續一切經音義 3
English (machine translation) 3
- Language
- English
3.1
Compiled by the Śramaṇa Xilin of Chongren Monastery in Yanjing
3.2
Continuation of the New Pronunciation of the Mahāvaipulya-buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra, from Fascicle 16 through Fascicle 40;
Newly translated Daśabhūmika-sūtra, 9 fascicles;
*Pariṇāmanā-cakra-sūtra, 1 fascicle;
*Daśabala-sūtra, 1 fascicle.
3.3
The above four sūtras, in thirty-six fascicles, continue the pronunciation in this fascicle.
3.4
New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle 16
3.5
補陁落迦 (Also written 補怛洛迦; older versions had 寶陀羅; both are Sanskrit, varying between dialects. Here translated as 'Small-Flower-Tree Mountain', meaning that on this mountain there are many such flowering trees whose blossoms are exceedingly fragrant. It is an isolated mountain on the near shore of the Southern Sea, the palace where Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva resides).
3.6
蓊鬱 (The first character is pronounced 烏 + 孔 fanqie. The Yupian says: 'Wengyu means luxuriant growth of grass and trees').
3.7
𦟛圓 (The first character is pronounced 丑 + 容 fanqie. The Erya says: 'Chong means even.' Guo's commentary says: 'Meaning uniform and equal.' The Erya writes the character as 𦟛).
3.8
弓矢 (The first character is pronounced 居 + 戎 fanqie. The Shiming says: 'Gong [bow] means qiong [vaulted], meaning arched and vaulted.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A pictographic character.' The second character is also written 矢 or 笑; both are pronounced 式 + 是 fanqie. The Shiben says: 'Yi Mou, in the time of the Yellow Emperor, invented the arrow').
3.9
寶璫 (The first character is pronounced 博 + 抱 fanqie: a general name for all precious gems; also written 珤, taking 玉 as semantic and 缶 as phonetic. The second character is pronounced 都 + 郎 fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Piercing the ear and affixing a pearl.' The Yunying says: 'An ear ornament.' It takes 玉 as semantic and 當 as phonetic).
3.10
髑髏 (The first character is pronounced 同 + 祿 fanqie; the second 勒 + 候 fanqie. The Pi Cang says: 'A skull.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The parietal bone.' Both take 骨 as semantic, with 獨 and 樓 abbreviated as phonetic. In the sūtra text, writing them as 䫳 and 䫫 are popular forms and not the standard characters).
3.11
依怙 (Pronounced 胡 + 古 fanqie. The Erya says: 'Hu means to rely upon.' The Book of Odes says: 'Without a mother, upon whom can one rely?').
3.12
慞惶 (The first character is pronounced 諸 + 良 fanqie. The Qieyun says: 'Afraid.' The second character is pronounced 胡 + 光 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Zhanghuang means fearful and alarmed.' The Yunying says: 'Agitated; alarmed and losing composure').
3.13
驚駭 (The first character is pronounced 舉 + 卿 fanqie: frightened. The second character is pronounced 候 + 揩 fanqie. The Qieyun says: 'Hai also means alarmed.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed with 馬 as semantic and 亥 as phonetic.' Sun Ran's commentary on the Erya says: 'When Yu dredged the Nine Rivers, the work on the northern river was arduous; the multitudes were terrified [juhai] that it would not be completed, hence it was named the Tuhai River').
3.14
捔力 (The first character is pronounced 古 + 岳 fanqie, properly simplified to 角. The Kaosheng says: 'To compete.' The Qieyun says: 'Horn-butting sports.' Here written 捔. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To seize and drag.' Some sūtras write 捔椓, or 斠, which means to level a dou or hu measure; none of these conveys the sense of wrestling or competing in strength. 掎 is pronounced 居 + 綺 fanqie).
3.15
New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle 17 (No terms requiring gloss or phonetic explanation.)
3.16
New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle 18
3.17
捶楚 (The first character is pronounced 隹 + 蘂 fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To strike with a rod.' It takes 手 as semantic and 垂 as phonetic. Or, taking 竹 as semantic, it is written 箠, meaning a whip; taking 木 as semantic, it is written 棰, meaning a cudgel. The second character is pronounced 瘡 + 所 fanqie. The Qieyun says: 'The catalpa and the chuzi.' It is the name of a catalpa tree, and also vitex; it takes 林 as semantic and 疋 as phonetic. 疋 is pronounced 踈; 榎 is pronounced 賈).
3.18
開闡 (The second character is pronounced 昌 + 演 fanqie. Han Kangbo's commentary on the Book of Changes says: 'Chan means to elucidate.' The Guangya says: 'To open up.' The Shenglei says: 'To open wide.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed with 門 as semantic and 單 as phonetic.' 單 is pronounced 善).
3.19
揀擇 (The first character is pronounced 姦 + 眼 fanqie. The Wenzi jilüe says: 'To choose.' It takes 手 as semantic and 東 as phonetic. The Shuowen jiezi gives the form 東, meaning to distinguish, taking 束 and 八 as components. The second character is pronounced 澤. The Yunying says: 'Ze also means to select.' It takes 手 as semantic and 澤 abbreviated as phonetic).
3.20
主稼 (The Erya says: 'Masters and officers are masters.' The Guangya says: 'Zhu means to guard.' The character takes 王 as semantic and [必-心] as phonetic; [必-心] is pronounced 竹 + 句 fanqie. The second character is pronounced 加 + 暇 fanqie. Ma Rong's commentary on the Analects says: 'Planting the five grains is called jia', which refers to young crops. This spirit protects them from suffering damage).
3.21
New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle 19
3.22
覺寤 (The first character is pronounced 教. The Cang Jie pian says: 'Wu means to awaken.' In the sūtra text, writing it as 𭔏 is a popular character. The second character is pronounced 吾 + 故 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'To perceive something while asleep, and to understand and believe it upon waking, is called wu.' It takes 㝱 abbreviated as semantic and 吾 as phonetic).
3.23
號泣 (The first character is pronounced 胡 + 刀 fanqie. The Qieyun says: 'To wail.' The Erya says: 'Dancing and wailing constitutes the rain-sacrifice.' Guo Pu's commentary says: 'The rain-sacrifice involves sighing and pleading for rain.' The Shuowen jiezi gives the form 唬. The second character is pronounced 去 + 急 fanqie. The Qieyun says: 'To weep and sob.' The Kaosheng says: 'Shedding tears without making sound is called qi.' It takes 水 as semantic and 立 as phonetic).
3.24
稻梁 (The first character is pronounced 徒 + 皓 fanqie. The Qieyun says: 'Non-glutinous rice and paddy rice.' The Bencao says: 'Non-glutinous rice mainly supplements qi and arrests irritability and diarrhea; paddy rice mainly warms the interior and causes much heat.' The Zilin says: 'Jing rice is non-sticky; glutinous rice is sticky.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Glutinous rice is dao.' The second character is pronounced 良, sometimes written 梁. The Qieyun says: 'Rice and fine grain.' The Guangzhi says: 'Liaodong produces red fine millet').
3.25
嬉戲 (The first character is pronounced 許 + 其 fanqie. The Shenglei says: 'Beautiful; to disport.' It takes 女 as semantic and 喜 as phonetic. The second character is pronounced 香 + 義 fanqie. The Qieyun says: 'To play, to joke.' Guo's commentary on the Erya says: 'Meaning to tease and play.' 謔 is pronounced 虛 + 虐 fanqie).
3.26
New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle 20
3.27
淳熟 (The first character is pronounced 時 + 倫 fanqie; properly written [泳-永+(高/羊)]. The Shuowen says: 'Clear.' The second character is pronounced 常 + 六 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Ripe, mature.' The Fangyan says: 'Thoroughly cooked').
3.28
際畔 (The first character is pronounced 子 + 例 fanqie. The Yupian says: 'Border.' The Qieyun says: 'Boundary.' The second character is pronounced 蒲 + 半 fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The boundary of a field.' It takes 田 as semantic and 半 as phonetic).
3.29
New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle 21
3.30
廛里 (The first character is pronounced 直 + 連 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'An open plot in a marketplace; also to dwell.' The sūtra text writes [堐-圭+(里/八/土)] or 𫮈, both of which are popular variants. The second character is pronounced 良 + 史 fanqie. The Rites of Zhou says: 'Five households form a lin; five lin form a li.' The Fengsu tong says: 'Li means to reside [zhi], meaning fifty households residing together constitute a li').
3.31
New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle 22
3.32
惽寐 (The first character is pronounced 呼 + 昆 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Dim, benighted.' The Zilin also pronounces it 呼 + 困 fanqie: dark. The sūtra text writes it singly as 昬. The Erya says: 'Hun means to strive.' The Qieyun says: 'Dusk.' Neither is used here. The second character is pronounced 民 + 致 fanqie. The Yupian says: 'To sleep and lie down.' The Classic of Filial Piety says: 'Rising early and retiring late to sleep.' The Shuowen takes 㝱 abbreviated as phonetic).
3.33
檢策 (The first character is pronounced 錦 + 儼 fanqie. The Erya says: 'Jian means identical.' The Shiming says: 'Jian means to restrict.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Formed with 木 as semantic and 僉 as phonetic.' The second character is pronounced 楚 + 革 fanqie, sometimes written 筴. Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: 'Ce means to plan.' Character dictionaries say: 'Ce means strategic calculation.' The Shuowen says it takes 竹 as semantic and 朿 as phonetic; 朿 is pronounced 此 + 志 fanqie. In the sūtra text, writing it with 宋 to make 榮 is a clerical error. 宋 is pronounced 送).
3.34
New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle 23
3.35
Whirling eddy (旋澓: the first character has the fanqie 似泉 [si + quan / xuán]. The Erya says: "'旋澓' means returning; that is, turning back." The second character is pronounced 復 [fù]. The "Explaining Waters" section of the Erya says: "Flowing up against the current is called '泝洄' [going upstream against an eddy], which is '澓'." The Sancang says: "'澓' means deep; it refers to places in rivers and oceans where water whirls.")
3.36
Withered and desiccated (枯槁: the first character has the fanqie 苦姑 [ku + gu / kū]. The Qieyun says: "Rotten." The Kaosheng says: "Trees dying dry." The second character has the fanqie 苦皓 [ku + hao / gǎo]. The Qieyun says: "'槁' also means withered." The Shuowen says: "It is formed from the radical 木 [wood] with 高 as the phonetic component.")
3.37
Boats and rafts (船筏: the first character has the fanqie 食川 [shi + chuan / chuán]. The Fangyan says: "East of the Pass it is called '船', west of the Pass it is called '舟'." The Shuowen says: "It is formed with 舟 [boat] as the radical and the abbreviated form of 沿 as the phonetic component; 沿 has the fanqie 與專 [yu + zhuan]. In the inscriptions of lead and tin, and in '沿' as in following a current, they are all the same." In scripture texts it is written as 船 or as 舡, neither of which is the original character. The second character is also written 橃 or 𦪑, all pronounced with the fanqie 扶月 [fu + yue / fá]. The Fangyan says: "It means '𥱼' [raft]; bamboos or logs lashed together to float on rivers for transporting goods." 𥱼 has the fanqie 蒲住 [pu + zhu / fù].)
3.38
Cataracts and films (瞖瞙: the first character has the fanqie 於計 [yu + ji / yì]. An eye disease. The second character is pronounced 莫 [mò]. The Zhitong says: "Dimness of vision." Both characters are formed with the radical 目 [eye], with 殹 and 莫 as their phonetic components. In scripture texts it is written as 膜, meaning inside the skin and outside the flesh.)
3.39
Precious plumb-line (寶繩: the second character has the fanqie 食蠅 [shi + ying / shéng]. The Shiben says: "Chui created the plumb-line." The Shangshu says: "Following the line to correct errors and rectify their deviant minds." It also says: "When timber follows the plumb-line, it becomes straight." The Shuowen says: "A cord; formed with 糸 [silk] as the radical and the abbreviated form of 蠅 as the phonetic component.")
3.40
Imperial consorts and concubines (妃嬪: the first character has the fanqie 芳非 [fang + fei / fēi]. The Yunying says: "A pleasing mate." Guo Pu's commentary on the Erya says: "Mating and pairing; pairing is pronounced with the fanqie 疋閉 [pi + bi / pì]." Note that the Mao commentary on the Shijing says: "'Guanju' describes the virtue of queens and imperial consorts." The second character has the fanqie 符真 [fu + zhen / pín]. The Erya's "Explaining Relatives" section says: "'嬪' means a wife." The Liji says: "In life they are called father, mother, and wife; in death they are called deceased father, deceased mother, and deceased wife." The "Canon of Yao" says: "He sent down his two daughters to the bend of the Gui River, to be married (嬪) into the Yu clan." Kong's commentary says: "Causing them to practice the way of wives in the Yu clan.")
3.41
The New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle Twenty-Four
3.42
Solitary and desolate (煢獨: pronounced with the fanqie 渠營 [qu + ying / qióng]. The Shangshu says: "Do not oppress the solitary and desolate." Kong Anguo says: "'㷀' means alone; that is, having nothing to rely on. Having no children is called '獨'." It is also written with the character 惸.)
3.43
Ditches and pits (溝阬: the first character has the fanqie 苟侯 [gou + hou / gōu]. The Kaogongji says: "Between well-fields, a channel four feet wide and four feet deep is called a ditch." Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: "The fields of ten men and two neighboring hamlets, by which [water] drains into streams." The Shuowen says: "A water ditch; formed from 水 [water] with 冓 as the phonetic component." The second character has the fanqie 客庚 [ke + geng / kēng]. The Erya says: "'阬' means a void." The Cangjie pian says: "'阬' means a ravine, a hollow, a moat." In the Gujin zhengzi, it is formed with 阜 as the radical and 亢 as the phonetic component. In scripture texts it is written as 坑, which is a vulgar character.)
3.44
Mounds and knolls (堆阜: the first character has the fanqie 當雷 [dang + lei / duī]. The Kaosheng says: "The height of heaped earth." The Shuowen says: "A small knoll; formed from 土 [earth] with 隹 as the phonetic component." In scripture texts it is written as 塠, which is an incorrect vulgar character. The second character has the fanqie 房務 [fang + wu / fù]. The Erya says: "A large plateau is called a '阜'." The Kaosheng says: "A type of hill." The Shiming says: "'阜' means thick; formed from 𠂤 with the radical 土 abbreviated." In the ancient script it was written 𨸏, in large seal script as 隹. In scripture texts it is written as 阜 or 埠, which are both incorrect.)
3.45
Thorns and brambles (荊棘: the first character has the fanqie 舉卿 [ju + qing / jīng]. The Qieyun says: "The name of a tree, which can be used for dyeing; formed from 艸 [grass] with 刑 as the phonetic component." The second character has the fanqie 紀力 [ji + li / jí]. The Kaosheng says: "The name of the sour jujube tree." The Qieyun says: "Prickles; formed from two 朿. 朿 has the pronunciation 㓨 [cì].")
3.46
Filaments and pistils (鬚蘂: the first character has the fanqie 相俞 [xiang + yu / xū]. The Qieyun says: "A small hair bun." The second character has the fanqie 如捶 [ru + chui / ruǐ]. The Guangya says: "Flowers; that is, the points at the ends of flower filaments." The Shuowen says: "Written as 蘂 with three 心; it says the exterior of a flower is called the calyx, and the interior of a flower is called the pistil." In scripture texts it is written with three 止, or with 木 as 蘃, which are both incorrect.)
3.47
The New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle Twenty-Five
3.48
Lust and indulgence (婬佚: the first character has the fanqie 余針 [yu + zhen / yín]. The Qieyun says: "Lewd and dissolute." The Shuowen says: "Covetous; formed from 女 [woman] with 㸒 as the phonetic component. The character 㸒 is formed from 爪 and 壬, with the same pronunciation." The second character has the fanqie 寅質 [yin + zhi / yì]. The Qieyun says: "'佚' means pleasure." The Shuowen says: "It is formed from 人 [man] with 失 as the phonetic component.")
3.49
Prison (囹圄: the first character has the fanqie 歷丁 [li + ding / líng]; the second character has the fanqie 魚舉 [yu + ju / yǔ]. Names for a prison. In the Zhouli, prisons first appeared under the Three Kings. The Shiming says: "'囹' means to receive and record; '圄' means to ward off; that is, to register prisoners and hold them in custody." The Shuowen says: "'囹' means prison; '圄' means to guard." These are characters with the form on the outside and the phonetic component on the inside.)
3.50
Flogging and beating (搒笞: the first character has the fanqie 白忙 [bai + mang / bàng]. Gu Yewang says: "'搒' means to strike." The Zishu says: "To beat with a stick." The Shuowen says: "Formed from 手 [hand] with 旁 as the phonetic component." The second character has the fanqie 恥持 [chi + chi / chī]. The Shuowen says: "To strike painfully; formed from 竹 [bamboo] with 台 as the phonetic component; 台 has the pronunciation 怡 [yí].")
3.51
Amputating the kneecap (臏割: the first character has the fanqie 蒲忍 [pu + ren / bìn]. The Da Dai Liji says: "Human beings develop their kneecaps in late infancy and only then can walk." The Shuowen says: "The kneecap bone." The Shangshu zhuan says: "Those who breach passes and bridges, scale city walls, or pillage and rob, their punishment is kneecap amputation." Gu Yewang says: "The punishment of severing the feet; that is, the category of foot-amputation in the Marquis of Lü's penal code." It is also written with the radical 骨 [bone] as 𩪯. The second character has the fanqie 古達 [gu + da / gē]. The Erya says: "'割' means to sever." The Qieyun says: "To peel and cut off; formed from 刀 [knife] with 害 as the phonetic component.")
3.52
Palace chambers (宮闈: the first character has the fanqie 居戎 [ju + rong / gōng]. The Shiben says: "Yu built palace residences." The Erya says: "A palace is called a residence." The Liji says: "From the creation of lineages to the establishment of heirs, all resided in distinct palaces." Note that in ancient times, the noble and the base equally used the term 'palace'; only since the Qin and Han has it designated the residence of kings alone. The second character has the fanqie 雨非 [yu + fei / wéi]. The Erya says: "Inner gates within a palace are called '闈'." Guo Pu's commentary says: "This refers to small connecting gates; the smaller ones are called '闈'.")
3.53
Rhinoceros (犀牛: the first character is pronounced 西 [xī]. The Erya says: "The rhinoceros resembles a swine." Guo Pu's commentary says: "It resembles a water buffalo, with the head of a pig, a large belly, short legs, three hooves on each foot, black in color, and three horns: one horn atop the head, one horn on the forehead, and one horn on the nose. The one on the nose is the horn used for feeding; it is small and not pointed, and [the animal] likes eating thorns. There is also a one-horned variety." It is formed with 牛 [ox] as the radical and the abbreviated form of 尾 as the phonetic component. In scripture texts it is written as [尸@丰], which is an error. 橢 has the fanqie 他果 [ta + guo / tuǒ].)
3.54
The New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle Twenty-Six
3.55
Liver and gallbladder (肝膽: the first character has the fanqie 古安 [gu + an / gān]. The essence of wood. The Baihu tong says: "It resembles wood having leaves." Wang Shuhe says: "The liver and gallbladder form a viscera-bowel pair; their diagnostic manifestation is in the eyes, so when there is repletion heat in the liver, the eyes become red and dim." The second character has the fanqie 答敢 [da + gan / dǎn]. The Baihu tong says: "The gallbladder is the bowel of the liver." The Maijing says: "When the gallbladder is diseased, the spirit is unanchored." Both characters are formed with 肉 [flesh] as the radical and 干 and 詹 as their phonetic components; 詹 is pronounced 占. They are phono-semantic characters.)
3.56
Intestines and stomach (膓胃: the first character has the fanqie 除良 [chu + liang / cháng]. The Shiming says: "The intestines are the internal bowel through which qi circulates freely." The second character is also written 𦝩; the standard form is [鬯-匕+((氘-气)@二)]. The Baihu tong says: "The bowel of the spleen, black in color." The Shuowen says: "The storehouse of grains; formed from 肉 [flesh] as [鬯-匕+((氘-气)@二)], a pictographic character.")
3.57
Pendants and girdles (環珮: the first character has the fanqie 戶關 [hu + guan / huán]. The Qieyun says: "A jade ring." The Erya says: "When the flesh [substance] and the hole are equal, it is called a '環'." Guo's commentary says: "It means the rim and the hole are equal." The second character has the fanqie 蒲妹 [pu + mei / pèi]. The Qieyun says: "Jade pendants." The Liji says: "The gentlemen of antiquity wore jade pendants to symbolize their virtue.")
3.58
Mother's flanks (母脇: the first character has the fanqie 莫厚 [mo + hou / mǔ]. The Erya says: "A father is called '考'; a mother is called '妣'; a father's deceased mother is called a royal grandmother (王母)." Guo's commentary says: "Adding 'royal' honors her." Cangjie says: "The character is formed from 女 [woman] with two dots resembling the shape of a woman's breasts." The second character has the fanqie 香業 [xiang + ye / xié]; it is also written as 脅. The Shuowen says: "The two sides of the torso; formed from 肉 [flesh] with 劦 as the phonetic component. 劦 is pronounced 叶 and is formed from three 力.")
3.59
Ashamed and contrite (慙愧: the first character has the fanqie 徂含 [cu + han / cán]; the second character has the fanqie 軌位 [gui + wei / kuì]. The Shuowen says: "'愧' also means ashamed (慙)." The Liji says: "The gentleman does not distress others with what he himself can do, nor does he feel ashamed before others for what he cannot do." The Guangya says: "'慚' means shame." The Erya says: "'愧' means '慙'." The two characters define each other. The Shuowen writes it as 愧, and also as 謉 and 聭; both forms are ancient characters.)
3.60
The New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle Twenty-Seven
3.61
Ruin and collapse (沮壞: the first character has the fanqie 慈與 [ci + yu / jǔ]. The Mao commentary on the Shijing says: "'沮' is like ruined." The Guangya says: "Damp." The Shuowen says: "Formed from 水 [water] with 且 as the phonetic component. 且 has the fanqie 子余 [zi + yu]." The second character has the fanqie 懷聵 [huai + kui / huài]. The Kaosheng says: "To crumble and collapse." The Shuowen says: "Formed from 土 [earth] with 褱 as the phonetic component; in the ancient script it was written as 𡎯.")
3.62
Burning and scorching (焚爇: the first character has the fanqie 符分 [fu + fen / fén]. The Qieyun says: "To burn." The second character is also written 焫, both pronounced with the fanqie 如雪 [ru + xue / ruò]. The Yunying says: "To set on fire; also to burn.")
3.63
The New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle Twenty-Eight
3.64
Flanking retinue (翼從: the first character has the fanqie 與職 [yu + zhi / yì]. The Qieyun says: "Respectful; to assist." The Erya says: "'翼' means revered." The Analects says: "When advancing quickly, [he did so] reverently (翼如)." Kong's commentary says: "This describes uprightness and prudence." The second character has the fanqie 疾用 [ji + yong / cóng]. The Qieyun says: "Following behind; to attend upon." In scripture texts it is sometimes written as 翊, which is also accepted in popular usage.)
3.65
Length and breadth (延袤: the first character has the fanqie 以然 [yi + ran / yán]; the second character has the fanqie 莫候 [mo + hou / mào]. '延' is length; '袤' is width. This was already explained in fascicle seven above.)
3.66
Perished and destroyed (殞滅: the first character has the fanqie 為敏 [wei + min / yǔn]. The Shenglei says: "'殞' means perished." The Erya says: "To fall." It is also written as 隕; the Zuo zhuan says: "Stars fell like rain," which is this. The second character has the fanqie 亾烈 [wang + lie / miè]. The Shuowen writes it as 威, explaining: "Fire receives its qi in the tenth month, the hai branch, and reaches the ninth month, the xu branch, when it dies; hence it is formed from 火 [fire] and 戌." Cai Yong added water to write it as 滅.)
3.67
Flattery and obsequiousness (佞媚: the first character has the fanqie 乃定 [nai + ding / nìng]. The Qieyun says: "Sycophantic." The Analects says: "Yong is humane, but not glib." Guo's commentary on the Erya says: "A glib person resembles someone trustworthy." The second character has the fanqie 明祕 [ming + bi / mèi]. The Kaosheng says: "Pleasing; lovely." The Qieyun says: "Attractive charm." The Analects says: "Wangsun Jia asked: 'Rather than flattering the spirit of the inner sanctuary, is it not better to flatter the kitchen stove?'")
3.68
Fault and transgression (愆違: the first character is in the falling tone with the fanqie 去乾 [qu + qian / qiān]; it is also written as 𮘧, 𠍴, or 𱞖, all three forms being identical. The Erya says: "'逸' and '𮘧' mean a transgression." The Shujing says: "Look to the former kings, that you may be forever free of error." Kong's commentary says: "'愆' means a fault." The second character has the fanqie 雨非 [yu + fei / wéi]. The Zilin says: "To turn against." The Qieyun says: "'違' means to oppose; to refuse.")
3.69
Begging and entreating (乞匃: the second character has the fanqie 垓艾 [gai + ai / gài]. Gu Yewang says: "'匃' also means to beg." The Kaosheng says: "To seek." The Gujin zhengzi says: "When a person has lost property, they beg (匃)." The Shuowen says: "Formed from 人 [person] and 亾 [lost]; it is an ideographic compound. In ancient times it was written as 勹 or 几, both pronounced '人'.")
3.70
Apes and gibbons (猨𤜴: the first character has the fanqie 雨元 [yu + yuan / yuán]. The Erya says: "The naoyuan is good at climbing." The second character has the fanqie 余救 [yu + jiu / yòu]. The Shanhaijing says: "Mount Ge has many you monkeys"; the pronunciation is the same as above. Guo Pu's commentary says: "It resembles a macaque but is larger, dark grey-black, with a tail four or five feet long resembling an otter's tail, and a cleft head. When it rains, it hangs upside down from trees, plugging its nostrils with its tail. People in Jiangdong raise them to catch rats." The Qieyun says: "The name of an animal." It is also written as [(白/虫)*虫], [豸*冘], or 狖. In ancient characters it was written 㹨, which is incorrect.)
3.71
Splendid attire (袨服: the first character has the fanqie 玄絹 [xuan + juan / xuàn]. The Wenzi jilüe says: "Magnificent garments." The Kaosheng says: "'袨' means beautiful garments." The Zishu says: "'袨' refers to fresh, bright garments; formed from 衣 [garment] with 玄 as the phonetic component.")
3.72
The New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle Twenty-Nine
3.73
Stingy and miserly (慳悋: the first character has the fanqie 苦間 [ku + jian / qiān]. The Qieyun says: "Stingy (恡)." The Erya says: "'慳' means firm." Guo Pu says: "Tightly clinging and stubborn." The second character has the fanqie 良刃 [liang + ren / lìn]. The Qieyun says: "Being stingy with wealth is called '悋'." The Kaosheng says: "Grudging." It is also written as 恡, 吝, or 𠫤, which are all vulgar characters.)
3.74
Silk fabrics and floss (繒纊: the first character has the fanqie 疾綾 [ji + ling / zēng]; the second character has the fanqie 苦謗 [ku + bang / kuàng]. The Shuowen says: "'繒' means silk fabrics; '纊' means silk floss." The Xiaoya says: "The finest of silk floss is called '纊'.")
3.75
Pressed and narrow (迫窄: the first character has the fanqie 博陌 [bo + mo / pò]. The Qieyun says: "To press close." The Kaosheng says: "Attached and urgent." In the ancient script it was written as 皈. The second character is also written 迮, with the fanqie 側伯 [ce + bo / zhǎi]. The Qieyun says: "Narrow; also pressed.")
3.76
Washing and cleansing (洗滌: the first character has the fanqie 先禮 [xian + li / xǐ]; in the ancient script it was also written as 洒. The Qieyun says: "To exhaust; bathing and washing; also the appearance of reverent solemnity." The second character has the fanqie 徒歷 [tu + li / dí]. The Yupian says: "To eliminate." The Yunying says: "To purify." The Mao Shijing says: "In the tenth month they cleanse the threshing grounds"; the commentary says: "'滌' means to sweep clean.")
3.77
The New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle Thirty
3.78
Opening and expanding (開闢: the first character has the fanqie 苦哀 [ku + ai / kāi]. The Yunji says: "To release; to open wide. The character is formed from 門 [gate] with 幵 as the phonetic component; 幵 is pronounced 牽 [qiān]." The second character has the fanqie 房皃 [fang + mao / pì]. The Qieyun says: "To open." The Song of Shun says: "Open wide (闢) the four gates." Kong's commentary says: "Opening and clearing the gates of the four directions." The Shuowen says: "Formed from 門 [gate] with 辟 as the phonetic component.")
3.79
Translucent and clear (瑩徹: the first character has the fanqie 烏定 [wu + ding / yíng]. The Cangjie pian says: "'瑩' means polished and fine." Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: "'徹' means clear and bright." It is also written as 鎣 or 撤, which are likewise acceptable.)
3.80
Defend and protect (禦捍: the first character has the fanqie 魚舉 [yu + ju / yù]. The Erya says: "'禦' and '圉' mean to restrain." The Yunying says: "To withstand." The Qieyun says: "To face the enemy." The Shuowen also says: "To restrain; formed from 示 with 御 as the phonetic component." The second character has the fanqie 胡幹 [hu + gan / hàn]. The Qieyun says: "To resist; also to ward off; formed from 手 [hand] with 旱 as the phonetic component.")
3.81
The New Avataṃsaka-sūtra, Fascicle Thirty-One
3.82
The syllable a (婀字: with the fanqie 阿可 [a + ke / ā]). The syllable la (攞字: with the fanqie 盧可 [lu + ke / lǎ]).
3.83
The syllable ta (哆字: with the fanqie 多可 [duo + ke / tuō]. The three syllables above are all Sanskrit, serving as secret gates of visualization; their lexical meanings are not to be sought.)
3.84
All comprehended (咸綜: the first character has the fanqie 胡嵒 [hu + yan / xián]. The Qieyun says: "All; together." The second character has the fanqie 宗送 [zong + song / zòng]. The Shuowen says: "The loom part that holds the crossed threads; formed from 糸 [silk] with 宗 as the phonetic component. 糸 is pronounced 覓 [mì].")
3.85
Madness and epilepsy (癲癎: the first character has the fanqie 丁堅 [ding + jian / diān]. The Guangya says: "'癲' means madness." The Shenglei says: "A severe wind disorder." The Shuowen writes it as 瘨. The second character has the fanqie 限姦 [xian + jian / xián]. The Shenglei says: "A childhood disease." The Shuowen says: "'癎' is a wind illness; formed from 疒 [illness] with 間 as the phonetic component. 疒 has the fanqie 女厄 [nü + e]; 姦 is pronounced 間 [jiān].")
3.86
Lead and tin (鉛錫: the first character has the fanqie 與 + 專. The Shuowen jiezi says: "It is blue-green metal." The Shangshu says: "Qingzhou offered lead and tin as tribute." The second character has the fanqie 先 + 戚. The Erya says: "Tin is called yin (鈏)." Guo Pu's commentary says: "It is pewter." Yin has the fanqie 余 + 刃).
3.87
Prophecy and apocrypha (讖緯: the first character has the fanqie 楚 + 𧮂. The Shiming says: "Chen (讖) means minute (纖), referring to its meaning being minute and subtle." The second character, wei (緯), was explained previously).
3.88
Comprehensive mastery (該練: the first character has the fanqie 古 + 哀. The Guangya says: "It means all; to contain." The Qieyun says: "It means complete." The ancient script writes it as 眩. As for the second character, lian (練), the Guiyuan zhucong says: "Boiling silk to make it ripe is called lian; smelting metal is written with the character lian (鍊)").
3.89
Fascicle Thirty-two of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.90
Fertile field (沃田: the first character has the fanqie 烏 + 酷. The Qieyun says: "Rich and beautiful soil is called wo." Yan [Shigu's] commentary on the Hanshu says: "Wo means to irrigate").
3.91
Selling gold (鬻金: the first character has the fanqie 余 + 六. The Qieyun says: "It means to sell." The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 鬻, phonetically following 毓. Yu (毓) has the same sound as the above).
3.92
Pudgala (補特伽羅: older sūtras write 富伽羅 or 弗伽羅. The old translation is "one who repeatedly takes destinies" [數取趣], meaning sentient beings repeatedly create and accumulate causes and repeatedly take bitter fruits [of rebirth]. It is also said: "Some translate it as 'entering' [入], speaking of leaving the heavenly aggregates and entering the human aggregates, and so forth").
3.93
Śamatha (奢摩他: Sanskrit. Examining the Avataṃsaka Pronunciation and Meaning by Dharma Master Huiyuan, it says: "Here it is called 'stopping and resting' [止息], and also 'calm and quiet' [寂靜], referring to right concentration being free from sinking and agitation, and so forth").
3.94
Vipaśyanā (毘鉢舍那: also written 毗婆設那. Here it is translated as 'contemplation' [觀察], referring to right wisdom's discernment. These are the two designations of calming and contemplation [śamatha and vipaśyanā]").
3.95
Fascicle Thirty-three of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.96
Bar and lock (關鑰: the first character has the fanqie 古 + 還. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Using a horizontal piece of wood to hold a door is called guan." It is classified under the door radical [門] with 𢇇 as phonetic. The sūtra text writes 閞, pronounced bian (弁); the Erya says: "Guan (閞) is called ji (槉)," which is not the usage here. The second character has the fanqie 羊 + 斫. The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 𨷲, meaning the lock of a bar. Some write 籥, which is incorrect).
3.97
Strike and bite (搏噬: the first character has the fanqie 補 + 各. The Qieyun says: "The sound of hands." The Erya says: "Facing a tiger unarmed is barehanded striking [徒搏]." Guo [Pu's] commentary says: "It means seizing with empty hands." The second character has the fanqie 時 + 制. The Qieyun says: "To gnaw and bite; also to establish." It takes the mouth radical [口] with 筮 as phonetic).
3.98
Castrated ox (犗牛: the first character has the fanqie 古 + 邁. The Qieyun says: "A castrated bull is called a jie; that is, a steer." It takes the ox radical [牛] and 害 as phonetic).
3.99
Inherit and continue (紹繼: the second character has the fanqie 古 + 詣. The Erya says: "Shao, yin, si, xu, xi, and ji all mean to succeed." The Shuowen jiezi classifies it under the silk radical [糸] and 㡭 as an associative compound; 㡭 is the ancient character for jue (絕, sever). In the sūtra text it is written as 繼 or 継, neither of which forms a correct character).
3.100
Wash and dye (浣染: the first character has the fanqie 洹 + 管. The Gongyang commentary note says: "Removing old grime is called huan." Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Mao Poetry says: "Huan means to wash." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Huan means to rinse; it takes the water radical [水] with 幹 as phonetic." The second character has the fanqie 如 + 琰. The Guangya says: "To contaminate." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Dyeing silk into patterned colors; it takes the water radical [水] with 杂 as phonetic." Za (杂) has the same sound as the above).
3.101
Obstinate and perverse (佷戾: the first character has the fanqie 胡 + 懇. The Qieyun says: "Hen also means perverse." The second character has the fanqie 郎 + 計. The Qieyun says: "Disobedient." The Shangshu says: "Guilt." The Erya says: "A crooked word is a perverse guilt." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Crooked; a dog emerging from beneath a door").
3.102
Fascicle Thirty-four of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.103
Grass stack (草積: the second character has the fanqie 子 + 賜. The Qieyun says: "To accumulate." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To gather." Correctly written as 𥢼, taking 朿 (pronounced ci / 㓨) as phonetic. Character dictionaries traditionally transmitted the abbreviated form as 積, also with the fanqie 子 + 惜. In the sūtra text, writing it with the grass radical as 𧂐 is a vulgar form).
3.104
Bluish bruise (青瘀: the second character has the fanqie 於 + 據. The Kaosheng says: "It refers to clotted blood in the skin and flesh." The Wenzi dian shuo says: "Accumulated, congregated blood").
3.105
Swollen and distended (䏺脹: the first character has the fanqie 疋 + 江; it is also written 肨. The Qieyun says: "Pang also means distended." The second character has the fanqie 知 + 亮. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Full; plump and distended." Some write 痮, which is identical. The sūtra text writes 膖, which is a vulgar character).
3.106
Fascicle Thirty-five of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.107
Jñeya (尒燄: the second character is also written 焰. Sanskrit. Here it is translated as 'the object of knowledge' [所知], referring to the realm known by wisdom, not the ordinary realm of consciousness; hence it is said to 'transcend the jñeya'").
3.108
Choke and stifle (哽噎: the first character has the fanqie 加 + 杏. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A bone choking inside the throat when eating meat; choking and blockage due to sorrow and grief." Hence it is borrowed here as a metaphor).
3.109
Donning armour (擐甲: has the fanqie 胡 + 串. Du [Yu's] commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "Huan means to put on [貫]." Jia [Kui's] commentary on the Guoyu says: "To wear armour; wear [衣] is pronounced with the fanqie 於 + 既 [yi]." According to the Wujing wenzi, huan is also pronounced with the fanqie 古 + 患).
3.110
Pitfall trap (穽陷: the first character has the fanqie 疾 + 政. In ancient script it is written 阱, meaning a pit. The Shangshu says: "Block [敜] your pitfall traps." Character dictionaries say: "Trapping animals is called jing." The second character has the fanqie 戶 + 蘸. The Qieyun says: "To enter; to collapse and sink." The Kaosheng says: "To fall." The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 臽, a small pit. Zhan (蘸) has the fanqie 㽵 + 陷. The character 臽 consists of ⺈ above 臼; ⺈ is pronounced like 人; words such as 諂 and 燄 all follow this. Some write it with 爪 as 舀, pronounced with the fanqie 羊 + 小; characters like 韜 and 蹈 derive from this. Nie (敜) is pronounced nie [躡]).
3.111
Sharp sickle (利鐮: the second character has the fanqie 力 + 炎. The Qieyun says: "A reaping knife." The Shiming says: "Lian (鐮) means lian (廉, sharp edge); taken from its thin edge." Classified under the metal radical [金] with 廉 as phonetic, a phono-semantic character. The sūtra writing it with 兼 as 鎌 is a vulgar character).
3.112
Golden lancet (金錍: the second character has the fanqie 府 + 移. The Qieyun says: "A thin arrowhead." It is also pronounced with the fanqie 疋 + 迷. Now examining this, 'golden lancet' [金鎞] should properly be written with the bi (鎞) of 'hairpin lancet' [釵鎞]).
3.113
Pincers and tweezers (鉗鑷: the first character has the fanqie 儉 + 嚴; it should properly be written 鈷. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Iron tongs, an instrument for grasping objects." The sūtra text writes 鉗, which refers to an iron cangue for children. The second character has the fanqie 黏 + 輙; it should properly be written 銸. The Shuowen jiezi says: "She is also a small pincers." It takes the metal radical [金] with 耴 as phonetic; 耴 has the same sound as above. In the sūtra text, writing it with 聶 as 鑷 refers to an iron clamp beneath a carriage. Neither character fits the sūtra's meaning).
3.114
Trade and exchange (貿易: the first character has the fanqie 莫 + 候. The Erya says: "Mao (𧵍) means to trade in the marketplace." The Qieyun says: "To exchange." The Kaosheng says: "To sell." The second character has the fanqie 羊 + 益, meaning to change).
3.115
Caitya (支提: Sanskrit; also written 制底 or 制多, all of which are corrupt abbreviations. It should properly be said as caitya [制底耶]. This is translated as 'accumulated gathering' [積聚], meaning the building of stūpas, shrines, towers, and pavilions at sites where the Tathāgata entered nirvāṇa, preached the Dharma, walked in meditation, and so forth, making them places where immeasurable humans and devas accumulate merits and virtues. This is a translation of the meaning. Formerly it was also translated as 'high mound' [高墳] or 'sacred shrine' [靈廟]").
3.116
Fascicle Thirty-six of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.117
Scar and mark (瘢痕: the first character has the fanqie 薄 + 宮. The Qieyun says: "The scar of a sore." The second character has the fanqie 戶 + 恩, meaning hidden; that is, the concealed trace of a scar).
3.118
Sink and drown (沈溺: the first character has the fanqie 直 + 林. The Qieyun says: "To submerge; turbid." The Erya says: "Sacrifices to rivers are called floating and sinking." The second character has the fanqie 乃 + 歷. In ancient script it is written 㲻. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A person submerged in water").
3.119
Armour and weapons (鎧仗: the first character has the fanqie 苦 + 亥. The Qieyun says: "Another name for armour." Character dictionaries write it with the metal radical [金] and an abbreviated 皚 as phonetic. The second character has the fanqie 直 + 兩. Character dictionaries say: "Ceremonial guards and weaponry").
3.120
Melt and consume (銷秏: the first character has the fanqie 相 + 焦. The Qieyun says: "To smelt metal; also to cast metal." Written as 消, it means to exhaust or extinguish. The second character has the fanqie 呼 + 倒. The Yupian says: "To decrease; also to diminish." Some say hao (秏) also belongs to rice cultivars, which is not adopted here).
3.121
Flee and hide (竄伏: the first character has the fanqie 倉 + 乱. The Yupian says: "Cuan means to flee and hide." The Guangya says: "To conceal." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed of a rat inside a hole, hence to flee." As for the second character, fu (伏), according to the Shuowen jiezi it is formed from dog [犬] and human [人], saying that when a dog sees a human, it prostrates [伏]").
3.122
Eggshell (卵㲉: the first character has the fanqie 落 + 管. The Yupian says: "Bird egg." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Those born in shells without nursing are called luan." The second character has the fanqie 苦 + 角. The Qieyun says: "The shell of a bird egg." The Shuowen jiezi says: "It takes egg [卵] with 𣪊 as phonetic." 𣪊 has the same sound as above. Some editions have it as 毇, which is very contrary to the meaning).
3.123
Wildcat and civet (貓貍: the first character has the fanqie 莫 + 交. The Shijing says: "There are cats resembling tigers." The Qieyun says: "Beasts that catch mice." The second character has the fanqie 力 + 之. The Qieyun says: "Wild civet." The Erya says: "The chu (貙) resembles a civet." Guo [Pu's] commentary says: "The chu belongs to the tiger family, large as a cat with patterns like a civet." Both characters are formed with the feline radical [豸]. The sūtra text writes them with the dog radical as 猫狸, which are not correct characters).
3.124
Lodestone (礠石: the first character has the fanqie 疾 + 之. The Qieyun says: "Lodestone can attract needles").
3.125
Prolonging lifespan (延齡: the first character has the fanqie 似 + 然. The Erya says: "To endure, receive, draw out, extend, and lengthen." The second character has the fanqie 歷 + 丁. The Guangya says: "Ling means years." The Liji says: "The ancients called years ling").
3.126
Leakage (滲漏: the first character has the fanqie 所 + 禁, meaning water seeping and sinking. The second character has the fanqie 盧 + 候. Character dictionaries say: "To leak and fall." Also, a water clock: using copper basins to hold water and drip through one hundred marks [ke] to determine day and night).
3.127
Fascicle Thirty-seven of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.128
Gold shavings (金屑: for the first character, jin (金), the Shuowen jiezi says: "The metals of the five colours. Yellow is everlasting; buried without rotting, refined a hundred times without losing weight, adaptable without opposing; the phase of the west. It is born of the earth, hence takes earth [土] with strokes on the left and right depicting gold within the earth, and 今 as phonetic." The second character has the fanqie 先 + 結. The Qieyun says: "Exhausted; pure; the appearance of unease." According to the sūtra's meaning, it should properly be written with the xie (糏) of pulverized powder [糏粖]").
3.129
Samāpatti (三摩鉢底: Sanskrit. Here it is translated as 'equipoise attainment' [等至]. Dharma Masters [Hui]lin and [Hui]yuan state: "It means that by the power of preparatory effort, sinking and agitation are suppressed, reaching the stage of experience where body and mind are tranquil and harmonious." It is also called 'equipoise holding' [等持], meaning maintaining the mind in equipoise).
3.130
Dharma conch (法螺: the second character has the fanqie 盧 + 和. It is a vulgar character; the standard form is 蠃. The Shuowen jiezi says: "An armored creature [shellfish]." The sūtra text writes 𧋠, pronounced li (禮), neither of which is the correct character for Dharma conch).
3.131
Level and even (平坦: has the fanqie 他 + 袒. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Tan means peaceful." The Guangya says: "Also level." The Lunyu says: "The noble person is broad-minded and composed [坦蕩蕩]; this is it").
3.132
Narrow and inferior (陿劣: the first character has the fanqie 咸 + 甲. Gu Yewang says: "Xia means cramped and narrow; the opposite of vast and great." The Shuowen jiezi says: "From the hill radical [阝] and 匚, with 夾 as phonetic." The sūtra text writes it with the dog radical as 狹, which means training dogs and horses, not the sūtra's intended meaning. The second character has the fanqie 戀 + 惙. The Kaosheng says: "Weak; lacking strength." An associative compound. The ancient script writes it as 乎. The radical 阝 is pronounced fu [𨸏]; 匚 is pronounced fang [方]; 夾 is pronounced tian [田]).
3.133
Fascicle Thirty-eight of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.134
Torrential (霈然: the first character has the fanqie 普 + 蓋. The appearance of heavy rain. The Qieyun says: "Torrential downpour." The Shuowen jiezi classifies it under the rain radical [雨] with 沛 as phonetic. Pei (沛) has the same pronunciation as above).
3.135
Fascicle Thirty-nine of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.136
Ruin and destruction (沮壞: the first character has the fanqie 慈 + 與; the second character has the fanqie 懷 + 瞶. Already explained in Fascicle Twenty-seven of the preceding sūtra).
3.137
Fascicle Forty of the New Avataṃsaka-sūtra
3.138
Devouring flesh (啗肉: the first character has the fanqie 徒 + 濫; also written 啖. The Qieyun says: "To eat and consume." Some write 噉, with the fanqie 徒 + 敢. As for the second character, rou (肉), the Shuowen jiezi writes it as 肉, depicting the form of muscles and flesh).
3.139
Vegetation and trees (卉木: the first character has the fanqie 輝 + 貴. The Shuowen jiezi says: "The collective name for the hundred herbs. Formed from three chu [屮], written as 芔." Chu (屮) has the fanqie 丑 + 列, shaped like grass newly sprouting. Two chu combined make cao (艸), pronounced cao. Four chu make mang (茻), pronounced mang. Now 芔 is altered to follow thirty [三十]").
3.140
Lamp wick (燈炷: the second character has the fanqie 朱 + 遇. It is a modern character. Examining Lu [Deming's Jingdian] Shiwen, the Qieyun, Xu Shen's Shuowen jiezi, the Yupian, the Zilin, and the Gujin zhengzi, none contains it; only Sun Mian's Guangyun includes it under the character zhu [注]").
3.141
Fascicle One of the Newly Translated Daśabhūmika-sūtra (Together with the Preface to the Sūtra)
3.142
India (天竺: traditionally pronounced Tianzhu. Following Sanskrit phonetics, it should properly be pronounced Tiandu. Formerly called Shendu or Xiandou; newly called Yindu. These are all corrupt transliterations. Properly it should be Indukara [印特伽羅], which is translated here as 'moon' [月]. The moon has a thousand names; this is merely one of them. The Xiyu ji says: "Because in that land, after the sun of the Buddha had set, sage after sage was born to awaken, guide, and benefit the masses of sentient beings, shining over them just as the moon does, it was therefore named after it").
3.143
Country of Shule (踈勒國: a corrupt abbreviation of Sanskrit. Properly it is Kharostra [佉路數怛勒], translated here as 'Land of Evil Nature', because the people of that country are mostly fierce and perverse. Alternatively, it is said that the country has Mount Kharostra, and took its name from the mountain. It is situated in the territory of Northern India).
3.144
Gandhāra (乾陁羅: the first character is pronounced qian [䖍]. Formerly written 健䭾羅. Translated here as 'Earth Holder' [持地]. Anciently, this country had many sages who attained the Way residing in and upholding its realm so that other nations could not harm it. It is also said to mean 'fragrance patrol' [香氣邏], referring to this country producing many fragrant flowers throughout its territory, from which it was named. The country lies north of Central India and south of Northern India).
3.145
Kaśmīra (迦濕彌羅: also written 迦葉蜜羅. Formerly called Jibin [罽賓], which is a corrupt abbreviation. Translated here as 'Who Enters?' [阿誰入]. It is said that before this country was established, there was a great dragon lake which no one dared approach. Later, an arhat, seeing the topography was magnificent and suitable for human habitation, begged the dragon for a piece of ground to place one knee. The dragon granted it, whereupon the arhat transformed his body to grow larger until his knee filled the dragon lake. The dragon, true to his word, relinquished it and departed. The arhat then used spiritual powers to dry up its waters and established walled cities. The multitude all said: 'Were it not for the holy master, who could have entered?' Hence the country was named after these words. The country is in the territory of Northern India).
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披緇 (The first character has the fanqie fu + ji. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To open; to disperse.' It is also written as 帔, meaning a short cape or kerchief. It is also written as 被, with the pronunciation ping + yi, meaning to wear, to add, or clothes. Here one should follow the latter form. The second character has the fanqie ce + chi. The Shuowen jiezi says: '緇 is black silk.' The Analects of Confucius says: 'Can it be immersed in black dye and not become black?' The commentary says: '涅 refers to black mud that can be used to dye things black.' 涅 has the fanqie nu + jie; it is composed of 'water' and 'sun parching earth').
3.147
鄔波𬽓耶 (鄔 has the fanqie wu + gu; 𬽓 has the fanqie ting + ye. This is correct Sanskrit. Formerly transliterated as yupo-diye [upādhyāya], it translates here as 'reciting nearby', referring to how a disciple, being young, does not leave the master, always staying close and following him to receive and recite the scriptures. It is also translated as 'personal instructor'. In countries such as Kucha and Khotan, it is corruptly pronounced as hezhe or hushe. The modern form heshang is fundamentally neither Sanskrit nor Chinese, but merely a corrupt pronunciation from the countries west of the Congling mountains).
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蒙鞮 (The second character has the fanqie dou + xi. This is not correct Sanskrit, but probably the name of a monastery in the kingdom of Kaśmīra. Its translation is not yet clear. On examination, the character 鞮 belongs to footwear).
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拗怒 (The first character has the fanqie yu + liu. The Boya says: 'To stop.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It derives from the "hand" semantic and has the phonetic you.' It also has the pronunciation yu + ling, which is not adopted here. The second character has the fanqie nai + gu. Dictionaries state: 'Wrath.' The Qieyun says: 'Anger.' It also has the sound nu, also the appearance of glaring angrily).
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僅全 (The first character has the fanqie qu + jin. The Qieyun says: 'Able; few.' Gu Yewang says: '僅 means barely.' The second character correctly written is 全, with the pronunciation ji + yuan. The Yunying says: 'Complete.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Complete. It is an ideographic character composed of gong and ji.' 亼 has the fanqie cai + ru, presenting the shape of three joining together).
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那爛陀 (Also written as 那爛多 [Nālandā], the name of a monastery in the Western Regions. It translates here as 'Giver without Satiety'. The Xiyu ji says: 'Successive generations of monarchs joined together to construct it into a single monastery, opening its gate to the east, constantly providing for a thousand monks. Since its founding, not a single person has violated the precepts or raised doubts. Therefore, throughout the five Indias, donations and giving are without satiety, and it was named after this.' It is located in the territory of Central India).
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- 續一切經音義 — Classical Chinese