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Historical Geography of Ancient India c10: Chapter V: Central India

Historical Geography of Ancient India c10

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Chapter V: Central India

c10.1

*Acalapura.*—It is a village identical with the modern Ellichpur in the Amraoti district (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. I, January, 1935, p. 13; *E.I.*, XXVIII, Pt. I, January, 1949).

c10.2

*Acāvaḍa* (Accāvaṭa).—It is the Ṛkṣavat mountain where lived the banker Nāgapiya, a native of Kurara. It occurs in Luders' List (Nos. 339, 348, 581 and 1123). The Ṛkṣavat is the Ouxenton of Ptolemy. It is a part of the whole range of mountains now known by the common name Vindhya. Ptolemy describes the Ṛkṣavat as the source of the Toundis, the Dosaron, the Adamas, the Ouindon, the Namados and the Nanagouna. By the Ṛkṣvat or the Ṛkṣavant Ptolemy meant the central region of the modern Vindhya range, north of the Narmadā (Law, *Mountains of India*, p. 17; Law, *Geographical Essays*, pp. 107ff.).

c10.3

*Aceya.*—It is about 12 miles south-west of Mandasor on the right bank of the river Seona, about a mile to the south of the Partabgarh Road.

c10.4

*Agar* (Shajapur).—It is 41 miles by road north of Ujjain.

c10.5

*Airikina.*—The Erāṇ Stone Inscription of Samudragupta refers to it, which has been identified with Erāṇ, a village on the left bank of the Biṇā, 11 miles to the west by north from Khurai, the chief town of the Khurai tahsil or sub-division of the Sagor district in C.P. (*C.I.I.*, Vol. III).

c10.6

*Ajayameru.*—The Bijholi Rock Inscription of Cāhamāna Someśvara (V.S. 1226) refers to Ajayameru. This is evidently the modern Ajmeer founded by the Cāhamāna prince Ajayadeva or Ajayarāja between A.D. 1100 and 1125 (*Ep. Ind.*, XXVI, Pt. III, July, 1941; *I.A.*, XVI, p. 163).

c10.7

*Ajaygaḍh.*—It is a hill fort about 16 miles in a straight line south-west of Kālañjar, where two Chandella inscriptions were discovered (*E.I.*, I, 325). It is the modern name of Jayapuradūrga standing 20 miles to the south-west of the Chandel fortress of Kālañjar (*J.B.B.R.A.S.*, Vol. 23, 1947, p. 47).

c10.8

*Amarakaṇṭaka.*—This hill is a part of the Mekhala hills in Gondwana in the territory of Nagpur in which the rivers Narmada and Son take their rise. Hence the Narmada is called the *Mekhalasutā* (*Padma Purāṇa*, Ch. VI). According to some, it is in the Rewah State on the easternmost extremity of the Maikal range, 25 miles by country road from Sahdol railway station, 3,000 ft. above sea-level. It is one of the sacred places of the Hindus (For details, vide B. C. Law, *Holy Places of India*, p. 34). The Amarakaṇṭaka is the Āmrakūṭa of Kālidāsa's *Meghadūta* (1, 17). It is also known as the Somaparvata and the Surathādri (*Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa*, Ch. 57). According to the *Matsyap.* this sacred hill was superior to Kurukṣetra (22. 28; 186. 12–34; 188. 79, 82; 191. 25). The *Padma Purāṇa* (Ch. 133, v. 21) mentions a holy place named Caṇḍikātīrtha at Amarakaṇṭaka.

c10.9

*Ambar.*—It is the ancient capital of the State of Jaipur, Rajputana, about seven miles north-east of Jaipur railway station. The way from Jaipur to Ambar commands a panoramic view of hills and jungles. There are some handsome temples.

c10.10

The city of Ambar, the third capital in succession of the Jaipur State, is believed to have been founded in the 10th or 11th century A.D. It is also designated as Ambāvatī which was the capital of the territory called Dhuṇḍa or Duṇḍhāhada. Cunningham derives the name Ambar from Ambikeśvara, the name of a large temple at Ambar (D. R. Sahni, *Archaeological Remains and Excavations at Bairāt*, pp. 9ff.).

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Amera.—It is about one and half miles to the south of Udaipur.

c10.12

Amodā.—It is a village in the Bilaspur district. An inscription has been found here incised on two massive plates (*E.I.*, XIX, 209ff.).

c10.13

Amrol (Gwalior).—It is about 10 miles to the north-west of Antri, a station of G.L.R.

c10.14

Anarghavalli.—It corresponds to the modern Jānjgir tahsil of the Bilaspur district (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. I, January, 1935, p. 3, *Peṇḍrābandh Plates of Pratāpamalla*).

c10.15

Anghora.—It is two and half miles south of Kadwaha.

c10.16

Añjanavati.—It is a village in the Candur taluk, about 22 miles due east of Amraoti in Berar (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. I, January, 1935, p. 8).

c10.17

Antri (Gwalior).—It is about 16 miles to the south of Gwalior on the old road from Delhi to Deccan, a place of Abul Fazl’s murder.

c10.18

Arañjara.—It is a chain of mountains in the Majjhimadesa. It is described here as existing in a great forest. (*Jāt.*, V, 134).

c10.19

Aravalli.—Some have identified this range with the Apokopa. It is perhaps the oldest tectonic mountain of India. It divides the sandy desert of western Rajputana from the more fertile tracts of eastern Rajputana. The range can be traced from Delhi to Jaipur as a low hill. Farther south the range becomes more prominent. Beyond Marwara the height increases farther, the highest peak attaining the height of 4,315 ft. The main range terminates south-west of the Sirohi State. The Aravalli range is pre-Vindhyan in age. The Arbuda (Mount Abu) which is separated from the Aravalli range by a narrow valley is also pre-Vindhyan in age. (For details, vide *Imperial Gazetteers of India*, by W. W. Hunter, pp. 214-215).

c10.20

Arbuda.—It is the Mount Abu in the Aravalli range in the Sirohi State of Rajputana. It is called the hill of wisdom. It contains the hermitage of the sage Vasiṣṭha and the famous shrine of Ambā Bhavānī. According to Megasthenes and Arrian the sacred Arbuda or Mount Abu is identical with Capitalia which attaining an elevation of 6,500 ft. rises far above any other summit of the Aravalli Range (McCrindle, *Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian*, p. 147). The river called Sābhramatī has its source in the Arbudaparvata (*Padma Purāṇa*, Ch. 136). For further details, vide Law, *Some Jaina Canonical Sūtras*, pp. 184-185; *Rajputana Gazetteers*, Vol. III-A compiled by Erskine, pp. 284ff.; *The Imperial Gazetteers of India*, by W. W. Hunter, Vol. I, pp. 2ff.

c10.21

Arthūṇā.—It lies above 28 miles in a westerly direction from Banswara in Rajputana (*E.I.*, XIV, p. 295).

c10.22

Aśī.—It is the chief town of the sub-division in which Mahalla-Lāṭa was situated. It may be identified with Aśti which lies only 10 miles south-east of Belorā (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. VI, April, 1938, p. 263).

c10.23

Aśirgaḍh.—A strong fortress in Nimar district, C.P., 29½ miles S.W. of Khandwa (*Imperial Gazetteers of India*, Vol. I, p. 230). The Aśirgaḍh Copper seal Inscription of Saravavarman mentions the hill-fort of Aśirgaḍh which formerly belonged to Scindhia, about 11 miles to the north-east of Burhanpur, the chief town of the Burhanpur sub-division of the Nimar district in the Central Provinces (*C.I.I.*, Vol. III).

c10.24

Avanti.—It is also called Avantikā according to the *Brahmāṇḍap.* (IV, 40. 91). The Junāgaḍh Inscription of Rudradāman I mentions Ākarāvanti (Malwa),¹ Ākara (identified with east Malwa, capital Vidiśā), Avanti (identified with West Malwa, capital Ujjain) along with Anūpa realm (capital Māhiṣmatī), Ānarta (North Kāthiāwāḍ), Surāṣṭra (south Kāthiāwāḍ), Śvabhra on the river Śabarmatī, Kaccha (Cutch in Western India), Sindhu (west of lower Indus), Sauvīra (east of lower Indus in Northern India), Kukura (near Ānarta in north Kāthiāwāḍ), Aparānta (North Konkan in Western India), Niṣādha¹ and the Yaudheyas¹ who lived in Bijayagarh. Avantī of which Ujjayinī² was the capital finds mention in the Nasik Cave Inscription of Vāsiṣṭhiputra Puḷumāyi as Ākarāvanti³ while the Junāgaḍh Inscription of Rudradāman I speaks of two Ākarāvamtis, namely, Pūrva (eastern) and Apara (western). The first separate Rock Edict of Aśoka refers to Ujjayinī wherefrom the Mahāmātras were sent by the royal prince (kumāra). In the inscriptions of Aśoka, the Bhoja and Rṣṭika-Rāṣṭrika territories and their off-shoots were placed outside the territorial limit of the then Maurya province of Avantī (Barua, *Aśoka and His Inscriptions*, Ch. III). The inscriptions of Uṣavadāta of the time of the Kṣaharāta Kṣatrapa Nahapāṇa of western and southern India, when considered in relation to the inscriptions of the Śātavāhanas and the Śaka Kṣatrapas, involve a knotty chronological problem. There is no conclusive evidence to show that Ujjayinī or Avantī proper formed a dominion of Nahapāṇa. The inclusion of Ujjayinī in Nahapāṇa’s territory is usually inferred from the mention of the Mālayas (Mālavas) in Uṣavadāta’s Nasik cave inscription but one has yet to establish that Ujjayinī was at that time the seat of Government of the Mālavas.

c10.25

¹ Avanti is the ancient name of Malwa (cf. *Kathāsaritsāgara*, Ch. XIX).

c10.26

¹ B. C. Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, pp. 98ff; (Niṣādas or Niṣadhas), pp. 75ff.

c10.27

² It occurs as Ujeni, a town in Luders’ List Nos. 172, 173, 210, 212, 218, 219–229, 231–237, 238, etc. In this list occurs a district called Ujenihāra (No. 268) which is difficult to be traced.

c10.28

³ Also called Ākarāvati (Luders’ List, No. 965).

c10.29

As regards the location of Avantī, the *Mahābhārata* places it in western India (Avantiṣu praticyāṃ vai—Vanaparva, III, 89, 8354) and speaks of the sacred river Narmadā on which Avantī is situated. It states in the Virāṭaparva (IV, 1, 12) that Arjuna mentions Avantī along with other kingdoms in western India, namely, Surāṣṭra and Kunti. Mrs. Rhys Davids notes that Avantī lay to the north of the Vindhya mountains, north-east of Bombay (*Psalms of the Brethren*, p. 107, note 1). T. W. Rhys Davids observes that it was called Avantī as late as the 2nd century A.D., but from the 7th or 8th century onwards it was called Mālava (*Buddhist India*, p. 28). Ujjayinī, which was the capital of Avantī or western Mālava and which was situated on the river Siprā, a tributary of the Carmanvatī (Chambal), is the modern Ujjain in Gwalior, Central India (Rapson, *Ancient India*, p. 175). Avantī roughly corresponds to modern Malwa, Nimar, and adjoining parts of the Central Provinces. It was divided into two parts: the northern having its capital at Ujjayinī, and the southern having its capital at Māhissati or Māhiṣmatī.

c10.30

The Avantīs were one of the most powerful of the Kṣatriya clans in ancient India. They occupied the territory which lay north of the Vindhya mountains. They were one of the four chief monarchies in India when Buddhism arose and were later absorbed into the Moriyan empire.⁴ They were an ancient people as the *Mahābhārata* points out. Their dual monarchs, Vinda and Anuvinda, led Duryodhana’s army in the battle of Kurukṣetra, and really speaking the Avantīs made up one-fifth of the entire Kuru host.⁵ They were great warriors accomplished in battles, of firm strength and prowess, and were two of the best chariot-warriors.¹ They figured very prominently in the course of the whole war and performed many glorious and heroic deeds. They rendered great and useful service to the Kaurava cause both by their individual prowess and generalship, as well as by the numerous army consisting of forces of all descriptions that they led to battle. They supported Bhīṣma in the early stage of the battle.² They led an attack against the mighty Arjuna.³ They fought very bravely with the mighty Irāvat, son of Arjuna. They attacked Dhṛṣṭadyumna, the generalissimo of the Pāṇḍavas. They surrounded Arjuna and fought Bhīmasena.⁴ Thus they fought bravely in the field until they laid down their lives at the hands of Arjuna according to some⁵ or at the hands of Bhīma according to others.⁶

c10.31

⁴ *Psalms of the Brethren*, p. 107, N. 1.

c10.32

⁵ Mbh., V, 19. 24.

c10.33

¹ *Mbh.*, V, 166.

c10.34

² *Ibid.*, VI, 16; II, 17, etc.

c10.35

³ *Ibid.*, VI, 59.

c10.36

⁴ *Ibid.*, VI, 102 and 113.

c10.37

⁵ *Ibid.*, VII, 99.

c10.38

⁶ *Ibid.*, XI, 22.

c10.39

According to the *Matsya-Purāṇa* (Ch. 43) the Avantīs originated from the Haihaya dynasty⁷ of which Kārttavīryārjuna was the most glorious ruler. There were marital relations between the royal families of the Avantīs and the ruling dynasty of the Yadus. Rājyādhidevī, a Yadu princess, was married to the king of Avantī.⁸ She gave birth to two sons, Vinda and Upavinda, who are most probably to be identified with the heroic Avantī princes, Vinda and Anuvinda, whose mighty deeds in the Kurukṣetra battle are recorded in the *Mahābhārata*.⁹

c10.40

⁷ Pargiter, *Ancient Indian Historical Tradition*, pp. 102, 267.

c10.41

⁸ *Viṣṇu-Purāṇa*, IV, 12; *Agni-Purāṇa*, Ch. 275.

c10.42

⁹ IV. 14.

c10.43

The celebrated grammarian Pāṇini refers to Avantī in one of his sūtras (IV, 1. 176). Patañjali’s *Mahābhāṣya* also refers to it (4. 1. 1, p. 36). The *Bhāgavata Purāṇa* mentions it as a city (X, 45. 31; X, 58. 30; XI, 23. 6, 23, 31). The *Skanda-Purāṇa* refers to it as a holy city (Ch. I, 19–23). The *Yoginītantra* (2. 2. 119) mentions it.

c10.44

It is interesting to note that the country of Avantī, much of which was rich land, had been colonized or conquered by Aryan tribes who came down the Indus Valley and turned east from the Gulf of Cutch. It was called Avantī as late as the second century A.D. as we find in Rudradāman’s inscription at Junāgaḍh, but from 7th or 8th century onwards it was called Mālava as pointed out by T. W. Rhys Davids.¹⁰

c10.45

¹⁰ *Buddhist India*, p. 28.

c10.46

Avantī was one of the most flourishing kingdoms of ancient India and one of the sixteen great territories (*mahājanapadas*) of the Jambudīpa. The country produced abundance of food and the people were wealthy and prosperous.¹¹ The Pali language, in which the books of the Hīnayāna Buddhists have been written, was, according to some, elaborated in Avantī or Gandhāra.¹²

c10.47

¹¹ *Aṅguttara Nikāya*, IV, 252, 256, 261.

c10.48

¹² Eliot, *Hinduism and Buddhism*, I, 282.

c10.49

Avantī was a great centre of Buddhism. Several of the most earnest and zealous adherents of the *Dhamma* were either born or resided here, e.g., Abhayakumāra,¹³ Isidāsī,¹⁴ Isidatta,¹⁵ Dhammapāla,¹⁶ Soṇakuṭikaṇṇa,¹⁷ and especially Mahākaccāyana.¹⁸

c10.50

¹³ *Theragāthā Comm.*, 39.

c10.51

¹⁴ *Therīgāthā Comm.*, 261–4.

c10.52

¹⁵ *Theragāthā*, 120.

c10.53

¹⁶ *Ibid.*, 204.

c10.54

¹⁷ *Ibid.*, 369.

c10.55

¹⁸ *Saṃyutta Nikāya*, III, p. 9; IV. 117; *Aṅguttara Nikāya*, I, 23; V, 46; *Majjhima Nikāya*, III, 223.

c10.56

Mahākaccāyana was born at Ujjayinī in the family of the chaplain (*purohita*) of king Caṇḍa Pajjota. He learnt the three Vedas and after his father’s death he succeeded him to the chaplainship. He went to the Buddha who taught him the Norm with such effect that, at the end of the lesson, he with his attendants was established in arhantship with thorough grasp of letter and meaning. It was through his effort that he succeeded in establishing Pajjota in the faith.¹ Mahākaccāyana himself being a native of Avanti worked with zeal for the diffusion of the new faith amongst his countrymen. The great success of his missionary activity in his native province is somewhat explained by the fact of his initial success in converting the ruler of the country, Caṇḍa Pajjota. He, while dwelling at Avanti, so successfully explained in detail the meaning of a stanza mainly dealing with Kaṣiṇas (objects of meditation) to an upāsikā (lay female devotee) named Kālī that she was very much satisfied with his explanation. He also explained to a householder of Avanti named Haliddikāni a stanza dealing with the question of vedanā (sensation), rūpa (form), saññā (perception), viññāṇa (consciousness), dhātu (element) and saṃkhāra (confections), and the householder was very much satisfied. The same devout and inquisitive householder again approached him for the elucidation of some of the knotty points of the Buddhist doctrine and he made them clear to him (Sam., IV, pp. 115-116). Mahākaccāyana used to be present whenever any sermon was delivered by the Buddha on Dhamma. Therefore the monks used to keep a seat for him.² It is, therefore, clear that the followers of Buddhism in the western province of Avanti must have been very numerous and influential at the same time, showing that under the energetic ministration of the Thera Mahākaccāyana the new doctrine of peace and emancipation had spread far and wide over the province.

c10.57

¹ *Psalms of the Brethren*, 238-9.

c10.58

² *Dhammapada Commentary*, II, pp. 176-77.

c10.59

Mahāvira, the great propounder of the Jaina faith, is said to have performed some of his penances in the country of Avanti. The capital of Avanti, Ujjayinī, was also visited by him where he did penance in a cemetery when Rudra and his wife tried in vain to interrupt him.³

c10.60

³ *Stevenson, The Heart of Jainism*, p. 33.

c10.61

One of the sacred places of the Liṅgāyat sect is situated in Avanti at Ujjayinī (Ujjenī) which is frequently visited by the Liṅgāyat itinerant ascetics.⁴

c10.62

⁴ *Eliot, Hinduism and Buddhism*, II, 227.

c10.63

The Pradyotas were kings of Avanti. King Caṇḍa Pajjota (Caṇḍa Pradyota) was a contemporary of the Buddha. In Buddha's time the king of Madhurā was styled Avantiputta showing that on his mother's side he was connected with the royal family of Ujjayinī.⁵ Ujjayinī played an important part in the political history of India. Under the Pradyotas it rose to a very high position and its power and prowess were feared even by the great emperors of Magadha. Ajātaśatru fortified his capital Rājagṛha in expectation of an attack about to be made by King Pajjota of Ujjenī. A matrimonial alliance was established between the royal families of Kauśāmbī and Avanti. Pajjota, king of Avanti, grew angry and was determined to attack Udena, king of Kosambī, knowing that he (Udena) surpassed him in glory. Pajjota got an elephant made of wood and concealed in it sixty warriors. Knowing that Udena had a special liking for fine elephants, Pajjota had informed him by spies that a matchless and glorious elephant could be found in the frontier forest. Udena came to the forest and in the pursuit of the prize, he became separated from his retinue and was made captive. While a captive he fell in love with Vāsuladattā, King Pajjota's daughter. Taking advantage of Pajjota's absence from his kingdom, he fled from his kingdom with Vāsuladattā. Udena managed to reach his kingdom taking Vāsuladattā with him. He made her his queen.¹ In the 4th century B.C. Ujjenī became subject to Magadha. Aśoka, Candragupta’s grandson, was stationed at Ujjain as viceroy of the Avanti country.² Vikramāditya, the celebrated king of Ujjain, expelled the Scythians and thereafter established his power over a great part of India. He restored the Hindu monarchy to its ancient splendour.³ In later times some of the ruling families of Avanti made mark in Indian history. Dharmapāla of the Pāla dynasty dethroned Indrāyudha and installed in his place Cakrāyudha with the assent of the neighbouring northern powers of the Avantis, the Bhojas and the Yavanas.⁴ The Paramāra dynasty of Malwa (anciently known as Avanti) was founded by Upendra or Kṛṣṇarāja early in the 9th century. Muñja who was famous for his learning and eloquence was not only a patron of poets but himself a poet of no mean reputation. Muñja’s nephew, the famous Bhoja, ascended the throne of Dhārā which was in those days the capital of Malwa and ruled gloriously for more than forty years. Until the beginning of the thirteenth century A.D. the Paramāra dynasty of Malwa lasted as a purely local power. In this century this dynasty was superseded by chiefs of the Tomara clan who were followed in their turn by the Cauhan kings from whom the crown passed to the Moslem kings in 1401 A.D.

c10.64

⁵ D. R. Bhandarkar, *Carmichael Lectures*, 1918, p. 53.

c10.65

¹ Cf. Buddhist India, 4-7, and Bhāsa’s Svapnavāsavadattā.

c10.66

² Smith, Asoka, p. 235.

c10.67

³ McCrindle, Ancient India as described by Ptolemy, pp. 154-55.

c10.68

⁴ Smith, Early History of India, 4th ed., p. 413.

c10.69

Avanti became a great commercial centre. Here met the three routes, from the western coast with its seaports Surpāraka (Sopārā) and Bhṛgukaccha (Broach), from the Deccan and from Śrāvasti in Kośala (Oudh). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Sec. 48) points out that from Ozene (Ujjain) were brought down to Barygaza commodities for local consumption or export to other parts of India, e.g., onyx-stones, porcelain, fine muslins, mallow-tinted cotton, etc.

c10.70

Avanti was also a great centre of learning. The Hindu astronomers reckoned their first meridian of longitude from Ujjayinī and the dramas of Kālidāsa were performed on the occasion of the Spring Festival before its Viceregal Court, c. 400 A.D.⁵ Nine famous persons known as Nava-Ratna (nine gems) adorned the court of Vikramāditya, king of Ujjayinī.

c10.71

⁵ Rapson, Ancient India, p. 175.

c10.72

Ujjayinī was built by Accutagāmi.⁶ According to the Avantya-khaṇḍa of the Skanda-Purāṇa (Ch. 43), the great god Mahādeva after destroying the great demon called Tripura visited Avantipura the capital of the Avantis, which, in honour of the great victory obtained by the god, came to be known as Ujjayinī.

c10.73

⁶ Dipavamsa (Oldenberg), p. 57.

c10.74

This city was visited by the Chinese pilgrim, Yuan Chwang, in the 7th century A.D. According to him, Ujjayinī was about 6,000 li in circuit. It was a populous city. There were several convents but they were mostly in ruins. There were many priests. The king belonged to the Brahmin caste. Not far from the city there was a stūpa.⁷

c10.75

⁷ Beal, Buddhist Records of the Western World, II, 270-271.

c10.76

The coins current in Ujjain have a special mark. On some of the rare coins the word Ujeniya is incised in Brāhmī characters of the 2nd century B.C. Generally on one side is found a man with a symbol of the sun and on the other is seen the sign of Ujjain. On some coins a bull within a fence or the Bodhi tree or the Sumeru hill or the figure of the Goddess of Fortune is seen on one side. Some coins of Ujjain are quadrangular while others are round.¹ Square copper Moghul coins were struck in this city up to the time of Shah Jahan.² The class of round coins found at Ujjain display a special symbol, the ‘cross and balls’ known as the Ujjain symbol.³ For further details vide B. C. Law, *Tribes in Ancient India*, Ch. IX; B. C. Law, *Geographical Essays*, pp. 33, 170; B. C. Law, *Ujjayinī in Ancient India*, (Gwalior Archaeological Department); B. C. Law, *Indological Studies*, I, 54.

c10.77

¹ R. D. Banerjee, *Prācīna Mudrā*, 108.

c10.78

² *Brown, Coins of India*, p. 87.

c10.79

³ *Ibid.*, p. 20. Vide also B. C. Law, *Avanti in Ancient India* published in the Vikrama volume (Scindia Oriental Institute, 1948), pp. 281–288.

c10.80

*Ābuyagrāma*—(*E.I.*, VIII, 222).—It may be identified with Abu.

c10.81

*Amtarī*.—The Bijholi Rock Inscription of Cāhamāna Someśwara (V.S. 1226) refers to it (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. III, July, 1941), which may be identified with Uparamvāla-antarī. It is the name of a tract which comprises the estates of Begūn, Singoli, Kadvāsa, Ratangarh, Kheḍī, etc.

c10.82

*Ānandapura*.—It is mentioned in the Harsola grant (*E.I.*, XIX, 236). It may be identified with the modern Vaḍnagar in Baroda.

c10.83

*Ārthuna*.—This village lies about 28 miles in a westerly direction from Banswara in Rajputana, where an inscription of the Paramāra Cāmuṇḍarāja was discovered (*E.I.*, XIV, 295).

c10.84

*Āvarakabhoga*.—It may possibly be identified with the country round the town of Agar, north-east of Ujjain (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. IV, October, 1935, 102).

c10.85

*Badher*.—It is about 10 miles by cart-track to the north-east of Shamshabad which is 31 miles by *pucca* road to the north-west of Bhilsa.

c10.86

*Badoh*.—It is situated some 12 miles from Kulhar railway station.

c10.87

*Baḍvā*.—It is a large village, about five miles south-west of Antah. It is in the Kotah State in Rajputana, where three Maukhari inscriptions on Yūpas of the Kṛta year 295 were discovered (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. II, April, 1935, p. 42).

c10.88

*Bairāṭ*.—See *Vairāṭ*.

c10.89

*Baleva*.—It is in Sanchor district, Jodhpur State. An inscription has been found here incised on two plates (*E.I.*, X, 76ff.).

c10.90

*Bamhani*.—It is in the Sohagpur tahsil of the Rewah State, Baghel-Khand, Central India. A copperplate charter has been discovered here, which is of immense value to the student of early Indian history (vide *Bhārata Kaumudī*, Pt. I, pp. 215ff.; cf. *E.I.*, XXVII, No. 24, p. 132).

c10.91

*Bangla*.—It is about five miles to the east of the Narwar fort.

c10.92

*Barai*.—It is about three miles from Panihar railway station (Gwalior-Shivpuri line).

c10.93

*Bargaon*.—This village is situated at a distance of 27 miles north by west of Murwārā, the chief town of the Murwārā tahsil of the Jubbalpore district in Central Provinces (*E.I.*, XXV, Pt. VI, p. 278).

c10.94

*Barnāla*.—It is in the Jaipur State. It is a small village belonging to the Thakursahib of Barnāla, about eight miles from the Lolsote-Gangapur fair-weather road, where two Yūpa inscriptions were discovered (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. III, July, 1941, p. 118).

c10.95

*Baro*.—It is an ancient site, containing the remains of an ancient city extending up to the neighbouring town of Pāthār. The chief remains consist of Hindu and Jain temples (*Gwalior State Gazetteer*, I, pp. 199ff.).

c10.96

*Bāgh*.—This village is situated in the south of Malwa, about 25 miles south-west of Dhar. It stands at the confluence of the Wāgh or Bāgh and Girna streams. It lies on an old main route close to the Udaipur Ghat, 12 miles north of Kukṣī (Gwalior State Gazetteer, I, 196-197). To the south of this village is situated a vihāra, now much in ruins. The caves are nine in number. No inscription is found in these caves. The best images representing the Buddha or a Bodhisattva with two attendants are found in the south-western group in cave No. 2. The paintings at Bāgh may be dated the 6th century or first half of the 7th century A.D. The dagoba which is found in a few of these caves, contains no image of the Buddha. But there are images of the Buddha here and there in these caves. The architecture is not of the same type as that of the Nasik caves. The cave No. 2 known as Paṇḍaboṅkigumphā is well preserved. It is a square Vihāra with cells on three sides and a stūpa inside a shrine at the back. The ante-chamber has pillars in front and its walls are adorned with sculptures. The cave No. 3 is a Vihāra. The cave No. 4 is the finest specimen of architecture. There is a portico more than 220 ft. long supported by 22 pillars. The cave No. 5 is a rectangular excavation, the roofs being supported by two rows of columns. The roof of cave No. 6 is dilapidated. The cave No. 7 which seems to be similar to the cave No. 2, is also dilapidated. All the caves are vihāras, there being apparently no caitya hall or Buddhist Church attached to them.

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Bāghelkhand.—The Rewah grants of Trilokyavarman show that the northern portion of Bāghelkhand was under the control of the Candellas in the 13th century A.D. (I.A., XVII, 230ff.).

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Bālāghāt.—It is a district in the Nagpur division of Central Provinces, where five plates of Pṛthivīseṇa II were discovered (E.I., IX, 267ff.).

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Bāli.—This town contains two temples, one of which is a Jaina temple containing an inscription of the 12th century A.D. It is situated about five miles south-east of Falna railway station (Erskin, Rajputana Gazetteer, Vol. III, p. 178).

c10.100

Bārdūlā.—It is a village in the Sarangarh State, Central Provinces (E.I., XXVII, Pt. VI, p. 287) where copperplates of Mahāśivagupta (year 9) have been found out.

c10.101

Barṇāsā (Banāsā).—It is a river which may be the same as the river Parṇāśā (Luders’ List, No. 1131).

c10.102

Bāsim.—It is the headquarters of the Bāsim taluk of the Akola district in Berar, where some plates of Vākāṭaka Vindhyaśakti II were discovered (E.I., XXVI, Pt. III, July, 1941).

c10.103

Beṇṇakaṭa.—This district comprised the territory round the modern village called Beṇī, 35 miles to the east of Kosambā in the Gondia tahsil of the Bhander district (E.I., XXII, p. 170).

c10.104

Betul.—It is in the Betul district of the Central Provinces, where the plates of Samkṣobha of the Gupta year 199 were discovered (E.I., VIII, 284ff.).

c10.105

Bhaimsaḍā.—The Jagannātharāya temple inscriptions at Udaipur mention this village which lies near Chitor (E.I., XXIV, Pt. II, April, 1937, p. 65).

c10.106

Bhainsrorgarh.—At Barolli, about three miles north-east of Bhainsrorgarh in the Udaipur State in Rajputana, there is a group of beautiful Hindu temples. The chief temple, dedicated to Ghaṭeśvara, stands in a walled enclosure. There is a figure of Viṣṇu reposing on the Śeṣaśayyā or the bed of the serpent, which Fergusson considers as the most beautiful piece of purely Hindu sculpture.

c10.107

Bharund.—It is a village in the Godwar district of the Jodhpur State, where an inscription has been found.

c10.108

*Bhābrū*.—The Bhābrū Edict or the second Vairāṭ Rock Edict comes from one of the Vairāṭ hills, distant about 12 miles from the camping ground at Bhābrū (*Report of the Archaeological Survey*, Western circle, 1909-1910). The Matsya country appears to have been known in later times as Virāṭa or Vairāṭa. Vairāṭa may have included the greater part of the present State of Jaipur. Its precise boundaries cannot be determined; but they may be fixed approximately as extending on the north from Jhunjun to Koṭ Kāsim 70 miles; on the west from Jhunjun to Ajmeer 120 miles; on the south from Ajmeer to the junction of the Banās and the Chambal, 150 miles and on the east from the junction to Koṭ Kāsim, 150 miles or altogether 490 miles. For further details vide *Matsyadeśa* and *Vairāṭa*.

c10.109

*Bhāṇḍak*.—The Nachne-ki-talai stone inscriptions of Mahārāja Prithivisena mention Vākāṭaka which is the ancient name of the modern Bhāṇḍak, the chief town of the Bhāṇḍak Pargana in the Chanda district in C.P. (*C.I.I.*, Vol. III; cf. *E.I.*, XIV, 121ff.).

c10.110

*Bheraghāṭ*.—It is on the Narmadā in the Jubbalpur district of the C.P. A stone inscription has been found here of the Queen Alhaṇadevī of the Cedi year 907 (*E.I.*, II, 7ff.).

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*Bhilaya*.—It is about six miles east of Udaipur and about 18 miles from Basoda by direct route.

c10.112

*Bhillamāla*.—The Saindhava copperplate grants from Ghumli mention it, which may be identified with modern Bhinmal, 80 miles to the north of Patan and 40 miles to the east of Mount Abu, Rajputana (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. V, January, 1942, p. 204). It was the ancient capital of the Gurjaras between the 6th and 9th centuries A.D.

c10.113

*Bhilsī*.—It is situated at a distance of 535 miles from Bombay. It stands on the east bank of the Betwā river. According to Cunningham it was founded during the Gupta period. The remains consist of a series of sixty Buddhist stūpas, many of which contain relic-caskets. North-west of Bhilsā in the fork formed by the Betwa and the Besh rivers is the site of the old city of Besnagar which was a place of importance as early as the time of Aśoka. In the 4th and 5th centuries A.D. the Guptas held the town. In the 9th century it fell to the Paramāras of Malwa and in the 12th century it was held by the Cālukya kings (*Gwalior State Gazetteer*, I, pp. 203ff.). For further details vide *Vidiśā*.

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*Bhīmavana*.—This seems to be the ancient name of the extensive forest round about the range of hills containing the great tableland called the Pathār (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. III, July, 1941, p. 101).

c10.115

*Bhinmāl*.—This city is in the Jaswantpura district of the Jodhpur State where the stone inscription of Udayasiṃhadeva has been discovered (*E.I.*, XI, p. 55).

c10.116

*Bhitarwar*.—It is 19 miles by road to the west of the Dabra railway station.

c10.117

*Bhumara*.—The Bhumara stone pillar inscription of the time of the Imperial Guptas mentions this village which is situated nine miles to the north-west of Unchera, the chief town of the State of Nagod in Central India (*I.H.Q.*, XXI, No. 2).

c10.118

*Bhūravāḍi*.—This village is in the Rājanagara district, C.I. (*E.I.*, XXIV, Pt. II, April, 1937).

c10.119

*Bihar Kotra*.—It is in the Rājgadh State, Malwa, where an inscription was discovered (*E.I.*, XXVI, Pt. III, July, 1941, p. 130).

c10.120

*Bijapur*.—It is in the Nimar district. It is an old hill fort in the Satpurās (Luard and Dube, *Indore State Gazetteer*, II, 259).

c10.121

*Bijayagaḍh.*—The Bijayagaḍh stone inscription of the Yaudheyas mentions the hill fort of Bijayagaḍh, situated about two miles south-west of Byaṇā in the Byaṇā tahsil of the Bharatpur State in Rajputana (C.I.I., Vol. III).

c10.122

*Bijolia (Bijholī).*—It is a village in Mewar, about 100 miles from Udaipur. A rock inscription has been found in this village. It is a Jaina record containing salutations to Pārśvanātha and other Jaina divinities. According to Bijholi Rock Inscription of Cāhamāna Someśvara it is a fortified picturesque town situated about 112 miles north-east of Udaipur. Its position is in the midst of the uppermost tableland called Pathār in the Aravalli hills. This tableland extends from Bārolli and Bhainsarorgarh in the south to Jahāzpur in the north through Menāl, Bijholī and Maṇḍalgarh, once forming an important portion of the Cāhamāna dominions of Sāmbhar and Ajmeer (E.I., XXVI, Pt. II, April, 1941). It now forms a part of the State of Udaipur. Vindhyavallī is the ancient Sanskrit name of Vijholī or Bijholī, which is an important archaeological site with some ancient temples of unique design and elaborate sculptures (E.I., XXVI, Pt. II, 84-85). It is also popularly known as Bijoliā or Bijoliyā which is derivable from Vindhyavallikā.

c10.123

*Bonthikavāṭaka.*—The Kothuraka Grant of Pravarasena II refers to Bonthikavāṭaka (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, October, 1941). It is the modern Boṭhad, about 3½ miles to the north by west and two miles to the north from Mangaon in the Nagpur district.

c10.124

*Buchkalā.*—It is in the Bilāḍā district of Jodhpur State, where the Inscription of Nāgabhaṭṭa of the Saṃvat 872 was discovered (E.I., IX, 198ff.).

c10.125

*Cait.*—It is about five miles to the north of Karhaiya which is about 12 miles to the north of the village Devri on the Bhitawar-Harsi road.

c10.126

*Cammak.*—The Cammak copperplate inscription of the Mahārāja Pravarasena II of the Vākāṭaka dynasty mentions Cammak in the Bhojakata kingdom, which is the ancient village of Carmāṅka, about four miles south-west of Ilichpur, the chief town of the Ilichpur district in east Berar or ancient Vidarbha. This village named Carmāṅka stands on the bank of the river Madhunaḍī (C.I.I., Vol. III).

c10.127

*Canderi.*—It contains an old fort in the Narmar district (Gwalior State Gazetteer, pp. 209ff.).

c10.128

*Candrapura.*—It may be identified with modern Candpur which lies to the south of Siwani and to the west of the Wen-Gaṅgā river (E.I., III, 260).

c10.129

*Candrāvatī.*—The ancient city has been identified by some with the Sandrabatis of Ptolemy. The remains of this city are to be seen about four miles south-west of Abu road and close to the left bank of the western Banās (Rajputana Gazetteers, III-A, compiled by Erskine, p. 298).

c10.130

*Carmanvatī.*—The Padma Purāṇa (Uttarakhaṇḍa, vv. 35-38), the Yoginītantra (2. 5, pp. 139-140) and Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī (VIII, 2. 12) mention this river. The Carmanvatī or Chambal takes its rise in the Aravalli range, north-west of Indore, and flows north-east through eastern Rajputana into the Yamunā. It is a tributary of the Yamunā. It is associated with the Pāripātra or Pāriyātra mountain (Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa, 57. 19-20).

c10.131

*Cahanda.*—It was the capital of the Paramāras which may probably be identified with Cāndā, the chief town of the Cāndā district of the Central Provinces, now called Madhya Pradeśa. (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, October, 1941, p. 182).

c10.132

*Cedi country.*—Pāṇini mentions it in his Aṣṭādhyāyī (4. 2. 116). It lay near the Jumna and was contiguous to the kingdom of the Kurus. It corresponds roughly to the modern Bundelkhand and the adjoining region. The capital city of the Cedi country was Sotthivatīnagara (Jāt., No. 422), which may probably be identified with the city of Śuktimatī of the Mahābhārata (III, 20. 50; XIV, 83. 2). The Cedi country was an important centre of Buddhism (Aṅg., III, 355-56; IV, 228ff.; V, 41ff., 157ff.; Dīgha, II, 200, 201, 203; Saṃyutta, V, 436-437). According to the Vessantara-Jātaka Ceta or Cetirāṣṭra was 30 yojanas distant from Jetuttaranagara, the birthplace of king Vessantara (Jāt., VI, 514-15).

c10.133

In the early Vedic age the Cedi king must have been very powerful inasmuch as he is described in the Ṛgveda (VIII, 5, 37-39) as making a gift of ten kings as slaves to a priest, who officiated at one of his sacrifices. The Cedi monarch Kaśu must have been a commanding personality in Ṛgvedic times as it appears that he brought many kings under his sway. According to the Mahābhārata (M. N. Dutt, Mahābhārata, p. 83) the beautiful and excellent kingdom of the Cedis was conquered by Vasu the Paurava. His capital was Śuktimatī on the river Śuktimatī. He extended his conquest eastwards as far as Magadha and apparently north-west over Matsya. Śiśupāla, the great Cedi monarch, appears to have acquired considerable power in the Epic period (Mahābhārata, I, 7029). He was desirous of slaying Kṛṣṇa with all the Pāṇḍavas, but he was killed by Kṛṣṇa. Yudhiṣṭhira installed his son in the sovereignty of the Cedis.

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D. R. Bhandarkar says that Ceta or Cetiya corresponds roughly to the modern Bundelkhand (Carmichael Lectures, 1918, p. 52). His view was accepted in the Cambridge History of India, p. 84. Rapson says that the Cedis occupied the northern portion of the Central Provinces (Ancient India, p. 162). Pargiter is of opinion that Cedi lies along the south of the Jumna (A.I.H.T., 272). Some hold that Cedi comprised the southern portion of Bundelkhand and the northern portion of Jubbalpur. Cedi was also known as Tripurī (N. L. Dey, Geo. Dict., 14). Sahajāti, a Cedi town, stood on the right bank of the Jumna. A deer park existed in the Pācīnavamśa lying to the east of Vatsa. For further details, vide B. C. Law, Tribes in Ancient India, Ch. VI; F. E. Pargiter, Ancient Cedi, Matsya and Karūṣa—J.A.S.B., LXIV, Pt. I (1895), pp. 249ff.

c10.135

Chattisgarh.—It formed an independent state under the Tummāṇa branch of the Haihayas (E.I., XIX, 75ff.).

c10.136

Choṭi Deori.—It is situated on the left bank of the Ken, about 16 miles to the west of Jokāhi in the Murwara tahsil of the Jubbalpur district in the Central Provinces. It is also called Māḍhā Deori on account of a number of small temples which lie buried in dense jungle. According to Cunningham all these temples were most probably Śaiva shrines (Choṭi Deori Stone Inscription of Śaṅkara-gaṇa—E.I., XXVII, Pt. IV, p. 170).

c10.137

Ciñcāpalli.—This is the same as Chicoli which is situated on the right bank of the river Wunnā, half a mile to the south of Mangaon in the Nagpur district (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, October, 1941).

c10.138

Cirwā.—It is a village situated about 10 miles north of Udaipur and two miles east of Nagda. A stone inscription has been found here incised on the door of a Viṣṇu temple. This stone inscription has been edited by B. Geiger (W.Z.K.M., XXI).

c10.139

Citorgarh.—It is in the Udaipur State, Rajputana (Inscriptions of Northern India revised by Bhandarkar, No. 570, v. 1324).

c10.140

Citrakūṭa.—It has been identified by some with Citrakūṭa near Kālañjara in the Banda district. It is the modern Citrakot or Caturkoṭ hill or district near Kampla in Bundelkhand. It is mentioned in the Bṛhat-saṃhitā (XIV, 13). It is also identified with Chitoor, the famous fort of which was captured from the Gurjara-Pratihāras by Kṛṣṇa III (vide J.B.O.R.S., 1928, p. 481; H. C. Ray, Dynastic History of Northern India, Vol. I, p. 589, for epigraphic references). According to the Jaina Padma Purāṇa (summarized in Bengali by Chintaharan Chakravorti, p. 20), Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa came at the foot of the Citrakūṭa hill in the Mālava country. Here the forest was so very thick that it was difficult to find out any trace of human habitation.

c10.141

Citrakūṭa.—It is one of the Ṛkṣa rivers which may have some connection with the Citrakūṭa mountain (Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa, 57. 21-25; Law, Rivers of India, p. 48; Geographical Essays, p. 110).

c10.142

Curli.—It is half a mile to the south of the Tekanpur irrigation dam on the Gwalior-Jhansi road.

c10.143

Ḍabok.—This village lies eight miles to the east of Udaipur in Mewar (E.I., XX, p. 122).

c10.144

Damoh.—The Batihāgaḍh Inscription of the Damoh district mentions Kharparas, whom Dr. Bhandarkar takes to be identical with the Kharaparikas, referred to in the Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta (E.I., XII, 46; I.H.Q., I, 258; B. C. Law, Tribes in Ancient India, p. 356).

c10.145

Daṅguna.—This is the name of a village mentioned in the Poona plates of Prabhāvatigupta (E.I., XV, 39ff.). The plates record the grant of this village situated in Supratiṣṭhāhāra. It lay to the east of Vilavaṇaka, to the south of Śirṣagrāma, to the west of Kaḍāpiñjana and to the north of Sidivivaraka. The ancient village of Daṅguna seems to be identical with the modern Hingaṅghāṭ in the Nagpur district.

c10.146

Daśārṇa.—It is generally identified with Vedisa or Bhilsa region in the Central Provinces. It is mentioned in the Mahābhārata (II, 5-10), as well as in the Meghadūta of Kālidāsa (24-25). The Purāṇas associate the people of the Daśārṇa country with the Mālavas, Kārūṣas, Mekalas, Utkalas and Niṣadhas. In the Rāmāyaṇa (Kiṣkindhyākāṇḍa, 41, 8-10), their country is connected with those of the Mekalas and Utkalas where Sugrīva sent my monkey-army in quest of Sītā. The Daśārṇas occupied a site on the Daśārṇa river, which can still be traced in the modern Dhasan river near Saugor, that flows through Bundelkhand, rising in Bhopal and emptying into the Betwa (Vetravatī). It should be noted that the Daśārṇa country of the Rāmāyaṇa and the Purāṇas seems to be different from the Daśārṇa country of the Meghadūta (Pūrvamegha, 24 śl.). According to Wilson (Viṣṇu Purāṇa, II, 160, f.n. 3) the eastern or south-eastern Daśārṇa formed a part of the Chattisgarh district in the Central Provinces (cf. J.A.S.B., 1905, pp. 7, 14). The Dosaron is the river of the region inhabited by the Daśārṇas (McCrindle's Ancient India as described by Ptolemy, Majumdar ed., p. 71). A Daśārṇa king named Kṣatradeva, who was a mighty hero, fought valiantly on the elephant back for the Pāṇḍavas in the great Kurukṣetra war (Karṇaparva, Chs. 22, 3; Droṇaparva, Chs. 25, 35). It is interesting to note that the warriors of the Daśārṇa king Kṣatradeva were all mighty heroes and could fight best on elephants. Pargiter thinks (A.I.H.T., p. 280) that Daśārṇa was a Yādava kingdom during the period of the Kurukṣetra war. Erakaccha was a town in the Dasaṇṇa (Daśārṇa) country, as mentioned in the Petavatthu and its commentary (Petavatthu, 20; Petavatthu Commentary, 99-105). Daśārṇa (Dasanna) was noted for the art of making swords (Jāt., III, 338; Dasaṇṇakam tikhiṇadhāraṃ asiṃ). It is mentioned in the Mahāvastu (I, 34) and Lalitavistara as one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas. The people of the Dasaṇṇa country built a monastery for the Buddha who is said to have distributed knowledge among them (Law, A Study of the Mahāvastu, p. 9). There was a hill called Nica in the country of the Daśārṇas (Meghadūta, Pūrvamegha, śl. 26).

c10.147

Davānigrāma.—(E.I., VIII, 221).—It may be identified with Davāni, seven miles north-west of Delvāḍa, Mount Abu.

c10.148

Deogarh.—It is situated close to the south-western limit of the Lalitpur sub-division of the Jhansi district in a semi-circular bend overlooking the right bank of the Betwa (Vetravatī) river. It is 19 miles from Lalitpur and seven miles from Jakhlaun. From the former it can be approached by a motor car or a tunga over a fair-weather District Board road. It contains a solitary Gupta temple locally known as Sāgar Marh, standing at the western edge of the elevated plain. For details vide M.A.S.I., No. 70—The Gupta Temple at Deogarh, by M. S. Vats.

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Deoli.—It is about 10 miles south-west of Wardha near Nagpur (E.I., V, 188ff.).

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Deolia.—It is a village 13 miles north-east of Gumli (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, January, 1942, p. 204).

c10.151

Deulavāḍa.—It is identified with the modern village of Dilwāḍā on the Mount Abu (E.I., VIII, 208ff.).

c10.152

Deulā-Pamcalā.—It is a village in the Devagrām-paṭṭala which has been identified by some with Deogavān, close to Khairha in the Rewah State. This village was granted to a Brahmin named Gaṅgādharaśarman by Yuśah-Karṇadeva (E.I., XII, 205ff.).

c10.153

Devadaha.—This village lies near Chitor (E.I., XXIV, Pt. II, April, 1937, p. 65).

c10.154

Devagiri.—Kālidāsa places it between Ujjain and Mandasar near Chambal (Meghadūta, Pūrvamegha, 42).

c10.155

Dhanik.—It is mentioned in the Dabok (Mewar) inscription of cir. A.D. 725 (E.I., XII). D. R. Bhandarkar identifies Dhavālappadeva, the overlord of this place, with king Dhavala of the Maurya dynasty mentioned in the Kanaswā (Kotah State in Rajputana) Inscription of A.D. 738.

c10.156

Dhaṅkatīrtha.—It is the same as Dhānk in Gandal State, situated about 25 miles east of Gumli (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, January, 1942).

c10.157

Dhovahatta.—The Rewah plates of the time of Trailokyamalladeva refer to it, which may be identified with Dhureti in Central India now known as Madhya Bhārata (E.I., XXV, Pt. I, January, 1939, p. 5).

c10.158

Dhureti.—It is a village about seven miles from the Rewah town (E.I., XXV, Pt. I, p. 1).

c10.159

Dināra.—It is about 16 miles west of Jhansi on the Jhansi-Shivpuri road.

c10.160

Dīrghadraha.—It is probably Dighi on the left bank of the Wardha about 30 miles south of Aṣṭi (E.I., XXIV, Pt. VI, April, 1938, p. 263).

c10.161

Diwra.—It is in the Dungarpur State, South Rajputana. An image inscription found here records that a person named Vaija erected an image at Devakarna (Diwra) (H. C. Ray, Dynastic History of Northern India, Vol. II, p. 1006).

c10.162

Doṅgaragrāma.—This village is identical with Doṅgargaon, about 10 miles from Pusad, in the Yeotmal district of Berar. It is situated on a hill. There are two old temples in this village. A stone inscription of the time of Jagaddeva, dated Śaka Era 1034, has been found recording the gift of this village (E.I., XXVI, Pt. V, October, 1941, pp. 177ff.).

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Dudia.—It is in the Chindwara district, C.P., where four well-preserved copperplates of Pravarasena II were discovered (E.I., III, 258).

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Durdda.—The Bijholi Rock Inscription of Cāhamāna Someśvara (V.S. 1226) refers to Durdda, which may be identified with the modern Duddai or Dūdhai in Central India in the neighbourhood of the Cāhamāna domain in an easterly direction (E.I., XXVI, Pt. II, April, 1941, pp. 84ff.).

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*Eracca.*—In a Mahova copperplate grant dated Samvat 1230 (A.D. 1173) of the Candela Paramardi, Eracca occurs as the headquarters of a district.

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*Fatehābād.*—It is in Ujjain, a railway station on the Rajputana-Malwa section of the Western Railway, a battlefield where the battle took place between Shah Jahan and his son Aurangzeb.

c10.167

*Gamgābheda.*—The Bijholi Rock Inscription of Cāhamāna Someśvara (V.S. 1226) refers to Gamgābheda (*E.I.*, XXVI, 101ff.), which is evidently Gaṅgābheda at Bārolli mentioned by Tod in his *Rājasthān* (III, 1766–1768).

c10.168

*Gaṅdhār.*—This village, mentioned in the Gaṅdhār stone image inscription of Viśvavarman, stands about 52 miles to the south-west of Jhalrāpatan, the chief town of the Jhalawad State in Western Malwa, C.I. (*C.I.I.*, Vol. III).

c10.169

*Gaonri.*—It is a village three miles to the north-east of Narwal, the headquarters of Narwal Estate, 11 miles to the south-east of Ujjain on the Ujjain-Dewas road (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. IV, October, 1935, p. 101—*Three Copperplate Inscriptions from Gaonri*).

c10.170

*Gālavāśrama.*—It was situated at a distance of three miles from Jaipur in Rajputana. According to the *Bṛhat-Śivapurāṇa* (Ch. I, 83) it was situated on the Citrakūṭa mountain.

c10.171

*Ghaṭiyālā.*—It is situated 22 miles west-north-west of Jodhpur where the inscriptions of Kakkuka were discovered (*E.I.*, IX, 277ff.).

c10.172

*Ghosuṇḍi.*—It is a village near Nagarī in the Chitorgaḍh district of Rajputana, where a stone inscription was discovered (*E.I.*, XVI, 25ff.).

c10.173

*Godurpura.*—This village stands on the south bank of the Narmadā in the Nimar district, C.P. (*E.I.*, IX, 120).

c10.174

*Gohasodvā.*—It is modern Gahvā, 1½ miles to the south of Añjanavatī in C.P. (*E.I.*, XXIII, Pt. I, January, 1935, p. 13).

c10.175

*Gośṛṅgaparvata.*—It is near Niṣadhabhūmi in Central India (*Mahābhārata*, Sabhāparva, Ch. 31).

c10.176

*Guñji.*—It is a small village, 14 miles north by west of Śakti, the chief town of a feudatory state of the same name in the Chattisgarh division of the Central Provinces. At the foot of a hill near this village there is a kunda or a pool of water, which receives the supply of water from the neighbouring hills. On one side of this pool there is a rock on which an inscription is engraved. It is about 40 miles north-west of Kirari where a wooden pillar with a record in Brāhmī characters of the 2nd century A.D. was discovered (Gunji Rock Inscription of Kumāravaradatta, *E.I.*, XXVII, Pt. I, p. 48). It was situated in a part of the country which was flourishing in the centuries before and after the beginning of the Christian era.

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*Gurjaratrā.*—The portion of Rajputana extending from Didwāna, Siwa and Maglona came to be known as Gurjaratrā (*E.I.*, IX, p. 280) or Gurjarabhūmi.

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*Harṣa.*—It is a hill on the top of which are found the ruins of an ancient temple. It is also called Uñchāpahar, which is near the village of Harṣanātha in the Shaikhāvatī province of Jaipur State of Rajputana, about seven miles south of Sikar and 60 miles north-west of Jaipur where a stone inscription of Cāhamāna Vigraharāja of the Vikrama year 1930 was discovered (*E.I.*, II, 116ff.).

c10.179

*Harsauda.*—It is a village situated at a distance of a few miles from the town of Carwa in the district of Hoshangabad in C.P. (*I.A.*, XX, 310). Harṣapura may be identified with Harsauda where a stone inscription has been found in the ruins of a temple.

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Holi.—This village is in the Girvā district (E.I., XXIV, Pt. II, April, 1937).

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Jajā-bhukti.—Jajā-bhukti or Jejā-bhukti or Jejāka-bhukti or Jejā-bhuktika is the old name of Bundelkhand (E.I., I, 35; cf. Madanpur Stone Inscription of Kalacuri Jājalladeva, Cunningham, A.S.R., Vol. X, plate xxxii).

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Jābālipura.—It is in the Jodhpur State, Rajputana. A stone inscription found here records the construction of a Jaina vihāra containing an image of Pārśvanātha on the fort of Kāñcanagiri belonging to Jābālipura (i.e., modern Jalore) (E.I., XI, 54ff.). This ancient town contains two monuments of archaeological interest, namely the Topkhānā in the heart of the town and the fort which crowns a hillock about 1,000 ft. high (A.S.I., Annual Reports, 1930-1934, p. 50).

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Jetuttara.—It has been identified with Nāgarī, a locality 11 miles north of Chitore (N. L. Dey, Geographical Dictionary, p. 81). It is evidently the Jattararur of Alberuni, the capital of Mewar (Alberuni’s India, I, p. 202).

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Kagpur (Kākapura).—It is popularly known as Gadhla-Kagpur. It lies on the Bhilsa-Pachar road and it is 17 miles north of Bhilsa. It is identified by Jayaswal with the capital of the Kākas of the Allahabad Pillar Inscription. It is of great archaeological interest (J.B.O.R.S., XVIII, pp. 212-213).

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Kakandakuṭu.—It may be identified with Khuṭunda, about six miles to the east of Deori (E.I., XXVII, Pt. IV, p. 171).

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