續一切經音義 8

English (machine translation) 8

Language: English

8.1

Compiled by the Śramaṇa Xilin of Chongren Temple in Yanjing.

8.2

Continued Glosses on the Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bheṣajyavastu, twenty fascicles.

8.3

The above, from the first through the twentieth, share this fascicle's continued glosses.

8.4

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bheṣajyavastu, Fascicle 1.

痿黃 (wěi is y[ū] + zhu[ī] fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "A dampness disease." The Jixun says: "The feet cannot reach [the ground]." The Shiming says: "Wěi means wilting; like the leaves of grasses and trees wilting and dying on the ground." Composed with the sickness radical and wěi phonetic. The second character is h[ú] + gu[āng] fanqie; the Erya states: "Xuánhuáng is illness." Guo's commentary notes: "Huǐhuí and xuánhuáng are both general names for human ailments; commentators took them as horse illnesses, missing their meaning").

8.6

顦顇 (the first character is q[í] + y[áo] fanqie; the second is q[íng] + su[ì] fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "顦顇 means emaciated and sickly." The Cangjie pian writes it 憔悴, meaning "grief and sorrow." The Mao Shi uses the speech radical, writing 譙誶. Ban Gu uses the sickness radical, writing 癄瘁. Emperor Wu of Han's 'Rhapsody on Lady Li' uses the female radical, writing 嫶𡝵. The Zuo zhuan uses the grass radical, writing 蕉萃. Across various texts there is no fixed single graph; the present scripture text mostly writes 顦顇).

8.7

蘡薁 (the first character is y[ì] + y[íng] fanqie; the second is y[ū] + l[iù] fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Name of an herb; edible, resembling the grape but smaller, its berries black." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Both characters are composed with the grass radical, with yīng and ào as phonetics").

8.8

椶櫚 (the first character is z[ǐ] + h[óng] fanqie; the second is l[ì] + j[ū] fanqie; the Yunji says: "Bīnglǘ is the name of a tree." The Kaosheng says: "The bīnglǘ tree has leaves but no branches." Both characters are composed with the wood radical, with zōng and lǘ as phonetics. Bīng is pronounced bīng).

8.9

椰子 (the first character is y[ǐ] + zh[ē] fanqie; the Yunji says: "The coconut is the name of a fruit tree; the front and back of its leaves resemble each other; produced in Jiaozhi and island regions; the large ones among its fruit can be made into vessels." Composed with the wood radical and yē phonetic).

8.10

菖蒲 (the first character is ch[ǐ] + li[áng] fanqie; the second is b[ó] + h[ú] fanqie; the Qieyun says: "Acorus calamus is the name of a plant; it resembles the orchid and can be made into mats." The Bencao says: "Acorus calamus is a medicinal name; gather the root in the eighth month, and those with a hundred nodes are the best." Orchid is pronounced l[iáng] + r[èn] fanqie).

8.11

[麩-夫+廣]麥䴬 (the first character is g[ǔ] + m[ěng] fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Wheat bran." The Fangyan says: "Namely modern barley." The second character is y[ǔ] + zh[í] fanqie; character dictionaries do not have this character. The Xin Zilin says: "[麩-夫+弋] means wheat awns." As for the character mài, it is composed with lái and suī. The Baihu tong says: "Wheat is metal; it is born when metal flourishes and dies when fire flourishes." 𪍿 is composed with a simplified kuàng as phonetic; [麩-夫+弋] is composed with yì as phonetic. Jiǔ is pronounced suī).

8.12

江㹠 (the first character is g[ǔ] + qi[āng] fanqie; the second is t[ú] + l[ùn] fanqie; a vernacular character, standardly written 豚. "江㹠" refers to a large fish in rivers and seas; its shape resembles a pig, hence its name. When wind and waves are about to rise, this fish first emerges above the water; appearing and submerging, in a short while winds and waves arise).

8.13

鮫魚 (the first character is g[ǔ] + y[áo] fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: "The name of a sea fish; its skin has patterns and can be used to decorate knives and swords." Composed with the fish radical and jiāo phonetic. The second character is y[ǔ] + j[ū] fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: "An aquatic creature." Composed with the horn radical and water, written [(冉-土+(久/人))/水]. The Erya says: "Fish entrails are called yǐ; fish tails are called bǐng." Guo's commentary notes: "Both resemble the seal script characters, and are named after them accordingly").

8.14

瘡疥 (the first character is ch[ǔ] + li[áng] fanqie; the ancient script writes 創 or 𭃅, meaning ruptured by a blade. The Shiming says: "Chuāng means wound; saying that the body has a wound or rupture." The Liji says: "When one has sores on the head, then wash the hair." The second character is pronounced jiè, also written 疥; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Itchy scabies." Composed with the sickness radical and jiè phonetic; written 疥 is also the same).

8.15

[糸*狂]婆 (the first character is also written [狂/糸], pronounced n[ǚ] + l[ín] fanqie; Sanskrit, the name of a fruit tree).

8.16

騷毘羅 (the first character is s[ū] + d[āo] fanqie; Sanskrit, here translated as "water-filtering bag").

8.17

釘橜 (the first character is d[īng] + d[ìng] fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "To nail wood with nails." The second character is q[í] + yu[è] fanqie; the Yunlüe says: "A stake." The Erya states: "That which is in the ground is called a niè." Guo Pu's commentary notes: "Namely a door stake; sometimes written with the character 橛").

8.18

歐逆 (the first character is w[ū] + k[ǒu] fanqie; the Qieyun says: "To vomit; also written 嘔, the same." The Shiliaobencao says: "Pig bile stops dry retching").

8.19

杙上 (the first character is y[áng] + sh[ì] fanqie; the Erya states: "A zhí is called a yì." Guo's commentary notes: "Namely a stake; also written 弋, with the same gloss." Zhí is pronounced chí. The Fangyan says: "Northerners call a jué a zhí").

8.20

家貲 (the first character is g[ǔ] + y[á] fanqie; the Erya says: "The space between windows and doors is called the yǐ; within it is called the house." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A household residence." Composed with the roof radical and a simplified jiā phonetic. Mián is m[ò] + xi[ān] fanqie, the appearance of a deep room; jiā is pronounced g[ǔ] + y[á] fanqie. The second character is j[í] + y[í] fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Property and goods; also wealth." Composed with the cowrie radical and cǐ phonetic).

8.21

鄔波駄耶 (the first character is ān + gǔ fanqie; or said as yupodiye, light and heavy Sanskrit sounds. This is translated as "close reciter," because the disciple, being young, does not part from the teacher, constantly following and drawing close to receive and recite. Upādhyāya is also translated as "personal instructor." Old translations render it as "one who knows offenses and lack of offenses," named héshang, or said as heshe, both being corrupt sound-changes from Khotan and other kingdoms; it was not originally the elegant speech of India).

8.22

割䏶 (the first character is the standard character gē; the Erya says: "Gē means to sever." The Yunji says: "Gē means to skin; also to cut off." The second character is b[àng] + l[ǐ] fanqie; a vernacular character, standardly written 䯗. The Qieyun says: "Thigh." Composed with the bone radical and bì phonetic. Bì is pronounced bǐ).

8.23

飢饉 (the first character is written 𩚮 in ancient script, or also 饑, the same; pronounced j[ǐ] + zh[ì] fanqie. The second character is pronounced jìn. The Erya says: "When grains do not ripen, it is jī." Guo's commentary notes: "The five grains do not mature." It also says: "When vegetables do not ripen, it is jǐn." The commentary notes: "All edible greens are generally called vegetables." The Chunqiu Guliang zhuan says: "When two grains do not harvest, it is called jī; when three grains do not harvest, it is called jǐn; when five grains do not harvest, it is called zāi." Zāi is the standard character for calamity).

8.24

剜割 (the first character is w[ū] + hu[án] fanqie; the Picang says: "Wān is like carving." The Guangya has the same meaning. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Wān means gouging out; composed with the knife radical and [𡖅], pronounced wán." The scripture text writes the character 剜, which is vernacular).

8.25

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bheṣajyavastu, Fascicle 2.

8.26

羯闌鐸迦 (the last character is ji[āng] + qi[ā] fanqie; formerly named 迦闌陀 and also 迦闌鐸迦, all being corrupt Sanskrit sound-changes. Originally it is kalandaka, which translates as "sweet-voiced bird," meaning that beside Rājagṛha there is a great bamboo grove where this bird mostly perches and dwells, and it was named after it accordingly).

8.27

患痔 (the first character is h[ú] + gu[àn] fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Sickness." The Jixun says: "Anxiety." The Qieyun says: "Suffering; distress." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed with the heart radical and chuàn phonetic; chuàn is pronounced g[ǔ] + hu[àn] fanqie." The second character is zh[í] + l[ǐ] fanqie; the Qieyun says: "An anal-fistula disease." The Kaosheng says: "A disease of the rear." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed with the sickness radical and a simplified zhì phonetic." The sickness radical is n[ǚ] + è fanqie).

8.28

薜舍離 (the first character is p[ú] + jì fanqie; Sanskrit, or said as Vaiśālī; anciently said as Weiyeli, or also Biyeli, which are all corrupt abbreviations. Here translated as "City of Vast Adornment," meaning that this city is the largest, most expansive, and purest within Central India, and was named after that).

8.29

婆羅痆斯 (痆 is n[ǚ] + xi[á] fanqie; also said as Bāluōnàsī, formerly said as Boluonai; also Sanskrit, the name of a kingdom in the Western Regions).

8.30

荻苗 (the first character is t[ú] + l[ì] fanqie; also the name of a kingdom in the Western Regions; that kingdom abounds in this grass, so it was named after it).

8.31

樗蒱 (the first character is ch[ǒu] + j[ū] fanqie; the Erya says: "The chū is the mountain ailanthus." The second character is b[ó] + h[ú] fanqie; the Erya says: "The yángpú is a willow." Guo's commentary notes: "It can be made into arrows." Note: the two characters "chūpú" refer to a game. The Bowuzhi says: "When Laozi went among the barbarians, he made chūpú").

8.32

鉛錫 (the first character is y[ǔ] + zhu[ān] fanqie; the Yupian says: "Lead is bluish metal." The Shangshu says: "Qingzhou offered tributes of lead." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed with the metal radical and [八/口] phonetic." The scripture text writes the vernacular character líng. The second character is xi[ān] + q[ī] fanqie; it is also of the lead class. The Erya says: "Tin is called yǐ." Guo Pu's commentary notes: "White pewter." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Between láng and tin; composed with the metal radical and yì phonetic." Yǐ is pronounced y[ì] + r[ěn] fanqie).

8.33

間錯 (the first character is g[ǔ] + xi[àn] fanqie; the Erya says: "Jiān means substituting." The Yupian says: "Intermingled." The Qieyun says: "Alternating; separated." The second character is cāng + gè fanqie; the Yunji says: "Mixed." The Kaosheng says: "East-west is jiāo; vertical-horizontal is cuò." The Vinaya text uses the silk radical, writing 𦅘, identical to 橺, which in the Qieyun is a door bar, not the meaning of jiāncuò).

8.34

嫂怪 (the first character is s[ū] + h[ào] fanqie; the Erya's 'Explaining Kinship' says: "An elder brother's wife is sǎo; a younger brother's wife is fù." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed with the female radical and sǒu phonetic." It is also written 嫂 in ancient script. The Vinaya text uses gèng, writing 㛐, a vernacularly used character. The second character is g[ǔ] + hu[ài] fanqie; the Qieyun says: "Strange; unusual; also written 恠").

8.35

恍惚 (the first character is h[ǔ] + hu[ǎng] fanqie; the second is h[ū] + g[ǔ] fanqie; the Zilin says: "The mind is not clear." The Laozi says: "Indistinct and shadowy, yet within it is an image." Both characters are composed with the heart radical, with guāng and hū as phonetics; the second is sometimes written 忽).

8.36

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bheṣajyavastu, Fascicle 3.

8.37

嗢柁南 (the first character is w[ū] + m[ò] fanqie; the next is t[ú] + k[ě] fanqie; Sanskrit. Here translated as "gathering the scattered"; also said as "footprints"; or said as "restraining and providing"; all translated according to the meaning; that is, verses).

8.38

獷戾 (the first character is g[ǔ] + m[ěng] fanqie; character dictionaries say: "Fierce." Gu Yewang says: "A dog that cannot be approached." The second character is l[áng] + jì fanqie; the Erya says: "Guilt." The Qieyun says: "Disobedient." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Crooked; the character shows a dog coming out from beneath a door." Both characters are composed with the dog radical. The Vinaya text uses the grain radical, writing 穬, which is grain awns, not guǎnglì).

8.39

羅弶 (the first character is l[ǔ] + h[é] fanqie; the Yunlüe says: "Netting." The Shi says: "Encountering these hundred nets." The Erya says: "A bird net is called luó; sometimes written 羅." The second character is q[í] + li[àng] fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: "An instrument for catching beasts; composed with the bow radical and a simplified liàng phonetic").

8.40

毘訶羅 (訶 is pronounced hē; also said as wēihèlúo; a Sanskrit phonetic shift. Here translated as "monastery"; or said as saṅghārāma, here translated as "community park." The Vinaya says: "Building five hundred vihāras," meaning five hundred monasteries).

8.41

船舶 (the first character is sh[í] + chu[ān] fanqie; the Fangyan says: "East of the Pass it is called chuán; west of the Pass it is called zhōu." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed with the boat radical and a simplified yán phonetic." Yán is y[ǔ] + zhu[ān] fanqie; the yán of yánlù ("along the way") and the qiān of qiānxī ("lead and tin") are all based on this. The Vinaya text uses the gōng radical, writing 船 or 舡, both being vernacular characters. The second character is b[àng] + m[ò] fanqie; the Qieyun says: "A large ocean ship." Composed with the boat radical and bái phonetic).

8.42

一撮 (cāng + kuò fanqie; kuò is g[ǔ] + hu[ó] fanqie; character dictionaries say: "To gather things with the hand." The Mathematical Classic says: "Sixty-four grains of millet make one guī; four guī make one cuō." Composed with the hand radical and zuì phonetic. Also pronounced z[āng] + ku[ò] fanqie, meaning to pinch with the hand).

8.43

傘插 (the first character is s[ū] + h[ǎn] fanqie; the Guangyun says: "An umbrella canopy." Lu's text writes 繖. The second character is ch[ǔ] + qi[à] fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: "To pierce a person." Composed with the hand radical and chā phonetic. Chā is pronounced the same as above; composed with the hand, person, and mortar radicals. The Vinaya text writes 插 or 插, both being erroneous scribal forms).

8.44

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bheṣajyavastu, Fascicle 4.

8.45

Earthen couch (土榻: the first character is [pronounced] 他古 [tǔ]; the Shangshu says: "Earth fosters sowing and reaping." The Shuowen says: "Earth (土) means spitting out (吐); it can spit out and produce the ten thousand things. It is composed of 二, 二 being the number of the earth, and 亅, depicting things emerging from the earth; 〡 is [pronounced] 古本 [gǔn]." The second character is also written as 㯓 or 㒆, both [pronounced] 吐盍 [tà]; the Zishu says: "It means a bed or couch. It is composed of 木 (wood) with [日/羽] phonetic; [日/羽] has the same sound as above").

8.46

Pond and lake (陂湖: the first character is [pronounced] 彼宜 [pī]; the Shangshu says: "An embankment of a marsh is called a bēi." The Erya says: "Sloping ground is called bēi." Guo's commentary says: "The ground is uneven." The Shuowen says: "It is composed of 𨸏 with 皮 phonetic." The second character is [pronounced] 戶吳 [hú]; the Qieyun says: "River or lake." The Guangya says: "A hú is also a pool. It is composed of 水 (water) with 胡 phonetic").

8.47

Flee and avoid (逃避: the first character is [pronounced] 徒刀 [táo]; the Jixun says: "To flee; to leave." The Shuowen says: "To hide away." The Qieyun says: "To run away and avoid. It is composed of 辵 with 兆 phonetic; 辵 is [pronounced] 丑略 [chuò]." It is also written as the character [迍-〦+山]. The second character is [pronounced] 毘義 [bì]; the Yunji says: "To conceal; to oppose; also to leave; to turn away." The Classic of Filial Piety says: "Master Zeng vacated his mat"; the commentary says: "He arose to respond").

8.48

Country of Tianzhu (天竺國: 竺 is pronounced 篤 [zhú]; it is also called Shendu, or Xiandou, or Yindu, which are all corruptions. Correctly it is Indukala [Indukāla], translated here as 'Moon'. The Records of the Western Regions says: 'It means that all living beings transmigrate endlessly through the long night of ignorance, without anyone presiding over them. It is just as when the bright sun has set, the night moon follows it. Truly, because in that land sages and saints have succeeded one another in their tracks, guiding the ordinary and benefiting creatures just as the moon shines down upon them, it is named after it').

8.49

Magadha (摩揭陀: also called Mojieti, or Mojieti; these are all corruptions in Sanskrit phonetic changes. Since ancient times translators established names according to the meaning. Some say 'Unreached', meaning neighboring enemies cannot invade and reach that country; some say 'All-Wise', meaning wise people pervade the country; some also say 'Free from Harm', meaning that under the laws of that country, capital punishment is not carried out—anyone who commits a capital crime is merely sent to the cold forest [śītavana]).

8.50

Rice stalks (稻𦼮: the first character is [pronounced] 徒皓 [dào]; the Qieyun says: "Non-glutinous rice and glutinous rice." The Book of Rites says: "Fine dào rice is called shū." The Bencao says: "Jīng rice primarily supplements qi and stops restlessness and diarrhea; dào rice primarily warms the interior and causes one to have much heat"; this makes clear that these are two different things. The Shuowen says: "The state of Pei calls dào 'nuò'." The Zilin says: "Dào rice is sticky; jīng rice is not sticky." The second character is [pronounced] 古案 [gàn]; the Zishu says: "Stalk or stem").

8.51

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Five

8.52

Propping the cheek (拓頰: the first character is [pronounced] 他洛 [tuò]; the Jilüe says: "Supporting an object with the hand." The second character is [pronounced] 古叶 [jiá]; the Qieyun says: "The cheeks of the face." In my opinion, propping the cheek (拓頰) has the same meaning as resting the chin on one's hand (搘頤). In the Zhou dynasty script, 頰 is also written as 𩠣, an ancient character).

8.53

Threshold of a gate (門閫: the first character is [pronounced] 莫毘 [mén]; the Erya says: "The main gate is called the yingmen." Gu Yewang says: "In halls and rooms it is called a door (戶); in inner and outer city walls it is called a gate (門)." The Shuowen says: "It is composed of two doors (戶) to form 門." The second character is [pronounced] 苦本 [kǔn]; the Shuowen says: "A door threshold. It is composed of 門 with 困 phonetic").

8.54

Utpala (嗢鉢羅: the first character is [pronounced] 溫骨 [wēn]; formerly written as 漚鉢羅, or 優鉢羅, or 烏鉢羅; these are all differences in Sanskrit articulation. Here it is translated as 'blue lotus flower'. Its flower is blue, its petals slender and long, its fragrance smelt from afar, and it is rare in the human world; only in the great Lake Anavatapta are there lotus flowers of this kind).

8.55

Kumuda (拘物頭: Sanskrit; also written as 拘某陀 or 拘牟那. Here it is translated as 'red lotus flower'. Its color is deep vermilion, it is extremely fragrant, and also large. It does not exist in the human world, but also originates in that great dragon lake).

8.56

Puṇḍarīka (分陀利: an abbreviated and corrupted Sanskrit form; also written as 奔茶利迦 or 奔䋈哩迦. Here it is translated as 'white lotus flower'. Its flower is like snow and like silver, its brilliance dazzling the eyes; it is extremely fragrant and also large, mostly emerging from that lake, and also not existing in the human world. 䋈 is pronounced 奴雅 [nǎ]).

8.57

Deaf and mute (聾瘂: the first character is [pronounced] 祿東 [lóng]; the Zuo zhuan says: "Ears not hearing the harmony of the five tones is called deaf." Du's commentary says: "Deaf and unenlightened." The Cang Jie pian says: "Ears not hearing." The Shuowen says: "It is composed of 耳 (ear) with 龍 phonetic." The second character is [pronounced] 鵶賈 [yǎ]; the Kaosheng says: "The mouth unable to speak." The Gujin zhengzi says: "瘂 means mute. It is composed of 疒 with 亞 phonetic; 疒 is [pronounced] 女厄 [nè]." In the Vinaya text it is written with 口 as 啞, pronounced 厄 [yā]; the Book of Changes says: "Laughter and speech yā-yā"; this is not the character for 'deaf and mute').

8.58

Manacles and fetters (杻械: the first character is [pronounced] 勅久 [chǒu]; the second character is [pronounced] 胡戒 [xiè]; the Yupian says: "Manacles and fetters (zhìgù)." The Kaosheng says: "What is used to restrain criminals; on the hands they are called chǒu, on the feet they are called xiè. Both are composed of 木 (wood) with 丑 and 戒 phonetic").

8.59

Licchavi (栗㚲毘: the middle character is [pronounced] 吐涉 [tiè]; Sanskrit; formerly translated as 離車子 [Licchavi sons] or 梨車毘. Here it is translated as 'noble clan', that is, sons of princes and grandsons of kings).

8.60

Without straw (無[葶-丁+呆]: the second character is [pronounced] 古老 [gǎo]; the Qieyun says: "Cereal stalks. Also, gǎoběn means a rough draft." The Shuowen says: "Grass. It is composed of 艸 (grass) with 槀 phonetic; 槀 has the same pronunciation as above").

8.61

Imperial carriage (車輅: the first character is [pronounced] 九魚 [chē]; the second character is [pronounced] 洛故 [lù]; the Shiming says: "That which is ridden by the Son of Heaven is called a chēlù." The Da Dai Li says: "The carriages of antiquity: the round canopy resembles Heaven; the square cross-bar resembles Earth; the twenty-eight spokes resemble the twenty-eight lunar mansions; the thirty spokes resemble the number of days of the sun and moon. Looking up, one observes the celestial patterns; looking down, one surveys the terrestrial layout; looking forward, one watches the sounds of the bells; looking to the sides, one observes the movement of the four seasons").

8.62

Māṇava (摩納婆: Sanskrit; also written as 摩那婆. Here it is translated as 'Brahmanical youth' (儒童), that is, one who cultivates and practices the holy Path).

8.63

River Gaṅgā (弶伽河: the first character is [pronounced] 其亮 [jiàng]; Sanskrit; formerly called Henghe, correctly it should be Jingjia [殑伽], pronounced 魚等 [gěng]. The name of a river in the Western Regions; this river originally emerges from the southern face of Lake Anavatapta. Because its sand is the finest and most numerous, it is cited as an analogy).

8.64

Ācārya (阿遮利耶: formerly called Āshélí, or Āzuǒlí; these are phonetic changes in Sanskrit. Here it is translated as 'Right Conduct' or 'Model of Rules', meaning one who instructs and causes one to know the models and rules in wholesome teachings).

8.65

Wings and quills (翅翮: the first character is also written as 翄, both [pronounced] 施智 [chì]; the Jixun says: "Wings of a bird." The second character is [pronounced] 胡革 [hé]; the Yupian says: "Feathers of a bird." The Erya says: "The stem of a feather is called a hé." Guo Pu's commentary says: "Feathers of a bird. Composed of 羽 (feather) with 支 and 鬲, which are both phonetic").

8.66

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Six

8.67

Webbing of merits (福鞔: the second character is [pronounced] 母桓 [mán]; the Shuowen says: "To cover over." In my opinion, the Vinaya text says 'hands with the myriad character drawn by a hundred merits', which is the hands with webbed membranes adorned by a hundred merits in various sūtras and vinayas. In the Vinaya text it is written with 車 as 輓, pronounced wǎn; the Shuowen says: 'To pull a cart', which greatly contradicts the meaning of the Vinaya).

8.68

Intelligent and discerning (聰叡: the first character is [pronounced] 倉紅 [cōng]; the Shuowen writes it as 聰. The Shangshu says: "Hearing is called cōng." Kong's commentary says: "The ears are sharp and clear in examination." The Shuowen says: "To examine. It is composed of 耳 (ear) with 怱 phonetic; 怱 has the same sound as above; the character 怱 is composed of 心; 怱 is pronounced 楚江 [chōng]." In the Vinaya text it is written as 聡, a popular form. The second character is [pronounced] 悅惠 [ruì]; the Hongfan says: "Discerning makes one a sage." Zheng's commentary to the Book of Rites says: "Subtlety of thought." The Guangya says: "Wisdom." The Gujin zhengzi says: "Deep clarity. It is composed of 𣦻, 目, and an abbreviated 谷; 𣦻 is pronounced cán." In the Vinaya text it is written as 叡, which does not form a correct character).

8.69

Arts and skills (技藝: the first character is [pronounced] 渠綺 [jì]; the Qieyun says: "Art and capability." The Shuowen says: "It is composed of 手 (hand) with 支 phonetic." In the Vinaya text it is written as 伎, which is incorrect. The second character is [pronounced] 魚祭 [yì]; the Kaosheng says: "Talent." The Qieyun says: "Capability." The Guangya says: "Constant." The Analects says: "Roam in the arts").

8.70

Iron spear (鐵矟: the first character is [pronounced] 他結 [tiě]; the Shuowen says: "Black metal. It is composed of 金 (metal) with 𢧜 phonetic." In the Vinaya text it is written as 鐵, a popular form. The second character is [pronounced] 雙捉 [shuò]; the Boya says: "A military weapon." The Yunquan says: "A long spear. It is a pictophoretic character composed of 矛 with 肖." In the Vinaya text some write 槊, a popular form).

8.71

Established by decree (𥬰立: the first character is [pronounced] 楚革 [cè]; the Shuowen writes it as 𠕋, saying: "An imperial tally and decree." It means tallies, credentials, and teaching orders of supreme sages to bestow imperial ranks, resembling the shape of connected and bound bamboo slips. In the Vinaya text it is written as 束, meaning to urge and bind; the Shuowen says: "A horse whip"; it is not the character for 'established by decree').

8.72

Śaṅkha (餉伽: the first character is [pronounced] 式亮 [xiǎng]; Sanskrit; also written with the two characters 商佉. Here it is translated as 'conch', that is, the Dharma conch blown nowadays).

8.73

Brilliant and majestic (赫赫: [pronounced] 呼格 [hè]; the Yunji says: "Bright; flourishing." The Kaosheng says: "Arising." The Book of Odes says: "Majestic is Grand Master Yin." The Erya says: "Hèhè means swift." Guo's commentary says: "It means flourishing and rapid in appearance." In the Vinaya text it is written with 火 as 焃, meaning the red color of fire; it is not the meaning of hèhè).

8.74

Upāsaka (鄔波索迦: the first character is [pronounced] 烏古 [wū]; 索 is [pronounced] 蘇各 [suǒ]; Sanskrit; formerly corrupted as 優婆塞. Here it is translated as 'approaching lay man', that is, one of the seven assemblies).

8.75

Parrot (鸚鵡: the first character is [pronounced] 烏耕 [yīng]; the second character has the sound wǔ [wǔ], or is written as 䳇. The Classic of Mountains and Seas says: "On Mount Huang there is a bird with blue-green feathers and a red beak, and a human tongue that can speak human language, named yīngwǔ." Both are pictophoretic characters composed of 鳥 with 嬰 and 武).

8.76

Noxious owl (惡鴟: the second character is [pronounced] 處脂 [chī]; the Erya says: "A monstrous owl." Guo's commentary says: "It is the chīxiū (horned owl). Nowadays east of the Yangtze River they generally call it a monstrous bird, also called xiāochī"; the commentary says: "It is the burrowing owl." It is also written as 𩿍, a popular form. In the Vinaya text it is written as 鵄, which is incorrect).

8.77

Seize and kill (搦殺: the first character is [pronounced] 女陌 [nuò]; the Zitong says: "To catch and seize. It is composed of 手 (hand) with an abbreviated 溺 phonetic"; it is also pronounced 女角 [zhuó]; the Qieyun says: "To hold." The second character is [pronounced] 所八 [shā]; the Erya says: "To decapitate and stab is to kill." Writing it as 煞 is a popular form).

8.78

Foot stamping (腳踏: the first character is [pronounced] 居約 [jiǎo], popularly written as 脚; the Qieyun says: "Hands and feet." The Shiming says: "A foot (腳) means stepping back (却), because when sitting it is placed behind." The second character is [pronounced] 徒合 [tà]; the Kaosheng says: "Stepping on the ground to walk." It is also written as 蹋; the Zilin says: "To kick").

8.79

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Seven

8.80

Blue carriage (青輅: the first character is [pronounced] 倉經 [qīng], the color of the east. The Records of Mount Luofu says: "Male green and female green are both names of trees"; here that is not adopted. The second character is [pronounced] 洛故 [lù]; the Shiming says: "What is ridden by the Son of Heaven: a plain carriage, named according to whether it is adorned with gold, jade, ivory, etc." It was already explained above in Fascicle Five).

8.81

Cherishing the distant (懷迂: the first character is [pronounced] 戶乖 [huái]; the Erya says: "Huái means to come." The Qieyun says: "At peace." The Shuowen says: "It is composed of 心 (mind) with 褱 phonetic; 褱 has the same sound as above." The second character is [pronounced] 王俱 [yū]; Gu Yewang says: "Yū means great; distant." The Yunji also says: "Distant." In my opinion, cherishing the distant (懷迂) means thinking of and inviting distant worthy persons).

8.82

Winding ravine (曲磵: the first character is [pronounced] 丘玉 [qū]; the Qieyun says: "Winding and crooked." The second character is [pronounced] 古安 [jiàn], also written as 㵎; the Erya says: "Mountains flanking water is called a jiàn." Gu Yewang says: "A hundred mountain streams").

8.83

Well-bucket and well-rope (罐綆: the first character is [pronounced] 古玩 [guàn]; the Jixun says: "A vessel for drawing water; composed of 缶 with 雚 phonetic; 缶 is [pronounced] 芳久 [fǒu]; 雚 is pronounced guàn." The second character is [pronounced] 古杏 [gěng]; the Yupian says: "A well-rope." The Shuowen says: "A rope for drawing water from a well. It is composed of 糸 with 更 phonetic; 糸 is pronounced mì").

8.84

Winnowing it (簸之: the first character is [pronounced] 布火 [bǒ]; the Shuowen says: "To winnow. It is composed of 箕 with an abbreviated 跛 phonetic"; it is also pronounced 布箇 [bò]; this refers to the winnowing baskets of today).

8.85

Interspersed color (𦅘色: the first character is [pronounced] 古莧 [jiàn]; it should properly be the character 間; it has already been explained extensively in Fascicle Two of the Vinaya text).

8.86

Nurturing and attaching (孚附: the first character is [pronounced] 方無 [fū]; the Book of Odes says: "The ten thousand states took trust." The Yupian says: "孚 means trust; also to please." The Shuowen says: "A bird hatching eggs. It is composed of 爪 and 子, a pictograph." The second character is [pronounced] 符遇 [fù]; the Qieyun says: "To lodge; also to adhere." The Kaosheng says: "To rely upon and attach to one another. It is composed of 付 with 自 phonetic").

8.87

Beak and claws (㭰爪: the first character is [pronounced] 卒髓 [zuǐ]; the Guangya says: "𭪿 means the mouth." The Zishu says: "Beak." The Shuowen says: "It is composed of 此 with 束 phonetic"; it is also written in the two forms 觜 and 𠲿; 束 is [pronounced] 千四 [cì]; in various pronunciation texts it is [pronounced] 暉衛 [huì]. The second character is [pronounced] 側絞 [zhǎo]; the Qieyun says: "Claws and spurs; also the fingernails of a hand." The Shuowen says: "Covering the hand is called zhǎo, depicting the shape of three fingers"; it is also written as the character 又).

8.88

Poṣadha (褒灑陀: the first character is [pronounced] 保毛 [bǎo]; the middle character is [pronounced] 沙鮓 [shǎ]; Sanskrit; formerly corrupted and abbreviated as 布薩 (uposatha). Here it is translated as 'Nurturing Purity', which means reciting the precepts on the fifteenth day to nurture and increase pure karma).

8.89

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Eight

8.90

Wren (鷦鷯: the first character is [pronounced] 即霄 [jiāo]; the Erya says: "The tiáochóng is the jiāo." Guo's commentary says: "The peach sparrow; commonly called the skillful woman." The second character is [pronounced] 洛簫 [liáo]; the Qieyun says: "The jiāoliáo is a small bird." Zhuangzi says: "The wren nesting in the deep forest occupies no more than a single branch." The Shuowen says: "Both characters are composed of 鳥 with 焦 and 尞, which are both phonetic").

8.91

Brahmin (婆羅門: an imprecise Sanskrit form; it should be moluohanmo [brāhmaṇa], translated here as 'Pure Conduct' or 'Brahma Conduct'. They pass down the tradition among themselves, saying: 'We were born from the mouth of King Brahmā,' claiming exclusively the name of Brahmā. Generation after generation they pass down the study of the four Vedas; for the most part they possess broad wisdom and maintain their integrity in purity and whiteness. Those among them who are intelligent and preeminent mostly become teachers of emperors and kings).

8.92

Kṣatriya (剎帝利: the first character is [pronounced] 初八 [chà]; also Sanskrit. Translated here as 'Field Master', that is, the royal lineage and noble caste from high antiquity onward. They also study the four Vedas, are broadly learned with strong memories, and are benevolent, forgiving, and broadly compassionate. Those whose virtue is upright and whose blessings are superior are established by the multitude as kings).

8.93

Vaiśya (薜舍: also Sanskrit; 薜 is [pronounced] 毘桂 [bì]; also written as feishe [吠舍]. Translated here as 'Merchant Master'. Although they have great fortune and much precious wealth, they cannot master the classical canons; they engage in trade, circulation, and accumulation, or are granted estates and towns, mostly serving as elders who bring honor and stability to the borders of the realm to relieve the impoverished).

8.94

Śūdra (this is also an inaccurate Sanskrit transcription; it should properly be śunāra [śūdra]. This has multiple names; one meaning translates it as "various/mixed commoners", referring either to broadly tending the fields, sowing and rearing livestock, or manual crafts and diverse trades, or fishing and hunting, or hired manual labour. Among the four castes, this one ranks lowest).

8.95

Waishēng (nephew/son-in-law) (the first character is pronounced wài, the second shēng. The Erya's "Explaining Kinship" states: "A wife's father is the maternal uncle (wàijiù), and a wife's mother is the maternal aunt (wàigū)." Guo's commentary states: "He who calls me uncle, I call nephew (shēng)." It also states: "The son of a paternal aunt is a shēng; the son of a maternal uncle is a shēng." Guo's commentary states: "Shēng is like [one who was] born [from the family].")

8.96

Wényǐ (mosquitoes and ants) (the first character has the fanqie wáng + fēn; popularly written as 蚉, properly written as 蟁. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A biting flying insect." The character is formed with an abbreviated hūn [dusk], because it emerges at dusk. The second character has the fanqie niú + yǐ; the Shuowen jiezi writes it as 螘, meaning a píbǐ. The Erya says: "The pífú is a large ant; small ones are yǐ." It is formed with the "insect" radical and the sound qǐ. Writing it as 蟻 today is the popular form).

8.97

Ājímó (āgama) (the middle character has the fanqie qí + liè; also called āhánmù or āhán, which are all Sanskrit variants of light and heavy pronunciation. Here it translates as "treasury" or "transmission", referring to the Buddha's secret treasury handed down and practiced across generations; or translated as "teaching", namely the four kinds of Āgamas: Dīrgha, Madhyama, Saṃyukta, and Ekottarika).

8.98

Xīyí (joyful and harmonious) (the first character has the fanqie xū + jī. The Zitong says: "Xī means harmony." The Kaosheng says: "It means fine." It is formed with the radical 灬 and [(厂-一)*臣*巳] phonetic. 灬 has the fanqie bì + yáo; 巸 has the same sound as above. The second character has the fanqie yǐ + zhī. The Kaosheng says: "It means delight." The Shuowen jiezi says: "It means harmonious." It is formed with the "heart" radical and the phonetic tái; tái sounds like yí, seen in the Erya. In ancient script, it is also written with tái).

8.99

Pénglì (bamboo winnow/basket-sieve) (the first character has the fanqie bù + guāng. The Zilin says: "A bàngjī; it resembles a dustpan-winnow but is smaller, made of bamboo." It is formed with the "bamboo" radical and the phonetic páng; páng has the same sound. The second character is pronounced lí. The Yunlue says: "A chālì; chā has the fanqie cè + jiào").

8.100

Kuāngjī (round basket and dustpan-winnow) (the first character is falling tone, with the fanqie qù + wáng. The Yupian says: "A type of basket." The Zuo Tradition says: "Utensils such as baskets, hampers, and cauldrons." The Fangyan says: "A round one is called kuāng; a square one is called jǔ." Jǔ has the fanqie jū + xǔ; qǐ has the fanqie yú + yǐ. The second character has the fanqie jū + zhī. The Shiben says: "Shaokang invented the winnowing basket and broom").

8.101

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya-bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Nine

8.102

Huànjiǎ (donning armour) (the first character has the fanqie gǔ + huàn. The Zuo Tradition says: "Huàn means to slip through/don." The Guiyuan zhucong says: "To pass one's body through clothing or armour is called huàn; clothes (yī) in falling tone means to wear." Its primary pronunciation has the fanqie hú + guàn. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Formed with the 'hand' radical and huán phonetic." For the second character, jiǎ, some editions write 鉀, which is incorrect).

8.103

Shìshù (persimmon tree) (the first character has the fanqie chú + lǐ. The Qieyun says: "The name of a fruit tree." The Bencao says: "Dried persimmons thicken the intestines and stomach, strengthen the spleen, and eliminate stagnant blood. Red persimmons tonify the qi and mend the channels. Pickled persimmons astringe the lower burner, strengthen the spleen, and can dissolve dark blemishes on the face; long-term consumption is very beneficial." Lǎn [pickled] has the fanqie lì + gǎn).

8.104

Wéimù (curtain and canopy) (the first character has the fanqie wěi + bēi. The Shiming says: "Wéi means surrounding; it refers to enclosing oneself with a partition." The Shuowen jiezi says: "What is at the sides is called wéi; formed with the 'cloth' radical and the phonetic zhuī." The second character has the fanqie mó + gè. Gu Yewang says: "What covers above is called mù." The Shuowen jiezi has the same pronunciation and gloss; it is formed with the "cloth" radical and the phonetic mò).

8.105

Wǎngmán (webbed fingers and toes) (the second character has the fanqie mǔ + huán. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Mán means to cover." Examining this, wǎngmán refers to the Tathāgata's webbed fingers and toes resembling those of the king of geese, continuous without gap. In the Vinaya text it is written as 輞 [wheel rim], which is a cart rim; or written as 縵 [plain silk], with the fanqie mò + pàn; both characters are errors).

8.106

Qìmǐn (vessels and utensils) (the first character has the fanqie qiū + lì. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Mǐn [vessel]. Formed with 㗊 and 犬; 㗊 means many mouths, pronounced jí, resembling the shape of vessels, with a dog [quǎn] to guard them." The second character has the fanqie wǔ + yǒng. The Yupian says: "A general term for vessels." The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 皿, depicting the shape of an object holding things).

8.107

Címíhóu (female macaque) (the first character is properly written as 雌, with the fanqie cǐ + yí. The Qieyun says: "Male and female." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A female bird/beast is called cí; formed with the 'short-tailed bird' radical and the phonetic cǐ." The second character is written as 獼, pronounced wǔ + yí. Gu Yewang says: "Mí is a monkey").

8.108

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya-bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Ten

8.109

Fēnxī (analysis / dividing and splitting) (the first character has the fanqie fǔ + wén. The Qieyun says: "To sever, to apportion, to give." The Kaosheng says: "Fēn means ubiquitous." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To separate; formed with 'eight' and 'knife', depicting the shape of severing." The second character has the fanqie xiān + qī. The Erya says: "Between Xīmù [Splitting Tree constellation] is the Han River ford." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To split wood; formed with an axe, for an axe can cleave wood; an ideogrammic compound").

8.110

Wéichóu (becoming an enemy) (the second character has the fanqie shì + liú. The Qieyun says: "Enmity; a match/rival." The Kaosheng says: "An enemy." The Shuowen jiezi says: "It is like 讎; formed with the 'words' radical and the phonetic chóu." Chóu has the same pronunciation as above).

8.111

Bílándǐ (the first character has the fanqie bù + mí; the last has dīng + lǐ; Sanskrit term, translation equivalent not yet clear).

8.112

Saṅghāṭī (a Sanskrit term, formerly written as saṃghārī or sēngqiézhì; translated here as "joined layers", meaning cut and assembled into a double layer. This one robe must be made by cutting into strips. The other two robes may or may not be cut: according to the Dharmaguptakas, Sarvāstivādins, and others, they are mostly not cut; according to the Bhadrayānīyas, Mahāsāṃghikas, and others, they are cut. If not cut, straight patches are placed at the corners. This follows the explanation of Master Xuanying).

8.113

Gǔwǎng (hub and rim) (the first character has the fanqie gǔ + lù. The Kaosheng says: "A cart hub." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Wheel hub firm." The Classic of Poetry says: "Woven tiger-skin cushion and long-tubed hub." Formed with the "cart" radical and shū phonetic. The second character has the fanqie wén + liǎng; the proper character wǎng is formed with the "cart" radical and the phonetic wǎng. In the Vinaya text it is written as 𨊾, which is a popular variant).

8.114

Wēnrùn (lukewarm) (the first character has the fanqie wū + kūn. The Qieyun says: "Harmonious; good." The Yupian says: "Virtuous." The Kaosheng says: "Gentle." The second character has the fanqie nǎi + guǎn. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Hot water lukewarm." Also written as nuǎn, xuǎn, or 㬉; all three forms mean warm. The Vinaya text writes it as 燸, but when checked, no such character exists).

8.115

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya-bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Eleven

8.116

Cǎohān (thatched hut) (the first character is also written as 廾. The Shuowen jiezi says: "All grasses; formed with chè, pronounced chǒu + liè, depicting the initial sprouting of plants." Two chè together form cǎo; with zǎo phonetic. The second character has the fanqie niǎo + hán. The Qieyun says: "A small thatched hut." The Yunying says: "A thatched cottage." The Yupian also says: "A hut; formed with the 'shelter' radical and the phonetic yǎn").

8.117

Tānzhǔ (shoal and islet) (the first character has the fanqie tā + dān. The Erya says: "When Taisui is in Shen, it is called Tuntan." The Yupian says: "A river shoal." The Fangyan says: "In Jiangdong, a sandbar in the water is called a tàn; north of the Yellow River it is called a tān." The second character has the fanqie zhāng + yǔ. The Erya says: "A habitable mound in water is an islet (zhōu); a small islet is a zhǔ." Also written as 陼. Tūn has the fanqie tā + kūn).

8.118

Lāochū (scoop out / pull out) (the first character has the fanqie lǔ + dāo. The Yupian says: "To take." The Zilin says: "To grope and fetch an object." Formed with the "hand" radical and láo phonetic. The Vinaya text writes it with the "water" radical as 澇, pronounced láng + dào, which does not have the meaning of scooped out. The second character has the fanqie chǐ + lǜ. The Qieyun says: "To advance; to go far." The Shuowen jiezi says: "The character chū derives from the ancient character chū, depicting spreading out on four sides." The Vinaya text writes it with two "mountain" characters as 出, which is a scribal error).

8.119

Xuánwō (eddy and whirlpool) (the first character has the fanqie cí + xuǎn. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A swirling abyss of water; formed with the 'water' radical and the phonetic xuán; a phono-semantic character." The Vinaya text simply writes xuán, meaning successive rotation, which is not applicable here. The second character has the fanqie wū + hé. The Zilin says: "A place where water swirls back." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Formed with the 'water' radical and the phonetic guò." The Vinaya text writes 渦, pronounced gē, the name of a river, not the meaning of an eddy/whirlpool).

8.120

Xiámá (frog / toad) (the first character has the fanqie hú + jiā; the second has mò + jiā. The Shuowen jiezi says: "An aquatic insect." The Book of Jin says that Emperor Hui heard the sound of frogs in the Hualin Garden and asked his attendants: "Are those croakers doing so for the public or for private?" The Gujin zhengzi says: "A kind of frog; formed with the 'insect' radical and an abbreviated xiá phonetic." The second character is also written as 蟆, formed with the 'insect' radical and mò phonetic).

8.121

Hūnlǐ (wedding rites) (the first character has the fanqie hū + kūn. The Erya says: "The wife's kin are hūn relations; the groom's kin are yīn relations." The Book of Rites says: "Taking a wife; woman is yin, and she enters at dusk (hūn), hence it is called hūn [wedding]." The second character has the fanqie lú + qǐ. The Kaosheng says: "Etiquette." The Shiming says: "Lǐ means bodily structure (tǐ), meaning to understand the general order of things." The Rites of Zhou has the five rites: auspicious, inauspicious, guest, military, and celebratory rites. The Analects says: "If you do not learn the rites, you have nothing to stand upon." In ancient script, it is written as 禮).

8.122

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya-bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Twelve

8.123

Hēishòu (dark and emaciated) (the second character has the fanqie suǒ + yòu. The Qieyun says: "Lean and wasted." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Shòu means emaciated." The Erya says: "Qú means emaciated." Guo Pu's commentary says: "People of Qi call thinness qú, pronounced qú; also written as 癯." Shòu is also written as 瘦).

8.124

Fùzhàng (abdominal distension) (the first character has the fanqie fāng + liù. The Qieyun says: "Mind and belly." The Erya says: "Zhú means a thick belly." Gu Yewang says: "The spleen corresponds to the belly; it is what bears heavy contents, and is one of the five viscera." Formed with the "flesh" radical and the phonetic fù; fù is pronounced fù. The second character has the fanqie zhū + liàng. The Qieyun says: "Swollen and full." The Zuo Tradition says: "Painful." Dictionaries write it as 痮, with the same sound as above).

8.125

Chuānghuì (ulcerated sore) (the first character has the fanqie chǔ + liáng. The Qieyun says: "Ulcerated wound." Ancient script writes it as 創. The Shiming says: "Chuāng means wound, referring to injury on the body." The Book of Rites says: "If there is a sore on the head, then wash it." The second character has the fanqie hú + duì. The Jixun says: "Flesh festering." Examining this, chuānghuì means festering flesh oozing pus; pus [nòng] has the fanqie nú + dòng. The Vinaya text writes it as 潰; the Yupian says: "Scattered and disordered," which is not the meaning of an ulcerated sore).

8.126

Cūn sè (rough chapping) (the first character has the fanqie qī + lún; also written as 皴. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Fine cracking of the skin; formed with the 'skin' radical and the phonetic qūn; qūn has the same sound as above." The second character has the fanqie sè + lì. Dictionaries state: "Blocked and unpassable." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Formed with four zhǐ characters, two upright and two inverted, making 歰; also written as 濇, with the same sound as above." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Not smooth").

8.127

Háokēng (moat and trench) (the first character has the fanqie hú + dāo; also written as 濠. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A city moat." Dictionaries say: "A moat without water is huáng, with water is háo." The Vinaya text writes it with the "earth" radical as 壕, which is a popular character. Without water it is a huáng, with water it is a háo. The second character has the fanqie kè + gēng. The Qieyun says: "A steep trench." The Erya says: "Kēng means void." Guo's commentary says: "Kēng means trench." The Vinaya text writes it as 坭坑, both of which are popular scribal errors).

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Fànzhàng (inundation and swelling) (the first character has the fanqie fú + jiàn. The Yunying says: "Fàn means abundant." The Yupian says: "Overflowing." The Qieyun says: "Floating." Also written as 泛. The second character has the fanqie zhī + liàng. The Kaosheng says: "Zhàng means high waters rising full; formed with the 'water' radical and the phonetic zhāng").

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Còujù (converging and gathering) (the first character has the fanqie cāng + hòu. The Kaosheng says: "To gather." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Waters meeting; formed with the 'water' radical and the phonetic zòu." The second character has the fanqie cí + yǔ. The Qieyun says: "To assemble." The Kaosheng says: "A multitude." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To gather; formed with the radical 𠂢 and the phonetic qǔ; yín has the fanqie yīn, meaning three people standing together").

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Cèlì (investiture and enthronement) (the first character has the fanqie chū + gé. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Earth-tablets and mandates of heaven; referring to the signs of high sagacity and decrees conferring imperial status, depicting the strung bamboo slip tablets." Now it is sometimes written with the "bamboo" radical as [竺-二+冊]. The second character, lì, according to the Qieyun, means: "To stand, to establish; also to walk and stand").

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Gēngkěn (ploughing and clearing) (the first character has the fanqie gǔ + bìng. The Yupian says: "To plough." The Zhou Book says: "In the time of Shennong, heaven rained grain, and Shennong ploughed and sowed it." The Shuowen jiezi has it formed from lěi and jǐng, depicting the form of ploughing. Lěi has the fanqie lú + duì. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Bent wood." The Shiben says: "Shennong made the plough-share." The second character has the fanqie kāng + hěn. The Yupian says: "To cultivate fields." The Kaosheng says: "To plough." The Qieyun says: "Effort." Formed with the "earth" radical and the phonetic kěn; kěn has the same sound as above).

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Jambū-gold (the first character has the fanqie shí + rǎn. "Jambū" is Sanskrit; "gold" is Chinese. In older transliterations it was called Yánfútí or Yánfúlì, which are corruptions; the correct form is jambu. The Abhidharmakośa-śāstra/Lokasthiti-abhidharma-śāstra states: "There is a jambū tree growing on the northern edge of this continent, on the southern bank of the Naimiṃdharā River. Beneath this tree, at the bottom of the water, there is jambū gold." In ancient terms it was called jambūnada gold. The character [蠶/舟] sounds like cán or lǎn).

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Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya-bhaiṣajyavastu, Fascicle Thirteen

8.134

Zhǐtì (flicking with the finger) (the first character has the fanqie zhí + zhǐ. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A finger; formed with the 'hand' radical and the phonetic zhǐ." The second character has the fanqie tā + lì. The Yupian says: "To poke." The Qieyun says: "To trigger/move." Examining the Vinaya, it means poking and picking with the finger; formed with the "hand" radical and the phonetic shì. In ancient script it is also pronounced zhì, or has the fanqie zhāng + gé; now these are not adopted, following only the first).

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Niǎnxiàn (twisting thread) (the first character has the fanqie nián + diǎn. The Fangyan says: "Niǎn means to splice/continue." The Cangjie pian says: "To rub and twist thread." Formed with the "hand" radical and rán phonetic. The second character is also written as 線, popularly as 綖, with the fanqie sī + jiàn. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Strand of thread." The Rites of Zhou says: "The thread manager oversees the sewing and thread work of the royal palace, employing maidservants").

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續一切經音義 — Classical Chinese