Pramāṇa · Search · About · API

A History of Indian Medical Literature v2: Volume 2

A History of Indian Medical Literature v2

Language
English

Contents

Volume 2

Front matter

v2.c27.1

A History of Indian Medical Literature

v2.c27.2

VOLUME IB

v2.c27.3

GRONINGEN ORIENTAL STUDIES

v2.c27.4

VOLUME XV / IB

v2.c27.5

Published under the auspices of the J. Gonda Foundation Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

v2.c27.6

Editor

v2.c27.7

H. T. Bakker, *Groningen*

v2.c27.8

Editorial Board

v2.c27.9

H. W. Bodewitz · D. D. S. Goodall

v2.c27.10

H. Isaacson · G. J. Meulenbeld

v2.c27.11

Advisory Board

v2.c27.12

C. Caillat, *Paris* · R. E. Emmerick, *Hamburg*

v2.c27.13

J. Ensink, *Groningen* · R. F. Gombrich, *Oxford*

v2.c27.14

J. C. Heesterman, *Leiden* · D. Shulman, *Jerusalem*

v2.c27.15

Ch. Vaudeville, *Paris* · J. Williams, *Berkeley* [Figure: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Nimba Āryavēppu]

v2.c27.16

Aris-Bepou. la. vrs isavas md.

v2.c27.17

G. Jan Meulenbeld

v2.c27.18

A History of Indian Medical Literature

Volume I B: Annotation

v2.c28.1

EGBERT FORSTEN · GRONINGEN

v2.c28.2

Cover design: Françoise Berserik Frontispiece: Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, Vol. 4 (1683), tab. 52 by courtesy of the University Library Groningen Typesetting and layout: Adriaensen & Barkhuis

v2.c28.3

This book was printed with financial support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and the J. Gonda Foundation, Amsterdam

v2.c28.4

ISBN 90 6980 124 8

v2.c28.5

This book meets the requirements of ISO 9706:1994 Information and documentation Paper for documents-requirements for permanence

v2.c28.6

Copyright © 1999 Egbert Forsten, Groningen, The Netherlands

v2.c28.7

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permisson of the publisher.

v2.c28.8

Contents

v2.c28.9

PART 1 Carakasaṃhitā 1 1 Sūtrasthāna 3 2 Nidānasthāna 61 3 Vimānasthāna 67 4 Śārīrasthāna 76 5 Indriyasthāna 94 6 Cikitsāsthāna 98 7 Kalpasthāna 144 8 Siddhisthāna 149 9 General features 157 10 Caraka, his identity and date 183 11 Caraka in the Islamic world 202 12 Caraka in Tibet 205 13 Authorities associated with the Carakasaṃhitā 207 14 Authorities mentioned in the Carakasaṃhitā 235 15 Commentaries on the Carakasaṃhitā 281

v2.c28.10

PART 2 Suśrutasaṃhitā 309 1 Sūtrasthāna 311 2 Nidānasthāna 354 3 Śārīrasthāna 370 4 Cikitsāsthāna 381 5 Kalpasthāna 394 6 Uttaratantra 403 7 Suśruta and the Suśrutasaṃhitā 433 8 Authorities associated with the Suśrutasaṃhitā 467 9 Authorities mentioned in the Suśrutasaṃhitā, but absent from the Carakasaṃhitā 489 10 Commentaries on the Suśrutasaṃhitā 493

v2.c28.11

PART 3 Aṣṭāngahṛdayasaṃhitā 511 1 Sūtrasthāna 513 2 Śārīrasthāna 528 3 Nidānasthāna 532 4 Cikitsitasthāna 543 5 Kalpasiddhisthāna 556

v2.c28.12

PART 4 Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha 595

v2.c28.13

2 Śārīrasthāna 623 3 Nidānasthāna 638 4 Cikitsitasthāna 642 5 Kalpasthāna 651 6 Uttarasthāna 654

v2.c28.14

PART 5 Vāgbhaṭa 675 1 Vāgbhaṭa and the works ascribed to him 677 2 Authorities mentioned in the works ascribed to Vāgbhaṭa, but absent from Caraka- and Suśrutasaṃhitā 722 3 Commentaries on the works ascribed to Vāgbhaṭa 725

v2.c28.15

APPENDIX 755 Various ancient authorities 757

Part 1: Carakasaṃhitā

v2.c29.2

1 Editions of the Carakasaṃhitā: *a with Āyurvedadīpikā or Carakatātparyaṭīkā, ed. and publ. by N.N. Sengupta and B.C. Sengupta, Calcutta 1849–1855. *b agniveśamaharṣikṛtā carakapratisaṃskṛtā ca śrīcarakasaṃhitā, sampūrṇā, mūlamātrā, āyurvedamahopādhyāya ity upādhidhāriṇā padekulāvatamsadājīśāstrīsūnunā śaṅkaraśāstriṇā cikitsakena pariśodhitā, Nirṇaya Sāgar Press, Mahāmbī (Mumbai) 1867; ed. Poona 1926. c caraka-saṃhitā...śrīmad-gaṅgādhara-kavirāja-kaviratna-viracitayā jalpa-kalpa-taru-samākhyayā vyākhyayā sahitam tenaiva saṃśodhitam..., Saṃvāda-jñāna-ratnākara Press, Calcutta 1868 [IO.6.H.14]. Charaka-sanhita; A system of Hindu medicine with notes Jalpa-kalpa-taru, by Kaviraj Gangadhar Kaviratna, Pramāda-bhañjana Press, Berhampore 1878 [IO.3.D.7], 1883 [IO.977]. d Caraka-saṃhitā...Śrī-Jīvānanda-Vidyāsāgara-Bhaṭṭācāryeṇa...saṃskṛtā..., Sarasvatī Press, Calcutta 1877 [IO.16.F.31]; *2nd ed., Nārāyaṇa Press, Calcutta 1896. e Charaka samhita. The medical science of the ancient Aryans. Translated [into Bengali] and edited by Kaviraj Dhormodas Sen Gupta, with the original text. Part I. Vālmīki Press, Calcutta [1878?] [IO 982]. f caraka-saṃhitā...asyāḥ prathamo bhāgaḥ sūtra-nidāna-vimāna-śārīra-indriya-sthāna-kalpitaḥ, śrī-avināśacandra-kaviratna-kavirājena [vaṅga-bhāṣāyām] anūditaḥ pariśodhitā ca, Vidyāratna Press, Calcutta 1883 [IO.607], 1884 [IO.6.F.10]. g Caraka-tātparya-dīpikā [also called Āyur-veda-dīpikā] by Cakrapāṇidatta. Charaka-sanhita with the commentary of Cakrapāṇidatta. Edited by Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna. Jyotiṣa-prakāśa Press, Calcutta 1889 [incomplete; IO 1390]; part 6, Calcutta 1894 [BL.14043.dd.1]. h caraka-saṃhitā, maharṣiṇāgniveśena praṇītā maharṣi-carakeṇa pratisaṃskṛtā...śrīmac-cakrapāṇidatta-kṛta-ṭīkā-samvalitā kavirāja-śrī-harinātha-viśāradena saṃśodhitā, Sūtrasthāna, Siddheśvara Press, Calcutta 1896 [IO.8.I.31]; Śārīrasthāna (1905), Indriyasthāna (1905–1906), Cikitsāsthāna (1907–1908), Kalpasthāna (1910, 1913), Siddhisthāna (1915, 1917, 1919), Nārāyaṇa, Ghoṣa, Joytiṣa-prakāśa, and Siddheśvara Press, Calcutta [incomplete; IO.San.E.8], [incomplete; BL.14043.dd.15: Calcutta 1892–1919]; Sūtrasthāna, Nidānasthāna, Vimānasthāna, Śārīrasthāna, Indriyasthāna, Purāṇa Press, Calcutta, n.d. i¹ ed., with Bengali translation, by Yaśodānandan Sarkār, Calcutta 1894 [BL.14044.b.2]; 2nd ed., Vaṅgavāsī Electro Machine Press, Calcutta 1910 [IO.22.E.35]. i² ed., with Marāṭhī translation and copious notes in Marāṭhī by Śaṃkara Dājī Śāstrī Pade, Bombay 1897–1898 [BL.14043.cc.8]; Ārya-bhishak Series, Nirṇaya Sāgar Press, Bombay 1902–1913 [BL.14043.cc.20]; Suvarṇa, Govardhana, Yaśavanta and Jagaddhitecchu Press, Bombay and Poona 1901–1914 [IO.16.BB.11; 1846; San.D.376; San.D.377; San.C.64(d)]; Hanumān Press, Poona 1926 [IO.San.D.586/1–14].

v2.c29.3

*j ed., with Bengali translation by Devendranāth Sen Gupta and Upendranāth Sen Gupta, Calcutta 1896; 2nd ed., Calcutta 1898. k caraka-samhitā, maharṣi-caraka-pratisamskṛtā, pam. mihiracandra-kṛta-[hindī-] bhā-ṣā-vivṛti-sahitā, Veṅkateśvara Press, Bombay 1898 [BL.14043.dd.3; IO.I.G.10]. l śrī-carakācāryyeṇa pratisamskṛtā caraka-samhitā...śrī-kṛṣṇalāla-kṛta-[hindī-]bhā-ṣānuvāda-samalamkṛtā samśodhitā ca, Parts I and II, Mumbaī-mitra Press, Bombay 1898 [BL.14043.dd.4; IO.I.G.9]. m ed., with a Hindī version, styled Carakacandrodaya, by Dattarāma Chaube, Muttra 1900 [BL.14043.dd.6]. *n ed., with a Hindī ṭīkā, by Paṇḍit Kālicaraṇ Śarmā and Paṇḍit Kṣamāpati Śarmā, Navalkiśor Press, Lucknow 1900. o caraka-samhitā (mūla o vaṅgānuvāda), kavirāja śrī satīśacandra śarmmā kavibhūṣaṇa karttṛka anūdita..., Bhaiṣajya Steam Machine Press, Calcutta 1905 [BL.14043.dd.12; IO.18.H.14]. p agniveśa-muni-praṇīta caraka-samhitā...carakācāryaiḥ pratisamskṛtā...ravidatta-śā-strī-kṛta-[hindī-] bhāṣānuvāda-samalamkṛtā..., Nirṇaya-sāgara Press, Bombay 1911 [IO.23.I.18]. q caraka-samhitā...caraka-pratisamskṛtā...gujarātī bhāṣā ṭīkā sahita, bhāṣāmtara karī chapāvī prasiddha karanāra, Jethālāla Devaśamkara Dave, Part I, Satyanarayan Printing Press, Ahmedabad 1916 [BL.14044.c.15; IO.28.L.1]. r ed., with a Telugu translation and commentary by K.S. Śāstrī, Madras 1920 [BL.14044.c.10]. s The Caraka-samhita, edited with an original commentary in Sanskrit by Vaidyaratna Kaviraj Pandit Jogindra Nath Sen, Vol. I, containing the Sloka-sthana (Sutra-sthana), Vidyodaya Press, Calcutta 1920 [IO.San.D.121(a)]; Vol. II, containing the Nidana, Vimana, Sarira and Indriya Sthanas, Calcutta 1922; this edition is based on fifteen MSS (see their description in the Critical Notice of vol. I). t The Carakasamhita by Agnivesha, with the Āyurveda-Dīpikā commentary of Chakrapāṇi Dutta, edited by Vaidya Bhūshan Vāman Kesheo Dātār of Nasik, 1st ed., Nirnaya-sagar Press, Bombay 1922; *2nd ed., 1935; *3rd ed., 1941. u maharṣiṇā agniveśena praṇīta carakardhabalābhyām pratisamskṛtā carakasamhitā āyurvedīyagranthamālāsampādakena ācāryopāhvena trivikramātmajena yādava-śarmaṇā samśodhitā, 2nd ed., Nirṇaya Sāgar Press, Bombay 1922. v (pañcatantram śrī-viṣṇuśarmmaṇā praṇītam...śrī-śivadatta-śarmma-dādhimathair...pariṣkṛtam raghunandana-śāstri-kṛtayā navīnayā saralārtha-prakāśinyā ṭīkayā sam-anvitam,) caraka-sūtra-sthāna-stha-svastha-vṛtta-catuṣkākhya-caturadhyāyyā...sadā-nanda-śāstri-kṛtauṣadha-vivṛti-yutayā samvalitam, Mercantile Press, Lahore 1926 [IO.San.D.554]; this edition contains Sūtrasthāna 5–8 (the svasthavṛttacatuṣka) with a commentary. w caraka-samhitā mahāmuniṃ bhagavatāgniveśena praṇītā maharṣi carakeṇa prati-samskṛtā, caraka caturānanaśrīmaccakrapāṇidattapraṇītāyā āyurvedadīpikākhyāṭī-kayā mahāmahopādhyāya-śrīgaṅgādharakaviratnakavirājaviracitayā jalpakalpataru-samākhyayā ṭīkayā ca samalaṅkṛtā, kavirāja śrīnarendranātha senaguptena saṃśodhitā, pūrī-śrībalāicandra senaguptena ca sampāditā saṃśodhitā prakāśitā ca, (ādyaḥ khaṇḍaḥ), 1st ed., Dhanvantari Steam Machine Press, Calcutta 1927; dvitīyaḥ khaṇḍaḥ, 1st ed., Dhanvantari Electric Press, Calcutta 1928 [IO.San.D.426/1–2]; tṛtīyaḥ khaṇḍaḥ, 1st ed., Dhanvantari Electric Press, Calcutta 1933; *repr., Caukambhā Ori-

v2.c29.4.1

entalia, Varanasi 1984–1985; *2nd ed., Vidyāvilāsa Āyurveda Series 1, Caukhamba Orientalia, Vārāṇasī 1991. x agniveśamaharṣikṛtā carakapratisamskṛtā śrīcarakasamhitā, śrīmaccarakacaturāna-naśrīcakrapāṇidattapraṇītayā carakatātparyety aparaparyāyayā āyurvedadīpikākhya-yā vyākhyayā samalaṅkṛtā, dātārapuravāstavya-śrīmihiracandraratnātmaja-āyurve-dacakravarti-kavirāja-narendranāthaśāstriṇā sampāditā samśodhitā ca, pūrvārddha, uttarārddha, Bombay Saṃskṛta Press, Lahore 1929 [IO.San.D.690/1–2]. y śrīmanmaharṣiṇāparavaracarakapraṇītā carakasamhitā, āyurvedoddhārakakavaidyapañcā-nanavaidyaratnārajavaidyapaṇḍitāramaprasādavaidyopādhyāyaviracitā evam āyur-vedācārya pam. śivaśarmaṇā samśodhitā prasādanī bhāṣāṭīkāsahita, 2 vols., *Lakṣmī Veṅkateśvar Steam Press, Bombay 1932; (repr.) Khemrāj Śrīkṛṣṇadās Bambaī Prakāśan, Bombay 1989. z maharṣiṇā punarvasunopadiṣṭa, tacchiṣyeṇāgniveśena praṇītā, carakardhabalā-bhyām pratisamskṛtā carakasamhitā, śrīcakrapāṇidattā viracitayā āyurvedadīpikā-vyākhyayā samvalitā, ācāryopāhvena trivikramātmajena yādavaśarmaṇā samśo-dhitā, Nirṇaya Sāgar Press, *1st ed., Bombay 1933; *2nd ed., 1935; 3rd ed., 1941; *ed. 1981; see Yādavaśarman's upodghāta (17) for the MSS and editions used. *aa ed. of Sūtra-, Nidāna- and Vimānasthāna, with a Hindī translation by Kavirāj Atri-deva Gupta, Ārya Sāhitya Maṇḍal Ltd., Ajmer 1935/36.

v2.c29.4.2

bb carakasamhitā, maharṣiṇā bhagavatāgniveśena praṇītā mahāmuninā carakeṇa prati-samskṛtā, āyurvedācāryaśrījīyāva-devavidyālaṅkāreṇa praṇītayā tattvārthadīpikā-khyayā hindīvyākhyayā ṭippanyā ca samanvitā, pūrvo bhāgaḥ, madhyo bhāgaḥ, uttaro bhāgaḥ, *1st ed., Lahore 1934–1936; *ed. Lahore 1944; *4th ed., 1948; *8th ed., 1970; 9th ed., Motīlāl Banārsīdās, Dillī/Paṭṇā/Vārāṇasī 1975; *repr., 2 vols., Dillī 1994. *cc Carakasamhitā, Sūtrasthāna, with the Carakapradīpikā commentary by Jyotiṣacandra Sarasvatī, publ. by S.K. Saraswati, Indian Press, Benares 1937. *dd ed., with the Bhāgīrathī [Hindī] commentary, by Tārādatta Pant, Vidyāvilās Press, 2 vols., Benares 1937, 1938. ee maharṣipunarvasuśiṣyeṇa ṛṣivareṇa agniveśena praṇītā mahāmuninā carakeṇa kāpi-labalena dṛḍhabalena ca pratisamskṛtā carakasamhitā, mahāmahopādhyāyacarakaca-turānanaśrīcakrapāṇidattaviracitayā āyurvedadīpikāvyākhyayā (tathā cikitsāsthāna-taḥ siddhasthānam yāvat) śrī vāgbhaṭaśiṣyācāryavararajajjayāviracitayā nirantarapada-vyākhyayā ca samvalitā, āyurvedācāryeṇa pam. śrīharidattaśāstriṇā samśodhitā, pūri-tajajjataṭīkātrutitāṃśabhāgā ca, prathamo bhāgaḥ, dvitīyo bhāgaḥ, Bombay Saṃskṛta Press, Lahore 1940, 1941. ff The Caraka Samhitā, expounded by the worshipful Ātreya Punarvasu, compiled by the great sage Agniveśa and redacted by Caraka and Dṛḍhabala, edited and published in six volumes with translations in Hindī, Gujarati and English by Shree Gulabkun-verba Ayurvedic Society, Jamnagar 1949; vol.

v2.c29.4.3

I (14–20) contains a list of editions and MSS used in the establishment of the text; vol. VI consists of indexes. gg caraka-samhitā, maharṣi agniveś praṇīt (saral bhāṣānuvād sahit), anuvādak: Śrī Vi-nayacandra vāsiṣṭha, 3 vols., Ārya Sāhitya Maṇḍal, Ajmer 1954, 1957, 1962. hh carakasamhitā, savimarśa ‘vidyotinī’ hindīvyākhyopetā, śubhāśamsakaḥ: vai-dyasamrāṭ śrī satyanārāyaṇa śāstrī ‘padmabhūṣaṇa’, vyākhyākār: paṇḍit kāśīnāth pāṇḍey, Dr. gorakhnāth caturvedī, sampādak-maṇḍal: paṇḍit rājeśvaradatta śāstrī, paṇḍit yadunandan upādhyāy, paṇḍit gaṅgāsahāy pāṇḍey, Dr. banārsīdās gupta, paṇḍit brahmaśaṅkar miśra bhiṣagratna, Vidyābhavan Āyurved Granthamālā 32, Vārāṇasī 1962; 11th ed., 1983; 13th ed., 1986. ii śrīmadagniveśa praṇītā carakadṛḍhabalābhyāṃ pratisamskṛtā carakasamhitā, śrīca-krapāṇidattaviracitā ‘āyurvedadīpikā’-vyākhyāsamvalita-‘vidyotinī’hindīvyākhyāvibhūṣitā; hindīvyākhyākār: śrī paṃ kāśīnāth śāstrī, sampādak: Dr. gaṅgāsahāy pāṇḍey, bhūmikā-lekhak: ācārya priyavrat śarmā, Kāśī Saṃskṛta Granthamālā 194, 2 vols., Vārāṇasī 1969, 1970. jj Agniveśa’s Caraka Saṃhitā (text with English translation and critical exposition based on Cakrapāṇi Datta’s Āyurveda Dīpikā) by Dr. Ram Karan Sharma and Vaidya Bhagwan Dash, The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Studies Vol. XCIV, vol. I (Sūtra Sthāna), vol. II (Nidāna-, Vimāna-, Śarīra-, Indriyasthāna), vol. III (Cikitsā Sthāna Chapters I–XIV), vol. IV (Cikitsā Sthāna Chapters XV–XXVI), Varanasi 1976, 1977, 1988, 1997.

v2.c29.4.4

kk Caraka-samhitā, Agniveśa’s treatise refined and annotated by Caraka and redacted by Dṛḍhabala (text with English translation), editor-translator Prof. Priyavrat Sharma, Jaikrishnadas Ayurveda Series 36, Vol. I (Sūtrasthāna to Indriyasthāna), vol. II (Cikitsāsthāna to Siddhisthāna); Critical Notes (incorporating the commentaries of Jejjaṭa, Cakrapāṇi, Gaṅgādhara and Yogindranātha), vol. III (Sūtrasthāna to Indriyasthāna), vol. IV (Cikitsāsthāna to Siddhisthāna), Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi /Delhi 1981, 1983, 1985, 1994. ll maharṣipunarvasu-ātreyeṇopadiṣṭā śrīmadagniveśena praṇītā caraka-dṛḍhabalābhyāṃ pratisamskṛtā carakasamhitā, caraka-candrikāhindīvyākhyayā, viśeṣavaktavyādibhiś ca vibhūṣitā; vyākhyākār: Dr. Brahmānand Tripāṭhī, Caukhambhā Āyurvedijñāna Granthamālā 11, 2 vols, Caukhambhā Surabhāratī Prakāśan, Vārāṇasī 1983, 1988. mm carakatattvapradīpikā, śrīsīvādāsasenakṛtā carakasamhitā-vyākhyā (sūtrasthānam), sampādakau: ācaryaḥ priyavrataśarmā evaṃ Dr. satyadeva dube, śrīsvāmilakṣmīrāmanidhigranthamālāyāḥ saptamaṃ puṣpam, Śrīsvāmilakṣmīrāma Trust, Jaypur 1990. nn Carakasamajñā, viṣayakramabaddhā carakasamhitā (Caraka-samhitā, arranged subjectwise), priyavrataśarmaṇā pratisamskṛtya sampāditā (edited by Priya Vrat Sharma), Ācārya Priyavrataśarmā Āyurveda Granthamālā – 1 (Acharya Priyavrat Sharma Ayurveda Series 1), Caukhambhā Publishers, Vārāṇasī 1996. Translations into English: (a) [by K.M.

v2.c29.4.5

Ganguli] published by Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna [and Kaviraj Pareshnath Sharma Kavibhusan], 68 parts, Calcutta [1890]-1925; this translation is based on Gaṅgādhara’s text of the Carakasamhitā (see A. Roṣu, 1977: 173); second revised edition, with a preface by Dr. Jan Erik Sigdell, 5 vols., Indian Medical Science Series No. 43, Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi 1996. See on this translation and on Kisari Mohan Ganguli: A. Barth, JA 1911, 389–390; H. Jacobi (1908). b = edition and translation ff. c = edition and translation jj. d = edition and translation kk. References are to ed. z. 2 It is not without significance that the saṃhitā begins with the words athātaḥ. See on these words, in particular on the auspicious atha, and their meaning, the comments of Cakrapāṇidatta, Śivadāsasena and Gaṅgādhara ad Ca.Sū.1.1, those of Ḍalhaṇa ad Su.Sū.1.1, those of Aruṇadatta, Candranandana, Hemādri, Indu and Śrīdāsa ad A.h.Sū.1.2, those of Indu

v2.c29.5

ad A.s.Sū.1.2. See also: P.V. Sharma (1985e): 4–5. Kaviratna was of the opinion that the words athātaḥ indicate that this treatise follows a previous one on a cognate subject; see also his remark on the word bhagavant, which is used to refer to Ātreya. See on other uses of the word atha: J.E.M. Houben (1995): 214, 367, 383. 3 The origin of several Indian sciences is ascribed to the gods, in particular to Brahmā; the Chāndogyopaniṣad (8.15) tells that Brahmā passed the supreme knowledge on to Prajāpati, who passed it on to Manu, who, in his turn, transmitted it to mankind (see J. Filliozat, 1975: 2–3). Stories about the way a particular body of knowledge was passed on through a line of authorities to an assembly of sages, distressed about the evils of the present age, are common in the Purāṇas (see H.H. Wilson, 1984: I, 92). 4 Prajāpati is taught by Brahmā and is, in his turn, the teacher of Indra in the Chāndogyopaniṣad (8.7–12 and 8.15). 5 Indra is rather rarely a teaching god, but a grammar is attributed to him; Vedic literature knows about many connections between Indra and the Aśvins; on several occasions, Indra is indebted to the Aśvins for their medical expertise (see J. Filliozat, 1975: 2–3). 6 See on the individual sages: authorities mentioned in the Carakasamhitā. 7 Many names are used to designate this god: Balahantar (killer of Bala), Śacīpati (husband of Śacī), Sahasrākṣa, Śakra, Śatakratu (1.18cd–23). See on Śakra: J. Gonda (1959a): 64–66; see on Śatakratu: J. Gonda (1959a): 36–42. 8 Health (ārogya) is said to be the very foundation (mūla) for the attainment of the four human aims, consisting of dharma, artha, kāma and mokṣa (1.15cd). A. Wezler (1984) notes that ārogya literally means the state of “being again free from disease”; see on the implications of this interpretation his discussion of the connections between medicine and Yoga; see also W. Halbfass (1991): 249–250. See on the type of words to which ārogya belongs: J. Gonda (1959): 95–117. 9 Another version of the narrative about the sages’ reception of the āyurveda from Indra is found in chapter one of the Cikitsāsthāna. P.V. Sharma (1970a: 15) regards the story about the transmission of āyurveda in Ca.Sū.1 as a contribution of Caraka (on account of later elements it it, e.g., 1.36–40), while he attributes the version of Ca.Ci.1 to Agniveśa. 10 Compare also the version in the Vāgbhaṭamaṇḍana. 11 This was already noticed by H.H. Wilson (1832). See on the traditions regarding the transmission of the āyurveda: ABI 457–463; AVI 1–5; J. Filliozat (1975): 2–13; V. Śukla and R. Tripāṭhī (1982): 8–14; Sūramcandra (1978): I, 134–140; Vṛddhatrayī 3–9. 12 See Lobsang Rabgay (1981): 3–5; P. Tsering (1980): 109. 13 Some later texts (Bhāvaprakāśa, Bṛhannighaṇṭuratnākara), modelling their story upon that of the Carakasamhitā, present a closely related list of sages. 14 See Pālakāpya’s Hastyāyurveda and Nīlakaṇṭha’s Mātaṅgalīlā. 15 See on councils (samiti, pariṣad, etc.) of sages: S.Ch. Vidyabhusana (1971): 22–23. 16 Nāṭyaśāstra 1.26–42. Compare Vṛddhatrayī 156. 17 E.g., Udyogaparvan 26 (ed. Poona). 18 See Vettam Mani 651–652. 19 Bhāgavatapurāṇa X.84 (J.M. Sanyal’s transl. II, 329). 20 See on this term in general: J. Gonda (1963b): 40–42; Hopkins 176–177; S. Lévi (1898): 143–151; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); J. Panda (1984): 2–3; V.G. Rahurkar (1964): XIII–XX. 21 Yāyāvara is often interpreted as ‘having no fixed abode’, ‘vagrant’, and śālina as ‘having a settled home’, ‘domestic’, but H.-P. Schmidt (1968: 635) argues, on the basis of the Baudhāyanadharmaśāstra (3.1.1–4), that both groups are householders (gṛhastha); a śālīna attends only to his own ritual duties, while a yāyāvara moves about frequently (in performing sacrifices for others). See also: H.W. Bodewitz (1973): 333–334; L.P. van den Bosch (1978): 66–67; J.C. Heesterman (1982).

v2.c29.6

22 Cakra ad Ca.Sū.1.8–15ab. See on ayonija births: M.C. Smith (1991).

v2.c29.7

23 Cakra ad Ca.Sū.1.6–7. See on the classification of sages: L. Gopal (1988): 121; T.A. Gopinatha Rao (1971): II, 2, 566; Hopkins 176–178; F.E. Pargiter (1922): 185; Vṛddhatrayī 63–64. See for lists of brahmaṛṣis and devaṛṣis: S. Sörensen (1963): 165, 238. See also on brahmaṛṣis, devaṛṣis and rājaṛṣis: Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa, Anuṣaṅgapāda 35.89–103 (see G.V. Tagare, 1983: 350–351).

v2.c29.8

24 Vṛddhatrayī 66–69.

v2.c29.9

25 Āyus consists of a combination of body, sense organs, sattva and ātman; this combination finds, according to P.V. Sharma (1989a: 7–8), a parallel in the five sheaths (pañcakośa) of life in the Vedānta philosophy (ref. to Śaṃkara’s commentary on the Taittirīyopaniṣad; compare MW s.v. kośa). Compare on āyus: Cakra and Śivadāsa ad Ca.Sū.1.42; Ca.Sū. 30.22–23 and 31, Vi.3.24–38, Śā.6.29 and 8.51; Dalhaṇa ad Su.Sū.1.15 and 35.1–15; Rasavaiśeṣikasūtra 1.95–98. See also: A. Comba (1984a); W. Schubring (1962): 185–186 (āyu); P.V. Sharma (1985e): 15–19.

v2.c29.10

26 Compare on āyurveda: Su.Sū.1.15.

v2.c29.11

27 Vaiśeṣika concepts are also discussed in Ca.Śā.1 and 6. The Vaiśeṣika categories are listed at Ca.Sū.1.28cd–29ab.

v2.c29.12

28 S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 369–372.

v2.c29.13

29 See W. Halbfass (1970).

v2.c29.14

30 A. Comba (1990).

v2.c29.15

31 A. Comba (1990) follows Cakrapāṇidatta’s comments ad Ca.Sū.1.44–45.

v2.c29.16

32 D. Chattopadhyaya (1979): 140–142.

v2.c29.17

33 S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 369.

v2.c29.18

34 S. Dasgupta (1975): I, 281.

v2.c29.19

35 See also P.V. Sharma’s notes on Ca.Sū.1.44–45 in P.V. Sharma (1985e): 19–29. Compare Jyotir Mitra (1982): 156–181. See on the Bhāṣāpariccheda, a rather late text, written by Viśvanātha in the first half of the seventeenth century: CC II, 93–94; L. Suali (1913): 84, 92–93, 108–109.

v2.c29.20

36 See on these verses: A. Roṣu (1978): 127, 148, 189, 190; P.V. Sharma (1985): 29–30.

v2.c29.21

37 Guṇa precedes dravya in Ca.Sū.1.28; see Cakrapāṇi’s comments on the change of order.

v2.c29.22

38 See on the five mahābhūtas, for example: *O. Böhtlingk (1900); A. Comba (1991): 41–44; E. Frauwallner (1953); D.S. Gaur and L.P. Gupta (1970); B.V. Subbarayappa (1966).

v2.c29.23

39 See Cakrapāṇi’s comments. Compare Jyotir Mitra (1982): 222–229; P.V. Sharma (1985e): 30–32.

v2.c29.24

40 See, for example: E. Frauwallner (1956): 123–126.

v2.c29.25

41 See on sūkṣma: R.Y. Abhang (1985).

v2.c29.26

42 See DGV I, 137–150; Jyotir Mitra (1982): 192–206; G.J. Meulenbeld (1987): 8; P.V. Sharma (1976a): 42–44.

v2.c29.27

43 See Ca.Śā.1.

v2.c29.28

44 See Ca.Sū.26.

v2.c29.29

45 See Jyotir Mitra (1982): 302–303; P.V. Sharma (1985e): 33–34. See on samavāya: M. Hiriyanna (1957): 107–115. See on nitya: M. Hara (1959), (1969); M. Biardeau (1964): 40–42.

v2.c29.30

46 Compare P.V. Sharma (1985e: 34–35) and his quotations from Vaiśeṣika texts. Cf. Su.Sū. 40.3.

v2.c29.31

47 Ceṣṭā or ceṣṭita is a synonym of karman (see Ca.Sū.1.49).

v2.c29.32

48 The type of cause is not specified. The Vaiśeṣika texts regard guṇa as an asamavāyikāraṇa (see P.V. Sharma, 1985e: 36).

v2.c29.33

49 See P.V. Sharma (1985e: 37), who quotes Vaiśeṣika texts defining karman in the same way; Jyotir Mitra (1982): 299–301.

v2.c29.34

50 See on the meanings of mithyā: L. Sternbach (1965): 305–314.

v2.c29.35

51 Sattva is a manas full of rajas and tamas (see Ca.Sū.25.11). Cakrapāṇi regards it as the manas in combination with ātman and body. See on the term sattva: J.A.B. van Buitenen (1957b); S.P. Gupta (1977): 236–244; E.H. Johnston (1974): 51; G.J. Larson (1969): 61–62; R.F.G. Müller (1964b); A. Roṣu (1978): 185–197 and passim; P.V. Sharma (1985f): 132–133, (1989a): 5–9; E. Windisch (1908): 48–56.

v2.c29.36

52 See on the term doṣa in general and the doctrine of the three doṣas (tridoṣavāda), for example: G.N. Chaturvedi (1971): 11–52; S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 325–339; J. Filliozat (1975): 139–159; G.J. Meulenbeld (1990), (1991a), (1992a); R.F.G. Müller (1939a), (1958): 72–91, (1967): 101–103; Y.S. Prabhakar and D. Suresh Kumar (1993); A. Weckerling (1929); D.G. White (1996): 361–362. Many general books on āyurveda deal with the tridoṣavāda. See also the numerous monographs on the subject; examples are: Dharmadatta’s Tridoṣavimarśa and Tridoṣasaṃgraha (Lahore 1935), D.N. Ray (1937), Upendranāthadāsa’s Tridoṣavijñāna. See on doṣa as a term of a broader meaning: G. Obeyesekere (1984): 40–49.

v2.c29.37

53 P.V. Sharma (1985f: 132–133) observed that the term mānasa is inadequate in this context and should be replaced by sāttvika. See on the mānasadoṣas: G.J. Meulenbeld (1997): 190–191.

v2.c29.38

54 See on the term auṣadha and the types of auṣadha distinguished: Ca.Sū.11.54–55; A.h.Ci. 22.74; A.s.Sū.12.1–5; Indu ad A.s.Sū.23.5; A.s.Ci.24.53; Kāśyapasamhitā, p.89; Candraṭa ad Cikitsākalikā 16. Compare bheṣaja and its varieties: Ca.Vi.8.87; Cakra ad Ca.Śā.6.6; Ca.Ci.1¹.3–4; Kāśyapasamhitā, p.89.

v2.c29.39

55 See on daiva- and yuktivyapāśraya: Ca.Sū.11.54 and Vi.8.87; A.h.Ci.1.171 and 5.84; A.s.Sū.9.76 and 12.3; A.s.Ci.7.118; compare Hārīta III.3.2–3: daiva- and yuktipathāśraya. See on these concepts: S. Bahulkar (1987); D. Chattopadhyaya (1979): 314–320.

v2.c29.40

56 These terms are explained in contradictory ways by Cakrapāṇi and Gaṅgādhara (see P.V. Sharma, 1985e: 45). See on jñāna and vijñāna: F. Edgerton (1933); O. Lacombe (1968).

v2.c29.41

57 Vāyu is said to be rūkṣa, śīta, laghu, sūkṣma, cala, viśada, and khara; Ca.Sū.12.4 has a somewhat different list of qualities, in which sūkṣma and cala are absent, while dāruṇa is added; Ca.Sū.12.7 adds dāruṇa and śuṣira, while sūkṣma and cala are absent; the list of Ca.Vi.8.98 is different again: rūkṣa, laghu, cala, bahu, śīghra, śīta, paruṣa (= khara), and viśada. Vāgbhaṭa’s list (A.h.Sū.1.11ab; A.s.Sū.1.26) is almost identical with that of Ca. Sū.1.59ab. Cf. Su.Ni.1.7cd–9ab. Āyurvedic theory deviates from Vaiśeṣika theory, which considers vāyu to be anuṣṇa. The cold vāyu of āyurveda may, however, become hot in combination with pitta due to the yogavāhitva of vāyu (see on this term: Cakra ad Ca.Sū. 1.59–61; Ca.Ci.3.38cd–39ab; Aruṇa ad A.h.Sū.1.11ab and 5.51cd–53ab; Indu ad A.s.Sū. 6.86–93).

v2.c29.42

Pitta is said to be sasneha (slightly unctuous), uṣṇa, tīkṣṇa, drava, amla, sara, and kaṭu; the list of Ca.Vi.8.97 is slightly different again: uṣṇa, tīkṣṇa, drava, visra (compare Suśruta’s pūti), amla, and kaṭuka; compare Ca.Ni.4.26. Suśruta’s list (Sū.21.11) deviates in omitting sasneha and sara, and adding pūti, nīla and pita; the taste of pitta is kaṭu in its normal state, but amla when vidagdha (see Cakra ad Ca.Sū.1.59–61). Vāgbhaṭa (A.h.Sū.1.11cd; A.s.Sū. 1.27ab) enumerates: sasneha, tīkṣṇa, uṣṇa, laghu, visra, sara, and drava. See on pitta in Indian medicine: R.F.G. Müller (1934a).

v2.c29.43

Kapha is guru, śīta, mṛdu, snigdha, madhura, sthira, and picchila. The list of Ca.Vi.8.96 has: snigdha, ślakṣṇa, mṛdu, madhura, sāra, sāndra, stimita, guru, śīta, vijjala, and accha. Compare Ca.Ni.4.9 (a list of ten properties). Suśruta (Sū.21.15) lists śveta, guru, snigdha, picchila, and śīta; its taste is madhura in a normal state, but lavaṇa when vidagdha. Vāgbhaṭa (A.h.Sū.1.12ab; A.s.Sū.1.27cd) enumerates: snigdha, śīta, guru, manda, ślakṣṇa, mṛtsna (= picchila), and sthira.

v2.c29.44

58 Doṣa and dhātu comprise both the three doṣas and the seven dhātus according to Cakrapāṇidatta. The praśamana and pradūṣaṇa actions are referred to as the result of the prabhāva of drugs according to the same commentator. See on the term svastha: W. Halbfass (1991): 250–252; M. Hara (1995); P.V. Sharma (1985e: 52–53).

v2.c29.45

59 Cf. Ca.Sū.1.71–72; Su.Sū.1.29.

v2.c29.46

60 The plants are divided into four groups: vanaspati (bearing fruit without having flowered), vānaspatya (bearing fruit after flowering), oṣadhi (herbs withering after bearing fruit) and vīrudh (climbing plants, etc.) (see Cakra's comments and his quotations from Hārīta). The vanaspati group consists of members of the genus Ficus. Cf. Bhela Śā.5.3; Su.Sū.1.29; A.s.Sū.12.2. Compare also Amarakoṣa 2.4.6; Manusmṛti 1.46–48. See on the term vana and its contrast with aranya: J.F. Sprockhoff (1981), (1984), (1991).

v2.c29.47

61 See P.V. Sharma's notes (1985e: 54–56) on these verses and his criticism of the interpretations of Cakrapāṇidatta and Gaṅgādhara. Compare Su.Sū.1.28–32.

v2.c29.48

62 The mūlinī and phalinī plants are referred to again at Ca.Sū.2.35.

v2.c29.49

63 Cf. Ca.Vi.8.141.

v2.c29.50

64 Cf. Su.Sū.45.217–228. See on this subject: C.R.R. Sarma and B. Rama Rao (1980a).

v2.c29.51

65 Cf. Ca.Sū.27.217–224.

v2.c29.52

66 See on arka, one of the six plants mentioned: S.C. Mitra (1918).

v2.c29.53

67 These verses have no parallel in the Suśrutasaṃhitā or the works ascribed to Vāgbhaṭa. Evacuation means emesis (pracchardana) and purgation (virecana; evacuation of the head, called śīrṣavirecana, is included). The plants called mūlinī and phalinī are employed in procedures belonging to pañcakarman, a subject continued in Ca.Sū.2. The urine of an ass (khara) is mentioned, not its milk; human urine is absent, but breastmilk is present in the list. Sheep's urine is said to pittavirodhin, i.e., non-antagonistic to pitta. This neutrality with regard to a doṣa is called udāsīnatva in later treatises (see Keśava's Siddhamantra); see also Cakra ad Ca.Ni.4.4 and Hemādri ad A.h.Sū.6.117cd–118. See on the non-medical use of the term udāsīna: M.B. Emeneau (1968). Compare on the triad ari, mitra, udāsīna (or madhyastha): Mahābhārata, Śāntiparvan 59.43 and 52 (ed. Poona); the Kāmandakīyanītisāra (8.19) employs the terms vijigīṣu, ari, madhyama, and udāsīna.

v2.c29.54

68 The earliest German translation of Ca.Sū.1.57–131 is found in F. Hessler (1883).

v2.c29.55

69 The title of the chapter is not in conformity with its first words (apāmārgasya bījāni) in this case. The taṇḍulas of apāmārga are its dehusked (niṣtuṣa) seeds, not the seeds (bīja) themselves (see Cakrapāṇi's commentary). See on the uses of apāmārga: P.V. Sharma (1996): 11–13.

v2.c29.56

70 Pañcakarman is mentioned at Ca.Sū.2.14 and 34. Cakrapāṇi remarks ad Ca.Sū.3.1–2 that Sū.2 is concerned with antaḥparimārjana (see on this term Ca.Sū.11.55).

v2.c29.57

71 See Ca.Sū.25.40, where the synonym pratyakpuṣpā is used (as at Sū.1.82, where it is a phalinī). The apāmārgataṇḍulādi group is referred to at Ca.Vi.7.20. The plant called apāmārga was used from early times in magic and medicine. See on apāmārga: L.P. van den Bosch (1978): 99; W. Caland (1967): 15, 156, 176; J. Gonda (1960): 113, 164; V. Henry (1988): 53, 109, 174, 181; A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967); J.J. Meyer (1937): II, 3–4, 23–24; H. Oldenberg (1923): 327, 489, 527–528; H.C. Patyal (1989); N.J. Shende (n.d.): 155–156, (1985): 174–176; R. Syed (1990): 40–45; H. Zimmer (1879): 66–67; K.G. Zysk (1985): 21, 51. Apāmārga is used in Vedic medicine to wipe away the mysterious disease called kṣetriya. See on this disease: J. Filliozat (1975): 93–96; Jyotir Mitra (1968a); V.W. Karambelkar (1961): 227–240; K.G. Zysk (1985; see index).

v2.c29.58

72 See Ca.Sū.25.40. Chapter one of the Kalpasthāna is devoted to madana.

v2.c29.59

73 See Ca.Sū.25.40. Preparations with trivṛt are described in chapter seven of the Kalpasthāna.

v2.c29.60

74 See Cakra's remarks on the preparation of gruels. See Cakra on the meaning of yamaka, i.e., ghee and oil (2.31). One of the gruels is prepared with beef broth (gavyamāṃsarasā). See on beef-eating in India: K. Karttunen (1989): 115. Cf. Su.Śā.3.25. The sanctity of the cow and the duty to venerate it is a frequent theme in the Carakasaṃhitā, in spite of the prescriptions employing beef as an ingredient. See on the sanctity of the cow in India: L. Alsdorf (1962); J.W. Bennett (1967); W. Norman Brown (1965), (1966), (1967); A. Heston (1971); H. Jacobi (1911a); T. Margul (1968); V.M. Dandekar (1969); R.P. Goldman (1978): 340; A. de Gubernatis (1872): I, 1–90; M. Harris (1965), (1966), (1967); A. Heston (1971); H. Jacobi (1911a); T. Margul (1968); M.A. Muusses (1920); W.D. O'Flaherty (1980): 241–252; K.N. Raj (1969); V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1939); F.J. Simoons (1967): 45–50, 61–63, (1980b); L.L. Sundara Ram (1926–27).

v2.c29.61

75 Cakra ad Ca.Sū.2.17.

v2.c29.62

76 The chapter is called thus after the first drug mentioned. Āragvadha is usually identified as Cassia fistula Linn. See on its uses: P.V. Sharma (1996): 41–43.

v2.c29.63

77 See Ca.Sū.3.30.

v2.c29.64

78 Compare Siddhayoga 51.24–28 and the Kusumāvalī.

v2.c29.65

79 See on this term Ca.Sū.11.55.

v2.c29.66

80 See Cakra's comments ad Ca.Sū.3.1–2. See on fragrant drugs (gandhauṣadha: 3.19), mentioned in the Carakasaṃhitā: P.V. Sharma (1985g): 56.

v2.c29.67

81 Ca.Sū.3.11. Cakrapāṇi did not grasp the meaning of cūrṇapradeha, as shown by his remarks ad Sū.3.3–17. The term is also found at Ca.Sū.23.9 and 29.7, as well as in the Bheḷasaṃhitā (Ci.1.16).

v2.c29.68

82 Called thus after the ṣaḍ virecanaśatāni and ṣaḍ virecanāśrayāḥ of Ca.Sū.4.3.

v2.c29.69

83 Virecana comprises vamana and virecana again, as in the preceding chapters.

v2.c29.70

84 The title also refers to six hundred evacuative preparations, but, actually, the chapter mentions five hundred of them. The number six hundred indicates that the contents of this chapter are not exhaustive (see Cakrapāṇi's comments and the summarizing verses at the end). See Cakrapāṇi's comments on the term Kalpopaniṣad. See on the meaning of upaniṣad: H. Oldenberg (1896): 457–462.

v2.c29.71

⁸⁵ See on these preparations: DGV I, 346–351; Prem Vrat Sharma and A.V. Sharma (1992): 400–404. See on kaṣāya: A.R. Somanathan, K. Sadanandan and N.P. Damodaran (1989); S. Venkataraghavan and P. Ramachandran Nair (1976). See on the preparation of kvāthas (= śṛtas): D. Joshi and V.K. Agrawal (1975).

v2.c29.72

86 Cakrapāṇi attributes the definition of a śīta to Śaunaka; the same verse is ascribed to Ātreya by Niścala, to Kṛṣṇātreya by Śivadāsa (ad Cakradatta, chardi 17–18).

v2.c29.73

87 See on the classification: P.V. Sharma (1979e), (1985g). See on the actions: P.V. Sharma (1985e): 65–69; N.N. Sircar (1984). See on Caraka's classifications of drugs: V. Dvivedī (1966): 47–72. See on a comparison of the classifications of Caraka and Suśruta: DGV I, 79–81.

v2.c29.74

88 These groups of ten are referred to as daśemāni in Anantakumāra's Yogaratnasamuccaya.

v2.c29.75

89 See Agniveśa's remark on this issue and Ātreya's answer (Ca.Sū.4.21–22). The hundred mahākaṣāyas of Sū.4 form a characteristic contribution of the Carakasamhitā.

v2.c29.76

90 E.g., the groups called vāmanopaga, virecanopaga and śirovirecanopaga (4.13). The groups called snehopaga, svedopaga, āsthāpanopaga and anuvāsanopaga (4.13) are more or less related.

v2.c29.77

91 Examples are: arśas, kuṣṭha, kṛmi (4.11), chardi, tṛṣṇā, hikkā (4.14), kāsa, śvāsa, śvayathu, jvara (4.16).

v2.c29.78

92 Examples are the groups called varṇya, kaṇṭhya, hṛdya (4.10).

v2.c29.79

93 Examples are the groups called stanyajanana and -śodhana, śukrajanana and -śodhana (4.12), purīṣasaṃgrahaṇīya and -virajanīya, mūtrasaṃgrahaṇīya, -virajanīya and -virecanīya (4.15).

v2.c29.80

94 Examples are the groups called jīvanīya, bṛṃhaṇīya, lekhanīya, bhedanīya, saṃdhānīya, dīpanīya (4.9), balya (4.10), śoṇitasthāpana, vedanāsthāpana, saṃjñāsthāpana (4.18).

v2.c29.81

95 Examples of these disorders are tṛpti, kaṇḍū (4.11), śrama (4.16), dāha, udarda, aṅgamarda, śīla (4.17). Varieties of śūla are among the nānātmaja vāta diseases (Ca.Sū. 20.11), varieties of dāha among the pitta diseases (Ca.Sū.20.14); tṛpti and udarda are kapha diseases (Ca.Sū.20.17).

v2.c29.82

96 Chapters of the same title are: Bhela Sū.8; A.h.Sū.8; A.s.Sū.11. Compare Su.Ci.24.

v2.c29.83

97 See on this subject: A. Chattopadhyay (1972), (1995a). See on ancient Indian hygiene: E. Hagemann (1906).

v2.c29.84

98 Cf. Bhela Sū.5–13. See Kaviratna's remarks on the meaning of sauhitya (gratification of hunger, not satiety, in agreement with Cakra: tṛptimātra). Dharmaśāstra texts also prescribe that one should not eat more than sauhitya requires (Manusmṛti 4.62; compare Viṣṇusmṛti 68.48).

v2.c29.85

99 Cf. Bhela Sū.6.20; Su.Ci.24.18–19. Compare Ca.Sū.5.17–18ab and Su.U.18.57. See on añjana in Indian culture: M. Chandra (1973): 186, 191, 208, 222; N.M. Penzer (1924b).

v2.c29.86

100 Bāṇa describes in his Kādambarī that king Śūdraka used to smoke after dinner (see G. Ray, 1911: 37–38). The habit of smoking (dhūmapāna) tamāla leaves is severely condemned in the Mathurākhaṇḍa (*52) of the Skandapurāṇa (see G. Ray, 1911: 39).

v2.c29.87

101 The śvetādi group of substances (5.26cd–27ab) is referred to at Ca.Ci.9.74. Cf. Bhela Sū.6.22–42. Compare Ca.Sū.5.20cd–27ab and Su.Ci.40.3–4, 5.27–33ab and Su.Ci.40.16, 5.31cd–32ab and Su.Ci.40.15, 5.33cd–36 and Su.Ci.40.13, 5.36cd–37ab and Su.Ci.40.18, 5.37cd–38ab and Su.Ci.40.15, 38cd–39ab and Su.Ci.40.12, 5.41–46ab and Su.Ci.40.11, 46cd–49ab and Su.Ci.40.6–9, 5.49cd–51ab and Su.Ci.40.5, 52cd–56ab and Su.Ci.40.17.

v2.c29.88

102 Cf. Ca.Ci.26.239–241ab; Su.Ci.4.28. Cakra says that aṇu means channel (srotas) here. See on the differences between aṇu and sūkṣma: R. Desāī (1982): 539. See on aqutaila: R.B. Saxena (1994).

v2.c29.89

103 Cf. Bhela Sū.6.10cd–13; Su.Ci.24.4–10ab. See Jyotir Mitra (1985): 111–114. Compare on tooth-sticks (dantakāṣṭha): Bṛhatsaṃhitā 84. Suitable and unsuitable trees for

v2.c29.90

the purpose are discussed in dharmaśāstra texts, for instance the Viṣṇusmṛti (chapter 61) (see on the subject: S.G. Moghe, 1991: 32–33). See also the rules described in the Somaśambhupaddhati (see H. Brunner-Lachaux, 1963: 8–13). Compare on teeth-cleaning in India: G.V. Bobrinskoy (1932); J.A. Dubois (1947): 240–241; J.J. Meyer (1937): III, 67–70. See also the remarks by I-ching (J. Takakusu, 1966: 33–35).

v2.c29.91

116 Compare Ca.Sū.5.100 and Su.Ci.24.71cd–73ab, 5.101–102 and Su.Ci.24.75cd–78ab.

v2.c29.92

117 See P.V. Sharma's notes on this chapter and his criticism of Cakrapāṇi's interpretations (1985e: 76–82). Cf. Ca.Vi.8.125–127; Bhela Vi.6; Su.Sū.6 and Ci.24. Compare Su.U.64.6–13ab and Ca.Sū.6.33–40, Su.U.64.13cd–21ab and Ca.Sū.6.41–48, Su. U.64.21cd–31 and Ca.Sū.6.9–18, Su.U.64.32–40ab and Ca.Sū.6.22–26, Su.U.64.40cd–46ab and Ca.Sū.6.27–32, Su.U.64.46cd–55ab and Ca.Sū.6.19–21. Seasonal regimen is also described in non-medical texts, for example, the Padmapurāṇa (see H.H. Wilson, 1984: I, 44). See on seasonal festivals and their relevance to medicine: P. Hymavathi (1993a). See on the seasons and seasonal regimen: D. Feller ((1995); J. Gonda (1965): 258; J. Jolly (1901): 38–39 (C.G. Kashikar 46–47); G. Kiem (1982); W. Kirfel (1967): 131; P. Kutumbiah (1969): 132–133; G.J. Meulenbeld (1974): 449–450; V. Raghavan (1972); L. Renou (1948–49), (1950), (1950a); C. Vogel (1971); H. Zimmer (1879): 371–374; F. Zimmermann (1975), (1982a): 47–48. See for examples of the actuality of the topic in contemporary India: M. Nichter (1986): 203–207; A.B. Talāviyā Bhāradvāj (1996a). See on meteorology in ancient India: R. Gangopadhyay (1932): 45–53; A.S. Ramanathan (1993); A.M. Shastri (1959–1960), (1996): II, 495–508; T.M. Srinivasan (1976). See on the half of the year called uttarāyaṇa (= udagayana): K.D. Abhyankar (1988); S.N. Pradhan (1927): 263–264. See on the division of the year: H. Jacobi (1896); H. Oldenberg (1894), (1896): 450–457. See on observations of European travellers on the seasons and their influence on health and disease: Anonymous (1964a): 245.

v2.c29.93

118 See on the two halves of the year, usually called uttarāyaṇa and dakṣiṇāyaṇa: G. Bühler (1888a); P.V. Kane V.1, 491–492; M.A. Mehendale (1995): 232–234 and 250–252; S. Srinivasan (1979): 138; D.G. White (1996): 23–24.

v2.c29.94

119 During visarga the rays of the moon replenish the world, thus restoring it after a period of ādāna by the sun. See about similar beliefs in ancient Greece and Rome: J. Gonda (1965a): 38–70, in particular 45 and 58. See on the moon in Indian culture: M.A. Mehendale (1995): 277–281; J.J. Meyer (1937): vide s.v. Mond.

v2.c29.95

120 Cf. Bhela Sū.6; Su.Ci.24. 121 See on this subject: J.A. Dubois (1947): 329; J.J. Meyer (1952): 231, n.1; Madhu Shukla and S.N. Tripathi (1988); S.N. Tripathi et al. (1981). See on the concept of vega (impetus) in Indian thought: S.N. Sen (1966). 122 In conformity with the distinction of thirteen natural urges, the Suśrutasamhitā (U.55) describes thirteen types of udāvarta, resulting from their suppression. The Carakasamhitā (Sū.19.4), however, enumerates six varieties of udāvarta, caused by the suppression of passing flatus, urination, defecation, ejaculation, vomiting and sneezing. The term udāvarta is absent from Ca.Sū.7.3–5 and Su.U.55.4–6, 7.6 and Su. U.55.9cd–10, 7.7 and Su.U.55.21cd–27, 7.8 and Su.U.55.8cd–9ab, 7.9 and Su.U.55.21ab, 7.10 and Su.U.55.15, 7.11 and Su.U.55.32cd–33, 7.12 and Su.U.55.7–8ab, 7.13 and Su. U.55.20cd, 7.14 and Su.U.55.14cd, 7.15 and Su.U.55.31cd–32ab, 7.16 and Su.U.55.13, 7.17 and Su.U.55.29–30ab, 7.18 and Su.U.55.14ab and 30cd–31ab, 7.19 and Su.U.55.11 and 28ab, 7.20 and Su.U.55.16ab and 34ab, 7.21 and Su.U.55.16cd and 34cd, 7.22 and Su.U.55.12 and 28cd, 7.23 and Su.U.55.17cd and 35cd, 7.24 and Su.U.55.17ab and 35ab. 123 Cf. Bhela Sū.6.7cd–9ab. 124 Cf. Su.Ci.24.38–50ab. 125 Cf. Su.Ci.24.50cd–51ab. 126 Cf. Su.Ci.24.97. See P.V. Sharma (1985e: 84–86) on the interpretation of these verses. 127 Cf. Ca.Vi.6.13–18 and 8.95–100; Bhela Vi.4.7–27. Compare Ca.Sū.7.39–40 and Su.Śā. 4.79. 128 See on some aspects of the Carakasamhitā concerning the preservation of health and the prevention of disease: G.U. Thite (1985). 129 Cf. Bhela Sū.7; Su.Ci.24. See on Ca.Sū.8: S.Ch. Vidyabhusana (1971): 11–12. 130 Five pentads (pañcaka) are described. See on the importance of groups of five in Indian thought: T.N. Chakravarti (1951); D.M. Knipe (1972), (1975): 1–18; N.M. Penzer (1952): 199–202; D.G. White (1996): 32–36, 206–210. The sensory faculties (indriya) are six at Ca.Sū.26.43. 131 Mind is referred to as manas, sattva and cetas (8.4). See on this subject: E.H. Johnston (1974): 50–51; R.F.G. Müller (1959a); A. Roşu (1978). 132 See on these verses: Kaviratna's notes; R.F.G. Müller (1952), (1956a), (1965a), (1965b). See on Cakra's comments ad Sū.8.12: A. Roşu (1978): 199–200. 133 Cf. Su.Ci. 24.89–101. The worship of fire, mentioned in 8.18 and 20, makes P.V. Sharma (1989a: 17 and 32) remark that this is traditionally linked with the Ātharvāṅgirasa school, while it also reminds one of the fire-worship of the Indo-Iranian people (P.V. Sharma supposes Śaka influence to be present in the Carakasamhitā). 134 See on this term, which later also denoted someone killing a brāhmaṇa: G. Bühler (1888b); W. Gampert (1939): 63–64; S.W. Jamison (1991): 216; H. Kern (1888): 52–53; A. Wezler (1994). 135 R.F.G. Müller (1951: 92, n.19) remarks that Sū.8.28 refers to Ṛgveda 10.9. See on the use of mantras in āyurveda: Gulabkunverba I, 437–440; A. Roşu (1986), (1986a), (1988a); G.U. Thite (1982); K.G. Zysk (1989). The literature on mantras in general is extensive; see, for example: H.P. Alper (1989); J. Gonda (1963a); A. Padoux (1975); F. Staal (1996); G. Thompson (1997); E. Thurston (1912): 180–198; A. Wayman (1975). 136 Cakra discusses in this context the tensions between āyurvedic practice and ahiṃsā (non-violence); see on this subject: D. Chattopadhyaya (1979): 381–389. See on ahiṃsā and its

v2.c29.96.1

developments in Indian culture: K.T. Achaya (1994): 55–57; L. Alsdorf (1962); J.S. Alter (1996); C. della Casa (1975–76); C.K. Chapple (1993); L. Dumont (1966): 187–193; R.F. Gombrich (1971): 261–262; J. Gonda (1959): 95–117; W. Halbfass (1991): 87–129; *M. Hara (1984–85); J.C. Heesterman (1984); E. Hofstetter (1980): 10–14; E.W. Hopkins (1907); J.C. Jain (1947): 126–128; P.V. Kane II.2, 944–947; S. Kawasaki (1990); G. Kotturan (1973); C.S. Prasad (1979); T.W. Rhys Davids (1925); H.-P. Schmidt (1968); *F.O. Schrader (1910); P. Schreiner (1979); W. Schubring (1962): 271–274; D. Seyfort Ruegg (1980); G. Spera (1982); O. Strauss (1911); G.H. Sutherland (1997); U. Tähtinen (1983); N.J. Vyas (1983); K. Walli (1974); A. Wezler (1986); R. Williams (1963): 64–71; M. Winternitz (1991a): 697–699. See also the literature on the much discussed last meal of the Buddha (see, for example: Fa Chow, 1942; I.B. Horner, 1963: 247; H. Nakamura, 1996: 20; E. Waldschmidt, 1939). Ahiṃsā is referred to at Ca.Ci.8.188. 137 Cf. Bhela Sū.9; Su.Sū.34.15cd–24. See on Ca.Sū.9.19 and the relationship between its fourfold division of medicine (hetu, liṅga, praśamana, rogāpunarbhava) and the caturvyūha of Yoga: W. Halbfass (1991): 248–249; A. Wezler (1984): 309. 138 Cf. Su.Sū.34. 139 See on the discussion between Maitreya and Ātreya: F. Zimmermann (1984). 140 Compare Ca.Sū.10.3 and Su.U.66.6–9. 141 Cf. Ca.Ni.3.12, 7.18 and 8.34; Su.Sū.10.6 and Sū.23; Gayadāsa ad Su.Ni.1.1–2; A.h.Sū. 1.30–35ab;

v2.c29.96.2

A.s.Sū.2.25cd–33ab; Hāritasamhitā III.2.14–16; Cikitsākalikā 5–8; Ṭoḍara II: 1.104–109. 142 Cf. Bhela Sū.15. 143 See on the three eṣaṇās: S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 405–406, 411–418; S.P. Gupta (1977): 357–388; A.Roşu (1978a). 144 These three eṣaṇās correspond to kāma, artha and dharma as the puruṣārthas of the Hindu trivarga (see Bhela Sū.15.2). Bhela uses the term dharmaiṣaṇā instead of paralokaiṣaṇā. See on paralokaiṣaṇā: G.N. Roerich (1949); E. Steinkellner (1986). See on the trivarga and on the concept of puruṣārtha: M. Biardeau (1972): 57–88, (1981a): 49–76; R.N. Dandekar (1987); J.M. Koller (1968); C. Malamoud (1982), (1996): 109–129; A. Roşu (1978): 110–111, (1978a); *A. Sharma (1982); K.N. Sharma (1986); R. Sundara Rajan (1980); F. Wilhelm (1978). The term trivarga is used at Bhela Sū.15.7 and A.h.Sū.2.30. 145 See on karman and rebirth, for example: W. Halbfass (1991): 291–345; C.F. Keyes and E.V. Daniel (1983); R.W. Neufeldt (1986); W.D. O'Flaherty (1980a). See on karman and rebirth in the Carakasamhitā: M.G. Weiss (1980). 146 See on the heretical views mentioned: D. Chattopadhyaya (1979); Jyotir Mitra (1982): 397–399; R.R. Pathak (1979). The text refers to those upholding nāstikya, to those adhering to the svabhāvavāda, and to the yādṛcchikas (11.6; see also 11.7 and 15; see the commentaries). See on nāstikya and the related philosophies of the Cārvākas and Lokāyatas: P.J. Abs (1932); S.N. Athavale (1971); A.K. Bhattacharyya (1990); W.B. Bollée (1977); G.M.

v2.c29.96.3

Bongard Levin (1977); D. Chattopadhyaya (1959), (1970), (1979): 3, 52, 71–72, 184–185, (1989), (1990); *K.C. Chattopadhyaya (1975); J. Dahlmann (1897); S. Dasgupta (1975): III, 512–550; J.N. Farquhar (1967): 44, 61, 80, 290; E. Frauwallner (1956): 295–309; R. Garbe (1915); H. von Glasenapp (1922): 275–277; J. Gonda (1948a): 157–159, 172; Gopīṇāth Kavirāj (1990); W. Halbfass (1980): 269–271, (1991): 293–294; J.C. Heesterman (1968/69); A. Hillebrandt *(1899), (1916); E.W. Hopkins (1969): 86–90; H. Jacobi (1911), (1919); R.V. Joshi (1987); S.A. Joshi (1995); *C. Kunhan Raja (1963); B.K. Matilal (1987); K.K. Mittal (1974): 22–60; J. Muir (1861); M. Müller (n.d.): 94–104; H. Nakamura (1961); W.D. O'Flaherty (1983); N.C. Pathak (1997); A.M. Pizzagalli (1907); T.W. Rhys Davids (1899): 166–172; A. Roşu (1997b): 434; W. Ruben (1935), (1961): 167–184; B.A. Saletore (1942); H.P. Sastri (1925); I.C. Sharma (1965): 103–120; D.R. Shastri (1931); L. Silburn in L. Renou et J. Filliozat (1953): 74–79; Th. Stcherbatsky (1969); M. and J. Stutley (1977), s.v. Cārvāka and Lokāyata; L. Suali (1908); G. Sundara Ramaiah (1994); G. Tucci (1925), (1971): I, 49–155; L. de la Vallée Poussin (1915); V. Vanamamalai (1970); M. Winternitz III, 447–448 (with references). See also Mādhava's Sarvadarśanasamgraha and Haribhadra's Şaddarśanasamuccaya.

v2.c29.97

147 Parīkṣā is synonymous with pramāṇa here (see Ca.Sū.11.33, where the four pramāṇas are mentioned); the pramāṇas are the means of acquiring correct knowledge. Cf. Ca.Vi.4; 8.33 and 83. See on pramāṇa: M. Hiriyanna (1957): 65–69; E.A. Solomon (1976): 365–461.

v2.c29.98

148 The three forms of anumāna of the Nyāya school, pūrvavat, śeṣavat and sāmānyato dṛṣṭaḥ, are not mentioned by name, but they appear in the examples (11.21–22); see Jyotir Mitra (1982): 53; S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 398–400. See on the three forms of anumāna, for example: G. Oberhammer (1991): 43–60; E.A. Solomon (1976): 376–385; A. Wezler (1969a). See on the pūrvavat type: G. Oberhammer, E. Prets and J. Prandstetter (1996): 169–170.

v2.c29.99

149 One of the proofs advanced, based on pratyakṣa, is the recollection of former existences (jātismaraṇa); see on this subject: P. Demiéville (1927). See on Caraka's defense of paralokaiṣaṇā: S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 406–411.

v2.c29.100

150 The four upastambhas are also referred to in the Bheḷasaṃhitā (Sū.15.9). See on upastambhana (Pali upattambhana) in Buddhist thought: I.B. Horner (1963): 49–50. See on brahmacarya: J.S. Alter (1994a).

v2.c29.101

151 See on this concept: S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 415–418; Y. Krishan (1982); K. Krishnamoorthy (1950); A. Roşu (1978): 108–111. The term is frequent in the Carakasamhitā; see, for example: Ca.Sū.7.52–53; 28.39; Ni.1.3; 7.10 and 21; Vi.3.20; 6.6; Śā.1.102 and 109.

v2.c29.102

154 Ca.Sū.11.49 enumerates many examples of disorders belonging to each of the three categories. Some of these disorders (arśas, gulma, śvayathu, vidradhi, visarpa) are items occurring in two of the three lists. The classification presented here is confusing in other respects too. Prolapse of the rectum (gudabhraṃśa) belongs to the second category, while haemorrhoids (arśāṃsi) are found among the diseases of the first and third categories. Some disorders mentioned (apacī, gaṇḍa and gudabhraṃśa for example) are not described as distinct entities in the Carakasamhitā (see on gudabhraṃśa: Ca.Sū.20.11, Ci.14.36 and 19.43, Si. 6.29 and 85; Su.Ni.13.61 and Ci.20.61–63; A.h.Ci.9.48cd–54; the disorder is also called gudaṃhiśaraṇa: Ca.Ci.14.133 and 19.42). Compare Cakra's remarks.

v2.c29.103

155 See on sattvāvajaya: A.R.V. Murthy and R.H. Singh (1987); K. Nespor and R.H. Singh (1986); S. Rastogi and R.H. Singh (1995). Compare on ancient psychotherapy in general: C. Gill (1985).

v2.c29.104

156 Compare the thirty-two internal and thirty-two external remedial measures of Siddha medicine (see F.-H. Richter and G. Thoss, 1986).

v2.c29.105

158 P.V. Sharma: extraction.

v2.c29.106

160 See on this chapter: D. Chattopadhyaya (1979): 263–269; J. Filliozat (1975): 161–170 (edition and French translation, with notes and comments); R.F.G. Müller (1951): 49–53

v2.c29.107

(German translation); R.P. Trivedi (1982). Cf. Bhela Sū.16 and Su.Ni.1. J. Filliozat (1975) has discussed the possible relationships between the Indian doctrines on vāta and the pneumatic school of Greek medicine. See on this pneumatic school: M. Wellmann (1895). See on the evolution of the concept of pneuma: G. Verbeke (1945). See on kalā and akalā: R.F.G. Müller (1962). P.V. Sharma (1970a: 15) is of the opinion that the mature (prauḍha) style of Ca.Sū.12 shows it to be a contribution of Caraka to the Agniveśatantra.

v2.c29.108

162 See on Vāta and Vāyu as deities: J. Filliozat (1975): 51–66; A.B. Keith (1976); M.R. Majumdar (1955); H. Oldenberg (1923): 89–90, 227–228; W. Ruben (1961): 95–104 and 128–156; N.J. Shende (n.d.): 91–94; S. Wikander (1941).

v2.c29.109

163 Cakra mentions two interpretations of kalā and akalā: these terms are either equivalents of guṇa and doṣa, or kalā means a minute (sūkṣma) part and akalā its opposite. See the critical remarks of J. Filliozat (1975: 164–165).

v2.c29.110

168 Sneha(na) and sveda(na) form the preparatory procedures (pūrvakarman) of pañcakarman. See on pūrvakarman, a term also designating pre-operative measures in general: G.N. Chaturvedi (1971): 99–100; P.J. Deshpande et al. (1966).

First 148 of 3,321 passages. Read on

Linked texts (41)