i + [ɲ]uɛi, which is not the meaning of the sūtra. The character 稠 in the Shuowen jiezi is categorized under 禾 with 周 as its phonetic).

31.86

Ulcer orifice (瘡竅: the second character has the fanqie [kʰ]ei + [k]ɛu. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary to the Liji says: "A 竅 is an aperture." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Categorized under 穴 with 敫 as phonetic." 敫 has the fanqie [k]eŋ + [ʔ]ek).

31.87

Fascicle Seven

31.88

Drowned and sunken (昏墊: the second character has the fanqie [t]em + [n]em. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary to the Shangshu says: "The lower people were drowned and sunken; 墊 means to drown." Du [Yu]'s commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "墊 means exhausted and distressed." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Sunken downward; categorized under 土 with 執 as its phonetic").

31.89

Camels and donkeys (駝驢: the first character has the fanqie [d]aŋ + [ɣ]a. Guo [Pu]'s commentary to the Shanhaijing says: "The tuòtuó [𩧐駝] can travel three hundred li in a day and carry a thousand catties." The Wanghui chapter of the Zhou shu specifies the tuòtuó as tribute. Gu Yewang says: "It has a saddle of flesh, can carry heavy loads, and is skilled at walking long distances. It is abundant in the north as foreign livestock." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Categorized under 馬 with 它 as its phonetic." 𩧐 has the fanqie [tʰ]aŋ + [l]ak. The sūtra writes 駝, which is a vulgar character).

31.90

Kṣaṇika (剎膩迦: the first character is pronounced [t͡sʰ]ɛt, correctly written as 擦. The middle character has the fanqie [n]i + [ɖ]i; Sanskrit).

31.91

Conch and drum (羸鼓: the first character has the fanqie [l]u + [k]ua; it has already been explained in fascicle four of the Butuizhuan falun jing. The second character has the fanqie [k]u + [x]u. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Categorized under 豈 and 支." The sūtra writes it under 皮 as 皷, which is incorrect. 豈 has the fanqie [t͡ɕ]u + [ʑ]iu. 支 is pronounced [t͡ɕ]i, being the primary character zhī 支).

31.92

Karma (羯磨: the first character has the fanqie [k]iɐn + [l]et; Sanskrit).

31.93

Cast out and abandoned (擯棄: the first character is pronounced [p]in. Sima [Biao]'s commentary to the Zhuangzi says: "擯 also means to cast out." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Categorized under 手 with 賓 as its phonetic." The second character has the fanqie [kʰ]it + [l]i. The Shuowen jiezi gives the standard form as 棄, glossing it: "To damage. Categorized under 廾, 𦥑, and 㐬." In the seal script it is written as 棄. 廾 has the fanqie [k]uŋ. 𦥑 has the fanqie [p]uan + [ʔ]an. 㐬 has the fanqie [tʰ]u + [x]ut. The sūtra text writes it under 云 as 弃, which is an ancient character).

31.94

Kātyāyana (迦旃延: the first character is pronounced [k]ia; the middle character has the fanqie [t͡ɕ]i + [ɲ]ian; Sanskrit).

31.95

Kaurava (憍拉婆: the first character is pronounced [k]iau; the second has the fanqie [l]am + [ɣ]op; Sanskrit).

31.96

Gupta (毱多: the first character has the fanqie [k]uŋ + [l]iuk, correctly written as 匊; Sanskrit).

31.97

Cime (次篾: the second character has the fanqie [m]ian + [k]et; Sanskrit).

31.98

Churning butter (抨酪: the first character has the fanqie [pʰ]u + [m]eŋ; the second character is pronounced [l]ak).

31.99

Scops owls (鵂鶹: the first character is pronounced [x]iu; the second character is pronounced [l]iu. The Wenzidian shuo says: "The xiūliú is a strange horned owl. Both are categorized under 鳥 with 休 and 𤲢 as their respective phonetics").

31.100

Cracks and crevices (孔隙: the second character has the fanqie [kʰ]iɛŋ + [ŋ]iək. Gu Yewang says: "隙 is like a bored hole." The Guangya says: "A crack." The Shiji says: "Like a white colt passing through a crevice." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A hole in a wall. Categorized under 𨸏 and 𡭽, with 𡭽 also phonetic." 𡭽 has the same sound as above, composed of two 小 and 白. The sūtra writes it under 巢 as 隟, which is incorrect).

31.101

Bodhisattvacaryā-gocara-upāyaviṣaya-vikurvaṇa-nirdeśa-sūtra, three fascicles

31.102

(Note: This sūtra is the earlier translation during the Song dynasty of the Satyaka-nirgrantha-sūtra; there are no difficult characters requiring sound or gloss).

31.103

Mahā-satyaka-nirgrantha-sūtra, Fascicle One

31.104

Yak (犛牛: pronounced with the fanqie [m]au + [p]au, also called máoniú 毛牛. The Shanhaijing says: "On Mount Panhou there is a beast shaped like an ox, with hair growing from its four joints, named yak." Guo Pu says: "Its back, knees, and tail all have long hair; it comes from the southwestern barbarians").

31.105

Fascicle Two

31.106

Digging and chopping (斸斫: the first character has the fanqie [k]a + [l]uk, meaning a hoe or mattock. The sūtra text writes 琢 with the sound [ʈ]ak, which can also be used interchangeably in meaning. The second character has the fanqie [t͡ɕ]iaŋ + [ɲ]ak, meaning chopping with an axe; it has already been fully explained above).

31.107

Archery master (射師: the first character has the fanqie [ʑ]ia + [j]a. The Zhouli says: "Of the six arts, the third is the five forms of archery." The Shuowen jiezi says: "The bow or crossbow releases from the body and hits at a distance. Composed of 身 and 矢, written as 䠶, an ideographic compound character." In ancient script it was categorized under 寸,寸 denoting measure and rule. It is also pronounced [ɕ]iɛk).

31.108

Bridges (橋梁: the first character has the fanqie [k]ɨo + [k]iau, a beam for crossing water. Categorized under 木 with 喬 as its phonetic. The upper part of the character 喬 is from 夭).

31.109

Wasps (蜂㭰: the second character has the fanqie [t͡s]uɛi + [s]uɛi. The Shuowen jiezi says: "The bottom is from 朿." 朿 has the fanqie [tsʰ]i + [t͡s]i).

31.110

Chanting and whistling (唱嘯: the second character is pronounced [s]iau, meaning a long whistle, curling the tongue in the throat to blow, with a sound like a luan or phoenix).

31.111

Striking the bell (椎鍾: the first character has the fanqie [ɖ]i + [ʈ]uɛi, or written as 槌, a vulgar character; the character is categorized under 木 and 隹, a borrowed character).

31.112

Trigger released (機發: the second character has the fanqie [p]uan + [k]i. The Kaosheng says: "To move, to set off, to open, to manifest, to arise, to raise." The sūtra writes it under 角 as 醱, which is incorrect).

31.113

Striking sparks from stone (琢石火: the first character is pronounced [ʈ]ak. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: "Working jade is called zhuó 琢. Categorized under 玉 with 豖 as its phonetic." 豖 has the fanqie [t͡ɕʰ]iu + [l]uk).

31.114

Fascicle Three

31.115

Ravines and valleys (谿谷: the first character has the fanqie [kʰ]ei + [x]ei. Guo [Pu]'s commentary to the Erya says: "Water flowing into a river." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A mountain torrent with no outlet is called a 谿; categorized under 谷 with 奚 as its phonetic." The sūtra writes it under 山 as 嵠, or under 水, both of which are incorrect).

31.116

Wildcats and leopards (貓貍: the first character has the fanqie [m]au + [p]au. Gu Yewang says: "Resembles a tiger but is small, a beast raised by households used to catch mice." The second character has the fanqie [l]i + [ʈ]i. Gu Yewang says: "Resembles a tiger but is small, of the cat class, a wild beast that likes to steal and eat people's chickens." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A crouching beast; it crouches by day and prowls by night. Both 貓 and 貍 are categorized under 豸, being phono-semantic characters").

31.117

Hawks and sparrowhawks (鷹鷂: the first character has the fanqie [ʔ]ik + [k]ɨŋ. Zheng [Xuan]'s notes to the Maoshi say: "A fierce bird of prey." Gu Yewang says: "It is the shuangjiu [爽鳩], a phono-semantic character." The second character has the fanqie [j]eu + [ʔ]ɛu. Gu Yewang says: "Resembles a hawk but is small." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Also a fierce bird of prey. Categorized under 鳥 with 䍃 as its phonetic").

31.118

Boots and the like (鞾等: the first character has the fanqie [x]iu + [x]ua, or written under 化 as 靴; both characters are categorized under 革, both being vulgar characters. The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 屩, categorized under an abbreviated 履 with 和 as its phonetic; it is also a mutually defining derivative character).

31.119

Cangues and chains (枷鎻: the first character is pronounced [k]ia; the second character has the fanqie [s]aŋ + [k]ua. They have already been repeatedly explained in previous glossaries of sounds and meanings).

31.120

Mutually together (遞共: the first character has the fanqie [tʰ]e + [l]ei, a rising-tone character, or written as 递, meaning to alternate or take turns. Categorized under 虎 and 辵 with 𠂆 as phonetic. 𠂆 is pronounced [x]ei).

31.121

Peeping and spying (覘伺: the first character has the fanqie [ʈ͡ʂʰ]æm + [k]iam. The Kaosheng also says: "覘 means to watch and inspect; or written as 䀡, to spy on stealthily." The Chunqiu zhuan says: "The Duke sent someone to spy on it, and it was true." Categorized under 見 with 占 as its phonetic. The second character is pronounced [s]i).

31.122

Pecks and balances (㪷稱: the first character has the fanqie [t]aŋ + [k]əu; the second character has the fanqie [t͡ɕʰ]ek + [t͡ɕ]iəŋ).

31.123

Fishing and shooting (釣䠶: the first character has the fanqie [t]eu + [k]ɛu. The Kaosheng says: "釣 means to angle, to suspend, to draw out; or written as 魡").

31.124

Complaining to ghosts and spirits (訴諸鬼神: the first character is pronounced [s]u. The Kaosheng says: "To state one's case." In the Lunyu it means to slander; or written as 𧪜 or 愬. The Shuowen jiezi says: "To inform; categorized under 言 with 𠩋 as its phonetic." 𠩋 is pronounced [t͡ɕʰ]ek).

31.125

Slack and indolent (窳墯: the first character has the fanqie [j]u + [t͡ɕ]iu. The Kaosheng says: "窳 means lazy; like melons attached to vines, hence categorized under two 瓜; like a person in a deep room who is lazy and does not come out, an ideographic compound character").

31.126

Liubo board game (攄蒲: the first character has the fanqie [ʈʰ]ɨk + [ʈ͡ʂ]ɨu. The Kaosheng says: "攄 means to relax." The Guangya says: "To spread out." Sima Xiangru's Fengshan wen has: "攄 means to disperse." The Wenzidian shuo says: "Categorized under 手 with 慮 as its phonetic." The second character has the fanqie [b]u + [m]u. We examine: chūpú [櫖蒲] is a board game of gambling. The sūtra writes it under 雩 as 摴, which is incorrect).

31.127

Weiqi and gambling games (棊博: the first character is pronounced [kʰ]i. The Bowuzhi says: "Shun created weiqi, and Danzhu was skilled at weiqi." Confucius said: "Are there not players of bo and chess? To play them is still better than doing nothing." We examine: flicking chess [tanqi] began in the palace of Wei; Emperor Wen was fond of it, and whenever he struck with his handkerchief, he never missed. The second character has the fanqie [p]aŋ + [m]ak, meaning liubo; categorized under 十).

31.128

Duplicate goods (貳物: the first character has the fanqie [tʰ]aŋ + [t]ək. Borrowing convenient money or goods from others is called 貳. Categorized under 貝 with 弋 as phonetic. 弋 is pronounced [j]ək).

31.129

Caterpillars and stem-borers (蟲螟: the first character has the fanqie [ɖ]iuk + [j]uŋ. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Those with feet are called chóng 蟲; those without feet are called zhì 豸. Categorized under three 虫." The sūtra writes it as single 虫, which is incorrect. The second character has the fanqie [m]ek + [b]eŋ. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: "Those that eat the hearts of sprouts are called míng 螟." Guo Pu says: "The stem-borer larva has young, which are mulberry caterpillars; the potter wasp adopts them and transforms them into slender-waisted wasps").

31.130

Water inundation (水澇: the second character has the fanqie [l]au + [t]au. The Kaosheng says: "Water inundation harming sprouts." The character dictionaries say: "Heavy rains damaging field seedlings is called flooding and waterlogging [淹澇]").

31.131

Water floating (水㵱: the second character has the fanqie [pʰ]iɛt + [j]eu; 㵱 means floating).

31.132

Fascicle Four

31.133

Whipping and beating (鞭打: the first character has the fanqie [p]it + [m]ian. The Kaosheng says: "To strike; a horse whip").

31.134

Roots and saplings (根栽: the second character has the fanqie [t͡s]ai + [l]ai. The Yunji says: "栽 means to plant; the remaining stump after felling a tree." The character for stump [(橑-小)-日+(工/十)] has the fanqie [ŋ]a + [k]at).

31.135

Washing and rinsing (澡漱: the second character has the fanqie [s]əu + [t͡ɕ]əu, homophonous with 瘦. The Kaosheng says: "Swishing the mouth with water is called 漱." It is also pronounced [s]aŋ + [t͡s]əu, which is incorrect. 皺 has the fanqie [ʈ͡ʂ]aŋ + [s]əu).

31.136

Slender and long (纖長: the first character has the fanqie [s]eŋ + [j]ɛm. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Very fine; categorized under 糸 with 籤 as its phonetic." 籤 has the same pronunciation as above. The sūtra writes it under 木 as 櫼, which is incorrect).

31.137

Copper sheets (銅鐷: the second character has the sound yè [葉]. Sheets made by hammering forged copper. The sūtra text simply writes '葉' [yè], which is also acceptable).

31.138

Aged wrinkles (老皺: [皺 is] zh- [莊] + -òu [瘦] fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Wrinkles (皺) means the gathering of skin.' Writing it as 皺 is a popular character form).

31.139

Depressed and curved (窊曲: the first character has the sound w- [烏] + -uā [瓜] fanqie. The Guangya states: '窊 means low-lying.' It is also written as 窪, which is a popular character form).

31.140

Glittering (熠燿: the first character has the sound xí [習], or y- [以] + -ì [立] fanqie. The second character has the sound yào [曜]. The Picang states: '燿燿 means like lightning, like fireflies; radiant luster, dark and yellow.' The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: 'Bright and luminous').

31.141

Fascicle Five, Fascicle Six, Fascicle Seven (None of the three fascicles above contain words that need phonetic glossing).

31.142

Preface to the Mahāyāna Ghanavyūha-sūtra

31.143

Compiled by Huilin

31.144

Mounted silk border (裝褾: the second character has the sound bi- [驃] + -ǎo [眇] fanqie. The Kaosheng says: '褾 means the cuff of a sleeve.' The standard character form, both ancient and modern, takes the clothing radical (衣) and piào (票) as phonetic. The sūtra writes 縹, which is incorrect. 票 has the sound bi- [褾] + -áo [遙] fanqie).

31.145

Mahāyāna Ghanavyūha-sūtra, Fascicle One

31.146

Apertures and crevices (竅隙: the first character has the sound q- [啟] + -iào [叫] fanqie. The Rites of Zhou says: 'The medical officers examine them by means of the changes of the nine apertures.' Zheng Xuan says: 'There are seven yang apertures and two yin apertures.' The Taixuanjing says: 'The nine apertures: one and six are the front and the ears; two and seven are the eyes; two and eight are the nostrils and the rear.' It also says: '竅 means a hole.' The Shuowen says: 'An emptiness; it is formed from the cave radical (穴) with qiào (敫) as phonetic').

31.147

Like a secondary rainbow (如蜺: the second character has the sound y- [藝] + -ì [𠔃] fanqie. Wang [Yi]'s commentary on the Songs of Chu says: 'A secondary rainbow (霓) refers to clouds having color that resemble a dragon.' Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Erya says: 'The secondary rainbow is called the female rainbow.' The Hanshu yinyi says: 'When rainbows appear, the dominant one is the male, and the male is called hóng (虹); the dimmer one is called the female, and the female is called ní (霓). Each has two names.' The Shuowen says: 'The secondary rainbow is a curved rainbow; bluish-red or white; it is yin qi. It is formed with the insect radical (虫) and ní (蜺) as phonetic; it is also written as 霓').

31.148

Coronet and cap (冕𦨕: the first character has the sound m- [眉] + -iǎn [辨] fanqie. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: 'The six ceremonial robes all use the coronet (冕); it is an exalted head ornament.' The Shiben states: 'The Yellow Emperor created the coronet.' The Kaosheng says: '冕 means a cap.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from [the hat radical] 曰 with miǎn (免) as phonetic. 曰 has the sound m- [毛] + -ào [報] fanqie').

31.149

Lotus flower (菡𧂄: the first character has the sound h- [含] + -ǎn [感] fanqie; the second has the sound d- [覃] + -ǎn [感] fanqie. The Shuowen says: '菡𧂄 is the lotus (fúqú) flower. Unopened it is called fúróng; already opened it is called hàndàn.' Both characters are formed with the grass radical (艸), with hán (函) and yǎn (閻) as their phonetics. The sūtra writes 菡 [without the full form], which is incorrect).

31.150

Bonds and fetters (纍紲: the first character has the sound l- [律] + -uī [追] fanqie, which is the standard character form. Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '纍 means to tie up.' Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Analects says: '纍 means a black rope.' The Shuowen says: 'A large cord; formed with the silk radical (糸) and léi (畾) as phonetic; 畾 has the sound lěi [壘].' The sūtra mistakenly writes it with the silk radical and léi (累) as 縲; 縲 means a cord for a cap, which is not the meaning of the sūtra. The second character has the sound x- [先] + -iè [節] fanqie. Gu Yewang says: 'Whatever is used to bind and control beasts is a 紲.' Kong's commentary on the Analects says: '紲 means to bind.' Wang's commentary on the Songs of Chu says: '紲 means to tie.' The Guangya says: 'A cord.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from the silk radical (糸) with shì (世) as phonetic').

31.151

Spider (蛛蝥: the first character has the sound zh- [駐] + -ū [逾] fanqie; the second has the sound m- [母] + -óu [侯] fanqie. The Erya says: 'The zhīzhū (蜘蛛) is the zhūmáo (蛛蝥).' Guo's commentary says: 'The zhuómáo (拙蝥).' The Fangyan says: 'West of the Pass, between Qin and Jin, spiders are sometimes called máo.' The Yunying says: 'A web-weaving insect.' The Shuowen says: 'The standard form is written 鼄, formed with the frog radical (黽) and zhū (朱) as phonetic.' The sūtra writes 蛛, which is a popular character form. 蝥 is formed from the insect radical (蟲) with mào (敄) abbreviated as phonetic).

31.152

Fascicle Two

31.153

Molding clay (挻埴: the first character has the sound sh- [設] + -ān [氈] fanqie. Xu [Shen]'s commentary on Huainanzi says: '挻 means to press down.' The Guiyuan zhucun says: 'To press down clay to make vessels is called 挻.' Ru Chun's commentary on the Book of Han says: '挻 means to strike.' Song Zhong's commentary on the Taixuanjing says: '挻 means to blend.' The Wenzidian says: 'The Shuowen has it formed with the hand radical (手) and yán (延) as phonetic; writing it with the earth radical as 埏 is not the standard character form.' The second character has the sound sh- [時] + -ì [力] fanqie. Xu Shen's commentary on Huainanzi says: '埴 means clay.' Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: 'Sticky clay is called 埴.' The Shiming says: '埴 means greasy clay, smooth like fat.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed with the earth radical (土) and zhí (直) as phonetic').

31.154

Musicians (伶人: the first character has the sound l- [力] + -íng [丁] fanqie. Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the Guoyu says: '伶 is an official in charge of music.' Zheng's commentary on the preface to the Mao Poetry says: 'The Ling clan held the office of music for generations and were skilled at it; therefore later generations often called music officials língrén.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from the human radical (人) with lìng (令) as phonetic').

31.155

Gourd water (匏水: the first character has the sound b- [鮑] + -áo [茅] fanqie. Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: 'A 匏 is a mouth-organ (shēng).' The Shuowen says: 'A 匏 is a bottle-gourd (hù); formed with bāo (包) and kuā (夸); kuā is also phonetic; kuā has the sound k- [苦] + -uǎ [爪] fanqie').

31.156

Soaring up and down (頡頏: the first character has the sound x- [賢] + -ié [結] fanqie; the second has the sound h- [鶴] + -áng [浪] fanqie. The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: 'Flying up and down is called jiéháng; flying downward is called háng.' The Kaosheng says: 'Suddenly rising high, suddenly descending.' The ancient and modern standard characters both take the head radical (頁), with jí (吉) and kàng (亢) as phonetic; kàng has the sound gāng [𡶩]).

31.157

Hastily go (亟往: the first character has the sound j- [矜] + -ì [力] fanqie. The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: '亟 means urgent.' The Wenzidian says: 'Formed from person (人), mouth (口), hand (手), and two (二); two refers to heaven and earth. Man living between heaven and earth finds mouth and hand most pressing; it is an associative compound character').

31.158

Pure essence (精粹: the second character has the sound s- [雖] + -uì [翠] fanqie. The Classic of Changes says: 'Unadulterated and pure (粹) is essence.' Wang's commentary on the Songs of Chu says: '粹 means pure essence.' The Guangya says: 'Pure without mixture.' The Shuowen has the same meaning: 'Formed from the rice radical (米) with zú (卒) as phonetic').

31.159

Gallop swiftly (馳騖: the second character has the sound m- [無] + -ù [付] fanqie. Guo's commentary on the Tale of King Mu says: '騖 means to drive swiftly.' Gu Yewang says: '騖 means to gallop rapidly.' The Songs of Chu says: 'Suddenly galloping swiftly in pursuit' is an example. The Guangya says: '騖 means to run.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from the horse radical (馬) with wù (敄) as phonetic; 敄 has the sound wǔ [武]').

31.160

Capable of moistening (能濡: the second character has the sound r- [乳] + -ú [朱] fanqie. The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: '濡 means to soak; it also means to moisten.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed with the water radical (水) and xū (需) as phonetic; 需 has the sound xū [須]').

31.161

Capable of drying (能燥: the second character has the sound s- [騷] + -ǎo [早] fanqie. The Classic of Changes says: 'Water flows to the wet; fire moves to the dry (燥).' The Shuowen says: 'Dry; formed from the fire radical (火) with zào (喿) as phonetic; 喿 has the same sound as above').

31.162

Vindhya (𬛜陀: the first character has the sound pìn [牝]. A Sanskrit mountain name; also named Vindhya [頻陀] Mountain).

31.163

Sting things (螫物: the first character has the sound sh- [舒] + -ì [亦] fanqie. The Shuowen says: 'The movement of poison by insects. Formed from the insect radical (虫) with shè (赦) as phonetic.' The sūtra writes 𱲓, which is a popular character form).

31.164

Turtles and frogs (龜鼃: the first character has the sound k- [愧] + -uī [逵] fanqie; the second has the sound hu- [獲] + -ā [瓜] fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'The wā (鼃) is an aquatic insect, that is, a mole cricket / frog.' The Shuowen says: 'A toad; formed from the frog radical (黽) with guī (圭) as phonetic; it is also written as 蛙. 黽 has the sound měng [猛]').

31.165

Fascicle Three

31.166

Female deer (牝鹿: the first character has the sound p- [頻] + -ǐn [泯] fanqie; 泯 has the sound m- [蜜] + -ǐn [牝] fanqie. The Guangya says: '牝 means female.' The Shuowen says: 'A mother beast; formed from the ox radical (牛) with bǐ (匕) as phonetic; 匕 has the sound bǐ [妣]').

31.167

Male deer (牡鹿: the first character has the sound m- [矛] + -ǒu [厚] fanqie. The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: 'Flying creatures are called xióng and cí (male and female); running creatures are called pìn and mǔ (female and male).' Gu Yewang says: 'Flying birds are also referred to as pìn and mǔ.' The Shuowen says: '牡 is a father beast; formed from the ox radical (牛) with tǔ (土) as phonetic').

31.168

Stump of a person (人杌: the second character has the sound w- [吾] + -ù [骨] fanqie. It was already fully explained above in Fascicle One of the Ratnamegha-sūtra).

31.169

Disturbed by (所嬈: the second character has the sound n- [奴] + -iǎo [鳥] fanqie. It was already fully explained above in Fascicle Three of the Ratnamegha-sūtra).

31.170

Drumstick (枹[(豆-一+出)*(乞-乙+(、/又))]: the first character has the sound fú [孚]. Gu Yewang says: 'A 枹 is a mallet used to beat a drum.' The Shuowen says: 'The handle for beating a drum; formed from the tree radical (木) with bāo (包) as phonetic.' The sūtra takes the hand radical, writing 桴 with the sound fū [夫]; the Analects says 'riding a raft (桴) upon the sea,' which is not the meaning of the sūtra text).

31.171

Clouds and rainbow (雲蜺: the second character has the sound y- [藝] + -ì [𠔃] fanqie. Explained in the preceding fascicle).

31.172

Bears and brown bears (熊羆: the first character has the sound xióng [雄]. The Shuowen says: 'A beast resembling a pig; it lives in mountains and hibernates in winter; formed from néng [能] and the fire radical [灬]; 灬 has the sound piāo [漂].' The second character has the sound b- [彼] + -í [麋] fanqie. Guo's commentary on the Erya says: 'Resembling a bear but with a higher head and longer legs; fierce, foolish, and immensely strong; able to uproot trees. West of the Pass it is called a boar bear (jiāxióng).' The Shuowen says: 'Like a bear, yellowish-white; formed from bà (罷) with xióng (熊) abbreviated as phonetic. Jiā has the sound jiā [加]; hàn has the sound h- [呼] + -án [藍] fanqie').

31.173

Whirlwind (旋嵐: the second character has the sound l- [拉] + -án [躭]; it means a great, violent wind).

31.174

Coarse and fierce (麁獷: the second character has the sound gu- [虢] + -uǎng [猛] fanqie. Already explained above in Fascicle Six of the Ratnamegha-sūtra).

31.175

Vairambha (毘嵐弭儋: the first character has the sound m- [彌] + -ǐ [止] fanqie; the second has the sound d- [都] + -án [含] fanqie. Sanskrit; also a Sanskrit sound).

31.176

Newly Translated Ghanavyūha-sūtra in Three Fascicles

31.177

(Translated by imperial order by the Tripiṭaka Master Amoghavajra of Daxingshan Monastery); compiled by Huilin

31.178

Sounds and Meanings of the Preface to the Sūtra

31.179

Composed by Emperor Daizong

31.180

Inspire and guide (啟迪: the second character has the sound d- [徒] + -í [歷] fanqie. Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: '迪 means to tread upon; it means faithfully treading and practicing the virtue of the ancients.' It also says: '迪 means to instruct and guide.' The Fangyan says: '迪 means to rectify; between eastern Xu, Qing, and Qi, rectifying one another is called 迪.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed with yóu (由) and the movement radical (辵) as phonetic').

31.181

Deaf and blind (聾瞽: the second character has the sound g- [姑] + -ǔ [午] fanqie. Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: 'Lacking eyes is called gǔ; when the eyes do not open, sprawling as if with blind skin. Having pupils but unable to see is called méng; having eyes but lacking pupils is called sǒu; they are also called máng.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from the eye radical (目) with gǔ (瞽) as phonetic').

31.182

Fullness and defect (盈𡙇: the second character has the sound qu- [犬] + -uē [悅] fanqie. The Cangjiepian says: '𡙇 means a deficiency.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from chuí (垂) with quē (夬) as phonetic; it is also written as 缺').

31.183

Scaled and shelled (鱗介: the first character has the sound l- [栗] + -ín [珍] fanqie. Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: 'Scales refers to the class of fish and dragons.' The Shuowen says: 'Scales are the armor of fish and dragons; formed from the fish radical (魚) with lín (粦) as phonetic; 粦 has the sound lìn [恡].' The sūtra text takes the deer radical, writing lín (麟), which is an auspicious beast and not the intended meaning of the sūtra; this is a scribal error. The second character has the sound ji- [皆] + -iè [械] fanqie. Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: 'The class of turtles and tortoises that dwell in water and reproduce on land.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from bā (八) and rén (人)').

31.184

How much more the error (矤訛: the first character has the sound sh- [申] + -ǐn [忍] fanqie. Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: '矤 means how much more (kuàng).' Guo's commentary on the Erya says: 'To compare and illustrate.' The Shenglei says: 'Where words proceed.' The Shuowen also says: 'How much more; a particle; formed from the arrow radical (矢) with yǐn (引) abbreviated as phonetic; today written as 矧, a popular character.' The second character has the sound w- [五] + -é [和] fanqie. Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: '訛 means to transform.' The commentary on the Mao Poetry says: 'False.' The Han Poetry says: 'Erroneous words.' Guo's commentary on the Erya says: 'The world takes erroneous words as 訛, which is this.' The ancient and modern standard characters take the speech radical (言) with huà (化) as phonetic; it is also written as 譌).

31.185

Boats and oars (舟楫: the second character has the sound ji- [尖] + -iè [葉] fanqie. Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: 'Like crossing great waters, relying on boats and oars.' The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: 'An oar is that with which a boat is rowed.' The Classic of Changes says: 'Whittling wood to make oars.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from the tree radical (木) with qì (咠) as phonetic; 咠 has the sound q- [七] + -ì [入] fanqie. Rowing (櫂) has the sound zh- [直] + -iào [効] fanqie. The preface writes it with jí (戢) as 檝, which is also commonly interchangeable).

31.186

In one's grasp (在握: the second character has the sound w- [烏] + -ò [角] fanqie. The Shuowen says: '握 means to grasp; formed from the hand radical (手) with wū (屋) as phonetic').

31.187

Sails flying (帆飛: the first character has the sound fán [凡]. The Shiming says: 'A sail is the cloth curtain of a boat.' It is also written as 颿, or as 颿 with the cloth radical [巾]').

31.188

Both regions (兩方: the first character has the sound l- [良] + -iǎng [掌] fanqie. The Guangya says: '兩 means two.' That is, the Tripiṭaka master understood both the languages of the Tang and Sanskrit regions. The Shuowen says: 'Formed from 㒳 [meaning] equally divided; 㒳 is also phonetic.' The preface writing it as 兩 is incorrect).

31.189

To peer and observe (窺鑒: the first character has the sound q- [丘] + -uī [規] fanqie. The Shuowen says: '窺 means to look through a small opening.' It is also written as 闚; formed from the cave radical (穴) with guī (䂓) as phonetic).

31.190

Liu Hang (柳杭: the first character has the sound l- [留] + -iǔ [久] fanqie; the second has the sound h- [康] + -áng [浪] fanqie. A personal name).

31.191

Bamboo slips and tablets (簡牘: the first character has the sound ji- [間] + -iǎn [限] fanqie; ancient bamboo slips. Gu Yewang says: 'Slips are what were used to copy texts and record events.' The Shuowen says: '簡 means a document; formed from the bamboo radical (竹) with jiān (間) as phonetic.' The second character has the sound d- [同] + -ú [鹿] fanqie. The Han Poetry says: 'Holding the brush and grasping the wooden tablet.' The Wenzidian says: 'Square boards are dú; great matters were written on bamboo tablets (cè), whereas minor matters were merely on bamboo and wooden slips (jiǎndú).' The Shuowen says: 'A wooden board; formed from the wood split radical (片) with mài (賣) as phonetic').

31.192

Vigorous and beautiful (遒麗: the first character has the sound j- [就] + -óu [由] fanqie. The Kaosheng says: '遒 means exhaustive/consummate.' The Shuowen says: 'It is also written as 逎; formed from the movement radical (辵) with yǒu (酉) as phonetic.' The second character has the sound l- [禮] + -ì [帝] fanqie. The Guangya says: '麗 means fine.' The Kaosheng says: '麗 means beautiful.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from the deer radical (鹿) with [(麗-(一*一)+〦)-鹿] as phonetic; [(麗-(一*一)+〦)-鹿] has the same sound as above. In ancient script it was written as 丽').

31.193

Secret mysteries (祕賾: the second character has the sound zh- [崢] + -uì [貴] fanqie).

31.194

Spread and dispersed (布濩: the second character has the sound h- [胡] + -uò [𮨇] fanqie. Liu Liang's commentary on the 'Wudu fu' says: '布濩 means spreading and flowing.' The Boya says: 'Pervasive.' The ancient and modern standard characters take the water radical (水) with huò (蒦) as phonetic; 蒦 has the sound w- [烏] + -ò [獲] fanqie. It is also written with the sound radical as 頀).

31.195

Assessing and expressing (課抒: the first character has the sound k- [科] + -uò [臥] fanqie. Lu Ji says: '課 means examining the formless to demand substance.' Character dictionaries say: 'To uniformly regulate and demand achievements.' The Shuowen says: 'Formed from the speech radical (言) with guǒ (果) as phonetic.' The second character has the sound ch- [常] + -ǚ [呂] fanqie. The Guiyuan zhucun says: '抒 means to ladle out.' Character dictionaries say: 'To untie; to chop and pare.' The Shuowen says: 'To ladle or take up things; formed from wǒ (我) with yǔ (予) as phonetic.' The sūtra preface mistakenly writes it with the tree radical as 杼).

31.196

Sūtra Fascicle One

31.197

烝涌 (The first character is pronounced with the fanqie 職 + 繩. Gu Yewang says: it refers to vapor steaming forth. The Shuowen says: fire-vapor moving upward; it takes the 'fire' radical and 烝 as phonetic. The text of the sūtra written with the 'grass' radical as 蒸; the Erya says: 蒸 is like sacrifice, which is not the meaning here in the sūtra. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 容 + 聳. Liu Zhao's commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: 涌 means to gush forth. Gu Yewang says: it refers to water surging forth. The Huainanzi says: the arrival of the myriad things is a surging forth. The Shuowen says: it takes the 'water' radical and 甬 as phonetic. The pronunciation of 甬 is the same as above. It is also written 湧.)

31.198

蟠龍 (The first character is pronounced like 盤. The Fangyan says: a dragon that has not yet ascended to heaven is called a coiled dragon (panlong). The Guangya says: 蟠 means bent or coiled. Gu Yewang says: 蟠 means twisted and turning. The Shuowen says: it takes the 'insect' radical and 番; 番 is also phonetic.)

31.199

勃如 (The first character is pronounced with the fanqie 盆 + 沒. Guo's commentary on the Erya says: it denotes an abrupt change of facial expression. Gu Yewang says: 勃 means bursting forth violently. The Guangya says: changing countenance abruptly. The Shuowen says: it takes the 'strength' radical and 孛 as phonetic; the pronunciation is the same as above. The sūtra text writes it with the 'fire' radical as 㶿.)

31.200

金礦 (The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 古 + 猛. It is also written [金*〡*卜].)

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Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese