一切經音義 53

English (machine translation) 53

Language: English

Sūtra on the Origin of the World, ten fascicles, Xuanying;
Sūtra on the World’s Primary Causes, ten fascicles, Huilin;
Loutan jing, six fascicles, Xuanying;
Sūtra of the Ten Recompenses of the Dīrgha-āgama, two fascicles, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Middle Course of [the Buddha’s] Initial Deeds, two fascicles, Xuanying;
Sūtra on the Seven Knowledges, one fascicle, no glosses;
Sūtra on the Parable of Salt Water, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on Restraining the Flow of Thoughts, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Four Truths, one fascicle, Xuanying;
Sūtra on the Ganges River, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Interconnection of Primary Characteristics, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on Conditioned Origins, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on King Urdhvagarbha, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on King Mandhātṛ, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Iron-Walled Naraka, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on Former Generations and Ancient Times, one fascicle, Xuanying;
Sūtra on Aniruddha’s Eight Thoughts, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on King Yama’s Five Divine Messengers, one fascicle, Xuanying;
Sūtra on Dispelling Sleepiness, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on Seeking Desires, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on What Is the Dharma and What Is Not, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on Receiving the Year, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Brahmacārin Who Regarded Water as Purifying, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Aggregates of Suffering, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Causal Conditions for the Aggregates of Suffering, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on Mahānāma the Śākya, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Thought of Pleasure, one fascicle, no glosses;
Sūtra on the Classification of Defilements, one fascicle, Huilin;
Sūtra on the Wind of Anavatapta, one fascicle, no glosses;
Sūtra on the Root of All Dharmas, one fascicle, no glosses;
The sounds and meanings for the above thirty sūtras in fifty-five fascicles are contained in this fascicle.

53.3

Sūtra on the Origin of the World, Fascicle 1

53.4

Xuanying

53.5

壘堞 (also written as 垒, the same, fanqie: 力 + 癸, [lěi]. A military defensive wall is called a 壘; 壘 also means layered. The second character is also written as 堞, the same, fanqie: 徒 + 頰, [dié]. Lexicons state: 'Parapet on a wall.')

53.6

閻浮提 (also named Shanfuzhou [剡浮洲], or called Zhanfuzhou [譫浮洲], or called Jambudvīpa [贍部洲]. Jambū [閻浮] takes its name from a tree; 提 is an abbreviation, which properly should be dvīpa [提鞞波], meaning 'continent' here. 譫 is pronounced with the fanqie 之 + 含 [zhān]; the Picang says it means loquacious.)

53.7

欝單越 (also named Uttarakuru [欝怛羅越], or called Uttarakuru [欝拘樓], or called Uttarakuru [郁多羅鳩留]; the correct pronunciation is Uttarakuru [欝怛羅究瑠]. Translated here, it means 'superior action', meaning superior to the other directions; it is also translated as 'supreme'. Kuru [鳩留] here translates as 'action', and it also means a clan name.)

53.8

弗婆提 (also named Pūrvavideha [弗于逮], or called Pūrvavideha [弗婆毘提呵], or called Pūrvavideha [逋利婆鼻提賀]. Pūrva [逋利婆] is translated here as 'front' / 'east'. Videha [鼻提賀] is translated here as 'without a body'. Some call it 弗, combining with 婆提, or call it 毘提呵, which are corruptions.)

53.9

瞿陀尼 (also named Godānīya [俱耶尼], or named Godānīya [瞿耶尼], or named Godānīya [瞿伽尼]; all are corrupt variants. Go [瞿] is translated here as 'ox'. Dānīya [陀尼夜] here means 'giving and taking' [commerce], because in that land there are many oxen, which are used to trade in markets, just as coins and silks are used in this land; others say there is a stone ox there.)

53.10

薔薇 (fanqie: 在 + 羊 [qiáng]; the second character, fanqie: 無 + 飛 [wēi]; it is a multi-petaled flower.)

53.11

淋甚 (ancient script 臨, the same, fanqie: 力 + 今, [lín]. The Sancang states: '淋 means to pour water down.')

53.12

礓石 (fanqie: 居 + 良, [jiāng]. Its shape resembles ginger. The character takes the radical 石; the sūtra text takes the radical 土, writing 壃, which is not correct.)

53.13

攀擥 (also written in the two forms 㩜 and 攬, the same, fanqie: 力 + 敢, [lǎn]. The Shuowen jiezi states: 'To grasp and hold.' 擥 means to seize.)

53.14

搦取 (also written as 𢾲, the same, fanqie: 女 + 卓, [nuò]. 搦 is like catching or grasping. The Shuowen jiezi states: '搦 means to press down.')

53.15

Fascicle 2

53.16

The horse named 婆羅訶 (Valāha; translated here as 'long-haired'.)

53.17

蟹螯 (fanqie: 五 + 高, [áo]. A crab has two pincers and eight legs. The character takes the radical 虫; the sūtra text writes 鼇, which is a giant sea turtle.)

53.18

蘇偷婆 (stūpa; translated here as 'great mound'; the traditional term 塔 [pagoda/stūpa] is a corrupt abbreviation.)

53.19

Fascicle 3

53.20

森竦 (fanqie: 所 + 金 [sēn], the appearance of dense and tall trees. The second character, in ancient script written as 慫, the same, fanqie: 先 + 勇 [sǒng]; 竦 means to elevate.)

53.21

黫黑 (also written as [羊*(栗-木+土)], the same, fanqie: 於 + 間, [yān]. Lexicons state: 'A black sheep.' The sūtra text writes it with the radical 牛 as 𤚕, which is incorrect.)

53.22

[曰/見][穴/(犮-乂+又)] (fanqie: 莫 + 勒, [mò]. The Shuowen jiezi states: '[曰/見]𥥛 means to advance blindly, like charging straight forward rashly. Nowadays all write it as 冒.)

53.23

啀喍 (fanqie: 五 + 佳 [yái]; the second character, fanqie: 助 + 佳 [chái], a dog baring its teeth. The sūtra text writes 睚, which means to glare with anger.)

53.24

䥫鈇 (fanqie: 方 + 于, [fū]. The Shuowen jiezi states: 'A 鈇 is for chopping fodder.' 鈇 also means a chopping block, or a cross-bladed axe.)

53.25

滂流 (fanqie: 普 + 傍, [pāng]. The Sancang states: '滂沱 describes the appearance of copious flowing water.')

53.26

Fascicle 4

53.27

顫動 (also written as 𫏱, the same, fanqie: 之 + 膳, [zhàn]. The Shuowen jiezi states: 'Stubborn trembling.' The Sancang states: 'An unsteady head.')

53.28

黑黶 (fanqie: 於 + 簟, [yǎn], referring to a black mole on the face. The Shuowen jiezi states: 'A black spot on the body.')

53.29

Fascicles 5 and 6 (neither has glosses on characters or sounds)

53.30

Fascicle 7

53.31

虬螭 (fanqie: 渠 + 周 [qiú]; the second character, fanqie: 勅 + 知 [chī]. The Guangya states: 'One with horns is called a qiulong; one without horns is called a chī.' A qiu has a black body without scales; a chī resembles a dragon and is yellow.)

53.32

Fascicle 8 (no glosses on characters, sounds, or meanings)

53.33

Fascicle 9

53.34

陂濼 (first character, fanqie: 筆 + 皮 [pí]; second character, fanqie: 疋 + 博 [luò], a reservoir or pond. As for the second character, east of the mountains there is the Cormorant Luò, which is this. In Youzhou it is called a diàn, pronounced like 殿.)

53.35

Fascicle 10

53.36

迦𥭆 (fanqie: 方 + 爾, [bǐ]; named here agastache / patchouli [huòxiāng]. 藿 is pronounced with the fanqie 呼 + 郭 [huò].)

53.37

Sūtra on the World’s Primary Causes, Fascicle 1

53.38

Compiled by Huilin

53.39

老輩 (fanqie: 波 + 妹, [bèi]. Yang Xiong's Taixuanjing states: '輩 means of the same class.' The Picang states: 'To compare / to match.' The Shuowen jiezi states: 'A hundred chariots form one 輩; derived from 車 (cart) with 裴 abbreviated as the phonetic.' The sūtra text written with 北 as 軰 is a vulgar character, not standard.)

53.40

挺𧢲出 (fanqie: 庭 + 鼎, [tǐng]. The Shuowen jiezi states: '挺 means to pull out; derived from 手 with 廷 as the phonetic.' 廷 is pronounced 亭.)

53.41

三級 (fanqie: 金 + 岌, [jí]. Gu Yewang's Yupian states: 'A 級 is like the steps of a stairway.' The Shuowen jiezi states: '級 means sequential steps; derived from 糸, pronounced 覓.')

53.42

欄楯 (first character pronounced 蘭 [lán]; second character pronounced 順 [shùn]. The Shuowen jiezi states: 'Railing.' Vertical posts are called 欄, horizontal bars are called 楯. The lattice slats between the 楯 are called 櫺子; commonly referred to as balustrades (鈎欄). Both characters 欄 and 楯 have the radical 木 and are phono-semantic characters. The character 盾 is composed of 厂, 十, and 目.)

53.43

壘堞 (first character, fanqie: 力 + 鬼 [lěi]. Zheng's commentary on the Liji states: '壘 means layered walls; military ramparts.' The Guangya states: 'Layered.' The Shuowen jiezi states: 'A rampart moat; derived from 土 with 厽 as phonetic; a pictographic character.' The second character, fanqie: 恬 + 協 [dié]. Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan states: '堞: the low parapet walls atop a city wall are called 堞.' The Shuowen jiezi states: 'Low crenellated wall atop a rampart; derived from 土 with 枼 as phonetic.' 枼 is pronounced with the fanqie 塩 + 接 [yè].)

53.44

樓櫓 (first character, fanqie: 魯 + 侯 [lóu]; second character, fanqie: 盧 + 覩 [lǔ]. The Shuowen jiezi states: 'A 樓 is a multi-story building; a 櫓 is a large shield.' The Kaosheng states: 'Both are used atop city walls to resist in battle.' Both characters have the radical 木 and are phono-semantic characters. The character 魯 consists of 魚 and 白; the vulgar form with 曰 is incorrect.)

53.45

分級 (first character, fanqie: 墳 + 問, [fèn]. The sūtra text explains that Mount Sumeru has three tiers, broad below and narrow above; its measurement in yojanas differs from the Abhidharmakośa-śāstra. The verses of the Abhidharmakośa-śāstra state: 'Protruding outwards by sixteen thousand, eight, four, and two thousand in measure; from the bottom to the top it decreases by half each time, all in measures of yojanas.' This sūtra, however, states that the lower tier is sixty, the middle tier forty, and the upper tier twenty yojanas. In my, Huilin's, humble opinion, I suspect that this sūtra is describing the ramparts and cities, not the dimensions of the ground itself.)

53.46

金翅鳥 (fanqie: 施 + 鼓, [chì]. The Shuowen jiezi states: 'Wings of a bird; derived from 羽 with 支 as phonetic'; or written with 氏 as 𦐊, both are acceptable. The sūtra says: 'Golden-winged bird' [garuḍa], also called 'large-crop bird'; in Sanskrit called Garuḍa [迦婁羅], or called Garuḍa [揭路茶], or named 'enemy of nāgas'; all are names established based on its appearance or deeds. Among the eight classes of supernatural beings, it is one class. Possessing great supernatural power, it continually feeds on nāgas. Nāgas have the four modes of birth—egg-born, womb-born, moisture-born, and transformation-born—and these birds are likewise so. Their strength has different gradations, fully described as in the sūtra text; here I merely compile their variant names, phonetic glosses, and written characters.)

53.47

拘吒賖摩利 (first character pronounced 俱 [kū]; 賖 is pronounced 奢 [shē]; also called 居吒奢摩離 [Kūṭa-śālmalī]. It is the name of a great tree. It is the roosting place of all the golden-winged birds; from here they capture nāgas to feed upon, and each kind resides according to its class on the four sides of this tree.)

53.48

搔揵地雞 (first character, fanqie: 桑 + 到 [sào]; 揵 has the sound of 件 [jiàn]; Sanskrit name of a heavenly flower [saugandhika], completely absent in the human world.)

53.49

菴婆羅多迦 (first character, fanqie: 暗 + 含, [ān]; also the name of a heavenly fruit [āmrātaka]; it exists in the Western Countries but does not exist in this country.)

53.50

鞞䤈勒 (first character, fanqie: 婢 + 迷 [pí]; second character, fanqie: 馨 + 奚 [xī]; the name of a fruit [vibhītaka], also called 毘梨勒 [belleric myrobalan], of the same category as harītakī; all come from foreign countries.)

53.51

烏勃林 (that is, 嗢勃林 [utpala / udbhid?], a tree fruit; it resembles a Chinese quince but is larger and very fragrant; it also exists in this country.)

53.52

柰林 (fanqie: 奴 + 大, [nài]. Sūtra texts that add the radical 木, writing 㮏, are incorrect.)

53.53

Rose (蘠薇: the first character is jiàng + yáng fanqie; the second is wèi + féi fanqie. It is a flowering shrub of five colours, found everywhere among humans. In the sūtra text written as 薔, it does not form the character).

53.54

Clear and cool (清泠: the second character is lì + dīng fanqie. The Cangjiepian says: "泠 describes water that is clear and limpid." It is a phono-semantic character).

53.55

Sweet (甘甜: the second character is tíng + yán fanqie. The Guangya says: "甜 also means sweet (甘)." Sometimes written as 餂, which is a vulgar character).

53.56

Brick rampart (甎壘: the first character is zhuō + yuán fanqie. The Gujin ziyu says: "Earth baked with fire." The Picang says: "A 㼾 is a brick (甎)." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes the radical 瓦 and has 專 as phonetic." Sometimes written as 㼷, which is an ancient character. In the sūtra text written with the radical 土 as 塼, which is a vulgar character).

53.57

Golden flanks (金脇: xiāng + yè fanqie; it takes the radical 肉 and has 劦 as phonetic; 劦 is pronounced yè, composed of three '力' [strength]).

53.58

Filled with gold (金窴: the second character is pronounced tián. The Shuowen says: "窴 means to block up; it takes the radical 穴 and 真 as phonetic." In the sūtra text written with the radical 土 as 填, pronounced zhēn; although used vulgarly, it is an error).

53.59

Gravel (礓石: the first character is jū + liáng fanqie. The Picangjie says: "礓 means gravelly stone (礫石); it has 畺 as phonetic." Written in the sūtra as 薑, which is incorrect).

53.60

Chaff (皮𥢶: the second character is kǔ + wài fanqie. The Cangjiepian says: "𥢶 means coarse chaff (麤穅)." The Shuowen says: "It takes the radical 禾 and has 會 as phonetic." In the sūtra text written with the radical 米 as 糩, which is incorrect).

53.61

To milk ([(殼-一)/手]捋: the first character is gōu + hòu fanqie. The Zizhi says: "[(殼-一)/手] means taking milk from cows or sheep; it takes the radical 手 and has an abbreviated 彀 as phonetic." 彀 is pronounced the same as above. Some write it with the radical 羊 as [愨-心+羊], or with the radical 牛 as 𤛓, both of which are incorrect; taking the radical 手 is the correct form. In the sūtra text written as 搆, which is not the original character. The second character is luán + guò fanqie. The Mao Shi commentary says: "捋 means to take." The Shuowen says: "捋 is pronounced lù + hé fanqie; it takes the radical 手 and has 寽 as phonetic").

53.62

Cow (牸牛: the first character is pronounced zì. The Wenzi shiyao says: "In general, females among cattle and sheep are called 牸." It is missing in the Shuowen. The Zijing says: "A female bovine." It is a phono-semantic character).

53.63

Rich and thick (滋濃: the first character is zǐ + sī fanqie. The Zishu says: "滋 means liquid; abundance." The Shuowen says: "It means to increase; it takes the radical 水 and has 茲 as phonetic." The second character is nǚ + lóng fanqie. The Cangjiepian says: "濃 means thick." The Kaosheng says: "Thick broth." The Shuowen says: "Abundant dew; it takes the radical 水 and has 農 as phonetic." Sometimes written with the radical 雨 as 震, pronounced the same as above).

53.64

Grasping with the hand (手擥: luò + gǎn fanqie. The Shuowen says: "擥 means to gather and hold; it takes the radical 手 and has an abbreviated 覽 as phonetic." Sometimes written with the radical 手 as 攬, which is also acceptable).

53.65

To seize (搦取: the first character is nǚ + è fanqie. The Shenglei says: "搦 means to catch." The Shuowen says: "To press down; it takes the radical 手 and has 弱 as phonetic." In the previous sound-and-meaning commentary it was pronounced nǚ + gé fanqie, which is merely a regional dialect pronunciation, not the standard pronunciation).

53.66

Sūtra of the Origin and Causes of the World, Fascicle Two

53.67

Uttarakuru (欝多羅究畱: the first character is wēi + lǜ fanqie. In Sanskrit, the name of the northern continent; also called Northern Uttan[kuru]. It lies in the great sea north of Mount Sumeru; its shape is a true square. It is one of the four [continents within the four] oceans).

53.68

Target and darkness (適莫: the first character is dīng + lì fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "適 indicates the true mark; the target; vulgarly sometimes written as 的." The second character is mó + bó fanqie. The Yunying says: "Sun setting into darkness." The Shuowen also says: "The sun is about to grow dark; the sun is amid thick grass; multiple layers of grass are called 莽; 井 is also phonetic." 井 is pronounced mǎng).

53.69

Rice chaff (穅𥢶: the first character is kě + gāng fanqie. The Erya says: "The skin of rice grains." The Shuowen says: "It takes the radical 禾, and has 康 and 米." The second character is kǔ + wài fanqie, already explained in the first fascicle of the sūtra above).

53.70

Thick soup (羹臛: the first character is gé + xíng fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "Minced meat or vegetables seasoned with the five flavours is called 羹." Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: "羹 requires salt and vinegar to balance it." Wang's commentary on the Chuci says: "That with vegetables is called 羹 and is thick; made of finely minced meat or bamboo shoots." The character takes the radical 肉 and has an abbreviated 霍 as phonetic; 霍 is pronounced huāng + guō fanqie. In the sūtra text written with 隹 under 雨 as 臛, which is incorrect).

53.71

Uposatha (逋沙陀: the first character is bào + máo fanqie. A Sanskrit word. Sūtras translate it as "abstinence" (齋), while in the Tang language it is called "prolonging purification" (長淨), which means gathering the assembly to confess committed offences, thereby increasing white dharmas and pure karma, hence called "prolonging purification").

53.72

Lofty and towering (嶷然: yí + lì fanqie. The Zizhi says: "𡸦嶷 describes the lofty appearance of mountains." 𡸦 is pronounced zhù + lì fanqie. It takes the radical 山 and has 𣅳 as phonetic; 𣅳 is pronounced zè + 𣅳; the character consists of 曰 and 六, pronounced the same as above).

53.73

Unbeaten white fine cotton (不擣白㲲: dāo + lǎo fanqie; the last character is pronounced [piàn*nài]. In the sūtra text written as 不搏, which is incorrect; [不擣 is] the standard character).

53.74

Dishevelled hair (髬𩮀: the first character is pronounced pī. The Picang says: "髬 describes the appearance of running with dishevelled hair." The second character is pronounced zōng; in the sūtra written with 忩, which is a vulgar character. The Kaosheng says: "A horse's mane." Both characters 𩮀 and 髬 in the sūtra take the radical 髟; 髟 is pronounced bì + yáo fanqie).

53.75

Lovely and beautiful (姝妍: the first character is chāng + zhū fanqie. Zheng's commentary on the Mao Shi says: "姝 means beautiful countenance." The Fangyan says: "In the region of Zhao and Wei, 'fine' is called 姝." The Shuowen says: "Fine; it takes the radical 女 and has 朱 as phonetic." The second character is ní + jiān fanqie. The Guangya says: "妍 means fine." The Shuowen says: "Jealous/clever; it takes the radical 女 and has 幵 as phonetic." 幵 is pronounced qiān, composed of two side-by-side 干).

53.76

Sideways crab (傍蟹: the second character is xié + jiè fanqie. The Shuowen says: "Crabs have two pinchers (𩪋)—𩪋 means hands—and eight legs, walking sideways; without the burrows of snakes and eels they have nowhere to shelter. It takes the radical 虫 and has 解 as phonetic." 𩪋 is pronounced áo; 蟺 is pronounced shàn, a kind of snake).

53.77

A pinch (多撮: cāng + lüè fanqie. The Zilin says: "撮 means to pinch/take." In the Liji, Confucius says: "Now the great earth is as abundant as a pinch of soil," which is this. Also pronounced zōng + lüè fanqie, which is also acceptable. The Shuowen says: "Four guī; a pinch taken with three fingers. It takes the radical 手 and has 最 as phonetic." 最 is pronounced zǐ + nèi fanqie).

53.78

Charioteer (馭者: yú + jù fanqie. Gu Yewang says: "One who directs and drives horses." The Shuowen says: "It takes the radical 馬 and has 又 as phonetic").

53.79

Holding the reins (持轡: the second character is bēi + mèi fanqie. The Mao Shi says: "Holding the reins like ribbons of silk." Gu Yewang says: "That by which one controls and drives the horses between the axle-ends." The Shuowen says: "Bridle-reins of horses; it takes the radical 𢇇." 軎 is pronounced wèi; the Shuowen says: "The iron capping the axle-head of a cart; an ideogram." In the sūtra text written with 亡 as 𮝲, which is vulgar and not the standard form. 組 is pronounced zǔ).

53.80

Gazing intently (觀矚: zhōng + rǔ fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "Looking intensely; that upon which all eyes converge is called 矚." The Shuowen says: "To look; it takes the radical 目 and has 屬 as phonetic").

53.81

Mounds and ruins (丘𭏟: qù + yú fanqie. The Fengsu tong says: "𭏟 means desolate/ruined (虗)." The Kaosheng says: "An abandoned state or walled city." The Zhouli says: "Four settlements make a mound (丘); some call it a 𭏟." The Guangya says: "𭏟 means a dwelling." Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: "A land destroyed and left without successors." The Yupian says: "A large mound is called 𭏟; 𭏟 is the base of a mountain; it takes the radical 土 and has 虗 as phonetic").

53.82

Privy and pigsty (廁圂: the first character is [lěng] + zì fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "廁 means privy (圊); adjacent/flanking; mixed." The Jixun says: "圊 means latrine." The second character is hún + kùn fanqie. 圂 is also a privy; the Jixun says: "Where pigs live; an ideogram." In the sūtra written with the radical 水 as 溷, which is incorrect. [䇭 is pronounced chū + shī fanqie; 胾 is pronounced sǐ + shǐ fanqie]).

53.83

Contiguous ridgepoles (連甍: mò + péng fanqie. Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "甍 means roof-ridge." The Shuowen's gloss is the same as the Zuozhuan: "It takes the radical 瓦 and has an abbreviated 夢 as phonetic").

53.84

The space of a milking (乳頃: the second character is quǎn + yǐng fanqie. The sūtra says: 'the time it takes to milk a cow once', expressing an extremely brief time, that is, between a single breath. The Shuowen says: "It takes the radical 頁 and has 匕 as phonetic").

53.85

Irrigating the soil (𣵽壤: the first character is wū + gǔ fanqie. The Shuowen says: "To irrigate and water; it takes the radical 水 and has 芺 as phonetic." 芺 is pronounced yāng + jiāo fanqie; in the sūtra text written as 妖, which is a vulgar character. For the second character 壤, the Shuowen gives róu + zhǎng fanqie. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: "[Soil] without clods is called 壞." The Shuowen says: "Soft soil; it takes the radical 土 and has 襄 as phonetic").

53.86

Cotton garment (㲲衣: tíng + yè fanqie. A cloth made of plant flowers in the western countries. In the sūtra written as 疊, which is also acceptable).

53.87

To nail it (釘之: dīng + jìng fanqie).

53.88

Stūpa (蘇偷婆: Sanskrit; the ancient translation was unpolished and unrefined. The correct Sanskrit sound is stūpa, translated as 'square tumulus', in the Tang language called 'brick pagoda', which is the stupa for the bodily remains left after a wheel-turning sage king has passed away).

53.89

Briefly (暫時: cán + làn fanqie. The Jixun says: "Not long." The Shuowen says: "It takes the radical 日 and has 斬 as phonetic." Sometimes written with the radical 足 as 蹔).

53.90

Brick and earth (甎土: the first character is zhuō + chuān fanqie. The Shuowen says: "A 㼾 is a brick (甎); it takes the radical 瓦 and has 專 as phonetic." In the sūtra text written with the radical 土 as 塼, which is a vulgar character and not orthodox).

53.91

Avīci Hell (阿毘脂地獄: Sanskrit; in the Tang language meaning 'ceaseless', or called the Avīci Hell, namely the Great Hell of Uninterrupted Torment. It is situated beneath the great ocean and the great earth, hence called hell).

53.92

Tiered millstones (疊磑: the first character is pronounced dié. The Kaosheng says: "疊 means layered/repeated." The Shuowen originally had it with three 日 as 疊, and newly altered it to three 田 with 冝 below, an associative compound character. The second character is wú + huì fanqie. The Shuowen says: "磑 means millstone (䃺); it takes the radical 石 and has 豈 as phonetic." In ancient times, Lu Ban first made the millstone; 䃺 is pronounced mò + gè fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "An implement for grinding wheat").

53.93

Sheet of knives (刀鍱: yán + jiē fanqie; iron sheeting; a phono-semantic character).

53.94

Iron talons (䥫爪: yǎo + niè fanqie. The Shuowen says: "Black metal; it takes the radical 金 and has 截 as phonetic." 截 is pronounced tú + jié fanqie; it is the orthodox character. In the current sūtra text written with 截 as 䥫, a vulgar character. The second character is zhuāng + jiào fanqie; an ideogram).

53.95

Slender and long (纖長: the first character is xiāng + yán fanqie. The Guangya says: "纖 means minute." Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "纖 means fine." The Wenzi dianshuo says: "It takes the radical 系 and has 韱 as phonetic." The character 籤 takes 䇝; 䇝 is pronounced jiān. The second character is zhí + liáng fanqie. The Shuowen says: "Enduring; it takes 兀, 化, and inverted 亾. 兀 means high and distant; when things endure they transform and change, hence it takes 化").

53.96

Blade tip (鎽𦬆: the first character is pronounced fēng; the second is pronounced wáng. The tip of a blade resembles the awn of a blade of grass, hence it is so named).

53.97

Torn open by claws (爴破: the first character is zhuāng + guó fanqie. This pronunciation appears in character dictionaries: 爴 means tearing with claws. The old pronunciation was jū + bì fanqie, or jiǔ + fù fanqie; fearing these were not entirely accurate, it has been changed to this pronunciation. 抓 is pronounced zhuāng + jiāo fanqie).

53.98

Ripping the body apart (擘身: bèng + mài fanqie. The Zishu says: "擘 means tearing an object apart by hand." The Kaosheng says: "Tearing by hand." The Shuowen writes it as 擗, with the radical 手 and an abbreviated 檗 as phonetic).

53.99

Drilling the body (鑽身: zǔ + guān fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "鑽 means to pierce." The Jixun says: "An iron tool for boring through objects; a phono-semantic character").

53.100

Fat and marrow (脂髓: the first character is pronounced zhī. The second character is suī + [duì] fanqie. The Jixun says: "The fat inside bones; it takes the radical 骨 and has 隨 as phonetic").

53.101

Dismemberment by five-pronged forks (五叉磔: the first character is cè + jiā fanqie, an iron fork. The last character is cháo + gé fanqie. The Guangya says: "榤 means opened; stretched out." The Shuowen says: "Execution by tearing apart; it takes the radical 桀 and has 石 as phonetic." 桀 is pronounced jié. In the sūtra 'Five Forks' is the name of a hell; because these iron forks dismember the bodies of sinners, it is named the Five Forks Hell).

53.102

Hurled down (㯷著: the first character is páng + miào fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "Striking with the hand and throwing to the ground is called 𢷏." The Yunquan says: "Cupping in the hands and hurling down." Also pronounced pǔ + lù fanqie, which is also acceptable. Nowadays in vulgar usage it is sometimes abbreviated as 僕. The second character is zhǎng + lüè fanqie, taking the radical 草 above 者; the vulgar writing with two dots as 著 is incorrect).

53.103

Iron pincers (鐵鉆: the second character is jiǎn + yán fanqie. The Shuowen says: "鉆 means pincers (鋷); it takes the radical 金 and has 占 as phonetic." 鋷 is pronounced nǚ + zhé fanqie. In the sūtra written with 甘 as 鉗, which is not the proper form; [鉆] is the orthodox form both ancient and modern).

53.104

Scorched palate (燒𦠍: wǔ + gè fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "The gums and palate." The Shuowen says: "It takes the radical 肉 and has 咢 as phonetic." 咢 is composed of 吅 and 屰; 屰 is pronounced nì; 吅 is pronounced xuān; 齗 is pronounced yín).

53.105

Sūtra of the Origin and Causes of the World, Fascicle Three

53.106

Scooping up with hands (掬取: the first character is gōng + liù fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "Turning the hands over to scoop up." The Shuowen says: "What is in the hands is called 匊; it takes 勹—勹 is pronounced bāo—and 米, an ideographic character." The correct standard form is simply 匊; in the current sūtra text written with the radical 手 as 掬, which is a vulgar character, though interchangeable).

53.107

Pea (豌豆: wū + wán fanqie, the name of a legume. The Shuowen writes it as 𧯡, which is an ancient character; it takes the radical 豆 and has 夗 as phonetic).

53.108

Slashing and piercing (劖刺: the first character is shì + xián fanqie. The Shuowen says: "劖 means to cut off; to prick with a needle; one explanation says to scrape; to shear. It takes the radical 刀 and has 毚 as phonetic." The second character is qīng + yì fanqie. The Shuowen says: "刺 means to pierce and wound; it takes the radical 刀 and has 束 as phonetic." 剽 is pronounced pǐ + miào fanqie; 釗 is pronounced zhī + yáo fanqie).

53.109

Minced bits (臠臠: luán + tuán fanqie. Gu Yewang says: "Refers to cutting meat into small slices." The Shuowen says: "It takes the radical 肉 and has 䜌 as phonetic." 䜌 is pronounced lì + fū fanqie; it is the correct character).

53.110

Gnawing and eating (齩食: the first character is wǔ + jiǎo fanqie. The Shuowen says: "Gnawing on bone; it takes the radical 齒 and has 交 as phonetic." Also written as 𮏀 or 䶧. 齧 is pronounced yán + jié fanqie, which is the orthodox form).

53.111

Baring teeth and snarling (𪘬齜: the first character is yái + jiè fanqie; the second is chái + xiè fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "Opening the mouth and gnashing the teeth." The Picang says: "The sound of dogs fighting with each other." The Shuowen says: "Teeth grinding together; another explanation says opening the mouth to show the teeth." Both take the radical 齒, with 厓 and 此 as phonetics. 邂 is pronounced xià + jiè fanqie).

53.112

Sipping and gulping (𠯗嗽: the first character is zǐ + là fanqie. The Yunlüe says: "𠯗 means taking into the mouth." The Shuowen writes it as 𠾱, vulgarly written as 唼. The second character is sè + zhuō fanqie. The Yunlüe says: "欶 means taking in with the mouth." The correct writing is 嗽; the original sūtra text had 𠲿, which is incorrect).

53.113

斲斤 (the first character is zhi + jiao fan; the Shuowen says: "Chopping"; it is formed with 'axe' [斤] as signific and [𠁁] as phonetic; written as 𣃆 in the sūtra text, which is a popular variant).

53.114

腳[疏-(梳-木)+(日/羽)] (the first character is the correct form for "foot" [腳]; the second character is tu + la fan; written as 蹹 in the sūtra text, which is a popular variant).

53.115

𱠐度 (the first character is bo + meng fan; the Kaosheng says: "𱠐 means to strike [撣]"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'hand' [手] with 拼 as phonetic; the second character is tang + luo fan; 撣 is pronounced da + dan fan).

53.116

鐵𤬪 (xiang + jiang fan; the Shuowen says: "A long-necked earthenware jar resembling an ying [甇], holding ten sheng"; it is formed with 'earthenware' [瓦] with gong [工] as phonetic).

53.117

鐵鏊 (ao + gao fan).

53.118

Fascicle Four

53.119

相激 (jing + li fan; the Shuowen says: "Swift"; it is formed with 'water' [水] with jiao [敫] as phonetic).

53.120

而[疏-(梳-木)+(二/(前-刖+口))] (peng + bei fan; Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Erya says: "踣 means to fall forward prostrate"; Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "踣 also means a stiff corpse"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'foot' [足] with 咅 as phonetic; 咅 is pronounced tu + kou fan).

53.121

摓𡋯 (the first character is pu + meng fan; the second character is pen + mei fan; Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: "The appearance of wind and dust rising"; also written as 漨浡, said to be "the appearance of water mist and vapor"; written in the sūtra text with 'fire' [火] as 熢㶿, which is a popular variant).

53.122

蹴蹋 (the first character is qiu + liu fan; the second character is tan + la fan; written as 蹹 in the sūtra, which is a popular character).

53.123

姦猾 (the first character is jian + yan fan; the second character is huan + gua fan; the Zishu says: "猾 means cunning [黠]"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'dog' [犬] with gu [骨] as phonetic).

53.124

泡沫 (the first character is pu + bao fan; the second character is pronounced mo; the Kaosheng says: "泡 means bubbles floating on water; 沫 means foam floating on water"; the Gujin zhengzi states that both characters are correctly formed with 'water' [水] and have bao [包] and mo [末] respectively as their phonetic).

53.125

麥䴬 (pronounced yi; the Wenzi jilüe says: "[麩-夫+弋] means wheat bran"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'wheat' [麥] with yi [弋] as phonetic).

53.126

赧皺 (the first character is ning + jian fan; the Shuowen says: "𧹞 means turning red in the face with shame"; it is formed with 'red' [赤] with 㞋 as phonetic; written with 'skin' [皮] as 𧹞 in the sūtra text, which is a popular character; 㞋 is pronounced ruan [䎡]; the second character is zhuang + shou fan; the Yunlüe says: "The skin of the face gathering in folds"; the Shuowen says the character is formed with 'skin' [皮] with chu [芻] as phonetic; written in the sūtra as 𰤣, which is a popular variant).

53.127

黶子 (the first character is yi + yan fan; the Kaosheng says: "A black mole on the face"; the Shuowen says it is formed with yan [猒] as phonetic).

53.128

傴僂 (the first character is yu + ju fan; the second character is li + zhu fan; the Guangya says: "The appearance of a bent back"; the Shuowen says both are formed with 'person' [人] with qu [區] and lou [婁] respectively as phonetics).

53.129

跛跂 (the first character is bo + ke fan; the Zhouyi says: "A lame person can walk, but not enough to keep pace with others"; the Shuowen says: "Walking crookedly; another definition is feet stepping outwards"; it is formed with 'foot' [足] with pi [皮] as phonetic; also written as [(虺-兀+元)-虫+皮]; the second character is jie + yi fan; Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Shanhaijing says: "It means a person walking without their heels touching the ground"; the Shuowen says: "A foot with extra toes"; it is formed with 'foot' [足] with zhi [支] as phonetic).

53.130

[向/(月*矢*几)]𤸃 (the first character is li + zhui fan; the second character is the correct character for "thin" [瘦], pronounced shu + jiu fan).

53.131

尫弱 (the first character is wu + huang fan; written as 𡯂 in the Shuowen, which says: "Lame with crooked shins"; it is formed from 'large' [大] depicting a crooked shape; the ancient form is written with 'life' [生] as 𰍭; written in the sūtra text as 尫, which is incorrect).

53.132

以坌 (ben + men fan; the meaning has already been explained fully in the Golden Light Sūtra of Supreme Kings).

53.133

Fascicle Five

53.134

搏取 (the first character is bu + luo fan; the Shenglei says: "搏 means to capture"; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "To seize"; the Shuowen says: "To search for and hold"; it is formed with 'hand' [手] with fu [尃] as phonetic).

53.135

鴟鵂 (the first character is chi + zhi fan; Zheng [Xuan]'s notes on the Mao Poetry say: "鴟 is a bird of ill omen"; the Gujin zhengzi says: "A kind of kite [鳶]"; it is formed with 'bird' [鳥] with di [氐] as phonetic; the second character is xiu + you fan; the Zishu says: "鵂鶹 is an ominous bird, also called a 鵅; it flies by night and hides by day"; the Gujin zhengzi says: "A monstrous bird"; it is formed with 'bird' [鳥] with fu [伏] as phonetic; 鵅 is pronounced ge).

53.136

摸鼻 (the first character is mang + bo fan; the Fangyan says: "摸 means to feel or grope [𢱢]"; the Gujin zhengzi says it is formed with 'hand' [手] with cao [草] as phonetic, resembling a peg).

53.137

如箕 (ju + yi fan; the Shiben says: "Shaokang invented the winnowing basket"; Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Fangyan says: "A vessel holding grain for measuring into pecks and bushels"; the Shuowen says: "A bamboo winnow"; it is formed with 'bamboo' [竹] with qi [其] picturing its shape, the lower part being a person; the ancient form is written as [ㄙ/甘/廾]; Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Analects says: "A square bamboo basket"; Han statutes say: "A small basket"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'bamboo' [竹] with dan [單] as phonetic).

53.138

如臼 (qiu + you fan; written in the sūtra text as 田, which is an error).

53.139

埽帚 (the first character is su + zao fan; the Guangya says: "埽 means to sweep away"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'earth' [土] with zhou [帚] as phonetic; written in the sūtra as 掃, which is a popular variant; the second character is zhou + liu fan; the Shiben says: "Shaokang invented the broom"; Gu Yewang says: "A broom is an implement for sweeping away filth and dirt"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'hand' [又] holding a cloth [巾] sweeping inside a vessel [口]; written in the sūtra text with 'bamboo' [竹] as 箒, which is a popular character).

53.140

華沼 (zhi + rao fan; the Mao Poetry says: "A 沼 is a pond"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'water' [水] with zhao [召] as phonetic).

53.141

諸藕 (wu + gou fan).

53.142

蠟蜜 (the first character is lan + he fan; written in the sūtra text as 䗶, which is incorrect).

53.143

Fascicle Six

53.144

岐道 (the first character is ji + yi fan; the Erya says: "A road branching into two directions is called 岐旁"; Guo [Pu]'s commentary says: "A divergent road branching off to the side"; the Gujin zhengzi says it is formed with 'mountain' [山] with zhi [支] as phonetic).

53.145

飄零 (the first character is pi + yao fan; the second character is li + cheng fan).

53.146

氛氳 (the first character is fu + fen fan; the Wenzi jilüe says: "氛氳 is the appearance of dense, fragrant vapor"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'vapor' [气] with fen [分] as phonetic; the second character is yu + yun fan; its meaning has already been explained fully in the Golden Light Sūtra of Supreme Kings).

53.147

牢固 (the first character is lao + dao fan).

53.148

層樓 (the first character is zang + leng fan; Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Shanhaijing says: "層 means tiered / manifold"; the Shuowen says: "A multistoried building"; it is formed with shi [尸] with ceng [曾] as phonetic).

53.149

觀矚 (zhi + yu fan).

53.150

那墀尼 (the middle character is zhi + zhi fan; Sanskrit name of a pond [nālinī]).

53.151

輦輿 (the first character is li + zhan fan; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "A cart drawn by human power is called a 輦"; the Shuowen says: "A hand-cart"; it is formed with 㚘 pulling in front of a carriage [車]; the following character is the correct standard form, pronounced yu; the Wenzi jilüe says: "輿 means to carry"; the Shuowen says: "The carriage bed"; it is formed with 'carriage' [車] with [臼/丌] as phonetic; this is the correct ancient and modern form, while the sūtra text's writing as 轝 is incorrect; 㚘 is pronounced ban; [臼/丌] is pronounced yu).

53.152

飄颺 (pronounced yang; the Shuowen says: "Flown and raised by the wind"; it is formed with 'wind' [風] with yi [易] as phonetic; 易 is pronounced yang).

53.153

戲謔 (the first character is xi + yi fan; the second character is xiang + yue fan).

53.154

Fascicle Seven

53.155

氤氳 (the first character is pronounced yin).

53.156

𰜷唾 (the first character is yi + zhi fan; the Shuowen says: "洟 means nasal mucus"; it is formed with 'water' [水] with yi [夷] as phonetic; the second character is tu + wo fan; the Shuowen says: "Saliva of the mouth"; it is formed with 'mouth' [口] with chui [垂] as phonetic).

53.157

不瞬 (shui + run fan; the Shuowen says: "瞬 means moving the eyes [blinking]"; it is formed with 'eye' [目] with shun [舜] as phonetic; written in the sūtra with xun [旬] as 眴, which is a popular variant).

53.158

夭殤 (the first character is yao + jiao fan; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "Dying young and cut short is called 夭"; the Shuowen says: "Bent"; it is formed from 'large' [大] picturing the shape; the second character is shang + yang fan; the Book of Rites says: "Males and females who die before the capping or hair-pinning ceremonies are said to suffer a premature death [殤]; dying between the ages of nineteen and sixteen is a long premature death; between fifteen and twelve is a medium premature death; between eleven and eight is a short premature death; below the age of eight is an unmoved-mourning premature death"; the Shuowen says it is formed with dai [歹] and the phonetic shang [傷] abbreviated; 歹 is the character pronounced jin).

53.159

[麥*酋] (the first character is chang + zhao fan; written in the sūtra text as [麩-夫+少], which is a popular variant).

53.160

揩拭 (the first character is ke + jie fan; the Guangya says: "揩 means to rub"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'hand' [手] with jie [皆] as phonetic; the second character is shu + li fan; Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Erya says: "拭 is that by which things are cleaned"; Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Book of Rites says: "To make clean"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'hand' [手] with shi [拭] as phonetic).

53.161

魚鼈 (the second character is bi + mie fan; the Kaogongji says: "Turtles [鼈] are those with internal bones"; the Shuowen says: "An armored creature"; it is formed with min [黽] with bi [敝] as phonetic; 黽 is pronounced meng).

53.162

黿鼉 (the first character is ruan + yuan fan; the Kaosheng says: "Resembling a soft-shelled turtle but large, with a yellow belly and a spotted head"; the Shuowen also says: "A large soft-shelled turtle"; it is formed with min [黽] with yuan [元] as phonetic; the second character is tang + he fan; it resembles a large lizard ten feet in length, being a dragon-like creature that burrows along waterways; Guo Pu says its hide can be used to make drums; the Shuowen says it is formed with min [黽] with dan [單] as phonetic, pronounced na).

53.163

虬螭 (the first character is qi + you fan; the Guangya says: "A horned dragon is called a 虬"; the Shuowen says it is formed with 'insect/reptile' [虫] with yin [乚] as phonetic; the second character is chi + zhi fan; the Guangya says: "A hornless dragon is called a 螭"; the Shuowen says: "Resembling a dragon and yellow, called 'earth mole' in the north"; it is formed with 'insect/reptile' [虫] with li [离] as phonetic; 乚 is pronounced si + you fan; 螻 is pronounced lou).

53.164

虵獺 (the first character is shi + zhe fan; the Shuowen says: "Formed with 'insect/reptile' [虫] and long, picturing the coiled shape with a hanging tail; in high antiquity people dwelled in nests and were plagued by serpents, hence when inquiring after one another they asked if there were any 'serpents' [他/虵], where 'it/other' [它] is the present character for serpent"; the second character is ta + da fan; the Shuowen says: "An animal resembling a small dog that lives in water and catches fish"; it is formed with 'dog' [犬] with lai [賴] as phonetic).

53.165

鵝鴈 (the first character is wu + he fan; the second character is yan + jian fan).

53.166

鸜鵒 (the first character is ju + yu fan; the second character is rong + lü fan).

53.167

燕雀 (the first character is yan + jian fan; Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Erya says: "The people of Qi call the swallow 𩾐; the 'Monthly Ordinances' of the Book of Rites also calls it the dark bird [玄鳥]"; the Shuowen says: "The dark bird; picturing the shape with a clamping beak, spread wings, and parted tail"; 𩾐 is pronounced yi; 籋 is nü + she fan, meaning to pinch/clamp; the second character is jiang + yao fan; Gu Yewang says: "A small bird that nests close to humans"; the Shuowen says it is formed with shao [少] with zhui [隹] as phonetic).

53.168

䯗股 (the first character is pi + mi fan; the correct character is 髀; written in the sūtra text as 䏶, which is a popular variant).

53.169

慘然 (the first character is cang + gan fan).

53.170

Fascicle Eight

53.171

城隍 (pronounced huang; the Erya says: "A dry moat [隍] is a depression"; the Shuowen says: "A 隍 is a city moat; when holding water it is called chi [池], when dry it is called huang [隍]"; the Book of Changes says: 'The city walls collapse into the moat'; it is formed with 'mound' [阝] with huang [皇] as phonetic).

53.172

村隖 (wu + hu fan; the Shuowen says: "A small fortification"; it is formed with jie [卩] with wu [烏] as phonetic; written in the sūtra text as 塢, which is a popular character).

53.173

Forests and ravines (林壑: the upper [character has the fanqie] 呼各 [h- + -ak → huò]. Gu Yewang says: “壑 means a pit (坈); an empty space.” The Shuowen says: “A ditch. Formed from 土 (earth) and 㕡 as phonetic.” The standard form is written [(止/谷)*又]. The scripture's writing as 𭐋 is the popular character form).

53.174

Flashing lightning (閃電: the upper [character has the fanqie] 苫𮉼 [sh- + -ǎn → shǎn]; the lower [character has the fanqie] 田鍊 [d- + -èn → diàn]. The Shuowen says: “電 (lightning) is the flashing forth of yin and yang stimulating each other. Formed from 雨 (rain) and 电; 电 has the sound diàn or the sound shēn”).

53.175

Amidst the gravel ([石*(束/貝)]中: the upper [character has the fanqie] 青亦 [q- + -ì → qì]; this is the standard form of the character 磧. The Shuowen says: “磧 means an islet in the water having stones. Formed from 石 (stone) and 責 as phonetic.” The scripture's writing as 磧 is the popular, conventionally used character form).

53.176

Thrown upon (擿著: the upper [character has the fanqie] 呈戟 [ch- + -ek → zhí]. The Shuowen says: “擿 means to throw.” The lower [character has the fanqie] 張略 [zh- + -ak → zhuó]).

53.177

Indulged in pleasure (耽樂: the upper [character has the fanqie] 荅含 [d- + -am → dān]. Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “Excessive pleasure is called 耽.” The Mao commentary on the Shijing says: “Delighting in it excessively.” The Shuowen writes it as 媅 and says: “It means pleasure. Formed from 女 (woman) and 甚 as phonetic”; it is also written as 妉. The lower [character] has the sound 洛 [lò / yuè]. The base text of the scripture writes 耽, which is the popular character form).

53.178

Foolish and ignorant (愚騃: [騃 has the fanqie] 牙蟹 [y- + -ǎi → yái]. The Cang Jie pian says: “騃 means lacking knowledge.” The Shuowen says: “The appearance of walking with swift vigor. Formed from 馬 (horse) and 矣 as phonetic.” This is the standard form of the character).

53.179

Shafts and axle (轅軸: the upper [character] has the sound 袁 [yuán]. The Shuowen says: “轅 means the shaft of a carriage. Formed from 車 (carriage) and 袁 as phonetic.” The lower [character has the fanqie] 冲六 [ch- + -uk → zhú]. The Shuowen says: “An axle is that which holds the wheels. Formed from 車 (carriage) and 由 as phonetic”).

53.180

Whip and lash (鞭撾: the upper [character has the fanqie] 必綿 [b- + -ian → biān]; the lower [character has the fanqie] 陟爪 [zh- + -a → zhuā]. The Shenglei says: “撾 means to strike.” The Gujin zhengzi: “Formed from 木 (wood) and 過 as phonetic”).

53.181

Seven couches (七榻: [榻 has the fanqie] 吐臘 [t- + -ap → tà]. The Shiming says: “A couch-bed that is narrow and long is called a 榻.” The Shuowen: “Formed from 木 (wood) and [日/羽] as phonetic.” The scripture's writing as 㯓 is the popular character; [日/羽] has the same sound as above).

53.182

Ear-ring pendant (耳環璫: [璫 has the fanqie] 黨郎 [d- + -ang → dāng]).

53.183

Surged forth (涌已: the upper [character has the fanqie] 容隴 [y- + -ǒng → yǒng]. Gu Yewang says: “涌 means water waves rising up.” The Shuowen: “Formed from 水 (water) and 甬 as phonetic”; 甬 has the same sound as the character above).

53.184

Cloudy and overcast (靉靆: the upper [character has the fanqie] 哀代 ['- + -ài → ài]; the lower [character has the fanqie] 臺賴 [t- + -ài → dài]. Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: “The sun and moon being dim, obscure, and without light.” The Picang says: “Dim and not clear.” The Gujin zhengzi: “Both are formed from 雲 (cloud), with 愛 and 逮 as their respective phonetics”).

53.185

Clubs and cudgels (𥎞棓: the upper [character has the fanqie] 倉乱 [c- + -uàn → cuàn]; the lower [character has the fanqie] 龐講 [p- + -ǎng → bàng]. The scripture writes them as 棒 or 爨, which are both popular characters, and not adopted here now, as they are not the standard usage).

53.186

Hammer and pestle (椎杵: the upper [character has the fanqie] 直追 [zh- + -ui → chuí]; the scripture writes it as 槌, which is a popular character; the lower [character has the fanqie] 昌呂 [ch- + -ǔ → chǔ], which was already fully explained earlier).

53.187

Broad-headed arrow (錍箭: the upper [character has the fanqie] 匹迷 [p- + -ī → pī]. The Fangyan says: “An arrowhead that is broad, long, and thin is called a 錍.” The Shuowen: “Formed from 金 (metal) and 卑 as phonetic”; it is also written as 𨤽. The base text of the scripture writes 鈹, with the sound 坡 [pō], which is not the correct character form).

53.188

Arrowhead (鏃箭: the upper [character has the fanqie] 宗鹿 [z- + -uk → zú]. The Guangya says: “鏃 means an arrowhead (鏑).” A character book says: “The point of an arrow.” The Shuowen: “It means sharp. Formed from 金 (metal) and 族 as phonetic”).

53.189

Scars and marks (瘢痕: the upper [character] has the sound 盤 [pán]; the lower [character has the fanqie] 恨恩 [h- + -ēn → hén]).

53.190

Fascicle Nine

53.191

Black ram [or black ewe with horns] (羖芋: the upper [character has the fanqie] 孤鄔 [g- + -ū → gū]; the lower is properly the character 羊 [sheep]. Zheng’s commentary on the Shijing says: “A female sheep with horns is called a 羖.” The Shuowen says: “Formed from 羊 (sheep) and 殳 as phonetic”).

53.192

Coarse woollen cloth (毛𣯟: [𣯟 has the fanqie] 博莽 [b- + -ǎng → bǎng]. The Picang says: “𣯟: the Fangyan says it is 𣯅.” The Kaosheng says: “A woollen fabric.” The Wenzidian shuo: “Formed from 毛 (hair/wool) and 旁 as phonetic”; it is also written as 𣮧. 𣯅 has the fanqie 紀例 [j- + -ì → jì]).

53.193

Tare seeds (稗子: the upper [character has the fanqie] 白賣 [b- + -ài → bài]. Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: “稗 is a weed that resembles grain; formed from 禾 and 卑.” The Shuowen: “A grain of a different kind; formed from 禾 (grain) and 卑 as phonetic”).

53.194

To execute and slaughter (誅戮: [戮 has the fanqie] 留竹 [l- + -uk → lù]. Zheng’s commentary on the Zhouli says: “戮 is like disgrace.” Jia’s commentary on the Guoyu says: “To kill.” The Shuowen: “Formed from 戈 (halberd) and 翏 as phonetic”; 翏 has the fanqie 力又 [l- + -iù → liù]).

53.195

Hunter (獵師: the upper [character has the fanqie] 廉葉 [l- + -ep → liè]. Zheng’s commentary on the Shijing says: “Night-hunting is called 獵.” Jia Kui says: “獵 means to capture.” The Shuowen: “To hunt and chase birds and beasts. Formed from 犬 (dog) and 巤 as phonetic.” The scripture writes it as [木*(葛-人+乂)], which is a popular character; hereafter, whenever there are characters like this without phonetic glosses, they should be judged according to this; those with 鼠 (rat) are the same as above).

53.196

Neck necklace (頸瓔: the upper [character has the fanqie] 經郢 [j- + -ǐng → jǐng]. The Shuowen: “頸 means the neck. Formed from 頁 (head) and 巠 as phonetic.” The lower [character has the fanqie] 亦盈 [y- + -íng → yíng]. The Shuowen says: “賏 means a neck ornament. In ancient script it is formed from two 貝 (cowries)”; 頁 has the fanqie 賢結 [x- + -et → xié]; 巠 has the sound 經 [jīng]; 貝 has the fanqie 杯妹 [b- + -èi → bèi]).

53.197

Armlets (臂釧: the upper [character has the fanqie] 卑寐 [b- + -èi → bì]; the lower [character has the fanqie] 川戀 [ch- + -uàn → chuàn]. The meaning has already been fully explained in the Suvarṇaprabhāsottama-sūtra).

53.198

Hairpin and tweezers (釵鋷: the upper [character has the fanqie] 筞皆 [c- + -āi → chāi]. The Wenzi jilüe says: “釵 is used to clasp the hair coil.” The Wenzidian shuo: “A woman's head ornament; sometimes made of gold or jade; formed from 金 (metal) and 叉 as phonetic.” The lower [character has the fanqie] 女輒 [n- + -ap → niè]. The Shiming says: “鋷 means to grasp; to pluck out hair.” The Shuowen: “Tweezers (鉆). Formed from 金 (metal) and 取 as phonetic.” The character books write 鑷, which is the same as the base text of the scripture; 取 has the same sound as above; 鉆 has the fanqie 其廉 [q- + -ián → qián]; it is the middle character).

53.199

Salty and alkaline (鹹滷: the upper [character] has the sound 咸 [xián]; the lower [character has the fanqie] 星亦 [x- + -ì → xī]. The Erya says: “滷 means bitter.” In the Zhouli it is written as 瀉. In the Gujin zhengzi the meaning is identical; it is formed from 水 (water) and 舃 as phonetic).

53.200

Pouring and splashing (澆𣿙: the upper [character has the fanqie] 晈堯 [j- + -áo → jiāo]; the lower [character has the fanqie] 資賜 [z- + -ì → zì], which is the standard form of the character).

First 200 of 366 passages. Read on

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese