一切經音義 35

English (machine translation) 35

Language: English

35.1

Compiled by the Translator-Śramaṇa Huilin

35.3

Yizi qite foding lunwang niansong yigui jing, one fascicle

35.4

Foding zunsheng niansong yigui jing, one fascicle (Translated by Tripiṭaka Master Amoghavajra)

35.5

Jiaju foding zunsheng niansong fa, two fascicles (Translated by Tripiṭaka Master Śubhakarasiṃha)

35.6

Yizi ding lunwang jing, five fascicles (Translated by Bodhiruci)

35.7

Puti chang suo shuo yizi ding lunwang jing, five fascicles (Translated by Tripiṭaka Master Amoghavajra)

35.8

Da tuoluoni mofa zhong yizi xinzhou jing, one fascicle

35.9

Putong zhu foding yaolüe niansong fa jing, one fascicle

35.10

Foshuo yizi zhuanlunwang foding zhou jing, one fascicle

35.14

Uṣṇīṣavijayā-dhāraṇī-sūtra, one fascicle (Translated by Du Xingyi in the early Tang)

35.15

Uṣṇīṣavijayā-dhāraṇī-sūtra, one fascicle (with preface; translated by Buddhapālita)

35.16

Foding zuisheng tuoluoni jing (with preface; retranslated by Yancong together with Divākara)

35.17

Zuisheng foding tuoluoni jingchu yezhang jing, one fascicle (Retranslated by Divākara in the Eastern Capital)

35.18

Uṣṇīṣavijayā-dhāraṇī-sūtra (Translated by Tripiṭaka Master Yijing; contains no characters needing pronunciation or glossing)

35.19

Ji foding zunsheng tuoluoni jing (Chronological account of the translations; composed by Huilin)

35.20

Foding zunsheng tuoluoni bing gongneng jing (Translated by Jñānayaśas under the Northern Zhou)

35.22

The above twenty scriptures in thirty-three fascicles share the sounds and meanings of this fascicle.

奇特 [Extraordinary] (The pronunciation of the upper character is 其 [qí]. The Shuowen says: "奇 means strange; having no pair is called 奇." The ancient character is formed from 大 (great) and 可 (approvable) combined; it is a popular character. The fanqie of the lower character is 騰 + 德 [tè]. The Guangya says: "特 means male [animal]." Wen Ying's commentary on the Hanshu says: "特 means single, unique." The Fangyan says: "Things that have no pair are called 特." The Shuowen says: "A uncastrated ox; formed from 牛 (ox) with 寺 as phonetic").

35.25

師子𧄜 [Lion down / fine fur] (The fanqie is 如 + 捶 [ruǐ]. The Shuowen says: "𧄜 means fine hair/down." "Lion's down" is the name of a jewel. 茸 is pronounced the fanqie 辱 + 鍾 [rǒng]).

35.26

裸者 [Naked person] (The fanqie of the upper character is 華 + 瓦 [huà], a borrowed sound character. As for 裸者, character books say: "Exposing the body without clothing is called 裸." It is also written with the person radical as 倮, or with the body radical as 躶. Its original pronunciation is the fanqie 郎 + 果 [luǒ]).

35.27

鬼魅 [Ghost and demon] (The fanqie is 眉 + 秘 [mèi]. The sūtra writes it with the woman radical as 媚, which is incorrect).

35.28

車輅 [Chariot] (The pronunciation of the upper character is 居 [chē]; the lower is 路 [lù]. The Zhouli lists the five imperial carriages: the gold carriage, jade carriage, etc. The Shuowen says: "The horizontal bar before the axle of a carriage; formed from 車 (carriage) with an abbreviated 路 as phonetic").

35.29

驚駭 [Terrified] (The fanqie is 霞 + 騃 [hài]. The Cang Jie pian says: "駭 also means startled." The Guangya says: "To start up in alarm." The Shuowen says: "A horse being startled; formed from 馬 (horse) with 亥 as phonetic").

35.30

瞻睹 [Behold] (The fanqie of the upper character is 章 + 閻 [zhān]. The Wenzidian shuo says: "瞻 means to gaze at." The Shuowen says: "To look down upon; formed from 目 (eye) with 詹 as phonetic." The lower character's fanqie is 當 + 弩 [dǔ]. The Shuowen says: "睹 means to see; also written with 見 as 覩, a phono-semantic character with 目 as semantic component").

35.31

珊瑚 [Coral] (The upper character's fanqie is 桑 + 安 [shān]; the lower is pronounced 胡 [hú]. Note that coral is the name of a red jewel, produced in places like Kashmir; its form has already been explained earlier).

35.32

貧匱 [Destitute and deficient] (The fanqie is 逵 + 位 [kuì]. Mao's Commentary on the Shijing says: "匱 means exhausted." Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: "Deficient." The Shuowen says: "A chest/box; formed from 匚 (pronounced fāng) with 貴 as phonetic").

35.33

㲲縷 [Cotton thread] (The pronunciation of the upper character is 牒 [dié]. It is the flower-down of a Western grass, like the carded thistle-down of this country twisted into thread to make cloth; formed from 毛 (hair) with 疊 as phonetic, or written with the silk radical as 𥿛. Originally there was no such character; the translators of the sūtras invented it as an expedient, so it has no fixed form. The fanqie of the lower character is 力 + 宇 [lǚ], namely the thread used by weavers. The Shuowen says: "縷 means thread; formed from 糸 (silk) with 婁 as phonetic." The fanqie of 撚 is 年 + 典 [niǎn]).

35.34

抨線 [Snap a marking-line] (The fanqie of the upper character is 伯 + 盲 [pēng]. The Shuowen says: "抨 means to snap or twang, like the string of an ink-marker snapped today." The fanqie of the lower character is 先 + 薦 [xiàn], a popular character; the orthodox form is written with 戔 as 綫. The Shuowen says: "Thread; formed from 糸 (silk) with 戔 as phonetic." 戔 is pronounced 殘 [cán]).

35.35

結纇 [Knot / tangle] (The fanqie is 雷 + 罪 [lèi]. The Shuowen says: "A knot in silk; formed from 糸 (silk) with 頪 as phonetic." 頪 has the same pronunciation as above).

35.36

撚綫 [Twist thread] (The upper character's fanqie is 年 + 典 [niǎn]. The Zhengzi bianhuo says: "To twist tightly." The Kaosheng says: "[絡-口+((暴-(日/共))/皿)] means to make tight; to rub between hands, rubbing and twisting with the hands to make tight; formed from 手 (hand) with 然 as phonetic; also written with hand and 㐱 as 抮, an ancient character; 㐱 is pronounced 軫 [zhěn]; [絡-口+((暴-(日/共))/皿)] is pronounced 捩 [liè]; the fanqie of 挼 is 奴 + 和 [nuó]; the fanqie of 緊 is 經 + 引 [jǐn]. The lower character's fanqie is 先 + 箭 [xiàn]. The Jixun says: "綫 means thread; popularly written as 線." Its ancient form was explained previously).

35.37

嚴潔 [Solemn and pure] (The fanqie of the upper character is 儼 + 杴 [yán]. The Shuowen says: "Instructional commands being urgent; formed from 吅 (pronounced xuān) with 𠪚 as phonetic." The fanqie of 𠪚 is 岌 + 今 [yán], and also pronounced with the fanqie 讖 + 吟 [qīn]. The lower character 潔 is pronounced 結 [jié]. Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: "潔 means pure." The Posthumous Titles (Shifa) says: "Not practicing what is unrighteous is called 潔." The Liji also says: "Tranquil, subtle." Formed from 水 (water) with 絜 as phonetic; the pronunciation is the same as above. The sūtra text has a variant reading of 嚴毅, which is incorrect. Character books say: "Killing the enemy is called resolute (果); carrying out resoluteness is called firm (毅)." This completely contradicts the sūtra's meaning, so it is not adopted).

35.38

癲癎 [Epilepsy and seizures] (The fanqie of the upper character is 典 + 年 [diān]. The Wenzi jilüe says: "Pernicious wind entering the internal organs is called the illness of *diān*. Note that *diān* means madness. The lower character 癎 is pronounced 閑 [xián]. The Wenzi jilüe says: "A wind disease of small children." Both 癲 and 癎 are phono-semantic characters, and have already been fully explained before, hence they are only briefly mentioned).

35.39

瘡疱 [Sore and blister] (The upper character's fanqie is 筞 + 霜 [chuāng]. The Kaosheng says: "瘡 means sores and wounds." The Yunquan says: "Carbuncles and scabs, sores and wounds, have already been explained." The lower character's fanqie is 咆 + 皃 [pào], a popular character. The Shuowen writes it with the skin radical as 皰, saying: "Fine sores caused by feverish humors on the face").

35.40

耳𪙉 [Ear irregular / malformed] (The lower character's fanqie is 楚 + 宜 [cī]. The Shuowen says: "𪙉 means uneven teeth; formed from 齒 (teeth) with 差 as phonetic").

35.41

Yizi qite foding jing, Middle Fascicle

35.42

盧地囉 [Rudhirā] (The pronunciation of the first character is 魯 [lú], with a rolled tongue; the character 囉 is also pronounced with a rolled tongue. It is Sanskrit; the Tang language means "blood").

35.43

Manusya (Sanskrit; the Tang language translates it as 'human', which is the generic term for humans; it is also written as manuṣa).

35.44

Purple lac (guó + měng fanqie. Note that purple lac is a foreign medicine name; it is purple-red in colour and is produced in foreign lands. One boils down the juice of the palāśa bark, and the secretions of insects feeding on this tree form a resin that can be used for inlaying jewels).

35.45

Parched grain flour (chǐ + zhǎo fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Roasted rice and wheat made into flour.' Wei Hong sometimes wrote it as [麩-夫+少], which is a vulgar character. In the sūtra it is written with 'rice' and 'few' as 粆, which is incorrect. The Wenzidian says it takes 'wheat' with qiú as its phonetic).

35.46

Srotāñjana (Sanskrit; the name of an ingestible medicine. There are two kinds: the first is añjana, and the second is as named above. Their uses differ and cannot be detailed here. This mineral ore is pale white and lustrous, like the essence of gold).

35.47

Torrential rain (The first character is pronounced lín. The Zuozhuan states: 'Heavy rain that continues for three days is called lín.' The Erya states: 'Long-lasting rain is called yín; yín is called lín.' It is a phono-semantic character).

35.48

Cattle-foot hollow (wū + guā fanqie. The Huainanzi states: 'A hollow made by a bull's hoof does not breed sturgeon or tuna.' The Guangya states: 'Wā means low-lying.' The Gujin zhengzi states it takes 'cave' with wā as its phonetic, pronounced the same as above).

35.49

Sleep-talking (The first character is ní + jì fanqie. The Shuowen says: 'Talking in one's sleep.' It is composed of an abbreviated 㝱 [dream] with niè as phonetic. Niè is yán + liè fanqie, read like yì).

35.50

Wailing and crying out (The first character is hú + gāo fanqie. The Gujin zhengzi states it takes sī with hào as phonetic; sī is pronounced sī. The Kaosheng says: 'Háo means loud weeping; a sound of sorrow.' It is also written with 'mouth' and gāo as 噑. The second character, jiào, is xiāo + yào fanqie, a vulgar character. The Shuowen standard form is 噭; 噭 means roaring or calling out; it takes 'mouth' with jiào as phonetic; jiào is kǒu + diāo fanqie, an ancient character).

35.51

Unbroken (dà + yuè fanqie. In the sūtra text it is written with 'gate' as 闋, which is incorrect).

35.52

Yizi qite foding jing, fascicle 3

35.53

Stretching the limbs (pronounced shēn. The Kaosheng says: 'Stretching out the four limbs').

35.54

Yawning and gaping (pronounced qù. The Shuowen says: 'The breath awakening; colloquially called yawning, which is opening the mouth to exhale.' The sūtra text writes it as 嗌噦, which contradicts the meaning of the sūtra; it is now corrected to 欠㰦).

35.55

Barley (guó + měng fanqie. The Shuowen says: 'Awned cereal; that is, modern barley.' It is a phono-semantic character).

35.56

Coughing (The first character is kāi + ài fanqie. The Shuowen says: 'Counter-flow of breath.' It takes 'yawn' and hài. In the sūtra text it is written with 'mouth' as 咳, pronounced hái, meaning a child's laugh, which is not this meaning. The second character is sǒu + zòu fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Breath rushing against the throat.' In the sūtra it is also written with 'mouth' as 嗽, which is a vulgar usage and not the orthodox form).

35.57

Yizi qite foding lunwang niansong yigui jing (no characters to gloss) / Foding zunsheng niansong yigui jing

35.58

Marking with a chalk-line (The first character is bó + péng fanqie. The character books say: 'Snapping the inked cord.' The Jixun says: 'Pīn means dusting off.' It is also written with 'hand' as 拼. The Gujin zihua writes it as 䍬; these are all ancient and modern variants. Dǎn is pronounced tán).

35.59

Displaying icons (The first character is tì + gèng fanqie. It is a phonetic loan; originally this character did not exist, meaning stretching out and displaying painted icons. Sometimes it is written with 'wood' as 楨 or 椗, both of which are vulgar and unorthodox characters).

35.60

Conch cup (The first character is lǔ + hé fanqie. The Erya says: 'A shelled sea creature; also a large snail.' The second character is běi + méi fanqie. That is, using a conch as a cup for scented water; its Sanskrit name is argha).

35.61

Short legs (The first character is pí + mèi fanqie. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli states: '𠩲 means short.' Gu Yewang states: '𠩲 means low-lying.' The Wenzidian says it takes 'cliff' [hàn], pronounced hē + qiě fanqie, with bēi as phonetic).

35.62

Bending the left (The first character is pián + miè fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Bī means to bend.' Bending [niù] is wū + jiǎo fanqie; it means bending the fingers to form a mudrā to represent bodily karma. It takes 'hand' with bì as phonetic).

35.63

Forming a scabbard (xiào + yào fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'A sheath for knives and swords.' It takes 'brush' with xiào as phonetic. It is also written with 'leather' as 鞘, which is also acceptable; this character is commonly used today).

35.64

Cupping an object (gōng + liù fanqie. The Jixun says: 'Using both hands to cup and take up an object.' The ancient pictograph is written as 臼, representing two hands facing each other in the posture of cupping an object).

35.65

Coiling around (The first character is bàn + màn fanqie. The Guangya states: 'Pán means coiled.' The Fangyan states: 'A dragon that has not ascended to heaven and remains coiled in a cave is called a coiled dragon.' Here, it refers to the coiling of rosary beads).

35.66

Fingering beads (The first character is kǒu + jiǎ fanqie. The Picang says: 'To pinch or grasp.' Here it means fingering recitation beads. The Shuowen says it takes 'hand' with xiàn as phonetic).

35.67

Jiāju fódǐng zūnshèng niànsòng fǎ, 2 fascicles (translated by the Tripiṭaka Master Śubhakarasiṃha; no characters to gloss)

35.68

Yizi dinglunwang jing, fascicle 1

35.69

Battle-axe (yuán + yuè fanqie; explained previously).

35.70

Ḍākinī (jī + yǐ fanqie. Sanskrit; the collective name for female spirits who can bewitch humans and consort with them).

35.71

Gums and palate (The first character is niú + jīn fanqie. The Wenzidian says: 'The root of the teeth.' The Shuowen says: 'The flesh of the teeth.' It takes 'tooth' with jīn as phonetic. As for the character è [palate], neither the Yupian, Shuowen, nor any other character book contains this character. In vulgar usage it is pronounced wǒ + gè fanqie. Modern rime books, following vulgar usage, sometimes write it with 'flesh' with è as phonetic, which is also a vulgar character, though it has been used in the world for a long time. Upon examination, è is the upper palate inside the mouth. The Shuowen states: 'The upper bend of the mouth.' It takes 'mouth' and gǔ, pronounced qiáng + lüè fanqie; it is a pictograph depicting overlapping figures of eight on the roof of the mouth, depicting the patterns of the upper palate; it is also an ideogram).

35.72

Molars and jaw (The first character is yǎ + jiā fanqie. The Shuowen says: 'Strong teeth.' It depicts the shape of upper and lower teeth interlocking. Originally in seal script it was written as [?/爿], and now in clerical script it is written as 牙. The second character is hán + gǎn fanqie, in the rising tone. In the sūtra it is written as 頷, which is a vulgar character. The Shuowen says: 'The chin and jaw.' The ancient text originally took hán, pronounced hán, with 'head' as 顄, or written as 顄; these are ancient characters. For now, we follow vulgar usage).

35.73

Heart and navel (The first character, 'heart', is a pictograph. The second is pronounced qí. The Shuowen says: 'The navel.' It takes 'flesh' with qí as phonetic. In the sūtra text it is written with 'flesh' as 臍, which is incorrect).

35.74

Thigh and knee (The first character is píng + mǐ fanqie. The Shuowen says: 'The outside of the thigh.' It takes 'bone' with bēi. The second is xīn + qī fanqie. The Shuowen says: 'The joint at the head of the shank.' It takes jié, pronounced jié, with qī as phonetic; qī is pronounced qī. In the sūtra it is written with 'flesh' and qī as 膝, a vulgar character; this character has been in use for a long time).

35.75

Lance seal (shuāng + zhuō fanqie. The Shuowen says: 'A spear.' It takes 'spear' with xiào as phonetic. In the sūtra it is written with 'wood' as 槊, which is a vulgar character).

35.76

Delight and joy (yǔ + shū fanqie. Zheng's commentary on the Analects says: 'Yúyú means a gentle facial expression.' The Erya says: 'Joy.' The Guangya says: 'Delight.' It takes 'heart' with yú as phonetic. In the Shuowen the character yú takes jí, zhōu, and guài; guài is gǔ + wài fanqie, jí is jīng + rù fanqie. Today vulgar usage writes it with 'moon' and 'knife', which is corrupt).

35.77

Uṣṇīṣa (Sanskrit; in the Tang language it is called the Buddha's crown, or the invisible crown mark).

35.78

Birch bark (huā + guà fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Name of a tree.' It is also written with huò as 檴, and in vulgar usage written as 樺. In the sūtra text it is written with huà as 𣛛, which is a vulgar character and incorrect).

35.79

Swirling gale (The second character is pronounced lán. Xuánlán means a violent storm wind. During the reign of Emperor Xiaochang of the Northern Wei, vulgar usage followed convention in writing this character. It is also a word from the Northern Di Tujue language, because the northern lands have mountainous terrain with much wind. Originally derived from Kelan Town in Lan Prefecture, which the Later Zhou changed to Lan Prefecture, the characters Kelan thus became widespread among people; kě is pronounced kě. None of the earlier character books had these two characters; upon browsing history books, I saw the meaning in the Book of Later Wei and thus knew it, so I set it out to show its origin. Today it is widely in use).

35.80

Peering and gazing (kuī + guī fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Kuī means to peek.' It is also written with 'cave' as 窺. The Yunquan says: 'To view secretly'; a level-tone character. Kuī is quǎn + chuí fanqie; qù is qī + yù fanqie).

35.81

Pestle, lasso, club, and trident (chǔ is chāng + yǔ fanqie; suǒ is chéng + luò fanqie; bàng is bái + xiàng fanqie, also written as 柈; chā is chǔ + jiā fanqie).

35.82

Cross together (táng + luò fanqie. In the sūtra text it is written with 'heart' as 𢜬, which is incorrect).

35.83

Doors and windows (The second character is yóu + jiǔ fanqie. The Guangya states: 'Yǒu means window.' The Yunquan says: 'A front opening is called chuāng; a side opening is called yǒu.' The Shuowen says: 'Piercing a wall and using wood to cross-hatch it is called chuāng; it is a pictograph.' It is sometimes written with piàn; yǒu takes 'door' and fǔ, or also piàn).

35.84

Beating and striking (The second character is pǔ + mù fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Pū also means to beat.' The Guangya says: 'To strike.' The Cangjie pian says: 'To strike lightly.' The Shuowen says: 'To beat; chì also means to strike.' The character dǎ takes 'hand' with dīng as phonetic. Chì is tiān + yì fanqie).

35.85

Fishy and rank (The first character is pronounced xīng. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli states: 'The foul smell of pig fat and dog fat.' It also says: 'Meat having grain-like spots is like stars.' It is also written as 胜 or 鮏. The Shuowen says: 'Pigs eating when stars appear; now it refers to meat developing parasites; a phono-semantic character.' The second character is sāng + dāo fanqie. Its gloss is the same as xīng; it takes 'flesh' with zào as phonetic; zào is pronounced the same as above. This is the modern character).

35.86

One who advances reverently (pronounced yì. The Analects states: 'When he hurried forward, it was with wings spread (yìrú)'; the appearance of advancing reverently. It takes 'walk' with yì as phonetic).

35.87

Proportionate and slender (The first character is chǒng + lóng fanqie. Zheng's Commentary on the Mao Odes states: 'Yóng means even.' The Shuowen says: 'Even and straight.' It takes 'person' with yōng as phonetic. The second character is xiè + yán fanqie. Kong's Commentary on the Shangshu states: 'Xiān means slender.' The Guangya states: 'Minute.' Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli states: 'Small.' The Shuowen says it takes 'silk' with xiān as phonetic; xiān is pronounced the same as above. In the sūtra it is written with jié, which is incorrect).

35.88

Looking askance (The first character, jiǎo, takes 'knife' and 'moon'. The second is lái + dài fanqie. The Cangjie pian says: 'Looking inward.' The Shuowen says: 'The pupil of the eye not being straight.' It takes 'eye' with lái as phonetic).

35.89

Flaws and cataracts (The first character is pronounced xiá. Zheng's commentary on the Liji states: 'Xiá means defect.' The Shuowen says it takes 'jade' with jiǎ as phonetic. The second is yī + jì fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'A disease in the eye.' Guo Pu states: 'Yì means an obstruction; covering over.' The Shuowen says: 'A floral canopy.' It takes 'eye' with yì as phonetic; yì is pronounced the same as above, an ancient form).

35.90

Flat and thin (The first character is biān + gài fanqie; the second is tǐ + jī fanqie. The Zitong says: 'Biǎntī means not round.' The Kaosheng says: 'The appearance of being thin and wide.' The Gujin zhengzi says: 'Biǎntī means thin and wide, neither round nor square.' It is a phono-semantic character from above, or written with 'flesh' as 䐔䏲, which are vulgar characters).

35.91

Pitted and sunken (The first character is wū + guā fanqie, in the level tone. The Kaosheng says: 'Sunken and low.' The Shuowen says: 'Sloping and low.' It takes 'cave' with guā as phonetic; guā is guǎ + huá fanqie, a pictograph. The second is xián + jiǎ fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Water channels adjoining one another.' It takes 'shell' with jiā as phonetic. In the sūtra it is written as 翈, meaning the small feathers on a bird's wings, which is not the meaning of the sūtra).

35.92

Obstinate and treacherous (wǎ + guān fanqie. Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan states: 'One whose mind cannot fathom virtue and righteousness is called wán.' The second character is yú + jīn fanqie. Kong's Commentary on the Shangshu states: 'One whose mouth does not utter loyal and trustworthy words is called yín.' The Shuowen says it takes 𰀦 with chén as phonetic; 𰀦 is zhuāng + lì fanqie, composed of four mouths).

35.93

Not reaching (tái + gǎi fanqie. The Mao Odes commentary says: 'To pursue and catch up.' The Gujin zhengzi says it takes 'walk' with tái as phonetic).

35.94

Jewelled sprout (yǎ + jiā fanqie. The Boya says: 'The first growth of grasses and trees is called yá.' It is a phono-semantic character).

35.95

Suspended (guǎ + huà fanqie. The Guangya states: 'Guà means suspended.' The Shuowen says it takes 'hand' with guī. In the sūtra it is written with 'wood', which is incorrect).

35.96

Fascicle 2

35.97

Splashing and sprinkling (The first character is jiān + xuè fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'Xī means to splash.' It is also written as 瀄, which is also acceptable. The second is shā + jiǎ fanqie. Note that sǎ means moistening an object with water and scattering or splashing it. It is used as a borrowed sound; its original pronunciation is suǒ + mǎi fanqie, which is not used here).

35.98

Rosewood (mín + bì fanqie. The Kaosheng says: 'The name of a tree; it is very fragrant, and its grain resembles white sandalwood, but it is not white sandalwood. When one wishes to harvest its fragrance, it must be cut down and left for many years before the fragrance emerges. It is of the same genus as white sandalwood; the red variety is superior. People of the world often do not recognize it and call it white sandalwood').

35.99

Sharp tip (The second character is xī + lián fanqie. The Shiji says: 'Xiān means sharp.' The Shuowen says: 'A kind of agricultural implement.' It takes 'metal' with shé as phonetic).

35.100

Blinking the eyes (shuǐ + rùn fanqie. The Shuowen writes it with yín as 瞚, glossing it as: 'Opening and closing the eyes, shaking the eyes frequently; blinking.' In the sūtra it is written with shùn, which is also interchangeably used).

35.101

Unrestrained and licentious (The first character is zú + yòng fanqie. The second is táng + lǎng fanqie. Kong's Commentary on the Shangshu states: 'Unrestrained leisure and roaming about.' Guo's commentary on the Erya says: 'Depraved and perverse.' The Guangya says: 'Dàng means lewd.' The Shuowen says: 'Unrestrained.' It takes 'heart' with xiàng as phonetic. In the sūtra text it is written with 'woman' and yì as 婸, which is also acceptable; yì is pronounced yáng).

35.102

Abhicāruka (The first character is ā + wǒ fanqie; zhě is pronounced jí; the character lū has a rolled tongue; jiā is jiāng + qiē fanqie. This Sanskrit phrase is translated into the Tang language as 'taming', and also as 'subduing').

35.103

Camel (駱駝: the upper character has the sound [tuò] (tuo) or [luò] (luo); the lower has the fanqie [táng hé] (tang-he / tuó); a domestic animal of the northern Hu lands; explained previously).

35.104

Craving idleness (貪劮: the lower character has the sound [yì] (yi); the Kaosheng says it means ease and recreation, or play).

35.105

Jest and banter (戲謔: the upper character has the fanqie [xī yì] (xi-yi / xì); the Shuowen says it is classified under 戈 with 䖒 as phonetic; the lower has the fanqie [xiāng nüè] (xiang-nue / xuè); the Erya says xuè also means jest; the Commentary on the Shijing says joy and delight; both are phono-semantic characters).

35.106

Mātṛ-krodha (姥[戾*支]馱: the upper character has the sound [mǔ] (mu); the next has the fanqie [lùn nà] (lun-na); Sanskrit, namely the name of the demon-king of great hindrance-producing apparitions).

35.107

Utpala (𮨄鉢羅: the upper character has the fanqie [wēn gǔ] (wen-gu); Sanskrit, a flower name; ancient translations rendered it as utpala flower (優鉢羅花)).

35.108

Yūthikā (諭底迦: the upper character has the sound [yù] (yu); older texts sometimes write 喻; also Sanskrit).

35.109

Fragrant effusion (香馞: fanqie [pén mò] (pen-mo / bó); the Guangya says bó means the appearance of abundant fragrance; the Gujin zhengzi gives it under 香 with 孛 as phonetic; an ancient graphic form).

35.110

River sandbank (河潬: fanqie [tā dān] (ta-dan / tān); the Erya says sand emerging amidst water; Guo Pu says that in present-day Jiangnan, sand mounds amidst water are called tān; the Gujin zhengzi says sand within water is called tān, a phono-semantic character; sometimes written 灘, which is a popular variant).

35.111

Suspicious jealousy (猜疑: the upper character has the fanqie [cǎi zāi] (cai-zai / cāi); it refers to jealous resentment; the Guangya says fear; Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says suspicion; the Gujin zhengzi gives it under 犬 with 青 as phonetic).

35.112

Pinching incense (拈香: fanqie [niǎn jiān] (nian-jian / niān); the Guangya says niān means to hold; the Shiming says to pinch and take up between two fingers; the character is classified under 手 with 占 as phonetic; pinching with fingers is niān; the Shuowen says niān is 𢬴, pronounced with the fanqie [ní zhé] (ni-zhe)).

35.113

Cough and spit (謦唾: the upper has the fanqie [qīng dǐng] (qing-ding / qǐng); the Cangjie pian says sound; the Shuowen says cough, classified under 言 with 殸 as phonetic, 殸 having the fanqie [kè lìng] or [kè gēng]; the lower has the fanqie [tǔ wò] (tu-wo / tuò); the Kaosheng says moisture in the mouth; the Shuowen says mouth fluid; a phono-semantic character).

35.114

Shoes and straw sandals (鞵屩: the upper has the fanqie [xiè jiē] (xie-jie / xié); in sūtras written 鞋, a popular character; the Shenglei says with a leather sole and hemp-silk [uppers]; the Shiming says xié means loose: when worn, its top is gathered tight like a shoe, and when taken off, its top is loosened; the Gujin zhengzi has it under 革 with 奚 as phonetic; the lower has the fanqie [qǐ yāo] (qi-yao / juē); also written 蹻 or 鞽; also pronounced with the fanqie [jiāng nüè] (jiang-nue); the glosses and explanations are identical; the Cangjie pian says juē are wooden clogs (屐); Xu Guang's commentary on the Shiji says straw sandals (草屝); also fanqie [xī jì]; clogs (屐) is pronounced with the fanqie [qíng nì] (qing-ni); straw sandals (屝) is pronounced with the fanqie [fěi mèi] (fei-mei); the Shuowen says shoes, under 履 abbreviated with 喬 as phonetic).

35.115

Stockings, etc. (韤等: fanqie [wàn fā] (wan-fa / wà); also written 𩎟, and also written 襪 or 𥿉, or 懱 as an ancient character; the Shuowen says foot garments, classified under 韋 with 蔑 as phonetic, 蔑 having the fanqie [mián biē] (mian-bie)).

35.116

Mock and tease (謿誂: the upper has the fanqie [zhào jiāo] (zhao-jiao / cháo); the Kaosheng says cháo means ridicule, to make fun of; a phono-semantic character under 言 with 朝 as phonetic; written with 口 as 嘲 is a popular character; the lower has the fanqie [tiáo niǎo] (tiao-niao / tiǎo); the Guangya says tiǎo means to incite; the Kaosheng says to test beforehand with words is called tiǎo; the Shuowen says to call to one another, under 言 with 兆 as phonetic; to incite (謏) has the fanqie [xiū yǒu], also sounded xiǎo).

35.117

Rejoice and delight (樂歖: the upper has the sound [lè] (le); the lower has the sound [xǐ] (xi)).

35.118

Fascicle Three

35.119

Tear open (磔開: the upper has the fanqie [zhāng gé] (zhang-ge / zhé); the Guangya says zhé means to spread out, and also to open).

35.120

Frolic and play (戲嬉: the upper has the sound [xī] (xi); the lower has the sound [xǐ] (xi); written in sūtras as 熙喜 is incorrect).

35.121

Guhyaka (俁呬野: the upper has the fanqie [yǔ jǔ] (yu-ju); 呬 has the sound [xīn yǐ] (xin-yi / xì); guhyaka is the Sanskrit name of certain deities).

35.122

Bend the body (𩜁身: fanqie [líng zhèng] (ling-zheng); used phonetically without taking the literal meaning of the character, meaning to lean the body forward; also refers to leaning the body forward, which is already in the sūtra text and is provided here for its sound and usage).

35.123

Lift up (擡䑀: the upper has the fanqie [dà lái] (da-lai / tái); the Yunquan says tái means to raise up, classified under 手 with 臺 as phonetic).

35.124

Fascicle Four

35.125

Dig out (掘去: fanqie [qún qū] (qun-qu / jué); the Jixun says jué means to pierce through; the Kaosheng says to sever; the meaning in the sūtra is digging out bad earth, ash, charcoal, broken tiles, gravel, rotten bones, decayed wood, and other filthy substances from the ground; the Shuowen has it under 手 with 屈 as phonetic; in the sūtra text written with 角 and 厥 as 𧤼, pronounced with the fanqie [quán yuè] (quan-yue), which is colloquial and erroneous).

35.126

Open outward (拓外: fanqie [tāng luò] (tang-luo / tuò); the Kaosheng says tuò means to open; under 手 and 石; in the sūtra written with [厂@千] as 扸 with the fanqie [chǐ gé] (chi-ge), which is erroneous and does not form a proper character).

35.127

Tathāgata's lance (如來槊: fanqie [shuāng zhuō] (shuang-zhuo / shuò); a popular character; the standard form is under 矛 as 矟; 矟 is a short lance).

35.128

Mā- (姥: sound [mǔ] (mu)).

35.129

-taṅ- (㩽: fanqie [lùn gǔ] (lun-gu); borrowed phonetically).

35.130

-dakā- (陀䋾: fanqie [zhī jiǎ] (zhi-jia)).

35.131

-ya (迦: fanqie [jiāng qū] (jiang-qu); the above five characters form a single Sanskrit phrase; the sūtra translator gave the sounds himself as above, all borrowed phonetically to reproduce the Sanskrit name of a vajra deity, without seeking literal character meanings).

35.132

Make the gesture of slapping (作𢼛勢: fanqie [guǎng mò] (guang-mo); the Gujin zhengzi says [敲-高+名] means to strike, referring to striking the cheek; current colloquial speech still has the expression slapping the ear; classified under 攴 with 各 as phonetic).

35.133

Hurl together pebbles (𱟶共石子: fanqie [pǔ bāo] (pu-bao / pāo); the Kaosheng says throwing an object by hand; the Shuowen says to cast, classified under 手 with 尥 as phonetic; 尥 has the same sound as above, and also the fanqie [liáo jí]; in the sūtra written under 力 as 拋, which is erroneous; the standard form is under 手, 九, and 勺, an associative compound character).

35.134

Even tops (珿頭: fanqie [chǔ liù] (chu-liu / chù); also written under 立 as 䇍; the Guangya says chù means aligned, equal; also written under 石 as 𥒭, both are acceptable; classified under 玉 with 足 as phonetic).

35.135

Tying band (繫袟: fanqie [màn bā] (man-ba / mò); the Kaosheng says zú means to bind; the Jixun says to tie horizontally; the Gujin zhengzi classifies it under 衣 with 末 as phonetic, the character 末 having an additional stroke atop 木).

35.136

Pinch with the right hand (右手攥: fanqie [zuǎn guā] (zuan-gua / zuǎn); also written under 最 as 撮; the Shuowen says to grasp with three fingers; both graphs are acceptable).

35.137

Sandbank (沙潬: the upper character shā is also written under 石 as 砂; the lower has the fanqie [tǎn dān] (tan-dan / tān); the Kaosheng says sand emerging in water is called tān; a phono-semantic character).

35.138

Mṛtāra (米嚲羅: 嚲 has the fanqie [duō kě] (duo-ke); Sanskrit, a newly deceased human corpse).

35.139

Fascicle Five

35.140

Che- (撦: fanqie [chāng yě] (chang-ye / chě); reproducing a Sanskrit syllable).

35.141

-ne- (禰: fanqie [ní lǐ] (ni-li / nǐ); as above).

35.142

-ti- (䞘: fanqie [hén mò] (hen-mo)).

35.143

Porcelain vessel (瓷𤮲: the upper has the sound [cí] (ci); in the sūtra written under 石 as 礠, which is the name of a medicinal mineral and not used here; porcelain is earthenware pottery).

35.144

Welcome and escort (迎翼: fanqie [yíng jí] (ying-ji / yì); the Kaosheng says yì means respectful, to assist, to escort, to help, to harmonize; it also means cautious; also written under 走 as 𧾰, the appearance of hurrying; in the sūtra written under 广 as 㢞, an erroneous usage by the translator).

35.145

Parched unhusked rice (㷅稻穀: fanqie [chǔ qiǎo] (chu-qiao / chǎo); also written 炒, or 煼, both acceptable; the Fangyan says chǎo means drying over fire; the Gujin zhengzi classifies it under 火 with 取 as phonetic).

35.146

Cover with the hand (手[(ㄇ@(人*人))/音]: fanqie [àn gǎn] (an-gan / ǎn); the Shuowen says [(ㄇ@(人*人))/音] means to cover, classified under 暗 abbreviated as phonetic).

35.147

Constantly linked (常聯: fanqie [lì chán] (li-chan / lián); the Kaosheng says lián means continuous; the Shuowen says linked, as ears are joined to the cheeks, hence it is classified under 耳, and with 絲 for uninterruptedness; an associative compound character).

35.148

Mì wood (榓木: sound [mì] (mi); explained previously; also written 蜜, which is acceptable).

35.149

Highland barley (青稞: sound [kē] (ke); a hulless variety of barley; it has other readings, which are not adopted here).

35.150

Ekākṣaroṣṇīṣacakra-sūtra Spoken in the Bodhimaṇḍa, Fascicle One

35.151

Maudgalyāyana (目鍵連: 鍵 has the sound [qián] (qian); a Sanskrit corruption; the correct Sanskrit pronunciation is Mahā-Maudgalyāyana (摩賀沒特糵囉); in the Tang language rendered as the Harvester of Beans Clan, namely the lineage of the mung-bean ṛṣi; also called Mahāmaudgalyāyana; the foremost among the Tathāgata's śrāvaka disciples in spiritual powers).

35.152

Kauṣṭhila (俱郗羅: 郗 has the sound [chī] (chi); the name of an arhat).

35.153

Garuḍa (蘖路荼: also a corrupt transliteration of Sanskrit; older translations rendered it as King Garuḍa (加婁羅王), that is, the host of golden-winged bird kings).

35.154

Ḍākinī (拏枳你: the upper has the fanqie [nǐng jiā] (ning-jia / ná); written under 奴 as 拏, and written under 如 is incorrect; 枳 has the sound [jīng yǐ] (jing-yi / zhǐ); 你 has the sound [níng dǐng] (ning-ding / nǐ); the general name for female demons).

35.155

Viṣṇu-deva (毘鈕天: 鈕 has the fanqie [ní zhǒu] (ni-zhou / niǔ); also written under 糸 as 紐, both acceptable; the character is under 金 with 丑 as phonetic; writing it with 田 is an error; also called Vaiṣṇava-deva (尾瑟努天); formerly called Vairambha-deva (毘留天), namely the God Who Holds Debates, who belongs to the lineage of Nārāyaṇa).

35.156

Battle-axe (鉞斧: the upper has the fanqie [yuán yuè] (yuan-yue / yuè); originally and properly written 戊; the Shuowen says a large axe, under 戈 with [戉-戈] as phonetic, [戉-戈] being sounded jué; because copyists frequently confused it with 戊 and 己, earlier scholars added 金 to make 鉞 so as to distinguish it; Gu Yewang says an axe is a military weapon and arm; the Sima fa states: "The Xia held black axes"; the Shangshu says: "The king held the yellow battle-axe in his left hand"; investigating it, the yuè is a large axe, which kings bestowed upon the Grand Marshal to execute commanders holding tallies; a phono-semantic character).

35.157

Mṇibhadra (摩尼跋捺羅: 跋 has the fanqie [pán mò] (pan-mo / bá); 捺 has the fanqie [nú gē] (nu-ge / nà); Sanskrit; the name of a yakṣa general; in the Tang language translated as Full Worth (Manxian)).

35.158

Ustrāraka (烏娑跢囉迦: 跢 has the sound [duō] (duo) in the departing tone; 迦 has the fanqie [jiāng qū] (jiang-qu / jiā); Sanskrit, the name of an evil demon, also called an incubus demon).

35.159

Encroach and affront ([(土/儿/夕)*力]突: fanqie [lì chéng] (li-cheng / líng); the Kaosheng says to violate and insult; in the sūtra written under 水 as 淩, the name of a river; the Gujin zhengzi classifies it under 力 with 夌 as phonetic; 夌 has the same sound as the phrases to bully (欺陵) and humiliate (陵辱) below).

35.160

From the shoulders (從髆: sound [bó] (bo); the shoulder blade; under 骨 with 博 abbreviated as phonetic; in the sūtra written under 肉, a popular character).

35.161

Two shins (二脛: fanqie [xíng dìng] (xing-ding / jìng); the leg-bone).

35.162

Two ankles (二踝: fanqie [huá wǎ] (hua-wa / huái); the inner and outer bones above the ankle joint of the foot).

35.163

Śakti (鑠訖底) (the first character is *shang-zhuo* fan; Sanskrit; the name of a mudrā, called in the Tang language "lance seal").

35.164

Ruin and destroy (沮壞) (the first character is *qi-yu* fan; the Commentary on the Mao Odes says: "*Ju* (沮) also means to destroy"; it is also pronounced *jing-yu* fan; the Mao Odes says: "The Fen is swampy (*ju-ru*)", and the Commentary says: "It gradually soaks"; Zheng's commentary on the Book of Rites says: "Tears"; the Erya says: "Wet"; it takes the water radical and the *ju* (且) sound; the sūtra text writes it as 爼, which Shuowen jiezi says takes half-flesh, not having this meaning; the second character is *huai-guai* fan; Zitong says: "To break of oneself is called *huai*"; Shuowen jiezi says: "To ruin of oneself"; it takes the earth radical and the *huai* (褱) sound; *huai* is pronounced *hu-guai*).

35.165

Drown in water (水㲻) (the second character is *ning-de* fan; in the Book of Rites, Confucius says: "A noble person drowns in his mouth; a petty person drowns in water", meaning to be submerged and unable to extricate oneself; it also says: "There are three kinds of dead for whom condolences are not offered: fear, being crushed, and drowning"; Shuowen jiezi says: "Submerged in water"; it takes the person radical and the water radical; it is also anciently written as 溺).

35.166

Snake bite (虵齧) (the first character is *du-zhe* fan; a vulgar form; the correct standard takes 它 to write 蛇, or is written simply as 它; character dictionaries say: "A poisonous creeping creature"; the Mao Odes says: "Only vipers, only snakes"; Shuowen jiezi says: "In high antiquity, people dwelt in the grass and feared snakes, so they greeted each other asking, 'Is there no snake (它)?'"; Cang Jie pian says: "Snakes are not of one kind; they are extremely manifold and hard to detail"; 它 is pronounced *ta*; the second character is *yan-jie* fan; the Book of Rites says: "Do not gnaw on bones"; Shuowen jiezi says: "To chew and bite"; it takes the tooth radical and the *qie* (㓞) sound, being an ideogram).

35.167

Birch bark (樺皮) (the first character is *hua-ma* fan; the name of a tree; its bark can serve as candles; inside it are thin and smooth layers suited for writing; those Five Indias lack paper, so they trim birch bark, or pattra leaves, or tāla tree leaves, cutting them into palm-leaf manuscripts (pothī), like the ancient people of the Central Plains who used bamboo slips and the like to write down sūtras and teachings, secular and sacred scriptures, which were transmitted to this land).

35.168

Naraka (那洛迦) (Sanskrit; the name of hell).

35.169

Muhūrta (謨呼律) (also Sanskrit; the name of a unit of time; the calendrical system of the Western Regions divides one day and night into thirty muhūrtas; regardless of winter or summer, it is fixed at thirty; at the spring and autumn equinoxes, day and night each receive fifteen muhūrtas; at the winter and summer solstices, the times of maximum length and shortness, day and night mutually encroach by six, namely twelve and eighteen; this is the current character form).

35.170

Parasol (傘葢) (the first character is *mi-lan* fan; a vulgar character; the standard form takes the silk radical as 繖; the second character is pronounced *gai*; it is the orthodox form; it takes the grass radical and *he* (盇); *he* is pronounced *he*; Shuowen jiezi says that the character 盇 takes the big radical and the blood radical; the sūtra text writes 盖, taking the sheep radical and blood, which is an erroneous clerical script; it is the past and present cursive character).

35.171

Jewelled flame (寶爓) (pronounced *yan*; the orthodox character form).

35.172

Humble and disgrace (挫辱) (the first character is *zu-huo* fan; Yunquan says: "To break and snap"; Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: "To break the edge of someone's argument is called *cuo*"; Shuowen jiezi says: "To break down"; it takes the hand radical and the *zuo* (坐) sound).

35.173

Pennant and banner (旗𱜕) (the first character is pronounced *qi*; the second character is pronounced *du*; Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "A *du* (𱜕) is a streamer adorned with feathers"; Cai Yong's Duduan says: "To the left of the yellow carriage roof is the *dao* banner; the *dao* banner is made using a yak's tail, placed atop a spear or lance, and named a *dao*").

35.174

Basil branch-tip (蘭香𰱬) (the second character is *shuang-jiao* fan; the orthodox form is 梢, taking the wood radical and the *xiao* (肖) sound; this is the Tathāgata's metaphorical teaching: generally, when the basil flower comes forth, the flower seed at the tip of the twig splits into seven parts; when a sinner's head is smashed by virtuous spirits, it splits into seven parts like the tip of that basil twig; ancient translations that say 'branch of the *a-li* tree' are erroneous; there originally is no *a-li* tree).

35.175

Flesh and skin (肌膚) (the first character is *ji-yi* fan; the second character is *fu-wu* fan; both take the flesh radical; the character 膚 takes the abbreviated form of 盧).

35.176

Round and complete (團欒) (a colloquial expression, namely 'circular and complete'; the first character is *duan-wan* fan; Gujin zhengzi gives the second character as *lu-wan* fan; both are phono-semantic characters).

35.177

Fascicle Two

35.178

Twisting threads (搓縷) (the first character is *ci-he* fan; the second character is *li-zhu* fan; already explained at the beginning of the previous fascicle of sounds and meanings).

35.179

Weaving fine cotton (織㲲) (the second character is *tian-xie* fan; also already explained and glossed at the beginning of the fascicle).

35.180

Rock cavern (巖窟) (the second character is *ku-gu* fan; a vulgar character; the standard form takes the earth radical, as in 地堀).

35.181

Setting up a panel (置[敞/木]) (the second character is *zhe-geng* fan; the orthodox character form; the sūtra writes it with the *zhen* (貞) radical as 楨, which is incorrect; in the earlier sounds and meanings of the Uṣṇīṣavijayā, it was written with the person radical as 倀, which is the character *zhang*, also not the original character but a phonetic loan).

35.182

White yak-tail whisk (白犛拂) (pronounced *mao*; using a yak's tail to make a whisk; the sūtra text writes it as 猫, which is the character for a cat, an animal, not the character for a yak).

35.183

Crossed strap (角絡) (the second character is pronounced *luo*; Guo's commentary on the Shanhaijing says: "To wrap around"; Gujin zhengzi says it takes the silk radical and an abbreviated form of *luo* (絡) for the sound).

35.184

Waist sash (腰絛) (the second character is *ji-dao* fan; Kaosheng says: "Woven silk like a cord used to tie around the waist"; Shuowen jiezi says it takes the silk radical and an abbreviated form of 條).

35.185

Deep dark black (靘黑) (the first character is *qing-xing* fan; borrowed as a falling tone; its original pronunciation was the rising tone, which is not adopted here; Jixun says: "𤯝 means black color"; Gujin zhengzi says it takes the color radical and the *qing* (青) sound; the character 𤯝 takes the *sheng* (生) radical and *dan* (丹)).

35.186

Like cast metal (如鑄) (the second character is *zhu-shu* fan).

35.187

Mud and sediment (泥滓) (the second character is *zi-shi* fan; Kaosheng says: "Impure"; Shuowen jiezi says: "Sediment"; it takes the water radical and the *zai* (宰) sound).

35.188

Wheel spokes / axle post (輪樘) (the second character is *zhai-heng* fan; Shuowen jiezi says: "The central pillar of a stūpa spire"; it takes the wood radical and the *tang* (堂) sound, which fits and is correct).

35.189

Sour vinegar (酸酢) (the first character is *su-duan* fan; the second character is *cu-gu* fan; Shuowen jiezi says: "*Suan* means vinegar"; it also says: "*Cu* means sour beverage; sour beverage is vinegar liquid"; both take the wine radical and are phono-semantic characters).

35.190

Leech (水蛭) (the second character is *zhen-ri* fan, read with the same sound as 質; Cang Jie pian says: "A leech is an aquatic insect"; it takes the insect radical and the *zhi* (至) sound).

35.191

Fascicle Three

35.192

Śava (攝嚩) (the second character is *wu-he* fan; Sanskrit; the literal gloss is not sought; what in Sanskrit is called *śava* means in the Tang language a corpse of a recently deceased person that has not yet decayed).

35.193

Māṃsa (莽娑) (Sanskrit; here translated as meat).

35.194

Selling flesh (𧶻莽娑) (the first character is *mo-hou* fan; Erya says: "𧶻 means market"; Yunying says: "𧶻 means to sell"; Shuowen jiezi says: "To exchange wealth"; it takes the cowrie radical and the 戼 sound; 戼 is the ancient character for 酉; the sūtra text takes 夘 to write 𧵍, which is incorrect; 'selling *māṃsa*' refers to selling the flesh of a corpse; this is a matter within the ritual procedures for driving and commanding spirits; one takes the undecayed flesh of a recently deceased person, prepares it like in kitchen culinary art, mixes it with ginger, pepper, and the five flavours, dresses and roasts or fries it to make it fragrant and delicious, and uses it to make offerings to the mighty spirits and ghosts in the śmaśāna charnel grounds; once the offering is made, through the mighty prestige of the Uṣṇīṣa Mantra, one immediately coerces and commands them, sending them to eliminate enemies and harms for the state; because this food is used to barter for their strength, it is called 'selling *māṃsa*'; the character 炙 is *zhi-yi* fan, taking the flesh radical; the character 㷅 is *chu-jiao* fan, colloquially written as 炒).

35.195

Vetāla (迷怛羅) (also Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means a corpse-raising demon).

35.196

Lip-smacking and chewing ( [口*((甫-、)/寸)]㗱 ) (the first character is pronounced *bo*; the second character is *jin-ru* fan; Kaosheng says: "Smacking and chewing greedily over food and drink; or smacking the mouth making sounds in relish"; the sūtra text writes [口*(十/田/寸)]唼, which is incorrect; 唼 is pronounced *suo-xia* fan).

35.197

Wrought copper (鎚銅) (the first character is *chui-lei* fan, a borrowed sound; originally there was no such character; first it is cast, and then put back into the fire to be annealed and hammered into shape; it is named wrought copper following colloquial usage).

35.198

Steaming and boiling (烝煮) (the first character is *zhang-reng* fan; Kaosheng says: "*Zheng* means to cook until done; using fire to drive water vapor upward"; Shuowen jiezi says: "Movement of fire vapor"; the second character is *zhu-ru* fan; Gu Yewang says: "*Zhu* means to boil"; the ancient text writes it as 鬻, taking 者 and 鬻).

35.199

Hide glue (皮膠) (the second character is *jiao-yao* fan; Zheng's commentary on the Kaogongji says: "Glue is made by boiling down animal hides"; Gu Yewang says: "Glue is that which joins things together and makes them adhere"; the Commentary on the Odes says: "Firmly glued"; it takes the flesh radical and the *liao* (翏) sound).

35.200

Twist the two index fingers (㧙二頭指) (the first character is *pian-mie* fan; Yunquan says: "Twisting with the hand is *bi*"; some write 𢱧, which is an erroneous usage; it takes the hand radical and the *bi* (必) sound).

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Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese