一切經音義 12

English (machine translation) 12

Language: English

12.1

Compiled by the Great Tang Sūtra-Translating Śramaṇa Huilin

12.2

Sounds and Meanings of the Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Part 2

12.3

From fascicle 11 through 36, twenty-six fascicles in all.

12.4

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 11 (translated by the Western Jin Śramaṇa Dharmarakṣa)

純[泳-永+(外-?+?)] (the first character is cháng-lún [fanqie: 常倫反], or written as 淳; Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says 純 means single-minded; Fangyan says 純 means good; Gu Yewang says beautiful; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says it is pure and unified conduct; Shuowen jiezi says it has 系 as radical, pronounced mì, and 屯 [sound zhuī-lún] as phonetic. The second character is shí-lù [fanqie: 時陸反], a popular character; the standard form is 淑; the Mao commentary on the Shijing says 淑 means good; Shuowen jiezi says pure and deep; dictionaries say 淑 means compliant).

12.6

劈裂 (the first character is pǐ-bì [fanqie: 匹壁反]; Guangya says 劈 means to tear apart; Picang says to cleave, pǔ-kǒu [fanqie: 普口反]; Shuowen jiezi says to break, having 刀 as radical and 辟 as phonetic. The second character is lì-zhé [fanqie: 力哲反]; Guangya says 裂 means to divide; Shuowen jiezi says 裂 means leftover silk remnants; according to this, leftover silk remnants means tearing and cutting dyed silk; it has 衣 as radical and 列 as phonetic, or written with 手 as 挒, which is an ancient character).

12.7

車釭 (gòng-hóng [fanqie: 貢紅反]; Shuowen jiezi says it is the iron rim on the mouth of a cart hub; also written as 𨊧, identical).

12.8

水滴 (dīng-lì [fanqie: 丁歷反]; the sūtra text writes it with 帝 as 渧, which is a popular character; Shuowen jiezi says it has 水 as radical and an abbreviated 嫡 as phonetic).

12.9

䴬草 (yíng-jí [fanqie: 蠅即反]; Kaosheng says it is wheat bran chaff).

12.10

赭衣 (zhī-yě [fanqie: 之野反]; Guo Pu's commentary on the Fangyan says reddish clothing).

12.11

裸形 (lú-guǒ [fanqie: 盧果反]; Shuowen jiezi says baring the flesh [tán-lǎn], exposing the body; the Erya says baring the shoulder, hàn-chǎn [fanqie: 徒旱反], xì [fanqie: 音鍚], means baring the flesh; Guo Pu says taking off clothes to expose the body; nowadays popularly pronounced hú-guà [fanqie: 胡卦反]; also written as 倮 or 躶, used identically).

12.12

蘿蒰 (the first character is pronounced luó [音羅], or written as 蘆, lù-dū [fanqie: 祿都反]; the second character is pú-mò [fanqie: 蒲墨反], or written as 蔔, the name of a root vegetable; in the sūtra some write 菜茯, which is erroneous).

12.13

淳湩 (zhū-dòng [fanqie: 誅徿反] or lóng-zhòng [fanqie: 龍重反]; Shuowen jiezi says it is milk; south of the Yangtze, milk is currently called 湩 in the falling tone).

12.14

釜銚 (the first character is fú-fǔ [fanqie: 扶甫反]; Yan Shigu's commentary on the Jijiu pian says a cauldron used for boiling and cooking; a large one is called a fǔ [釜] and a small one is called a fù [鍑, fú-jiù]; the second character is tiáo-diào [fanqie: 條弔反]; Kaosheng says a cooking vessel, shallower than a cauldron, of the kettle type [gǔ-hé]; Yan now says it is a vessel for warming liquids, which with an attached cord for carrying is called a diào [銚]).

12.15

齎往 (the first character is jīng-jī [fanqie: 精雞反], a popular character; the standard form has 齊, written as 齎; Kaosheng says taking wealth to give to someone is called 賷; it has 貝 as radical and 齊 as phonetic).

12.16

彌迦 (jiāng-qiē [fanqie: 薑佉反]; Sanskrit: the name of the cowherd girl who came to offer milk porridge when the Buddha first attained enlightenment; here there is no direct translation).

12.17

謙恪 (the first character is qīng-jiān [fanqie: 輕兼反]; Kaosheng says to yield, to withdraw; Shuowen jiezi says respectful, having 言 as radical and 兼 as phonetic. The second character is kāng-gè [fanqie: 康各反]; dictionaries say respectful; Shuowen jiezi also writes it as 㤩).

12.18

瓌奇 (gōng-huí [fanqie: 公回反]; also written as 傀, 瑰, or [褒-保+瑰], these four forms being identical; Kaosheng says 瑰琦 means an appearance of being magnificent and great; the sūtra text writes it with 貴 as 璝, which is a popular usage and not the standard form, this character originating as the name of Helian Bobo's son and not an original character; the character 奇 should properly have 玉 as 琦).

12.19

閡心 (wǒ-gài [fanqie: 我葢反]; Kaosheng says barring a door with wood is called 閡; Shuowen jiezi says an outer barrier; also written as 礙, 礙 meaning to stop, which is also acceptable).

12.20

欲躃 (pí-yì [fanqie: 毘亦反]; 躃 means to stumble and fall).

12.21

馳騁 (chǒu-yǐng [fanqie: 丑郢反]; already fully explained previously in fascicle 2 of this sūtra).

12.22

曾眴 (the first character is zāng-léng [fanqie: 藏稜反]; the second character is xuán-juàn [fanqie: 玄絹反], or written as 旬, identical; Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says 眴 is the appearance of gazing; Shuowen jiezi says shaking the eyes, having 目 as radical and 旬 [sound xuàn] as phonetic; the sūtra text writing it with 日 and 旬 as 眴 is erroneous).

12.23

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 12

12.24

訾哉 (zǐ-yí [fanqie: 紫移反]; Zheng's commentary on the Liji says 訾 means to think; Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says 訾 means to measure; Kaosheng says to praise; the Posthumous Titles law says following the present while transmitting the ancient is called 訾; also written as 𢋀. The second character is zǐ-lái [fanqie: 子來反]; Gu Yewang says a final particle; Shuowen jiezi writes it as 哉, having 口 as radical and 𢦏 [sound zāi] as phonetic).

12.25

稽顙 (the first character is qǐ-lǐ [fanqie: 企禮反], a borrowed character used in the Gongyang zhuan; the standard form is 稽, having 旨 and 首 as an ancient character, now commonly written as 稽; in the Zhouli, of the nine kinds of bows, the first is called kowtow [稽首]; Zheng Xuan says bowing until the head reaches the ground; the Liji says bowing twice and knocking the forehead on the ground expresses the utmost grief. The second character is sāng-lǎng [fanqie: 桑朗反]; Fangyan says 顙 means forehead [é, wáng-gé]; the Gongyang zhuan says bowing twice and knocking the forehead on the ground; He Xiu says it is like knocking one's head on the ground today).

12.26

之誼 (yí-jì [fanqie: 宜寄反]; Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says being able to regulate affairs appropriately is called 誼; Kaosheng says what is appropriate for people; the Posthumous Titles law says being good at regulating mandates is called 誼, and deliberating conduct without haste is called 誼; properly written as 誼, having 言 as radical and 宜 as phonetic).

12.27

諷誦 (the first character is fēng-gòng [fanqie: 風貢反]; the second character is xú-yòng [fanqie: 徐用反]; Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhouli says reciting from memory is called 諷, and modulating it with vocal cadence is called 誦; Shenglei says singing poems of great virtue to praise and extol is called 誦).

12.28

憺怕 (tú-làn [fanqie: 徒濫反]; the second character is pǔ-bái [fanqie: 普白反]; the 'Zixu fu' says: 'Serenely (憺) keeping oneself composed, tranquilly (怕) doing nothing', which is this; Gu Yewang says calm and tranquil; dictionaries say 憺怕 means the mind's intent is content; both are phono-semantic characters).

12.29

根株 (zhī-zhū [fanqie: 知朱反]; Kaosheng says the remainder of a felled tree; Shuowen jiezi says a tree root, having 木 as radical and 朱 as phonetic).

12.30

相揩 (kēng-jiē [fanqie: 坑皆反]; Guangya says 揩 means to rub; Shuowen jiezi says it has 手 as radical and 皆 as phonetic; Kaosheng says 揩 means to wipe; anciently written as 督).

12.31

滑哉 (huán-bā [fanqie: 還八反]; Shuowen jiezi says 滑 means slippery and sharp).

12.32

之[罩-卓+(└@人)] (wú-fǎng [fanqie: 無倣反]; a pictographic character).

12.33

剖判 (pǔ-hòu [fanqie: 普后反]; Kong Anguo's commentary on the Shangshu says 剖 means to split open; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says dividing down the middle is called 剖; Shuowen jiezi says to judge/divide, having 刀 as radical and 咅 [sound tā-kǒu] as phonetic. The second character is pǔ-bàn [fanqie: 普半反]; the Mao commentary on the Shijing says 判 means to divide; Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says 判 means to halve; Shuowen jiezi says it has 刀 as radical and 半 as phonetic).

12.34

希望 (wǔ-fāng [fanqie: 武方反]; having an expectation in mind).

12.35

罪釁 (xīn-jìn [fanqie: 忻近反]; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says 舋 means a flaw/rift, or a transgression; Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says an omen; Shuowen jiezi writes it as 釁, having an abbreviated 爨 [qī-luàn]—the character 爨 picturing a sacrificial vessel—with 酉, the ancient character for wine, and 分 as phonetic; nowadays popularly written in abbreviated form as [釁-分+(烈-列)]; writing it in the sūtra as 舋 is mistaken).

12.36

蠲去 (jué-yuán [fanqie: 决緣反]; Guo Pu's commentary on the Fangyan says 蠲 means to remove, to eliminate; it has 蜀 and 益 as components).

12.37

瑕疵 (xià-jiā [fanqie: 下加反]; Guangya says 瑕 means blemish/impurity; Yupian says a crack; Gu Yewang says a fault/error; it has 玉 as radical and 叚 [sound xià-jiā] as phonetic. The second character is jí-yí [fanqie: 疾移反]; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says 疵 means defect/ailment; Shuowen jiezi says it has 疒 as radical and 此 as phonetic).

12.38

綩綖 (the first character is yú-yuǎn [fanqie: 於遠反]; the second character is yǐ-zhān [fanqie: 以旃反]; both are borrowed characters; if interpreted according to literal character meanings, they diverge greatly from the sūtra, so they are not adopted here; the sūtra's reference to 綩綖 means precious, wondrous, splendid brocades, embroideries, padded mattresses, felt rugs, floral carpets, dancing mats, and the like; dictionaries have no standard character for this, so these are borrowed).

12.39

瘖瘂 (the first character is yì-jīn [fanqie: 邑今反]; Shuowen jiezi says unable to speak. The second character is wū-jiǎ [fanqie: 烏賈反]; Picang says 瘂 means mute [瘖]; Wenzi jilüe says the mouth being unable to speak; these explanations are all confused and indistinct: upon examination, 瘖 refers to being silent and producing no sound, whereas 瘂 refers to producing sound but being unable to form words because the tongue cannot turn; nowadays sūtra texts mostly write 啞, which is erroneous, pronounced è, the sound of laughing, and laughing is not the meaning of the sūtra).

12.40

癭瘇 (the first character is yī-yǐng [fanqie: 音伊郢反]; Shuowen jiezi says a neck swelling; also written as 𦢆. The second character is shù-yǒng [fanqie: 樹勇反], also shù-yòng [fanqie: 樹用反]; Yunying says foot-illness swelling; Yunquan says unable to walk; Shuowen jiezi says swelling of the leg from qi, having 疒 as radical and 童 as phonetic; now sūtra texts write it with 重 as 瘇, which is an erroneous abbreviation).

12.41

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 13

12.42

𡝩魅 (the first character is yú-jiāo [fanqie: 於驕反]; the standard form has 示 as radical and 芺 as phonetic, now commonly written as 𡝩, which is an error; the Zuo zhuan says when heaven violates the seasons it is a disaster, and when earth violates living things it is a portent [祅]; Shiming says 祅 means harm; also written as 𧨶. The second character is méi-mì [fanqie: 眉祕反]; the Shanhai jing says the creature called mèi has a human body and a black head, vertical eyes; Shuowen jiezi says the essence of aged things, having 鬼 as radical and an abbreviated 未 as phonetic; also written with 鬼 picturing the ghost and, because it grows hair, taking 彡 [sound shān]).

12.43

反足鬼 (the name of a demon; the Kuodi zhi says the Rouli country lies east of the One-Eyed Country: its people have one hand and one foot, with the knee bending backward so the foot faces upward; the commentary says one hand and one foot curved backward; Dongfang Shuo's Shenyi jing says in the Western Wilderness there is a beast shaped like a deer, with a human face, tusks, monkey hands, bear feet, vertical eyes, a horizontal nose, backward heels, immense strength, and a vicious disposition, named 'Vicious Creature' [èwù]—this belongs to the class of demons).

12.44

暐曄 (wěi-guǐ [fanqie: 韋鬼反]; the second character is yán-jié [fanqie: 炎劫反]; Kaosheng says 暐曄 is the appearance of radiant and splendid brilliance; both have 日 as radical, with 韋 and 華 as their phonetics).

12.45

甘膳 (chán-zhàn [fanqie: 禪戰反]; the Zhouli says the royal chef [膳夫] consists of two upper servicemen in charge of the king's cooked meals; Zheng Xuan says 膳 is cognate with shàn [善, good], and fine foods today are called delicacies [珍膳], the royal chef being the head of the dietary officials; Kaosheng says when the five flavors are all excellent it is called 膳; Shuowen jiezi says preparing meals, having 肉 as radical and 善 as phonetic; the sūtra text writes it with 食 as 饍, which is a popular character and not the standard form).

12.46

恭恪 (the first character is jiāng-yōng [fanqie: 薑邕反]; the Shangshu says dignified and respectful [儼恪]; Kong Anguo's commentary says 恭 means to receive respectfully; Kaosheng says respectful and solemn; Shuowen jiezi says respectful service, having 心 and 共, with 共 as phonetic; anciently written as 龔. The second character is kāng-gè [fanqie: 康各反]; Kaosheng says respectful; Shuowen jiezi also writes it as 㤩).

12.47

魔鬼 The first character is pronounced mo [mó]. It is originally an abbreviation of a Sanskrit word. The correct Sanskrit sound is mā (m- + -o- / -k'â [mā]), ra, which in the Tang language means "power." It is an alternate name for the demon king Pāpīyas in the Heaven of Paranirmitavaśavartin. Spirits of this class possess great supernatural power and can create obstacles for those who cultivate supramundane dharmas; thus he is named Māra, taking his name from "power." Here, the character ra has also been omitted.

12.48

飆聚 The first character is pronounced b- + -i- / -iɛu [biāo]. The Erya says: "A whirlwind (fúyáo) is called a biāo." Guo Pu says: "A violent wind blowing from above downwards." It is also written 猋, with three "dogs"; the Shuowen jiezi says it is derived from "wind" with biāo as phonetic. The second character is pronounced dz- + -i / -ioX [jù]. Du Yu's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "A multitude." The Shuowen jiezi says: "An assembly." It is derived from 乑 (pronounced yín) for phonetic value.

12.49

犇馳 The first character is pronounced p- + -uən / -ən [bēn]. The Kaosheng says: "A herd of cattle running." It is also written 奔, which is also acceptable.

12.50

所湊 The second character is pronounced ts- + -ɑu / -òu [còu]. The Kaosheng says: "The confluence of waters; to gather." It is also written 輳; 輳 means to gather together.

12.51

拘翼 A Sanskrit word. It is a name for Śakra, lord of the devas. Forms such as Jiaoshijia [Kauśika] are all corruptions.

12.52

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 14

12.53

沃曰 The first character is pronounced 'u- + -uok [wò]. The Guangya says: "沃 means to soak (tse [zì])." The Kaosheng says: "To moisten." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To irrigate." In seal script, adding "grass" makes 𣵽, derived from "water" with 芺 (pronounced yǎo) as phonetic.

12.54

小[打-丁+(七-(乏-之)+北)] The sūtra text writes [打-丁+(七-(乏-之)+北)], which is incorrect; the correct form is 掉, pronounced d- + -eŋ / -ièu [diào]. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "掉 means to shake." The Guangya says: "To wave; to move; to throw away."

12.55

難頭和難頭 Sanskrit words, the names of two nāga kings, here crudely and inelegantly rendered. The correct Sanskrit pronunciation is Nanda (with nán in the rising tone), which is the name of the elder brother; and Upananda (with nán in the rising tone), which is the name of the younger brother. These are the two brother nāga kings Nanda and Upananda mentioned across the sūtras.

12.56

大圂 The second character is pronounced h- + -uən / -uənH [hùn]. The Cangjie pian says: "Where pigs live." The Shuowen jiezi writes 圂; 圂 means a latrine, a place where waste is cast.

12.57

飢饉 The first character is pronounced k- + -iə / -iɛ [jī]. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Starving." The Kaosheng says: "The belly is empty." It is also written 饑. The second character is pronounced with the initials of jìn, qín, and xìn [jǐn]. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Vegetables failing to ripen. Having no grain is called jī; having no vegetables is called jǐn." Both are phonosemantic characters.

12.58

羸劣 Pronounced l- + -uɛi / -uǐ [léi] and l- + -uət [liè]; emaciated and weak.

12.59

𧇾𭏮 Pronounced k- + -i / -uě [kuī] and k- + -uɛn / -uɛt [quǎn].

12.60

能暢 The second character is pronounced tṣʰ- + -ɨ- / -iaŋH [chàng]. It is derived from 申 and from 易 (pronounced yáng); deriving it from the 易 [of 'easy'] is incorrect.

12.61

訢逮 The first character is pronounced x- + -ɨ / -iən [xīn]. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "訢 means joy (lè)." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Delight." It is also written 欣.

12.62

紺色 The first character is pronounced k- + -ɑm / -ə̀m [gàn]. The Kaosheng says: "A colour that is blue yet radiates a purple glow is called gàn [crimson/purplish-blue]."

12.63

朱鬣 The second character is pronounced liè [liè]. Gu Yewang says: "The long hair on a horse's neck." The present sūtra text writes 髦, which is incorrect; 髦 means an outstanding hero, which goes against the meaning of the sūtra.

12.64

罣礙 Pronounced ɣ- + -u- / -aH [guà] and ŋ- + -a / -ədH [ài].

12.65

降制 The first character is pronounced h- + -æŋ / -aŋH [xiàng].

12.66

儔匹 The first character is pronounced d- + -i- / -u [chóu]. The Kaosheng says: "儔 also means a match (pǐ)."

12.67

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 15 (Section 4: The Assembly of the Suddhāvāsa Devas), in two fascicles

12.68

賑給 The first character is pronounced tɕ- + -i / -əuX [zhèn]. The Erya says: "賑 means to enrich." The Kaosheng says: "To bestow; to give alms to the poor and destitute." It is also written 眕.

12.69

垢膩 The first character is pronounced k- + -əu / -əuX [gǒu]; the second is pronounced n- + -i / -iH [nì]. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Fat upon meat." It is derived from "meat" with 貳 as phonetic.

12.70

革屣 The Mao Shi Commentary says: "革 means hide/leather." The second character is pronounced ʂ- + -ɨ / -iX [xǐ]. The Kaosheng says: "Shoes that do not cover the heel." It is also written 𩌦 or 縰; all three forms are derived from 徙 (pronounced sǐ). The sūtra's "leather sandals" (géxǐ) are leather shoes of the Western Brahmins; they resemble the half-shoes and straw sandals of this land, but being made of leather and straw, their appearance is completely different.

12.71

豺狼 The first character is pronounced dzh- + -æi [chái]. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A kind of wolf." It is derived from 𮙥 (pronounced cháng and lì) with cái as phonetic. The sūtra text writes it with "dog" as 犲, which is incorrect; there is no such character. The Erya says: "The chái has dog paws." Examining the jackal, there are two kinds that habitually roam in packs in mountain valleys: the larger is called cháiláng, and the smaller is called cháinú. Whenever they hunt, the smaller ones go first and hunt game and deer together; having killed them, they guard them without daring to eat, waiting for the cháiláng. The cháiláng arrives later and eats its fill first, after which the cháinú feed on the remaining meat. The 'Monthly Ordinances' of the Liji says: 'In the last month of autumn, on the day of Frost's Descent, the jackals sacrifice beasts'—this is that season. The second character is pronounced l- + -ɑk / -aŋ [láng]. The Shuowen jiezi says: "The wolf resembles a dog with a sharp head and a white forehead; it is a fierce beast, belonging to the class of jackals and leopards."

12.72

日蝕 Pronounced shí [shí]. Li Chunfeng's Yisi zhan says: "As for solar eclipses following regular celestial motions, it is the moon coming to obscure [the sun]. The sun moves slowly, travelling one degree in one day, and twenty-nine degrees and more in one month. The moon moves swiftly, completing one circuit of the heavens in twenty-seven and a half days. When it catches up with the sun in twenty-nine days, it shares the same path with the sun; the moon is on the inside and obscures the sun, hence an eclipse is seen."

12.73

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 16

12.74

打治 For 打, the Wu sound is dǐng, which is not adopted here; the Jixun gives the pronunciation d- + -ək / -leŋX [děng]. The Guangya says: "打 means to strike." The Picang says: "To beat (b- + -æ / -aŋH [bàng])." The Gujin zhengzi says: "Derived from 'hand' with dīng as phonetic." The second character is pronounced ɖ- + -iæ [chí]. The Yunquan says: "To govern, to manage." The Guiyuan zhucong says: "To repair the old."

12.75

淤泥 The first character is pronounced 'u- + -ɨo / -iò [yū]. As for 淤泥 (yūní), it is the foul blue-green mud in pond waters.

12.76

縛筏 The second character is pronounced b- + -i- / -uət [fá], a popular character; the standard form is derived from "wood" as 橃. The Guiyuan zhucong says: "Binding bamboo or wood to float on water is called a fá [raft]."

12.77

白癩 The second character is pronounced l- + -ɑi / -aH [lài]. The Kaosheng says: "The disease of great leprosy (dàfēng)." It is also written 癘.

12.78

喜嘯 The second character is pronounced s- + -iɛu / -ièu [xiào]. 嘯 means rolling the tongue back into the throat and blowing to make a sound; it is termed a "long whistle" (chángxiào).

12.79

反覆 The second character is pronounced p- + -i- / -uk [fù]. The Kaosheng says: "To overturn, to reverse."

12.80

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 17 (Section 5: The Assembly of Amitāyus), in two fascicles

12.81

頻𧋠 A corruption of a Sanskrit word.

12.82

右脅 The second character is pronounced h- + -iɛm / -iɛp [xié]; the ribs.

12.83

擅美 The first character is pronounced dzh- + -i- / -ɛnH [shàn]. The Yunquan says: "Exclusively." It is also written 撣, both being derived from "hand"; writing it with "wood" is incorrect.

12.84

捐捨 The first character is pronounced j- + -uɛn / -uɛn [juān]. The Yunying says: "To discard." It is derived from 扌 (shǒu) with 肙 as phonetic.

12.85

迦尸迦 Both [characters 'ka'] are pronounced k- + -ɨ- / -a [jiā].

12.86

法鼓 The second character is pronounced k- + -u / -uX [gǔ]. The character 鼓 in sūtra texts has long been written erroneously; some write it with "skin" as 皷, which is a popular form; some write it with 支 [p- + -u / -ok] as 鼓, which is actually the character shǔ [蜀]—both are incorrect. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Derived from 壴 (pronounced zh- + -u / -uH) and from 支 (pronounced zh- + -ɨ / -eX), depicting a hand striking it beside a standard."

12.87

法螺 The second character is pronounced l- + -uɑ [luó], which is a popular form; the standard form is written 蠃. Some sūtras write 𧋠 (pronounced lǐ), but none of these is the character luó.

12.88

法幢 The second character is pronounced ɖ- + -æŋ / -aŋ [chuáng]. The standard character is written with "cloth" (巾); the sūtra writes it with "heart" (心), which is incorrect.

12.89

雨大法雨 The first character 雨 is pronounced h- + -i- / -uH [yù]. The Kaosheng says: "To fall from above." The second character 雨 is pronounced according to its standard character in the rising tone [yǔ].

12.90

荷擔 The first character is pronounced hé; the second is pronounced t- + -ɑm [dān]. The Shuowen jiezi writes both with "person" as 何 and 儋 (pronounced d- + -u / -k- + -ɑm [dān]). The Yupian says: "To bear or carry a burden is 儋何." In the present sūtra text, 荷 is written with "grass" and 檐 with "hand," which are popular usages rather than the original characters. The pronunciation hè is a phonetic shift.

12.91

㭊一 The first character is pronounced s- + -iɛk [xī]. The Yunying says: "析 means to split." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To split wood." The standard form is written 析, derived from "wood" and "axe." Some write it with 片 as 㭊; 片 signifies half a piece of wood, which is also acceptable.

12.92

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle 18

12.93

豐稔 The second character is pronounced ȵ- + -iəmX [rěn]. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "稔 means ripe." The Zitong says: "The ripening of grain is called rěn."

12.94

芥馥 The first character is pronounced pʰ- + -ɨuŋ / -uən [fēn]. The Shuowen jiezi says: "The fragrance of newly sprouted plants spreading about." The second character is pronounced b- + -i- / -uk [fù], which also describes a fragrant aroma; this is seen in the Han poetry.

12.95

金鎖 The second character is pronounced s- + -ɑ / -uɑX [suǒ]. The Kaosheng says: "Linked rings." A character dictionary says: "Hooked and linked together."

12.96

盧遮迦寶 Pronounced k- + -ɨ- / -a [jiā].

12.97

末瑳寶 The colour and appearance are not yet clear; an examination of the Sanskrit text has not retrieved them.

12.98

陿者 The first character is pronounced ɣ- + -am / -ɛp [xiá]. The standard form is derived from 𠂤 (pronounced fù) with 匧 to form 陿; it is also written 𠩘, which is the same. The Shuowen jiezi says: "陿 means narrow ('- + -ɛt / -k- + -æiH ['ài]); a narrow place between mountains." The Yupian says: "Not vast." The sūtra writes it with "dog" as 狹, which is incorrect; that is the xiá used for dogs and horses becoming accustomed (xiáxí), meaning to be accustomed to, which goes against the sense of the sūtra.

12.99

清泠 The second character is pronounced l- + -eŋ [líng]. The Wenzi yinyi says: "The water is clear; exceedingly pure and clean." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Derived from 'water' with lìng as phonetic."

12.100

𤀹流 The first character is pronounced ɕ- + -iuənH [xùn]. The Yunying says: "Deep." The Shuowen jiezi writes 𤀹, and in seal script it is written 睿; both are ancient characters. As for the second character, 流, the Shuowen jiezi derives it from "water" and 㐬 (pronounced t- + -u / -h- + -uət [tū]), with a dot above the 充; the popular contemporary form of 流 lacks the dot, which is incorrect.

12.101

沿流 The first character is pronounced j- + -uɛn [yán]. The Shuowen jiezi says: "To go downstream with the current." It is derived from "water" with qiān as abbreviated phonetic.

12.102

濯流 The first character is pronounced zhuó [zhuó]. The Guangya says: "濯 means to wash." The Erya says: "Beginning; great." The Shuowen jiezi says: "濯 means to launder (huàn)." It is derived from "water" with 翟 (pronounced zhái) as phonetic.

12.103

同萃 The second character is pronounced dz- + -i- / -uɛiH [cuì]. The Jixun says: "萃 means to gather, to collect."

12.104

河濱 The second character is pronounced bīn [bīn], meaning the water's edge (yá [yá]), its bank. The Jixun says: "The water's brink."

12.105

半擇迦 Pronounced zhái [zhái], and the last character is pronounced k- + -ɨ- / -a [jiā]. A Sanskrit word [paṇḍaka]. It denotes eunuchs, hermaphrodites, and those of the unmanly class.

12.106

可諭 Pronounced yù [yù]. The Shuowen jiezi derives it from "speech"; some write it with "mouth" as 喻, which is a popular form. The Jixun says: "To make understand; to instruct by analogy or remonstrance."

12.107

Pools and lakes (陂湖: [first character pronounced] bi-mei fan [bēi]. The Guiyuan zhucong says: "A marshy barrier," meaning that earth is piled up to stem and hold back water. Note that when there is water in a grassy marsh it is called a bei [pool]. The lower character is pronounced hu. The Shuowen says: "A large bei is called a hu [lake]." Note that in Wu and Yue there are Qingcao and Dongting, both of which are large lakes).

12.108

Standard marker (標式: [first character pronounced] bi-yao fan [biāo]. The Jixun says: "To raise; to write; to write on a wooden tablet as a placard." The Shuowen says: "Wood." It takes mù [wood] as radical and piào, pī-yáo fan, as phonetic. It is also written with jīn [cloth] as 幖. The lower character is pronounced shāng-yì fan [shì]. The Shuowen says: "Model; to use." It takes gōng [work] and yì, yíng-jí fan, as phonetic).

12.109

An instant (瞬息: [first character pronounced] shì-rùn fan [shùn]. The Yunying says: "To move the eyes." In the text of the sūtra it is written as 瞬, which is a popular variant. The orthodox form in the Shuowen is written 瞚: "To open and shut (pronounced hé) the eyes in rapid flutters." It takes mù [eye] as radical and yín as phonetic. Note that shùnmù is a single blink of the eyes; an xī is a single breath. It refers to what is extremely brief and hurried. The Lüshi chunqiu states: "Ten thousand generations are like a single blink of the eyes").

12.110

Storeyed pavilion (層樓: [first character pronounced] zāng-léng fan [céng]. Guo's commentary on the Shanhaijing says: "Céng means layered." The Shuowen says: "Storeyed houses in tiers." It takes shī [corpse/body] as radical and céng as phonetic).

12.111

Cushions and mats (茵褥: the upper character is pronounced yīn; the lower character is pronounced rú-yù fan [rù]. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: "A yīn is also a mattress." Gu Yewang says: "A tiger-skin mattress." It is also written as 鞇, which is also interchangeable).

12.112

Rescuing the drowning (拯溺: the character 拯 is in the rising tone, zhēng-jìng fan [zhěng]. It is a vulgar character used in clerical script. The orthodox form in the Shuowen takes shǒu [hand] as radical and shēng as phonetic. It is also written with dēng as 橙. The Shuowen says: "To lift upward." Du Yu says: "To save and assist." The Fangyan says: "To pull out from drowning." The Guangya says: "To scoop up and gather." It takes shǒu [hand] as radical and chéng as phonetic).

12.113

The past (疇昔: [first character pronounced] cháng-liú fan [chóu]. The Erya says: "Chóuxī means the past of old." Ru Chun's commentary on the Shiji says: "Family estates handed down from generation to generation are called chóu." The Kaosheng says: "Of old; a phono-semantic compound").

12.114

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 19 (Assembly Six: The Akṣobhya Tathāgata Assembly), a text of two fascicles

12.115

Flippant and rash (輕躁: the lower character is pronounced zé-ào fan [zào]. The Yupian says: "Rash and agitated." Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: "Disorderly." Zheng's commentary on the Lunyu says: "Rash, agitated, and unable to be calm." The Zishu says: "Impatient." It takes zú [foot] as radical and zào, sāng-dào fan, as phonetic).

12.116

Discharged (所泄: [泄 is pronounced] xiān-jié fan [xiè]. The Jixun says: "To leak; to subside; to decrease").

12.117

Marrow and brain (髓腦: the upper character is pronounced suī-[zōng] fan [suǐ]: the fat inside the bones. The lower character is pronounced nǔ-dào fan [nǎo]. The Shuowen says: "The substance inside the head").

12.118

Doors and windows (戶牖: [牖 is pronounced] yóu-jiǔ fan [yǒu]. The Guangya says: "Windows and lattice-openings opened wide." Pronounced xiàng. The Yunquan says: "A front opening is called a chuāng; a side opening is called a yǒu." The Shuowen says: "Piercing the wall and using wood to make intersecting window frames." It takes yuè and hù, fǔ).

12.119

Slothful (嬾憜: the upper character is pronounced lè-dàn fan [lǎn]. The Kaosheng says: "Not diligent." The Shuowen says: "Indolent and negligent." It takes nǚ [woman] as radical and lài as phonetic. One explanation says: "Eating while lying down is called lǎn." It is also written with xīn [heart] as 懶. The lower character is pronounced tú-wò fan [duò]. The Guangya says: "憜 also means lazy." The Yunying says: "Indolent and remiss." The Shuowen says: "Disrespectful." It takes xīn [heart] as radical and suí, tú-wò fan, as phonetic. It is also written as 墮, which is the same, or as 𢞑, an ancient character).

12.120

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 20

12.121

Gold ore (金磺: [磺 is pronounced] gǔ-měng fan [kuàng]. The Guangya says: "Unrefined iron is called 𨥥." In the sūtra it is written as 礦, which is the same, or written as [金*升]. The Shuowen says: "Unrefined copper or iron is called kuàng." It takes shí [stone] as radical and huáng as phonetic).

12.122

Casting and refining (鑄鍊: the upper character is pronounced zhū-shù fan [zhù]. The Kaosheng says: "To melt and pour." Melting (鎔) is pronounced róng. The Shuowen says: "To melt metal." The lower character is pronounced lián-diàn fan [liàn]. The Yunying says: "To melt and smelt metal." The Shuowen says: "To smelt metal." It takes jīn [metal] as radical and dōng as phonetic. It is also written with huǒ [fire] as 煉).

12.123

Sand and gravel (砂礫: [礫 is pronounced with] líng-de fan and dīng-lì fan [lì]. The Shuowen says: "Small stones." The Kaosheng says: "Coarse sand; crushed rock").

12.124

Borders and bounds (涯際: [the upper character is pronounced] wǔ-jiā fan [yá]. The Yunquan says: "Water's edge." The Kaosheng also says: "The riverbank." Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: "Yá also means boundary." The Shuowen writes it as 厓: "The edge of a mountain." The lower character is pronounced jì. The Guangya says: "Jì means to meet; a direction/side." Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "A margin." The Kaosheng says: "Bank; limit." The Shuowen says: "Meeting").

12.125

The svastika mark (卍字之文: in Sanskrit it is called śrīvatsa (室哩 [two characters combined], 末蹉, [蹉 is pronounced] cāng-hé fan). In the Tang language, it means "mark of auspiciousness." To call it the character "wàn" (ten thousand) is an erroneous theory. The eighth fascicle of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra explains this sign in full detail; it is not a Chinese character at all, but rather this auspicious pattern found in several places on the body of the Tathāgata, a sign of great merit and virtue).

12.126

Granaries and storehouses (倉廩: the upper character is pronounced cuò-láng fan [cāng]. The Zhouli says: "The Granary Officer is in charge of storing the intake of grain." The Shuowen says: "A storehouse for grain. It takes shí abbreviated and kǒu, depicting the shape of a granary." The lower character is pronounced lì-jǐn fan [lǐn]. The Shuowen says: "It takes yǎn [shelter] and lǐn. Lǐn derives from rù and huí, representing a house with doors and windows, with hé [grain] beneath." In the Zilin and in the sūtra it is written as 稟, which is also acceptable).

12.127

Plentiful stores (盈儲: for the upper character 盈, the Guangya says: "Full." The Shuowen says: "A vessel filled." It takes mǐn [vessel] and guī, with yíng as phonetic, pronounced yíng. The lower character is pronounced chú. The Kaosheng says: "To accumulate; to store up").

12.128

Famine and starvation (饑饉: [first character pronounced] jiāng-yí fan [jī]: "Grain not ripening." The lower character is pronounced jìn. The Shuowen says: "Vegetables and legumes not ripening." Both are phono-semantic characters).

12.129

Raining hail (雨雹: [雹 is pronounced] páng-miǎo fan [báo]. The Shuowen says: "Rainwater [frozen]." It takes yǔ [rain] as radical and bāo as phonetic).

12.130

Thunderbolts (霹靂: the upper character is pronounced pǔ-mì fan [pī]; the lower character is pronounced lì. The Gujin zhengzi says: "Pīlì is when yang qi stirs, producing a great crash of thunder." The upper parts are the semantic classifier, the lower parts the phonetic).

12.131

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 21 (Assembly Seven: The Armor-Clad Adornment Assembly), a text of five fascicles

12.132

Gathered peaks (欑峰: [first character pronounced] zāng-luán fan [cuán]. The Liji says: "To pile up grain." The Boya says: "Cuánwán (five-guān fan): the towering appearance of mountains." The Kaosheng says: "A cluster of small mountains; clustered trees." The Shuowen says: "It takes mù [wood] as radical and zàn as phonetic." It is also written with shān [mountain] as 巑. The lower character is pronounced fāng-fēng fan [fēng]: "A mountain that is high and pointed is called a fēng." It takes shān [mountain] as radical and fēng as phonetic. In the sūtra it is written with jīn [metal] as 鋒, which is also acceptable).

12.133

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 22

12.134

To ward off (防禦: [禦 is pronounced] yú-jǔ fan [yù]. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: "Yù means to forbid." Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "To prevent and stop." The Shuowen says: "A sacrificial rite." It takes shì [altar] as radical and yù as phonetic).

12.135

Towering loftily (嶷然: [嶷 is pronounced] yí-jí fan [yí]. The Kaosheng says: "The appearance of a mountain standing upright." The lower character is pronounced ér-zhān fan [rán]. The Shuowen says: "It takes ròu [meat] and quǎn [dog]").

12.136

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 23

12.137

Suddenly (欻然: [欻 is pronounced] huī-lǜ fan [xū]. Xue Zong says: "Xū means suddenly." The Cangjie pian says: "Xū means abruptly." The Shuowen says: "To blow upward").

12.138

Trembling with fear (悚慄: the upper character is pronounced xiāng-yǒng fan [sǒng]; the lower character is pronounced lín-zhì fan [lì]. The Xiao Erya says: "Shamefaced, shivering, and trembling with fright." Both have the semantic radical on the left and the phonetic on the right).

12.139

Standing out preeminently (挺特: [first character pronounced] tíng-dǐng fan [tǐng]. The Guangya says: "To jut forth." The Kaosheng says: "Erect and straight." The Shuowen says: "To pull out." It takes shǒu [hand] as radical and tíng as phonetic. The character tíng derives from [彳*、] (yú-chǒu fan) and rèn (tiān-dǐng fan) as phonetic. The component [彳*、] derives from chì and chǒu (chǐ fan), meaning to stretch out. The lower character is pronounced hè-lè fan [tè]. The Kaosheng says: "Tè means male; solitary." The Shuowen says: "An uncastrated bull." It takes niú [ox] as radical and sì as phonetic).

12.140

Moistening with (霔以: [霔 is] pronounced zhù. The Jixun says: "What seasonal rain irrigates, universally generating the ten thousand things." It is also written as 澍, which is also acceptable).

12.141

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 24

12.142

Distant line of descendants (徵裔: the upper character is pronounced yǐ-zhān fan [yán]. The Shuowen says: "To make a long journey." It takes [必-心] (piàn-miè) and yán (chì-lián fan), with yán also as phonetic. Another explanation says that the character yán derives from zhǐ and [彳*、] (yǐ-chǒu fan); the character [彳*、] derives from chì and chǒu (chǐ fan), meaning to stretch out. The lower character is pronounced yíng-yì fan [yì]. Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "Yì means distant." The Guangya says: "Yì means the four outer bounds; to emerge." The Shuowen says: "Yì is the hem of a robe." It takes yī [garment] and jiǒng (pronounced nǚ-huá fan). In the text of the sūtra it is written with máo [spear] as 袤, which is incorrect).

12.143

Flight of stairs (階砌: the upper character is pronounced jiē. Gu Yewang says: "The pathway for ascending into a hall." Liu Xi says: "A ladder/stairs." The Shuowen says: "Steps of a terrace." The lower character is pronounced qī-jì fan [qì]. The Kaosheng says: "Qì means laying masonry; qì is also steps." It takes shí [stone] as radical and qiè as phonetic).

12.144

Girdling (縈帶: the upper character is pronounced huì-yíng fan [yíng]. The Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: "Yíng means winding around." The Yunying says: "To encircle." The Kaosheng says: "To roll around." It takes mì [silk], pronounced mì, and yíng abbreviated as phonetic).

12.145

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 25

12.146

Embankments and dykes (堤塘: [first character pronounced] dīng-xī fan [dī]. Su Lin says: "A dī is a boundary." Wei Zhao says: "Piling up earth to make an enclosure or boundary." It is also written as 隄. The lower character is pronounced dà-láng fan [táng]. The Yunying says: "A táng is an embankment or dyke." It is also written with [𠂤] as 䧜, which is also acceptable).

12.147

Serving as the trunk (為幹: [幹 is pronounced] yú-àn fan [gàn]. The Kaosheng says: "Substance; upright; root; firm; core; the trunk of the Bodhi tree; the base of the branches").

12.148

A-ga (阿𭢔: both characters have the same sound, ā-kě fan. In the sūtra itself the pronunciation has already been indicated).

12.149

Nga (𭢟: in the sūtra the sound has already been indicated as nà-kě fan).

12.150

Ma (麼: pronounced mò-kě fan [mó]; all these are nasal sounds).

12.151

Clear, deep pool (澄潭: [澄 is pronounced] zhí-líng fan [chéng]: pure and limpid. The lower character is pronounced táng-nán fan [tán]. The Kaosheng says: "A place where water gathers deep").

12.152

Flower stamens (花蘂: in the sūtra it is written as 華, which is incorrect. The lower character is pronounced rǔ-shuǐ fan [ruǐ]. The Jixun says: "The stamens (䰅, pronounced xū) of a flower").

12.153

Swaying gently (搖裔: the upper character is pronounced yú-yáo fan [yáo]; the lower character is pronounced yí-jì fan [yì]: the appearance of swaying with the wind).

12.154

Fluttering (翩翻: the upper character is pronounced piān; the lower character is pronounced fān: the image of flying).

12.155

Fascicle 26

12.156

No characters require phonetic reading or gloss (Assembly Eight: The Real Nature of the Dharma Realm Assembly), a text of two fascicles

12.157

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 27

12.158

Mounds and knolls (堆阜: the upper character is pronounced dāng-léi fan [duī]. The Kaosheng says: "The appearance of high earth." The Shuowen says: "A small mound." It takes tǔ [earth] as radical and zhuī as phonetic. Some write it as 塠, which is a popular variant; the ancient script writes it as 𠂤. The lower character is pronounced fú-jiǔ fan [fù], an Wu-Yue pronunciation; the Yunying says it is pronounced fú-wǔ fan. The Erya says: "A vast plateau is called a fù." The Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: "Fù means large." The Kaosheng says: "Of the mound class." Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "Fù means thick/substantial." The Guangya says: "What has no stones is called a fù." It derives from 𠂤 (dū-huí fan); vulgar forms take shí [ten] to make 阜; the ancient script writes it as 𠂤 piled three times; the large seal script makes it 隹, pictographic).

12.159

Striking and colliding (掁𧢻: the upper character is pronounced zhái-héng fan [chéng]. The Guangya writes it as 楟: "Tíng means to prick," [pronounced] qīng-yì fan. The Kaosheng says: "Chéng means to strike," [pronounced] zhuó-jiāng fan. It takes shǒu [hand] as radical and cháng as phonetic. It is also written as 𢾊 with the same meaning and usage. The lower character is pronounced chù-zhú fan [chù]. The Guangya says: "𧢻 means to poke," tún-hū fan. The Zishu says: "To butt against or encounter by mistake." It is also written as 觕, deriving from niú [ox] and jiǎo [horn] as an associative compound. In the sūtra it is written as 觸, which is vulgar usage).

12.160

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, fascicle 28 (Assembly Nine: The Ten Dharmas of the Mahāyāna Assembly), a text of one fascicle

12.161

Contending and striving (捔𠢧: the upper character is pronounced jiǎo. The Kaosheng says: "捔 means to engage with." The orthodox form is written 斠, taking gōu (pronounced gōu) and dǒu; the Shuowen says: "斠 means to measure." The lower character is pronounced shēng-zhèng fan [shèng]. It takes lì [strength] and 𠢧 abbreviated as phonetic; 𠢧 is pronounced chéng-yùn fan. In the text of the sūtra it is written with yuè and zhì, which is a vulgar variant).

12.162

Śāleya (奢利耶: Sanskrit name of a brāhmaṇa village. The World-Honoured One begged for food in this settlement, but received nothing and returned with an empty bowl).

12.163

Ciñcā (遮摩那: name of an externalist woman, Ciñcā-māṇavikā (Sundarī), who tied a wooden basin [to her belly], pronounced yú. Mice gnawed and severed the cords, and the wooden vessel fell to the ground; immediately she sank alive into the Avīci Hell. The pit is still visible to the south of the city of Śrāvastī).

12.164

Verañja (毘蘭多: Verañja was the name of an elder. He invited the Buddha to observe the rains retreat, but the elder neglected and forgot about it, not knowing the Buddha had arrived. For three months, the Tathāgata ate only horse barley).

12.165

Clods of earth (土塊: [塊 is pronounced] kǔ-wài fan [kuài]; it is also written as 𠙽).

12.166

Pure and complete (淳僃: the upper character is pronounced cháng-lún fan [chún]. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: "Pure refers to single-minded conduct." The Fangyan says: "Good." The lower character is pronounced pí-mèi fan [bèi]. The Shuowen says: "Complete." It takes rén [man] and pú (pronounced bèi) as phonetic. In the present sūtra it is written as 俻, which is an erroneous vulgar abbreviation).

12.167

抓掌 (claw and palm): The upper [character] is *zhǎo* (側狡反 [tsˠaǔ]); the lower is *zhǎng* (章養反 [t͡ɕɨɐŋ̌]), meaning "hand". The *Shuowen* writes it as 爪. The sūtra text writes it with the hand radical as 抓 (*zhāo*, 側交反 [t͡ʃˠau]), which is incorrect. The tip of a finger is a "claw" (爪); below the fingers is the "palm" (掌). In the *Shuowen*, the character 掌 has the fanqie 爪 (i.e. reversed 爪 is 爪).

12.168

波卑掾 (*Pāpīyān*): 掾 is *yuàn* (悅絹反 [juɛnᴴ]). A Sanskrit name for the heavenly Māra. Tradition mistakenly calls him *Bōxún* (波旬). In Sanskrit originally there is no *Pāxún*; old translations wrote 陂䀏, pronounced *xiàn* (音縣), an abbreviation. Later people mistakenly copied 䀏 as the character 旬.

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撾打 (strike and beat): 撾 is *zhuā* (嘲爪反 [ʈ͡ʂʰaǔ]), a horse whip; or to strike. The *Kaosheng* says: "A joint/knot of grass or wood; it takes the tree radical and has 過 as its phonetic." The *Shenglei* says: "To beat (捶), *zhuī* (佳壘反 [t͡ɕwǐ]); or written as 𥬲, taking the bamboo radical with 朵 (*duǒ*, 丁果反 [tuɑ̌])." The lower [character] is *dǎ* (得冷反 [təŋ̌]), to beat, strike, or hit; it takes the hand radical with 丁 as its phonetic. The Wu pronunciation is *dǐng* (頂), which is not adopted here.

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挑却 (pick out and cast aside): The upper [character] is *tiāo* (體彫反 [tʰeu]), the *Kaosheng* says: "挑 is to gouge out (抉), pronounced *huì-yuè* (恚悅反 [ʔweiᴴ-juɛt̚])." The *Yunquan* says: "挑 is to stir up (撥); to prune or remove. It takes the hand radical with 兆 as its phonetic."

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Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Twenty-Nine (Assembly Ten: Universal Gate of Mañjuśrī), a one-fascicle scripture.

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唯然 (verily so): 唯 is *wěi* (惟癸反 [jwǐ]). The character dictionaries say: "唯 expresses deference in answering 'yes' (諾, 乃各反 [nɑk̚]); it is the response given when summoned by a venerable person."

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聚沫 (gathered foam): The lower [character] is *mò* (莫鉢反 [mɑt̚]), foam floating upon water.

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常齅 (constantly smell): 齅 is *xiù* (虛救反 [hɨuᴴ]), to approach an odor with the nose. The sūtra text writes 嗅, which is a vulgar character.

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鹹酢 (salty and sour): The upper [character] is *xián* (洽緘反 [ɦˠɛm]), the *Erya* says: "鹹 is bitter." The *Kaosheng* says: "The taste of water." The *Shuowen* says: "鹹 is to hold in the mouth; it takes the halogen radical 鹵 (*lǔ*) with 咸 as its phonetic." In the current sūtra text it is written with the wine radical as 醎, which is an error, though it is also accepted in popular usage. The lower [character] is *cù* (麤素反 [t͡sʰuoᴴ]), the *Cang Jie pian* says: "酢 is sour." The *Shuowen* says: "It is pickled (醶), also pronounced *hǎn* (減反); it takes the wine radical with 乍 as its phonetic." Nowadays popular usage uses it for toast-and-response (酬酢, *zuò*, 藏各反 [d͡zɑk̚]). The sūtra text writes it with 昔 as 醋, which popular transmission uses for the character meaning "sour" (酸酢). The pronunciation *zuò* (昨) for 酢 runs contrary to the *Shuowen*. The two characters are interchanged inconsistently: the *Shuowen*, *Yupian*, and *Zitong* all pronounce 酢 as *cù* (倉固反 [t͡sʰuoᴴ]) and 醋 as *zuò* (音酢), whereas the *Qieyun* and contemporary vulgar usage invert the above pronunciations, with 醋 being *cù* (麤素反 [t͡sʰuoᴴ]).

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𥿳滑 (fine and smooth): 𥿳 is *xì* (先計反 [seᴴ]). Kong's commentary on the *Shangshu* says: "Small." The *Shuowen* says: "Subtle; it takes the silk radical 糸 (*mì*) with 囟 (*xìn*) as its phonetic." The sūtra text follows popular practice and writes 細 with the field radical, which is an error. The lower [character] is *huá* (還八反 [ɦwɛt̚]). The *Kaosheng* says: "Fine; pleasant." The *Shuowen* says: "Sharp and smooth; it takes the wood radical with 骨 as its phonetic."

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興澍 (arise and pour down): The upper [character] is *xīng* (香鷹反 [hɨŋ]), Zheng's commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* says: "To flourish." Zheng's commentary on the *Kaogongji* says: "To stir into motion." The *Shuowen* says: "To arise; it takes [臼/一/八] (*yú*) and 同; 同 denotes exertion in common. The character [臼/一/八] takes 臼 (*jū*) and 廾 (*gǒng*)." 澍 is pronounced *shù*, and also pronounced *zhù*. The *Kaosheng* says: "Timely rain falling in torrents is called 澍; it takes the water radical, the inch radical, and 壴 (*zhù*, 知句反 [ʈɨuᴴ]) with an omitted phonetic element."

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橐籥 (bellows and flute): The upper is pronounced *tuó* (音託); the lower is pronounced *yuè* (音藥). The Imperial Commentary on the *Laozi* says: "A 橐 is a leather blower bag (囊袋, pronounced *bài*), popularly called a [革*匍]袋. A 籥 is a flute (笛, pronounced *dí*), the name of a musical instrument. Both are hollow inside, able to receive air and produce sound."

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捷疾 (swift and rapid): 捷 is *jié* (潛接反 [d͡zɨɛp̚]), the *Kaosheng* says: "Vigorous." The *Shuowen* says: "To hunt; it takes the hand radical with 疌 (*jié*, 潛叶反 [d͡zɨɛp̚]) as its phonetic."

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諸冥 (various darknesses): 冥 has two readings: *míng* (覓瓶反 [meŋ]) and *mǐng* (迷並反 [meŋ̌]). The *Mao Commentary* on the *Classic of Poetry* says: "冥 means deep and obscure (窈, *yǎo*, 一了反 [ʔɛǔ])." Zheng's commentary says: "冥 is night." The *Shuowen* says: "Dark and concealed; it takes 冂 (*mì*), 冂 meaning to cover; it takes 日 (sun) with the number ten, and takes 六 (six): every sixteenth day the moon begins to wane and progressively moves toward obscurity and darkness; it is an associative compound character." Nowadays sūtra texts mostly write it with the roof radical 宀 (*mián*) and 具 as 𡨋, which is incorrect and a grave error.

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Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, Fascicle Thirty (Assembly Eleven: Manifestation of Radiance), a five-fascicle scripture.

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燈燎 (lamps and torches): 燎 has two fanqie readings: *liáo* (遼鳥反 [leǔ]) and *liào* (遼銚反 [leuᴴ]; 銚 is pronounced *yào*, 亭曜反 [jeuᴴ]). The *Kaosheng* says: "To burn lightly." The character dictionaries say: "A courtyard torch is called 燎." The *Shuowen* says: "To set fire to; it takes the fire radical with 尞 (*liào*, 力召反 [leuᴴ]) as its phonetic. The orthodox form of the character 尞 takes fire and 昚, written as 𤊽; 昚 is the ancient character for 慎 (careful/reverent). Burning firewood to sacrifice to Heaven was the pinnacle of reverence and caution, which is why it takes 昚 and 火."

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瑕垢 (flaws and defilement): The upper [character] is pronounced *xiá* (音遐). The *Guangya* says: "A flaw is an impurity." Zheng Xuan says: "A defect in jade." The lower [character] is *gòu* (古后反 [kəǔ]), meaning defilement and dirt.

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瞻蔔迦 (*Campaka*): Sanskrit, the name of a flowering tree in the western lands. The upper is pronounced *zhān* (音占), the next is *bó* (蒱墨反 [bək̚]), the lower is *jiā* (薑佉反 [kʰɨa]). Follow this standard hereafter.

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拘律陀 (*Nygrodha*): Should properly be *Nijùlǜtuó* (尼俱律陀, *nyagrodha*). The sūtra omitted the syllable *ni* (尼) to fit the metrical verse; alternatively it is called *Nijùlèi* (尼俱類) or *Nijùtuó* (尼俱陀), all of which are phonetic corruptions and abbreviations of the Sanskrit. Here it is translated as "the knotless tree." It resembles a paulownia, with smooth green bark without wrinkles (*zhòu*, 七旬反 [t͡sʰiuen]), rounded, upright, and straight.

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甄叔迦 (*Kiṃśuka*): The upper [character] is pronounced *jiān* (音堅). A Sanskrit name for a flowering tree in the western regions. The *Great Tang Records on the Western Regions* states: "India has many *kiṃśuka* trees; their flowers are crimson and shaped like a human hand." A previous *Sounds and Meanings* stated: "Also named *aśoka* (阿叔迦), which here means the grief-free tree, and its flowers are also crimson." This latter explanation has not been fully verified.

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese