一切經音義 41

English (machine translation) 41

Language: English

41.1

Compiled by the Translation Monk Huilin.

41.2

Preface to the Mahāyāna Sūtra on the Principle of the Six Pāramitās.

Great uncarved block (大朴: pronounced [普 + 剝] p-ō [pō]. It is a vulgar form, properly written 樸. Wang Bi says: "Pó refers to authenticity; authenticity is like the stage where the primordial vapor and form have not yet divided." The Shenglei says: "Whatever has not yet been carved is called 樸." The Shuowen says: "Plain wood. It derives from wood (木) and takes 菐 as phonetic." 菐 is pronounced [卜] b-ǔ [bǔ]).

41.5

Leading [to life] (牽𠂠: pronounced [企 + 堅] q-iān [qiān]. The Guangya says: "牽 (qian) means to pull along; it means to connect." The Shuowen says: "To pull forward. It derives from ox (牛) and 冖, with 玄 as phonetic." 冖 is pronounced [癸 + 營] q-ióng [qióng], picturing a halter for an ox. The vulgar use deriving from hand (手), written 牽, is incorrect).

41.6

Loss [of life] (喪𠂠: pronounced [桑 + 葬] s-àng [sàng]. Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Liji says: "To perish and lose is called sang." The Shuowen says: "To perish. It derives from 哭 with 亾 as phonetic." Vulgar forms written [〦/(口*口)/(┌/┌/一)] or 喪 are both incorrect. The lower character 𠂠 (hu): the Shuowen says: "The lingering sound of speech. It derives from 𠔃 with [必-心] as phonetic." [必-心] is pronounced [片 + 蔑] p-iē [piē]).

41.7

Love and hate (愛惡: the first character is pronounced [哀 + 代] à-i [ài]; it is a variant vulgar graph. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "愛 (ai) means to cherish." The Gujin zhengzi says: "To hold dear and care for." The Shuowen derives it from 旡 and 心, written 㤅; today it is widely written 愛. 旡 is pronounced 既 [jì]. The second character is pronounced [烏 + 固] w-ù [wù]. Gu Yewang says: "惡 (wu) means to detest; it is a phonetic loan character." The Shuowen derives it from 心 with 亞 as phonetic. The vulgar form deriving from 西 is an error).

41.8

Solitary and desolate (寂寥: the first character is pronounced [情 + 歷] j-ì [jì]; it is a vulgar graph. The Shuowen gives the correct form as 𡧯, meaning no human sound. It derives from 宀 with a reduced form of 戚 as phonetic. It is also written with 言 as 𧧌. The second character is pronounced [歷 + 彫] l-iáo [liáo]. It is missing from the Shuowen. The Gujin zhengzi says: "𡧯寥 (jiliao) means profound, vast, and without human sound. It derives from 宀 with 翏 as phonetic; 翏 is a reduction of 蓼." 宀 is pronounced 綿 [mián]; 尗 is pronounced 叔 [shū], being a reduced form of 戚).

41.9

Awaiting the time (俟時: pronounced [事 + 滓] s-ì [sì], in the rising tone; a vulgar character commonly used in current times. The correct form derives from 立, written 竢. The Shuowen derives it from 來, written 𥏳. The Yunquan says: "俟 (si) means to await." The Kaosheng says: "To wait for someone to come." The vulgar form deriving from 人, written 俟, is also accepted).

41.10

Complex and interwoven (紛綸: the first character is pronounced [芳 + 文] f-ēn [fēn]. The Guangya says: "紛 (fen) describes a multitude; it means disordered." The second character is pronounced [律 + 迍] l-ún [lún]. The Yijing says: "綸 (lun) means to organize and regulate." Song Zhong's commentary on the Taixuan jing says: "綸 (lun) means to bind together." Both are phono-semantic compound characters).

41.11

Flowing fluid (流液: the first character, 流 [liu], according to the Shuowen derives from 水 and 㐬. 㐬 is pronounced [吐 + 訥] t-ū [tū]. The vulgar form dropping the dot is incorrect. 液 is pronounced 亦 [yì]. The Shuowen says: "液 (ye) means moisture. It derives from 水 with 夜 as phonetic").

41.12

Shallow and deep (淺深: pronounced [千 + 演] q-iǎn [qiǎn]. The Shuowen says: "Not deep. It derives from 水 with 戔 as phonetic." 戔 is pronounced [察 + 限] c-àn [càn]. The second character is pronounced [傷 + 任] sh-ēn [shēn]. The Kaosheng says: "𣸧 (shen) means profound." The Shuowen derives it from 水 and 罙, pronounced the same as above. Nowadays it is customarily transmitted deriving from 罙, pronounced [山 + 林] sh-ēn [shēn]. The Shuowen says it means deep, which is also accepted; 罙 also refers to a chimney flue).

41.13

Rising sun (旭日: the first character is pronounced [凶 + 玉] x-ù [xù]. The Kaosheng says: "旭 (xu) means bright." The Shuowen says: "The appearance of the sun rising at dawn. It derives from 日 and 九." The second character is pronounced [而 + 質] r-ì [rì]. The Shuowen says: "The essence of great yang; it is a pictographic character").

41.14

Bright daytime (舛晝: the first character is pronounced [識 + 陵] sh-ēng [shēng]. The Mao Poetry writes it as 昇; the Shenglei writes it as 𱀧, meaning the sun rising. The second character is pronounced [竹 + 救] zh-òu [zhòu]. The Kaosheng says: "Daytime means brightness." The Shuowen says: "The rising and setting of the sun marking the boundary with night. It derives from 旦 and 聿; it is an associative compound character").

41.15

Singularly reaching (一至: pronounced 致 [zhì]; a phonetic loan character. 致 also means 至 [to reach]).

41.16

Governing the multitude (乂蒸: the first character is pronounced [魚 + 偈] y-ì [yì]. Kong [Anguo's] commentary on the Shangshu says: "乂 (yi) means to govern." The Kaosheng says: "乂 (yi) means to put at peace." The Shuowen says: "To mow grass. It derives from [必-心] and 乀 intersecting, called 乂." [必-心] is pronounced 夭 [yǎo]; the Shuowen says it means turning leftward. 乀 is pronounced [皮 + 密] p-ì [pì]; the Shuowen says it means turning rightward. The second character is pronounced [軄 + 仍] zh-ēng [zhēng]. The Erya and the Xiaoya explain 蒸 (zheng) as ruler; the Han Poetry explains it as multitude and good. The Boya says: "蒸蒸 (zhengzheng) means filial piety." The Shuowen derives it from 草 and 灬, with 承 as phonetic. 灬 is pronounced [必 + 遙] b-iāo [biāo]).

41.17

Kaśmīra (罽賓: the first character is pronounced [居 + 乂] j-ì [jì]. A Sanskrit name of a western country. Sometimes called Jishimiluo [Kaśmīra], or Geshemi [Kaśmīra]; these are all erroneous and abridged old translations. The correct Sanskrit sound is Kaśmīra, a realm in northern India).

41.18

Collar and sleeve (領袖: the first character is pronounced [力 + 郢] l-ǐng [lǐng]. The Mao Poetry commentary says: "領 (ling) means the neck." Zhuangzi says: "領 (ling) means to record." Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Liji says: "To regulate." The Liutao says: "The collar of a garment." The Gujin zhengzi writes it as 袊; today it is commonly written 領, deriving from 頁 with 令 as phonetic. 頁 is pronounced [賢 + 結] x-ié [xié]. The second character is pronounced [囚 + 雷] x-iù [xiù]; it is a vulgar character. The Kaosheng says: "The hem of a sleeve." The Shuowen likewise says it derives from 衣 with a reduced form of 岫 as phonetic. Ancient and modern texts write it as 褒, deriving from 𥝩 and 衣, or as 褎).

41.19

Assist and guard (翼衛: the first character is pronounced [孕 + 軄] y-ì [yì]. Kong [Anguo's] commentary on the Shangshu says: "翼 (yi) means to assist." The Mao Poetry commentary says: "To respect." Zheng [Xuan's] subcommentary on the Poetry says: "To aid." Du [Yu's] commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "翼 (yi) means to assist." The Erya says: "Respectful." The Shuowen says: "Wings. It derives from 羽 with 異 as phonetic." The second character is pronounced [榮 + 穢] w-èi [wèi]. Wang Bi's commentary on the Yijing says: "To protect." The Erya says: "Border frontiers." Guo Pu says: "To encamp and guard, defending the outer borders." The Shuowen says: "Night patrol guard. It derives from 韋, 帀, and 行; rows of sentries going completely around (周帀) is called 衛." Now it is written in the simplified form 衛).

41.20

Purifying thoughts (滌慮: pronounced [亭 + 歷] d-í [dí]. Kong [Anguo's] commentary on the Shangshu says: "滌 (di) means to wash away." The Shuowen says: "滌 (di) means to rinse (洒)." 洒 is pronounced [西 + 禮] x-ǐ [xǐ]).

41.21

Drawing and guiding (汲引: the first character is pronounced [金 + 立] j-í [jí]. The Shuowen says: "To draw water. It derives from 水 with 及 as phonetic." [The second character] is pronounced [以 + 忍] y-ǐn [yǐn]. Du [Yu's] commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "引 (yin) means to guide." The Shuowen says: "To draw a bow. It derives from 弓 and 〡." 〡 is pronounced [曳] y-è [yè]. Ancient graphs derive from 手, written 㧈, or written 弘).

41.22

Hoping to rely upon (庶憑: the second character is pronounced [皮 + 氷] p-íng [píng]. The Jixun says: "憑 (ping) means to rely upon. It derives from 心 with 馮 as phonetic." The Shuowen writes it as 凭; in the falling tone, it means to lean on an armrest).

41.23

True snare (真筌: pronounced [七 + 緣] q-uán [quán]. Zhuangzi says: "The fish trap (quan) is what one uses to catch fish; once the fish is caught, the trap is forgotten." Gu Yewang says: "A bamboo basket for catching fish." 笱 [basket] is pronounced 狗 [gǒu]).

41.24

Briefly relying (聊因: pronounced [𥲿 + 彫] l-iáo [liáo]. The Guangya says: "𦕼 (liao) means for the time being." The Shuowen says: "Tinnitus. It derives from 耳 with 丣 as phonetic." It is also written 𦗖. Nowadays it is customarily written with 夘 as 聊, which is a transmitted scribal error. 丣 is pronounced 酉 [yǒu]; 𥲿 is pronounced 了 [liǎo]).

41.25

General outline (梗槩: the first character is pronounced [耕 + 杏] g-ěng [gěng]. The Erya says: "梗 (geng) means upright." The Guangya says: "A brief needle (zhen). It derives from 木 with 更 as phonetic." The second character is pronounced [哥 + 礙] g-ài [gài]. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: "To level a peck or bushel measure." Xue Cong's commentary on the 'Dongjing fu' says: "梗槩 (genggai) means not fine and dense." The Shuowen agrees with Zheng Xuan; it derives from 木 with 既 as phonetic, or is written 概. 箴 is pronounced 針 [zhēn]; 纖 is pronounced [息 + 尖] x-iān [xiān]).

41.26

Mahāyāna Sūtra on the Principle of the Six Pāramitās, Fascicle One.

41.27

Kalandaka (迦蘭多迦: pronounced [薑 + 佉] k-ā [kā]. Older translations give Kalandayi or Karandaka, which are both erroneous. The correct Sanskrit sound is Kalandaka, the name of the Great Bamboo Grove situated near Rājagṛha, adjacent to the northern slope of the southern mountain; it is the location where this sūtra was preached).

41.28

Attained (逮得: pronounced [唐 + 祭] d-ài [dài]. Zheng [Xuan's] subcommentary on the Mao Poetry says: "逮 (dai) means to reach." The Shuowen derives it from 辵 with 隶 as phonetic. 隶 is pronounced 兊 [duì]).

41.29

Asaṃkhyeya (阿僧企耶: pronounced [輕 + 以] q-ǐ [qǐ]; the following character is pronounced [以 + 遮] y-ě [yě]. A Sanskrit numerical term. Examining the Kośa-bhāṣya quoting the Vimukti-sūtra: among the sixty numerical stages, asaṃkhyeya is the fifty-second number. Each is named based on multiples of ten, as explained in full in the treatise).

41.30

Depend and rely upon (依怙: pronounced [胡 + 古] h-ù [hù]. The Erya says: "怙 (hu) means to rely upon." The Shuowen derives it from 心 with 古 as phonetic).

41.31

Sinking and drowning (沈溺: the first character is pronounced [池 + 林] c-hén [chén]. The Mao Poetry says: "沈 (chen) means submerged." The Shuowen says: "Thirsty. It derives from 冘." 冘 is pronounced 淫 [yín]. The second character is pronounced [寧 + 歷] n-ì [nì]. The Shuowen derives it from 人 and 水, written 休, meaning a person submerged in water; it derives from 水 with 弱 as phonetic).

41.32

Difficult to resolve (難解: the second character is pronounced [諧 + 戒] j-iè [jiè]. Those who pronounce it xià are incorrect).

41.33

Organize and govern (整理: pronounced [征 + 郢] zh-ěng [zhěng]. The Shuowen says: "Uniform. It derives from 敕 with 正 as phonetic." The vulgar form deriving from 止 is incorrect. 敕 is pronounced [丑 + 力] c-hì [chì]. In the Shuowen, the character 敕 derives from 束 and 攴; 攴 is pronounced [普 + 卜] p-ū [pū]. The vulgar form deriving from 來 and 力, written 勑, is a vulgar graph).

41.34

Without satiety (無𤡜: pronounced [伊 + 閻] y-ǎn [yǎn]. The Kaosheng says: "Satiated, joyful, sufficient." The Shuowen derives it from 犬, 甘, and 肉).

41.35

Pair of feet (雙足: the first character is pronounced [朔 + 窓] sh-uāng [shuāng]. The Shuowen derives it from two 隹 and 又; 又 represents the hand. The vulgar form deriving from 反 is incorrect).

41.36

Reverent and respectful (恭敬: the first character, 恭 [gong], according to the Shuowen means solemn and respectful. Below, it has the ancient form of the character 心 [heart]; above, 共 serves as phonetic. The vulgar form deriving from 尒 is incorrect. The second character, 敬 [jing], according to the Kaosheng means respectful and prudent. The Shuowen derives it from 攴 and 苟. 苟 is pronounced [己 + 力] j-í [jí]).

41.37

Fetters and chains (羈鎖: the first character is pronounced [寄 + 冝] j-ī [jī]. Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: "Using leather to halter a horse's head." The Shiming says: "To restrain; that by which one binds and controls." The Shuowen derives it from 网 with 䩻 as phonetic. 䩻 is pronounced the same; it is also written 羇. The second character is pronounced [蘇 + 果] s-uǒ [suǒ]. The Kaosheng says: "A lock. The Guangya says: 'Interlinked rings.' It derives from 金 with 𧴲 as phonetic." 𧴲 is pronounced the same as above).

41.38

Bright star (明星: the character 明 [ming], according to the Shuowen, derives from [囗@(儿/口)], which is pronounced [鬼 + 永] j-iǒng [jiǒng], and from 月 [moon]. [囗@(儿/口)] represents a window. A 'star' is one of the stars of the Five Elements. The expression 'bright star' does not mean there is a bright star every single day; rather, it refers to Venus, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn, or Mercury occasionally appearing near the sun at dawn. Observers of heavenly omens know that the sun will soon rise; therefore, the sūtras occasionally speak of the 'bright star.' The Buddha used this star near the sun as a metaphor, meaning that the Bodhisattva Maitreya borders on the stage of Buddhahood. The old interpretation claims that in the Western Regions, when observing the night, they watched three bright stars—first a white star, next a green star, and then a red star; this greatly departs from the meaning of the sūtra and is a fabricated explanation).

41.39

Helmsman (帆主: the first character is pronounced 凡 [fán]. The Kaosheng says: "The sail-cloth on a ship used to catch the wind." The 'sail master' (fanzhu) refers to the sea guide. It derives from 巾 with 凡 as phonetic).

41.40

Swirling vortex (洄澓: the first character is pronounced 回 [huí]. The sūtra text uses the ancient character [?回], which, although correct, is not used in modern times. The Erya says: "Going up against the current is called 泝洄." Guo Pu says: "A whirlpool." The second character is pronounced 復 [fù]; it is also written 洑, also meaning a swirling of water. The Shuowen derives it from 水 with 復 as phonetic).

41.41

Encroach and harm (侵害: the first character is pronounced [戚 + 淫] q-īn [qīn]. The Cangjie pian says: "侵 (qin) means to violate." The Shuowen says: "Gradual. It derives from 人, 帚, and 又; 又 is the hand. Holding a broom in hand as if advancing while sweeping is called 侵." Nowadays it is abbreviated as 侵略 [encroachment]. The second character is pronounced [何 + 大] h-ài [hài]. The Cangjie pian says: "害 (hai) means to injure." The Shuowen says: "To wound. It derives from 宀 and 口, meaning that words arise from within the home; with a reduced form of 丰 as phonetic." The sūtra writes 害, which is a vulgar character. 丰 is pronounced 害, being the ancient character).

41.42

Garuḍa (迦嚕羅: the Sanskrit name for the great dragon-devouring bird. In ancient times, it was called Jialouluo; it is also called the golden-winged bird, or Jielucha [Garuḍa]. In modern texts written 迦嚕羅, the first and last characters are not accurate phonetically. The correct Sanskrit is Garuḍa. 䋈 is pronounced [儜 + 加] n-ā [nā]; 嚕 is pronounced with a rolled tongue. It is also called the dragon's enemy).

41.43

Swallowing and devouring (吞啗: the second character is pronounced [徒 + 濫] d-àn [dàn]. The Shuowen says: "To eat. It derives from 口 with 臽 as phonetic." The sūtra text writes 噉 or 啖, both of which are vulgar characters).

41.44

Hunchback (僂者: pronounced [力 + 主] l-ǚ [lǚ]. Du [Yu's] commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "傴 (yu) refers to the upper body; 僂 (lu) is like a bent back." The Guangya says: "Bent body." The Shuowen says: "Deformed. It derives from 人 with a reduced form of 婁 as phonetic." Some say a bent back (beilu); both have the same meaning).

41.45

The naked (裸者: for the first character, fanqie [h- + w- =] huà-wǎ; pronounced thus to avoid a vulgar taboo, its original pronunciation being láng-guǒ fanqie. The Zuozhuan states: "Observed him bathing naked (倮)." Gu Yewang states: "The naked (裸) are those who strip off their clothing to expose their bare flesh." The Shuowen jiezi has it written with the clothing radical as 裸; character dictionaries have it written with the body radical as 躶; the Yupian has it written with the person radical as 倮; all three forms are interchangeable).

41.46

Mounds and knolls (堆阜: for the first character, fanqie dū-léi. The Kaosheng says: "The appearance of raised earth." The Picang says: "An accumulation of earth." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A small mound; composed of the earth radical with the phonetic zhuī (隹)." In the sūtra text, writing it with shí (十) as 準 is incorrect. It is sometimes written as 雁, an ancient character; and sometimes as 塠, a vulgar character. For the second character, fanqie fú-yǒu, a dialectal sound of Wu and Chu; the Yunying pronunciation gives fú-wǔ fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A vast plateau. A mountain without stones is called a fù (阜)." In ancient script it is written as 𨸏, a pictographic character).

41.47

Level as a grindstone (砥掌: fanqie ch- + l- [= chí-lǚ]. Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "Dǐ (砥) means level." The Cangjie pian says: "A whetstone or grindstone." In the Shuowen jiezi it is written as 底, a soft stone; composed of the cliff radical (厂) with dǐ (氐) phonetic; the cliff radical is pronounced hǎn).

41.48

Narrow and constrained (隘陿: for the first character, fanqie yā-jiè. The Guangya says: "Ài (隘) means cramped; it also means narrow." Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: "Dangerous and constricted; precarious." Sometimes written as 阸. In the Shuowen jiezi it is written as [(白-日+臣)*益*(白-日+臣)] and also as [(白-日+臣)*角*(白-日+臣)], both being ancient characters; now written in simplified form as 隘 or 阸, both of which are standard. For the second character, fanqie xián-jiǎ. Gu Yewang says: "Cramped and constrained; not broad or spacious." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Constrained; composed of the mound radical (阜) with jiā (匧) phonetic." In the sūtra text, writing it with the dog radical as 狹 is incorrect).

41.49

Market dwellings and neighborhoods (廛里: fanqie zhí-lián. The Jixun says: "Open ground within a city or market." The Kaosheng says: "Within a market, one mǔ [of land] forms one dwelling (冡); a market inn or shop; a residence; composed of the earth radical with chán (𠪩) phonetic").

41.50

Wide and open (開豁: for the second character, fanqie huān-guā. The Guangya says: "Huò (豁) means empty; it means vast." In the Shuowen jiezi it is written as 𧯆, meaning an open valley; composed of the valley radical (谷) with hài (害) phonetic. For the first character, the standard form is 開; the Shuowen jiezi has it composed of 開 (kāi), but vulgar usage mistakenly writes it with jǐng (井); 開 is pronounced qiān).

41.51

Filthy and foul (穢惡: for the second character, fanqie niǎo-gù).

41.52

Brambles and thorns (荊棘: fanqie jīng-yì. The Kaosheng says: "The wild jujube." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed of paired cì (朿); cì is pronounced cì; cì is a wooden thorn or awn." In ancient script it is pictographic, written as 甫).

41.53

Dust and grime (塵坋: the first character is pronounced chén; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Deer running and kicking up earth; composed of deer and earth, an ideogram." For the second character, fanqie pén-wèn. The Kaosheng says: "Dust and muck." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Bèn (坌) means dust; composed of the earth radical with fēn (分) phonetic").

41.54

Kokila (拘枳羅: the first character is pronounced jū; the last is fanqie k- + y- [= qǐ-yǐ]. A Sanskrit bird name [kokila, Indian cuckoo]. This bird by nature delights in luxuriant foliage and never roosts in withered trees).

41.55

Yak (犛牛: pronounced máo. Native to the southwestern barbarians and the western Rong; also called the long-haired ox. Already explained in detail earlier in the Sounds and Meanings of the Ratnakūṭa).

41.56

Humped cattle (犎牛: pronounced fēng. The Shanhaijing says: "A wild bovine of the south." The Jizhu Erya says: "The qixiang cattle presented today from Jiaozhi are these." Guo's commentary on the Erya says: "On the neck it has a bulging flesh-hump that rises up like one side of a camel's pack-saddle; native to Hepu commandery; in corrupt vulgar speech today it is called a 'peak cattle' (峯牛), which is this." The first hump character is pronounced diàn; the second is fanqie tián-jié; a phono-semantic character).

41.57

Burning and scorching (焚爇: for the first character, fanqie fǔ-wén; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Burning fields." For the second character, fanqie ruǎn-zhuó; Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "Ruò (爇) means to burn." The Cangjie pian says: "Fire blazing; composed of the fire radical with ruò (蓻) phonetic").

41.58

Conceptual proliferation (戲論: fanqie xī-yì. The Erya says: "Xì (戲) means jesting." The Guangya says: "It means perverse." The Kaosheng says: "It means sporting." The Shijing commentary says: "Ease and leisure." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed of the dagger-axe radical (戈) with xǐ (䖒) phonetic; 䖒 is pronounced xī, composed of dòu (豆) and gē (戈), pronounced gǔ-hé fanqie." The simplified form composed of xū (虚) and gē (戈) as 戱 is incorrect. Gē (戈) is pronounced with the fanqie of yǔ-zhí. Juè (謔) is fanqie xiāng-yuē).

41.59

Bears and brown bears (熊羆: for the first character, fanqie xǔ-qióng. The Mao Shijing says: "Only bears and brown bears." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A beast resembling a swine; it dwells in the mountains and hibernates in winter, licking its paws. Its paws resemble human hands and feet; the paws are called fán (蹯); fán is pronounced fán." For the second character, 羆 is pronounced bēi. The Erya says: "The brown bear resembles a bear but is yellowish-white." Guo Pu says: "It resembles a bear but is large, with a long head, high legs, ferocious, obtuse, very strong, and capable of uprooting trees").

41.60

Tigers and leopards (虎豹: for the first character, fanqie hū-gǔ. The Shuowen jiezi says: "The king of beasts; composed of the tiger-stripe radical (虍); 虍 is pronounced hū; a tiger's feet resemble human feet, hence below it takes the person radical (人); a pictographic character." For the second character, fanqie bāo-mào. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Resembles a tiger with circular patterns and black rosettes, but smaller than a tiger; composed of the beast radical (豸) with an abbreviated bāo (包) phonetic; zhì (豸) is pronounced zhì").

41.61

Jackals and wolves (豺狼: for the first character, fanqie chuáng-jiē; a mountain beast. The Erya says: "The jackal has dog-like paws." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A kind of wolf; composed of the beast radical (豸) with cái (才) phonetic." In the sūtra text, writing it with the dog radical as 𢦖 is incorrect. Note: there are two kinds of jackal that constantly travel in packs through mountain valleys without separating: the larger is called the 'jackal lord' (豺郎) and the smaller the 'jackal servant' (豺奴). The smaller ones go ahead to hunt roe deer and stags together; having killed them, they guard them without daring to eat, awaiting the jackal lord. The jackal lord arrives later and eats his fill first, after which the jackal servants eat the leftover meat. Thus the 'Monthly Ordinances' of the Liji says: 'In the last month of autumn, on the day of the descent of frost, the jackals sacrifice beasts,' which refers to this matter. For the second character, fanqie luò-dāng. The Shuowen jiezi says: "The wolf resembles a dog with a pointed head and white forehead, a ferocious beast; composed of the dog radical with liáng (良) phonetic").

41.62

Wild jackals (野干: also called shè-gān; shè is pronounced yè. Sima Biao and Guo Pu both say: "The yegan can climb trees." The Guangzhi says: "It nests on precipitous cliffs and high trees; hence we know it is not a wild fox." In Huainan it is called the máhú (麻狐). The Dhyāna Sūtra also says: "One saw a wild fox, and also saw a yegan"; thus we know the two are distinct, and the wild fox is larger than the yegan).

41.63

Foxes and hares (狐兔: the first character is pronounced hú; the Shuowen jiezi says: "A phantom beast; mounted by ghosts, yet possessing three virtues: its color is balanced and harmonious, small in front and large behind, and when dying it points its head toward its native mound; composed of the dog radical with an abbreviated zhǎo (爪) phonetic." For the second character, fanqie tǔ-gù; the Shuowen jiezi says: "A beast; the front part resembles its crouching posture, and the trailing dot depicts its tail. The hare's head is identical to the head of [奂-大+比], hence it is derived from an abbreviated [奂-大+比]").

41.64

Vipers and snakes (蚖蛇: for the first character, fanqie wǔ-guān; for the second, fanqie shè-zhē. The Baopuzi says: "There are very many kinds of snakes, but only when the yuán (蚖) snake strikes a person is it most urgent: one can cut away the flesh at the bitten spot with a knife and cast it on the ground; the flesh will boil of itself as if roasted over fire, and in an instant be completely charred away, and the person can survive. If not cut away, they will surely die." The Xuanzhong ji says: "The yuán snake is three to four feet long, has four feet, and resembles a gecko. Along its spine are needle-sharp ridges sharp as a knife; it is exceedingly venomous and foul, and if it strikes a person, they die within half a day." The Shanhaijing says: "Its skin can be used to decorate knives and swords; it resembles sharkskin, but the grain is finer and different").

41.65

Adders and scorpions (蝮蠍: for the first character, fanqie fāng-fú. The Erya says: "The fù (蝮) adder is three inches wide, its head as large as a thumb." Guo Pu's commentary says: "Like a human thumb." The Shiji says: "When an adder stings the hand, sever the hand; an evilly venomous snake." For the second character, fanqie xuān-yè; common speech throughout the four regions; composed of the insect radical with xiē (歇) phonetic. In the sūtra text, writing it with hé (曷) is incorrect. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A venomous insect; its tail curls upward with a venomous stinger; a pictographic seal script character." The Yupian gives the sound of chài (蠆) as qǐ-jiè fanqie, a variant form. Its popular name is tà-là (𧔣𱿴), found in the Tongsu wen; the upper character is fanqie tā-gē, and the lower character is fanqie láng-gē. There are further other names, which are not recorded here).

41.66

Freshwater softshell turtles (鼈: fanqie biān-miè. The Shuowen jiezi says: "An aquatic shelled creature; composed of the toad radical (黽) with bì (敝) phonetic." In the sūtra text, writing it with the fish radical as 鱉 is a vulgar character. Miǎn (黽) is pronounced měng; bì (敝) is fanqie pí-mèi).

41.67

Great softshells and alligators (黿鼉: the first character is pronounced yuán. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A great softshell turtle; the large ones are like cartwheels, the small ones like platters; possessing spiritual power, capable of controlling aquatic creatures and bewitching people to eat them." For the second character, fanqie táng-duō. The Shanhaijing says: "In the Yangzi River there are alligators." Guo Pu's commentary says: "Resembles a monitor lizard, possessing scales; the large ones are over a zhang in length, the small ones four to five feet; their tails are like knives; their eggs are as large as goose eggs; their hide is thick and tough, suitable for making drums; hence the Mao Shijing mentions 'alligator-skin drums.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'An aquatic shelled creature; composed of the toad radical (黽) with tuó (𠹈) phonetic; 𠹈 is pronounced nuó.' Note: both characters yuán and tuó take the toad radical (黽); vulgar usage writing them below with the turtle radical (龜) is incorrect).

41.68

Phoenixes (鳳凰: for the first character, fanqie féng-fèng; the second is pronounced huáng. Already explained in detail in the Sounds and Meanings of the Ratnakūṭa and Prajñā sūtras. The Shuowen jiezi says: "A divine bird, an auspicious omen of benevolence; composed of bird (鳥) and huáng (皇), both also taking jī (几); jī is also phonetic").

41.69

Mandarin ducks (鴛鴦: for the first character, fanqie wēi-yuán; for the second, fanqie niǎo-láng, or yú-liáng. Water birds. The commentary on the Mao Shijing says: "Paired birds." Zheng's sub-commentary says: "This means when perching they make a pair, and when flying they form a couple, never separating from each other; such is their natural disposition").

41.70

Wrinkles on the face (面皺: fanqie zè-shòu. The Kaosheng says: "Skin puckering." The Jixun, Yunlüe, and Ziyuan all say: "Wrinkles on the face." The Shuowen jiezi, Yupian, Zilin, Zitong, Wenzizhi yinyi, Gujin zhengzi, Guiyuan, and others all lack this character; it is composed of the skin radical (皮) with chú (芻) phonetic; vulgar variants are corrupted; chú is fanqie chǔ-jù).

41.71

Hunchbacked and stooped (傴僂: for the first character, fanqie yú-yǔ; for the second, fanqie lì-yǔ. The Tongsu wen says: "A bent spine is called hunchbacked and stooped (傴僂)." The Shuowen jiezi states that the two characters 傴 and 僂 both take the person radical and are phono-semantic characters. In the sūtra text, writing it with the body radical as 軁 is incorrect).

41.72

Somozhe cap (蘇莫遮冐: the last character is fanqie máo-bào. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Headwear of small children and southern/eastern barbarians; composed of mù (目) with yuē (曰) phonetic; yuē has the same pronunciation as above." The Wenzi jilüe has it written with the cloth radical as 帽, which is also the same. 'Somozhe' is a Hu language of the Western Rong; correctly spoken, it is 'Sāmāzhe'. This dramatic dance originally came from the western kingdom of Kucha; to this day that tune still exists. It belongs to the same category as the huntuo, damei, and botou of that kingdom. Performers wear animal masks or depict ghosts and spirits, adopting various types of masked appearances. Some sprinkle muddy water upon passersby, or hold lassoes and hooks to catch people as sport. Every year at the beginning of the seventh month, this pageant is officially conducted, halting only after seven days. Local custom hands down the tradition that this method is always used to avert, ward off, and drive away the calamity of rākṣasa evil demons devouring the populace).

41.73

Able to govern (能治: fanqie zhí-zhī. The Kaosheng says: "To govern and regulate." Originally the name of a river, hence it is composed of the water radical with tái (台) phonetic).

41.74

Not choosing (不楝: fanqie jiān-yǎn. The Wenzi jilüe says: "Jiǎn (揀) means to choose and select; composed of the hand radical with dōng (東) phonetic." The Shuowen jiezi has it as dōng (東): "To distinguish and select; composed of bā (八) and shù (束); bā depicts the eight directions." In the sūtra text, writing it as 簡 is not the original character).

41.75

To disclose and reveal (披𧩯: for the first character, fanqie pǔ-mí. The Zuozhuan says: "Pī (披) means to divide." The Guangya says: "To unfold; a phono-semantic character." The second is fanqie sū-gù, the standard character form. The Kaosheng says: "To expound and explain principles." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To proclaim; composed of speech (言) with chè (㡿) phonetic." Sometimes written as 諊; 㡿 is pronounced chǐ; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of yǎn (广), pronounced yǎn, and nì (屰), nì also being phonetic. In the sūtra text, writing it as 𠨭 is incorrect; nì is pronounced nì).

41.76

Nārāyaṇa (那羅延: the Sanskrit name of a deva in the desire realm. This deva possesses great strength, a body of purple-golden color, eight arms, and the king of garuḍas; in his hands he holds a battle disc and various weapons, frequently warring against the asura kings).

41.77

To capture (擒獲: fanqie jí-jīn. The Kaosheng says: "To seize." Sometimes written simply as 禽, as seen in the Rhapsody on the Capital of Shu; composed of the hand radical with qín (禽) phonetic. The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 鈘, meaning to hold; composed of pū (攴) with jīn (金) phonetic).

41.78

Torrential river (瀑河: fanqie pú-mào. The Kaosheng says: "Sudden rain." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Violent rainwater." It also says: "To pour down from above; composed of water, yuē (曰), chū (出), gǒng (廾), pronounced gǒng, and fēng (丰); fēng is pronounced tiáo; cù is fanqie cōng-nè; yǔn is fanqie yún-mǐn").

41.79

Circulation (循環: for the first character, fanqie suí-zūn. The Guangya says: "Xún (循) means to follow." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To walk; composed of the step radical (彳); 彳 is pronounced chǒu-chǐ fanqie; shùn (盾) is phonetic; 盾 is pronounced shùn. In the sūtra text, writing it with the person radical is incorrect; sometimes written as 巡, which is also acceptable." For the second character, fanqie huá-guān. Zheng Zhong's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "Huán (環) means to revolve." The Guangya says: "Huán means round." He's commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: "A thoroughfare." The Shuowen jiezi says: "When the jade body and the hole are equal, it is called a huán (ring); composed of the jade radical with huán (睘) phonetic").

41.80

Cataracts in the eye (翳眼: fanqie yī-jì. The Kaosheng says: "Yì (瞖) means to cover; to obstruct." The Wenzi jilüe says: "Visual obstruction; composed of the eye radical with yì (殹) phonetic." Sometimes written with the feather radical as 翳, which is also acceptable).

41.81

Grain chaff (穀𥢶: for the first character, fanqie gōng-wū; the general name for millet and wheat. The Erya says: "Gǔ (穀) means emolument." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Continuance; composed of the grain radical with què (𣪊) phonetic." For the second character, fanqie kǔ-wài. The Zitong says: "Coarse chaff; composed of the grain radical with huì (會) phonetic").

41.82

To cleanse and remove (滌除: fanqie tíng-lì. Already explained in detail in the preceding preface).

41.83

Lunar eclipse (月蝕: fanqie shí-zhī. Li Chunfeng says: "When the moon wanes in the heavens, fish brains vanish in the springs; could the moon be emaciated, or have some cavity that damages its body? It is simply that the qi of yin and yang mutually resonate with each other." The Calendrical Canon says: "Whenever the moon is eclipsed, the qi of dark void covers it, hence a waning is observed." The Yijing says: "When sun and moon wax full, they suffer eclipse." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed of the insect radical with shí (食) phonetic").

41.84

The brilliant sun (皎日: for the first character, fanqie jīng-liǎo; the brightness and clarity of the sun and moon. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Composed of the white radical (白) with jiāo (交) phonetic." In the sūtra text, writing it with the sun radical is mistaken. The second character is fanqie ér-zhì).

41.85

Sūtra (素怛纜: the last character is fanqie lán-dàn. A Sanskrit term [sūtra]; in the Tang language rendered 'matching scripture' (契經). Ancient translations sometimes called it xiūduōluó (修多羅), all of which are phonetic corruptions of the Sanskrit. It is one name among the texts of the twelvefold division of the canon).

41.86

To investigate rigorously (研覈: the upper character has the fanqie ní + jiān [yán]; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To grind; derived from 石 "stone" with 幵 phonetic'; it is sometimes written with 扌 "hand" as 揅, which is an ancient character. The lower character has the fanqie xíng + gé [hé]; Yunquan says: 'To examine and seek out'; Shenglei says: 'To exhaustively probe'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Real; to examine an affair and arrive at its truth; derived from 西 with 𨈡 phonetic'; 幵 is pronounced with the fanqie xiá + xián [jiān]; 西 is pronounced with the fanqie xiā + gǔ [xià]).

41.87

Ghee (醍醐: the upper character is pronounced tí; the lower character is pronounced hú. Ghee is the cream within butter; that which is purest and finest is named 'ghee' (tíhú); it can cure numerous diseases; these are phono-semantic characters).

41.88

Kātyāyana (迦多衍那: the upper character has the fanqie jiāng + qū [jiā]; a Sanskrit name of an arhat; Kātya is the clan name, and Āyana is the personal name. The old rendering as Jiāzhānyán or Shāndìjiā are both erroneous).

41.89

Murky darkness (暗冥: the upper character has the fanqie ē + gàn [àn]; Shuowen jiezi states: 'The sun without light'; it is also written as 闇. The lower character has the fanqie mò + píng [míng]; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu states: 'Míng means night'; Kaosheng says: 'Murky and dark'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Obscure; derived from the moon's six days; on the sixteenth day the moon begins to wane and becomes obscure and dark; derived from 昗 with 冖 phonetic'; 冖 is pronounced mì; in the sūtra text it is written with 具 as 冥, which is incorrect).

41.90

Indolent and remiss (懈墮: the upper character has the fanqie gé + mài [xiè]; Kaosheng says: 'Indolent and slack'; Jia's commentary on the Guoyu states: 'Xiè means weary'; the popular pronunciation jià is incorrect; throughout the sūtra texts the character 懈 always has this same pronunciation. The lower character has the fanqie tú + wò [duò]; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Disrespectful; derived from 土 "earth" with 隋 phonetic'; the Chunqiu commentary states: 'Those who hold the jade are remiss (duò)').

41.91

Boat and raft (船橃: the upper character has the fanqie shùn + zhuān [chuán]; a boat is a vessel; the Fangyan states: 'From the Pass westward, a zhōu is called a chuán'. The lower character has the fanqie fán + wà [fá]; binding bamboo to float on water is called a fá; Guangya writes it with 舟 "boat" as 𦪑; Shuowen jiezi has it derived from 木 "wood" with 發 phonetic; in the sūtra text it is written with 竹 "bamboo" as 筏, which is a vulgar character; the various character dictionaries do not contain this character).

41.92

In the stony shallows (磧中: the upper character has the fanqie qīng + lì [qì]; Guangya says: 'A qì is a shallow rapid; water is shallow and stones are exposed'. Examining it: a qì is a frontier land of sand and gravel, devoid of water, lacking vegetation, an uninhabited realm; Shuowen jiezi says: 'A water islet with stones; derived from 石 "stone" with 責 phonetic').

41.93

Torrents (霈然: the upper character has the fanqie pāng + bèi [pèi]; Wenzi jilüe states: 'Pèi means heavy rain; it is a phono-semantic character under the Shuowen jiezi radical').

41.94

Great downpour (洪澍: the upper character has the fanqie hú + lóng [hóng]; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu states: 'Hóng means great'. The lower character has the fanqie zhǔ + shù [shù]; Shuowen jiezi states: 'What timely rain pours forth to give life to the ten thousand things; derived from 水 "water" with 尌 phonetic').

41.95

To encourage and exert oneself (勉勵: the upper character is pronounced miǎn; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Miǎn also means to exert oneself; to make strong; derived from 力 "strength" with 免 phonetic'. The lower character has the fanqie lì + zhì [lì]; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To exert one's strength; derived from 力 "strength" with 厲 phonetic').

41.96

Transgression and fault (罪愆: the upper character has the fanqie cuī + wěi [zuì]; Guangya says: 'A crime requires execution'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To violate the law; in ancient script written as 𦋛'; the First Emperor of Qin, because the character 𦋛 resembled the character huáng, changed it to derive from 冈 and 非. The lower character has the fanqie qiū + yān [qiān]; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu states: 'Qiān means fault'; in ancient script written as 平, and Wei Hong wrote it as 𮘧 or 𢤩, both being ancient characters that are no longer in common use).

41.97

Minute hair and fraction (毫氂: the upper character has the fanqie hú + gāo [háo]; the lower character has the fanqie lì + chí [lí]. Examining the Jiuzhang suanshu, it states: 'In all measurements, the beginning starts with a hū; ten hū make a sī; ten sī make a háo; ten háo make a lí'. Shuowen jiezi says: 'The two characters háo and lí both derive from 毛 "hair"; háo has 豪 abbreviated; lí has 𣺶 abbreviated; both are phono-semantic characters'. The present sūtra writes it as 毫𣀗, which fails to understand the meaning of the character and is mistaken).

41.98

Not perturbing (不擾: the lower character has the fanqie ér + zhǎo [rǎo]; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu states: 'Rǎo means disorder'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Vexation; derived from 手 "hand" with 夒 phonetic'; 夒 is pronounced with the fanqie nú + gāo [náo]; the previous Sounds and Meanings had it derived from 手 and 憂, saying they are mutually related, an omission of someone who did not recognize the character).

41.99

To wipe (摩抆: the lower character has the fanqie wén + fěn [wěn]; Guangya states: 'To wipe'; it is also written as 抮, an ancient character).

41.100

To slight and disparage (輕懱: the lower character has the fanqie mián + bié [miè]; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To slight and injure; derived from 心 "heart" with 蔑 phonetic'; the previous Sounds and Meanings wrote it with 竹 "bamboo" as 篾, which means bamboo skin; and also with 扌 "hand" as 搣, which is the name of a medicinal herb; neither is the sūtra's meaning).

41.101

To insult and humiliate (夌辱: the upper character has the fanqie lì + chéng [líng]; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan states: 'Líng means to insult'; the present sūtra text writes it with 阜 as 陵, which is the character for mounds and hills; it is also written as 淩, the name of a river, which is likewise incorrect).

41.102

Empty wilderness (空壙: the lower character has the fanqie kuò + huáng [kuàng]; Kaosheng says: 'Empty; kuàng is the appearance of a vast open wilderness; derived from 土 "earth"'; in the sūtra it is written with 日 "sun", which is incorrect).

41.103

Sūtra of the Six Pāramitās, Fascicle Two

41.104

Śakra Devānām Indra (釋提桓因: king of the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven, lord of the thirty-three heavens, namely Lord Śakra, the heavenly king).

41.105

Shadow penetrating (影透: the lower character has the fanqie tōu + gòu [tòu]; a popular character; the standard form in Shuowen jiezi is 𧾍).

41.106

Walls (牆壁: the upper character has the fanqie jiàng + yáng [qiáng]; Shuowen jiezi states: 'A wall is an enclosure; a screen; derived from 𰉒 with 爿 phonetic'; the sūtra writes it with 土 as 墻, which is a vulgar character. The lower character has the fanqie bìng + mì [bì]; Shuowen jiezi derives it from 广 as 癖, a phono-semantic character; the sūtra writes it with 土, which is a vulgar character).

41.107

To extinguish and remove (消除: the upper character has the fanqie xiǎo + jiāo [xiāo]; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Xiāo means to exhaust; derived from 水 "water" with 肖 phonetic'; furthermore, the character 肖 derives from 小 and 肉; in the sūtra it is written with 金 as 銷, which means melting metal; that is not the sūtra's meaning).

41.108

Koṭi (俱胝: Sanskrit, the name of a numeral system in the western regions; corresponding in this country to the number of one million).

41.109

Fragrant and billowing (芬𪐒: the lower character has the fanqie fāng + fú [fú]; the appearance of fragrant vapour rising).

41.110

Interlaced and entwined (交絡: for the upper character jiāo, Shuowen jiezi states: 'Interlaced together; mutual; depicting the form of crossing'; the sūtra text writes it with 糸 as 絞, meaning to strangle, a character in the rising tone, which deviates greatly from the sūtra's meaning. The lower character is pronounced luò; Shuowen jiezi and the Shanhaijing both state that it means to encircle; the character 縊 [in strangulation] has the fanqie yī + qì [yì]).

41.111

Kācalindika (迦遮隣底迦: the upper and lower jiā characters are pronounced with the fanqie jiāng + qū; the dǐ character has the fanqie dīng + yǐ [dǐ]; the name of an auspicious bird; its body has downy feathers that are extraordinarily light and soft; spinning them makes garments that only a wheel-turning sage king may wear; in that country today such birds can still be seen, but their down is coarse and not comparable to what the wheel-turning sage king obtains).

41.112

Soft and pliable (柔耎: the lower character has the fanqie ér + yuǎn [ruǎn]; Shuowen jiezi derives it from 而 and 大; some sūtras write it with 車 as 軟, but the various character dictionaries do not have this character).

41.113

Bared on one side (偏袒: the lower character has the fanqie tán + lǎn [tǎn]; Kaosheng says: 'Tǎn means exposed; shedding the upper garment to expose the upper shoulder'; as in the Zuo zhuan: 'The Earl of Zheng, bare-shouldered, led a sheep'; Shuowen jiezi derives it from 衣 "clothing" with 旦 phonetic; 嬾 is pronounced with the fanqie lái + hǎn [lǎn]).

41.114

Unblinking (不瞚: the lower character has the fanqie shuǐ + rùn [shùn]; Zhuang Zhou states: 'Gazing all day without blinking (shùn)'; Shuowen jiezi states: 'Opening and closing the eyes in rapid motion; derived from 目 "eye" with 寅 phonetic'; it is also written as 瞬, a vulgar character; in ancient script written as 𰕼; the sūtra derives it from 目 with 旬 as 眴, pronouncing it shùn, which is incorrect and does not form a proper character. Examining Shuowen jiezi, 眴 and 旬 are both pronounced xuàn; 眴 is the appearance of looking; the sūtra translators pronounced it shùn, completely failing to understand the character's original source, picking it up on the road and speaking it in the streets, mistakenly using it).

41.115

Trembling with fear (戰慄: the lower character has the fanqie lín + yī [lì]; Kaosheng says: 'Afraid'; Erya says: 'Sorrowful and grieving'; Shuowen jiezi derives it from 心 "heart" with 栗 phonetic).

41.116

Obstructed and hindered (罣礙: the upper character has the fanqie hú + wǎ [guà]; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Entangled by a net; derived from 𠕀 with an abbreviation of 卦 as phonetic'. The lower character has the fanqie wǔ + gài [ài]; meaning to stop).

41.117

Cross-legged (跏趺: the upper character is pronounced jiā; the lower character is pronounced fū; sitting with crossed legs).

41.118

Border barrier (關塞: the upper character has the fanqie gǔ + wán [guān]; Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli states: 'A guān is a gate upon a border'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Holding a door or gate crosswise with timber is called a guān; derived from 門 "gate" with 𢇇 phonetic'; 𢇇 is pronounced the same as above).

41.119

Collecting tax (收稅: the lower character has the fanqie shuǐ + ruì [shuì]; light levy and taxation; in the Chunqiu, Duke Xuan's twelfth year: 'For the first time taxes were levied on arable land'; Du Yu states: 'The rule for public lands was to tax one-tenth, and the same applied to border passes and ferries; taxing and levying from the people and merchants to provide for expenditures; derived from 禾 "grain" with 兌 phonetic'. The character shōu is written with 𦫳𦫳, pronounced with the fanqie jīng + yóu [jiū]).

41.120

Leaping with joy (踊躍: the upper character has the fanqie róng + zhǒng [yǒng]; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan states: 'Yǒngyuè means jumping'; Gongyang zhuan says: 'Ascending; advancing'; Shuowen jiezi derives it from 足 "foot" with 甬 phonetic; in the sūtra it is written as 踴, which is a vulgar character. The lower character has the fanqie yáng + zhuó [yuè]; Guangya says: 'To jump'; Erya says: 'Swift'; Shuowen jiezi derives it from 足 "foot" with 翟 phonetic; 翟 is pronounced zhái).

41.121

Utpala flower (嗢鉢羅花: the upper character has the fanqie wū + gǔ [wà]; the ancient translation gives it as yōubōluó; it is the narrow-petaled blue lotus flower; the sūtra text writes it with 華, which is incorrect; that character does not have the reading huā; the translators used it mistakenly, failing to recognize the character).

41.122

Padma flower (鉢特摩花: Sanskrit; following the ancient translation it is not precise; the correct Sanskrit pronunciation is bōnàmó [padma], which is the superior kind of red lotus flower).

41.123

Kumuda flower (拘牟頭花: also following the ancient translation, which is uncouth and unrefined; the correct Sanskrit pronunciation is jǔmǔnà [kumuda], which is a red lotus flower).

41.124

Puṇḍarīka flower (奔茶利花: the character chá is not precise; it should properly be written nǔ; nǔ has the fanqie nú + yǎ [nǎ]; it is the white lotus flower, dazzlingly white and lustrous, just like white jade).

41.125

Nāra flower (䋈羅花: this is a divine, wonderful flower possessing diverse colours and whose fragrance is smelled far away; in the human realm it does not exist at all).

41.126

Mutually reflecting (交暎: the lower character has the fanqie yīng + jìng [yìng]; Kaosheng states: 'Yìng means radiance; concealed'; Yunying says: 'Illuminating sideways; derived from 日 "sun" with 英 phonetic'; it is also written as 映, an ancient character; writing it with 央 as 映 is incorrect; that has the fanqie wū + làng [wàng], which is not the sūtra's meaning).

41.127

Luxuriant and dense (蓊鬱: the upper character has the fanqie wū + kǒng [wěng]; the lower character has the fanqie yūn + lǜ [yù]; in the Hanshu, Sima Xiangru states: 'Wěngyù describes the profusion of plants and trees; an appearance of luxuriant growth').

41.128

Next are the sounds of the mantras. The characters used above in the sūtra deviate from the Sanskrit sounds and are inappropriate and imprecise. Huilin has retranslated all the mantras once, and they are now compiled into the fascicle of dhāraṇīs, where the inappropriate usages are briefly pointed out. Later scholars must collate them against the Sanskrit texts before they can verify and understand them.

41.129

To scold and revile (訶罵: the upper character has the fanqie hāo + gē [hē]; Kaosheng says: 'Hē means to slander'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Angry'; in the sūtra text it is written as 呵, a vulgar character. The lower character has the fanqie má + bà [mà]; Kaosheng says: 'To insult one another with wicked words; to revile; derived from 𠕀 with 馬 phonetic'; in ancient script it was sometimes written as 傌).

41.130

Mountain demons and nature spirits (魑魅: the upper character has the fanqie chì + zhī [chī]; the lower character has the fanqie méi + bì [mèi]; Shuowen jiezi states: 'The spirits of old things'; Shanhaijing states: 'As for the creature mèi, it has a human body and a black head'; Kaosheng says: 'Spirits and ghosts causing monstrous phenomena'; it is also written as 鬽魎, which are ancient characters).

41.131

Water sprites (魍魎: the upper character has the fanqie wǔ + wǎng [wǎng]; the lower character has the fanqie lì + zhǎng [liǎng]; Kaosheng states: 'Wǎngliǎng are water spirits, and also evil mèi ghosts'; the Huainanzi states: 'Wǎngliǎng resemble young children, reddish-black in colour, with red claws, long ears, and fine hair'; it is also written as 𧈿蜽, which is interchangeable; the Guoyu states: 'Water monsters and demonic ghosts'; writing it as 𲌫[兩*鬼] is also the same).

41.132

Indebted (負債: the upper character has the fanqie fú + wǔ [fù]; Gu Yewang states: 'Turning one's back on kindness and forgetting virtue is called fù'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To rely upon; derived from 人 "person" watching over 貝 "cowrie shells", having something to rely on'; it also says: 'Receiving a loan and not repaying, hence under 人 is placed 貝 to make 負'. The lower character has the fanqie zé + mài [zhài]; Kaosheng states: 'Zhài means debt; being indebted for another's wealth; derived from 人 with 責 phonetic').

First 132 of 383 passages. Read on

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese