Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c33: Index

Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c33

Language: English

c33.80 — 4 parts
c33.679 — 4 parts

Index

c33.1

Abhimanyu, military prowess of, 338, 339 *Abhiniveśa*, explanation of, 313 Abhipratārin Kāksha-seni, Later Vedic teacher, 118 *Abhyāsa* (Practice), 305, 307; aim of, 305; measures for achieving, 311; must be confirmed and established on stable basis, 305 Abidharma, Doctors of, 528 Absolute, the, description as Indra, 44; expansion into on part of the individual, xxiii; final dissolution in, 13; hymns expressing conception of, 40, 41; knowledge of, preparation for attainment to, 99; meditation upon, 264; method of comprehending nature of, 113; various expressions of conception of, 45 Absolutistic school of thought, Yoga capable of assimilation in, 286 Abstract, progress to from concrete, 297 Academic activities higher, 253; titles in Nālandā university, 569 Academies of Science, 367 *Āchārya*, Brahmanical teacher, 406; education under, 219; functions of, 406; kind of teacher defined by title, 200, superior in charge of monks' education, 402; (Preceptor), education under, 219; no acceptance of fees by, 219; praise of, 68; term used to indicate highest type of teacher, 238; conduct of ceremony of monkhood by, 541 Act of Subordination, 447 Action, organs of, emergence from plane of *Manars*, 292 Activity, righteous or unrighteous, three kinds of, 276 Actors (Natas), originators of literature bearing upon, 240 *Adbhūta*, supplement to *Tāṇḍya*, 74 *Adhikāsa* (Gradations of capacity), doctrine of, 286 Adhvaryu, priest of old Rigvedic religion, 61, 62; prayer-book of, 64 *Adhyayana*, meaning of, as applied to teaching, 239 *Adi-Purusha*, hymn to (Purusha-Sukta), 46 *Aditi*, manifestation of, 42; and *Diti*, distinction between (footnote), 42 Administration, one principal duty of Kshatryas, 152, 153 Admonition in ceremony of initiation of pupils to Upanayana, 182 Afantu, number of monasteries and Brethren in, 522 Afflictions, five, enumerated, 297 Āgama, attributes of, 299; two features of, 299; value as source of knowledge, 299; verbal instruction, 299 Āgamas, Non-Vedic, 283, 284 *Agnātajnāpanam*, 6 Agni, attributes of, 13, 14 five peoples offering sacrifice to, 52; identification with *Prajapāti*, 10; (or Fire), 7 Agnihotra, ceremony of, xxix; oblation, offering of, 103; worship of Agni, 14, 15 *Agrahāra*, settlement of learned Brahmans, 372 Agrahara of Talgunda, settlement of Brahmin families in, 372 Agriculture, chief pursuit of Vaiśyas, 154; Director of in Ancient India (Kautilya), 365; progress in during Rigvedic Age, 56 *Ahaṁkāra* (Empirical Ego), function of, 293, 294; self-appropriation by, 294; (self-consciousness), 290 Āhavā, earliest Mantra, 3; meaning of, 3; reply to, 3 Ahichchhatra, Buddhist monasteries and Brethren at, 513 Ahiṁsa, Buddhist doctrine of, Brahmanical, 393 Ahinā Āśvatthya, Later Vedic teacher, 119 Ajodyā, number of monasteries and Brethren at, 514 *Aitareya Āraṇyaka*, mention in, of three ways of reciting the Rigveda, 26, 27; regulations governing Vedic studies (quoted), 94, 95; *Brāmana*, geographical origin of, 141; contents of, 74; doctrines of kept secret, 74; of Upanishads in Rigveda, 74; works of, 73 Aitareyakam Āśvalāyana, text of, 73 Aitareyins, *Brāhmaṇa* of, 81; school of, 73

c33.2

*Aitihāsikas*, 107 Ajantā Caves, 521 Ajātaśatru, Later Vedic teacher, 118 *Ajina*, uniform of students at Upanayana, 178 *Ahāśa*, 263; meditation on Self as, 263 Ākāśa, Hindu ether, nature contrasted with scientific ether (footnote), 49, *Akshara*, 28; meaning of (footnote), 28 Āktākshya, later Vedic teacher, 119 *Ākyāna*, 107; memorial verse, 73 Ālārā Kālāma, xxxii; first instructor of the Buddha, 386, 387 Algebra, origin of, 168 Alms-begging at end of studentship forbidden (footnote), 99 Alms-bowl, material of which made, 415 Alphabets, evolution of, 27; learning of, commencement, 173 Altar, *see* Fire altar Alyaṁhas Āruṇi, Later Vedic teacher, 118 Ambapālī, courtesan, hostess of the Buddha, 420, 421 *Amūrta*, aspect of Brahma without form, 158, 159 *Ānanda*, third stage of *Samādhi*, 297 Ānandapura, number of monasteries and Brethren in, 521 *Ānantaryārtha*, course of preparatory training, 262 Anupamā, woman leader of Buddhism, 465 Anasūyā, wife of Ṛishi Atri, Plate III, *facing* p. 24 Anāthapiṇḍika, merchant prince, host of the Buddha, 420 Anatomy, foundation of, how laid, 168 Ancestors, debt to, mode of payment, 69 Andhra and Vengi, image of the Buddha in large monastery in, 519; large number of monasteries and Brethren in, 519 Aṅga subjects, specialization in, 229 Aṅgas, increase in number, 224; study of, requisite, 228; or factors of Yoga enumerated, 264, 265; Vedic, giving rise to allied sciences, 168; separate development of, 168 Anichin Mauna, Later Vedic teacher, 118 Animals, sacrifice of, disapproved by Vedic religion, 11,—how replaced, 12 *Anna* (Food), importance of in functioning mind, 113 Antiseptic remedies, strong evidence pointing to use of, 471

c33.3

*Anu-Brāhmaṇas*, reference to by Pāṇini, 233 *Anudātta*, Vedic Svara, 63, 64 *Anukramaṇīs*, Vedic indices, 168 *Anumāna*, functions of, 298, 299; (Inference), 276, 277 Anupamā, member of Order of Nuns, 465 Anus, Vedic settlement, 54 *Anuśāna*, subject of study, 106 *Anuvāchana*, rules for Vedic study, 195 Anuvāka, reason for use of word (footnote), 193; study of, when forbidden, 193 Anuvakas, 195 *Anuvyākhyāna* (Glosses), 107 *Anvākhyāna*, meanings of, 107 Apāchyas, the, 142 *Aparā* (all knowledge except highest), 110 *Apara-Vairāgya*, 306 Āpastamba, ceremony connected with Vedic study recorded by, 195; definition of Brāhmaṇa texts by, 6; on life-long studentship, 198; punishment of pupils, 202 *Āpastambas*, the, 87 *Āpastambina Dharma-Sūtra*, important contents of, 227 Aphorisms, *see* Kalpa literature Apprehension or knowing, act of, 301 Apprentices living with masters, advantages of system, 351, 352; penalty incurred to masters for employing them in work not connected with training, 350 Apprenticeship, formal extension of, when requisite, 351; industrial, rules of as given by Nārada, 352; treated as a contract, 350; rules of, 349 Āpri Sūktas (propitiatory hymns), 19 *Ārā* (instrument of writing), 28 Ārāma, baths in, 441, surrounding Viharās, 440 *Araṇas*, definition of, 6; philosophical speculations of, 6 Āraṇyaka, explanation of, 6 *Āraṇyakas*, forest-portions of Brāhmaṇas, 72; of Rigveda, 74; problems discussed in early legends of, 151 *Araṇyas*, forest home of *Araṇa* ascetics, 6 *Ārchika*, verses in Sāmaveda, 62 Arguments, specious, 278 Arhat Mahākātyāna, old monastery built by, 522 Arhats in Kashmir, 511 Aristocracy, leaning towards in ancient Buddhism, 389

c33.4

Aristotle, concept of entelechy, 290; relation between form and matter, 290 Arithmetic (*Rāśi*), 108 Arjuna, best pupil of Droṇa, 338; prowess in art of fighting attained by, 338 Arms, instruction in use of given to Pāṇḍu and Kuru princes, 338 Ārshṭisena, student failing in scholarship, 333 Arthaśāstra, explanation of, 170; of Kauṭilya, education as described in, 246,—information regarding arts and crafts of ancient India furnished by, 363; schools of, 248; significance of name of, 248 (footnote) *Arthavāda*, nature of, 72; part of subject-matter of Brāhmaṇa texts, 5; part of Veda, supplementary to Vidhi, 6 Arts and crafts according to Pāli Texts, 363; (Kalās) sixty-four, referred to in literature, 353 *et. seq.*; of ancient India, information regarding in Arthaśāstra of Kauṭilya, 363; Vihāra as school of, 444 Aruṇa Aupaveśi Gautama, Later Vedic teacher, 118 Āruṇeya Svetaketu, or Auddālaki, Later Vedic teacher, 119 Āruṇi, ideal student, 332 Ārya Deva, Buddhist literary celebrity associated with University of Nālandā, 557; works of, 576 Aryan speech, classical Sanskrit regarded as distinct standard of, 225 Āryavarma from Korea, 578 *Āsana* (Prescribed Postures) as aid to Yoga, 315 *Āsanam* (Sitting) connected with practice of *Yoga*, 115 Ascetic (Vānaprastha), 221, 222; life and worldly life in monasteries, separation between, 408; orders, already existing, disciples of the Buddha drawn from, 385; non-Buddhist before rise of Buddhism, 393; pre-Buddhist Brahmanical, 381 Ascetics (Bhikshus) originators of literature bearing upon, 240; Order of, middle path followed by, 409; Buddhist Order of, only one among others flourishing at the time, 408; classes of, 241; consecration of their lives to learning, 506; of Buddhism, class of humanity to which belonging, 409; Orders of, points of agreement as regards practice, 408, 409; property of, 257 Asceticism, enjoinment of, 97, 98; proving success of Indian education, 506; value attaching to, 282 *Ashkara-Purusha* (Eternal Being), 10 Ashṭāṅga-yoga (Loss of consciousness of external objects), 264 *Ashṭasāhasrikā-Prajñāpāramitā*, copies made of, 563 Āśmarathya, Sūtra teacher, 171 Aśmārohaṇa, ceremony during initiation of students to Upanayana, 181 *Asmitā*, explanation of, 312; fourth stage of *Samhādī*, 297 Asoka, Edict of, censuring predominance of ceremonies in Buddhist life, 393 Asokan rock-edicts (footnote) 100 Āśrama, 157; fourth, of life as wandering mendicant, 264; fully equipped, departments enumerated, 333; of Bharadvāja at Prayāga, 343, 344; third and fourth, of life, examples of, 157 Āśramas, discipline of, 262; of life, four, 97, 157, 269, 392; discipline of progressively realizing idea of renunciation, 377, 378; observance of rule regarding, upon whom binding, 378; recruits of ascetics and monks under operation of law of, 380; principles underlying, 326; student residents of, 343; three Orders of, 221; use of for learned discourses, 343 Astrology, origin of, 168 Astronomy (*Bhūta-Vidyā*), 108; growth of, origin, 226; (*Jyotisha*) foundation of, how laid, 66; knowledge of, why necessary, 167; sixth Vedāṅga, 167; (*Nakshatra-Vidyā*), 108; origin of 168 Asuras, non-Aryans, 22 Āsuri, later Vedic teacher, 120 Aśvala, later Vedic teacher, 119 Aśvalāyana, 73; origin of name, 711 Āśvalāyanas, 86 Aśvapati Kaikeya, Later Vedic teacher, 119 Aśvapati Kaikeya, King, boast of, (footnote) 102 Āśvayalāna text of Aitareyakam, 73 *Atha*, interpretation of term, 265; sense in which word is used, 261, 262 Atharva, Vedic Saṁhitā, 3 *Atharvāṅgirisaḥ*, explanation of, 109 Atharvaveda, 66, 505; institution of *Brahmacharya* expounded in, 66;

c33.5

herbal remedies for diseases mentioned in, 66; domestic rites at birth, marriage, or death expounded in, 66; hymn describing *Brahmacharya* in, 67; material composing, 66; oldest work on Indian medicine, 66; recension of (*Paippaladaka*), 244; reference to supernatural powers obtained by austerities, 284

c33.6

Atharvaveda, large and indefinite number of Upanishads attributed to, 76

c33.7

Atheistic school of thought, Yoga capable of assimilation in, 286

c33.8

Atidhaman Śaunaka, Later Vedic teacher, 118

c33.9

Atiśa, liberality of, 592

c33.10

*Ātmā* (the Absolute), hymn referring to, 41; (*Ātmavit*), xxxiii

c33.11

Atman, the, 258, 259; attainment of, xxxiv; benefit from knowledge of, xxxiii; doctrine of, 377; disagreement of the Buddha with, 386 (and footnote 386); knowledge of, 112,—attainment, 98, 99,—means of acquiring, 159; meditation on, 156; realization of, 156; rise of conception of, 375; or Self, "seeing" of, xxxii; revelation of, 138; self-identity with knowledge of, 115; supreme reunion of natural *ātman* with, 112; truth about, how threshed out, 135; Ultimate Truth, 307

c33.12

Austerities, practised by pupils, 216

c33.13

Authors, ordinary, of ordinary works, 240

c33.14

Avaraśilā Monastery renowned, 527

c33.15

*Āvasthas*, student residents of, 343

c33.16

*Avidyā* (Ignorance), 110; forms in which manifested, 312; and *Vidyā*, difference between, 280, 281

c33.17

Awareness becoming an attribute of self, 302; generalized of each sense department, 292; simple sensory qualities appearing as sensory movements of, 291

c33.18

Ayodhyā as centre of culture, 343; Dramatic Societies at, 343; educational institutions at, 343; Ladies' Clubs at, 343; number of monasteries and Brethren at, 514

c33.19

Ayurveda, 505; (Medical Science) Upanayana Ceremony for study of, 345, 346; open to the study of all castes, 346

c33.20

Babhru Daivāvṛidha, Later Vedic teacher, 127; Kaumbhya, Later Vedic teacher, 127

c33.21

Bādarayāna, disallows arguments for study of Veda by Sūdras, 267; *Śārīraka*, or *Uttara Mīmāṁsā* or *Vedānta* of, sixth system of philosophy, 259, 260; work of in relation to Vedantic thought, 271

c33.22

Bādhva, Later Vedic teacher, 127

c33.23

*Bahuśruta*, highest title conferred on Bhikshu, 544; master of grammatical science, 540

c33.24

Bahvṛicha-*Brāhmaṇa* of Rigveda, how originally appearing, 81

c33.25

Balaputradeva, King, benefactor to Nālandā, 562

c33.26

Bamian, Buddhist monasteries in, 508

c33.27

Baragaon, modern, Nālandā identified with, 557

c33.28

Barbara Prāvāhani, Later Vedic teacher, 127

c33.29

Barku Vārshṇa, Later Vedic teacher, 127

c33.30

Barth, on Buddhism (quoted), 374

c33.31

Bāshkalas, 86

c33.32

Basta Ramakāyana, Later Vedic teacher, 127

c33.33

Bathing, rules for, 441, 442

c33.34

Baths, in Ārāma, 441; in Buddhist University, 570

c33.35

Bāvari, famous Brahman teacher, 382

c33.36

Begging, Brāhmanas, ignorant of Veda and subsisting by, punishment of village on account of, 208; collection of gifts for teacher by, 203; duty of Brahmachāri, 184; duty of, effect on pupil, xxx; for teachers in Vedic education, 93; manner of, how regulated, 417; proceeds of, students, to be maintained by, 331; regulations of Buddhist Order as to, 414

c33.37

Belgame, centre of education in Ancient Mysore, 372; medical dispensaries at, 373; subjects of study at, as recorded in inscriptions, 372

c33.38

Benares, King, recovery after treatment of dysentery regarded as hopeless, 472

c33.39

Bergson, *Morality and Religion* (quoted), xxv, xxviii; withdrawal of mind from world of matter, xxv

c33.40

Bezwada, *see* Dhanakaṭaka

c33.41

Bhadanta, appointed to supply literary needs of Hiuen Tsang, 526

c33.42

*Bhādra-Lakshmi* (Goddess of Good), 59

c33.43

Bhadravihāra, college of, 526, 527

c33.44

Bhagiratha in Meditation (Mamallapuram), Plate XII, *facing* p. 308

c33.45

Bhandarkar, Sir R. G., account of Vaidiks given by, 228, 229

c33.46

*Bhārata*, original epic story, 325

c33.47

Bharatas, land of, 144 ; Vedic settlement, 54 Bhārhut, Hermitage Scene (Plate X), *facing* p. 21, sculptures, hermitages in, Plate V, *facing* p. 68 ; Plate VI, *facing* p. 314 ; Plate VII, *facing* p. 157 ; Plate XIV, *facing* p. 333 ; Plate XV, *facing* p. 344 Bharoch, number of monasteries and Brethren in, 521 Bhartṛihari, scholar, 540 ; self-reproach of, 545 *Bhartṛihari-Śāstra*, commentary, 540 Bhikkhu, appointment as "bullion-remover", 411 ; single, *Vihāra* originally apartment for, 438 ; solitary, hut for use of, 437 Bhikkhus allowed to accept presents of robes, 432 ; use of mat, rug, or other clothing, 433 ; diet permitted to, 416, 417 ; footwear of, 433 ; living in forest, solitude of, 458, 459 ; nakedness of, denounced by the Buddha, 430, 431 ; probation of (*parivāsa*), 446 ; rebuke to by the Buddha for neglect in nursing sick brother, 428 ; refusal to partake of hospitality rebuked by the Buddha, 421 ; regular and special teachers of, 451, 452 ; sick, special attentions to be paid to, 429,—summons for aid in sickness must be obeyed, 429 ; spurious teachers of, 452 ; standing invitations to, 419 ; tabooing of Sanskrit in studies of, 449 ; teaching of, mainly oral, 450, 451 ; use of loom apparatus permitted to, 445 ; *see also* Chhabbaggiya Bhikkhus *Bhikhunī*, Buddhist precursor of, 393 *Bhikshu-sūtra*, meaning of, 231 Bhikshus, acquirement of both religious and secular literature by, 544, 545 ; (Ascetics) originators of literature bearing upon, 240 ; discussion of Yoga texts with Hiuen Tsing, 527 ; duties and promotion of, 544 ; housing of under Buddhism, 393 ; of Ceylon, visit to Kāñchipura, 520 ; or monks, secular occupations open to, 353 Bhīma Vaidarbha, Later Vedic teacher, 227 Bhīsma as teacher of Kuru and Pāṇḍu princes, 337 *Bhūḥ*, first stage in creation, 9 Bhujya Lāhyāyani, Later Vedic teacher, 227

c33.48

Bhūta-Yajña, performance of, 13 *Bhūtas*, 290 ; (Five great elements) how differing from sensory qualities, 292 *Bhuvaḥ*, second stage of creation, 9 *Bikshuṇīs*, women who were, 343,—best example of, 343 Birds as aid to study at Taxila, 485 Birth, marriage, or death, domestic rites at, expounded in *Atharvaveda*, 66 Bloomfield, oldest parts of the Rigveda (quoted), 18 ; on Mantra and Brahmana (quoted) (footnote), 2 Bodhisattva, career of the Buddha as, scenes depicted on wall of temple, 521 Body, dependence upon, for functioning of mind, 113 Bolor, Buddhist monasteries at, 510 Bowl, turning down as sign of boycott against householder, 417 Boycott against householder supplying food, how signified, 417 Boyhood, age marking the end of, 339 Brahma, Creation originating with desire of, 9 ; definition of, 1, 2 ; only knowledge of through Veda, 2 ; rise of conception of, 375 ; (Supreme Being), 7 ; two aspects of, with form and without form, 158 Brahmā (priest), duty and status of, 4, 5 ; responsible for success and efficacy of Yajña, 5 *Brahmachārī*, courses of discipline undergone by, 67, 68 ; general term for pupil, 238 ; *see also* Pupil ; *see also* Students at Upanayana Brahmachārin, begging the duty of, 184 ; service of to teacher, 185 Brahmachārins, rules for, 330 ; rules for, 393 Brahmachāris, Associations of, 343 Brahmachāris secular students in monasteries, 546 *Brahmacharya*, description of in *Atharvaveda*, 67 ; educational discipline for *Brahmavādinīs*, 51 ; evidence respecting contained in *Yajurveda*, 69 ; girls permitted to enter state of, 69 ; institution of expounded in *Atharvaveda*, 67 ; observance of, 394 ; reference to in Sūtras, 280 ; study of Vedic texts under discipline of, 262 ; widening of conception of scope of, 96 *Brahma-language*, name for Sanskrit, 537 Brahman, the, 258, 259 ; caste, right to renunciation not belonging exclusively to, 378; inquiry into, under course of study outlined by Nimbārka, 266; knowledge of, attainment, 262; knowledge of, how differing from knowledge of Dharma, 269,—prerequisites to, 95, 96, 97; ladies, attendance of at learned conferences and discussions, 138; priest of old Rigvedic religion, 61; priests, kind of instruction given by, 138; seeker after knowledge of, how far bound by regulations of social life, 268; study of Vedic texts dealing with, 262

c33.49

Brahmans going forth as mendicants (footnote), 138; honour paid to by the Buddha, 390, 391; legal sanction, 391; learned settlement of (Agrahāra), 372; learned colonies of, 371; participation in heterodox philosophical controversies, 381

c33.50

*Brāhmaṇa* and *Mantra* portions of Veda, differentiation between, 5

c33.51

Brāhmana caste, variety of occupations in respect of, 152

c33.52

Brāhmaṇa-Charaṇas, 80, 81; and Veda Dharma-Sūtras included longer in studies of, 226; education of castes other than, 151; enjoinment of knowledge of the Self to, xxxiv; explanation of, 5; literature characteristic of, 7,—how taught and transmitted, 76; meaning of, 108; of Atharvaveda, 76; of the Tāṇḍins, 81; part of literature composing Veda, 2; period, culture of, geographical background, 140,—culture of, home and headquarters, 140,—of literature, principal activity, 162; -Samghas, *see* Learned assemblies; Schools (Charaṇas) studies of, Dharma-Sūtras included longer in, 226; texts, two-fold subject-matter of, 6,—variations in, preserved by respective Charaṇas, 81

c33.53

Brāhmaṇahood, qualifications for, 158

c33.54

Brāhmaṇas, age of, for Upanyana, 174, 175; first duty of, 327; instructors of internal and external students, 155; intellectual leaders controlling education, 155; neglectful and ignorant of Veda, subsisting by begging, punishment of village on account of, 208; of Aitareyins and Kaushitakins, differences exhibited by, 81; of Sāmaveda, 74; original whence compiled, 81; originally one body of, for each of the three Vedas, 80, 81; settlement of (*parishads*), 82; sharing in intellectual activity, 259; work of at learned assemblies, 33; wide scope of intellectual interests and activities of, 155

c33.55

Brāhmaṇas, all that is necessary in, contained in *Sūtras*, 164; compilations or digests of, 77; development of variety of texts under system of oral tradition, 80; language of, 59; analysis of subject-matter of, 72; forest-portions of, 72; literature of priesthood, 71; lost to posterity, enumerated, 76; of Rigveda, 73; relation of *Śrauta Sūtras* to, 165; purpose of, 7; subjects dealt with in, 72

c33.56

Brahmaṇaspati, one aspect of god of all gods, 259

c33.57

Brahmanical Ascetic Orders, pre-Buddhist, 381,—pre-Buddhist, characteristics of, 381, 382; ascetic sects meeting the Buddha at discussions, 453; education, 1 et seq.,—Hiuen-Tsang's account of, 504; education, what is emphasized by, 393; forms of monachism, 377, 378; learning, Nālandā University still seat of in fifth century A.D., 558; monasticism; exclusive character of followers of, 378, 379; features of, 377, 378, 379; religion and learning, centre of (Kāmārupa), 518; religion representation, 584; schemes of life as influencing Buddhist schemes, 376; schools, passport for admission to, 205; system, monarchical in principle, 462; studies, range of at Nālandā University, 566; system of studentship, resemblance of Pabbajjā to, 395, 396; system, spread of, 141;—rise of, 367; the Buddha a product of, 386; teacher (Āchārya), 393; and Buddhist distinction between, how marked, 399; and Buddhist education, features of difference between, 459; studies at Buddhist university, 566; and Buddhist system of training, begging for food common to, 414

c33.58

Brahmanism, ascendancy of, 504; centres of, 514; general attitude of Buddhism towards, 389; many sects of, 504; method of treating religion, 393; predominance over Buddhism during I-tsing's period, 536, 537; vitality of, 505,—(Hiuen Tsang's testimony), 505; and Buddhism, conflict between arising, 163,—doctrines common to, 374, 375,—religion of, contrasted, 392

c33.59

Brahmapura, state of Buddhism at, 513

c33.60

*Brahma-rāshtra*, name for India in time of I-tsing, 537

c33.61

Brahmarāshtra, name for India in time of I-tsing, 537

c33.62

Brahmarshis, land of, 142

c33.63

*Brahmavādins*, duty of, 241

c33.64

Brahma Vādinīs, educational system of which products, 51; Rigvedic women-rishis, 208; (Women Rishis), 51

c33.65

*Brahma-Vidyā*, explanation of, 110

c33.66

Brahmin families, descent of, 83, 84; real ancestors of, 84; life of, one of study, 327; method of ascertaining to which *Gotra* his family belongs, 84; teachers, dependence of Kshatryas upon for instruction, 153

c33.67

Brahmins, converted, formerly Buddhists, 505; education of, duties and rules summarized, 329, 330; genealogical lists for, how preserved, 83; in distress, occupations permitted to (footnote), 329; learned, of Kuru-Pañchāla country, renown of, 141; occupations degrading to (footnote), 329; representing intellectual and spiritual interests of the community, 152; and Kshatrya Kings, link of close connection between, 153

c33.68

Branch of a tree, compared to edition of a book, 78

c33.69

Breakfast of Buddhist monks, 553

c33.70

Breath, regulation of, 311

c33.71

Brethren, Buddhist, assemblies of, value, 531; establishment of at Takshaśilā, 510; hierarchy of each community of, 530; in monastery at Sākala, 511; inmates of monasteries in Kashmir, 511; of Lokattaravādin school, 508; seen by Hiuen-Tsang in India, 508–522

c33.72

Brihadāraṇyaka Upanishad in Yajurveda, 75; on search for highest knowledge (quoted), xxxiv; (quoted), xxix

c33.73

Brihaspati, invocation of, 60; on gain of learning (quoted), 252; one aspect of god of all gods, 259

c33.74

Bronzes of Nālandā, influence of, on Javanese art, 585

c33.75

Buddha, the, abstinence practised by, 388; career of as Bodhisattva, scenes depicted on wall of temple, 521,—of continuous round of debates and discussions, 452, 453; caste of no significance to, 392; chief women disciples of, 464; composition of inner circle of disciples of, 389, 390; converts of, sources from whence drawn, 384, 385; democratic spirit of, how finally expressed, 379; dictation of forms in which property would be acceptable by, 412, 413; disagreement with the doctrine of the Ātman, 386 (and footnote, 386); disciples of, drawn from already existing ascetic orders, 385; first instructor of, Ālāra Kālāma, 386; giver of last meal to, 422; healing miracle performed by, 423; honour paid to Brāhmans by, 390, 391; image of, in large monastery in Andhra, 519,—installation in monasteries, 549, 550; Indian sects or schools in the time of (footnote), 383; medical treatment of, by Jīvaka, 470; met at discussions by Buddhist Brahmanical sects, 453; monastic cults developing long anterior to age of, 380; most noteworthy journey ever made by mortal, made by (footnote), 386; nakedness of the Bhikkhus denounced by, 430, 431; notable hosts of, 420; on non-recognition of caste in Buddhist initiation, 395; physician appointed to (Jīvaka), 427 469,; prayer of Mahābrahmā as granted by, 380; product of Brahmanical, system, 386; proper meal for in his condition of prolonged fasting, 427; reason for renunciation of the world, 392; rebuke to Bhikkus for neglect in nursing sick brother, 428,—for refusing to partake of hospitality, 421; religion of, preached through popular speech, 449; restatement of Vedic or Brahmanical religion as enounced by, 377; reputed last words of (footnote), 379; saying of regarding the life of holiness, 379; sixty-two systems of philosophy mentioned by, 259; special appellation of, 384; Suttas or Sermons supposed to have been preached by, 259; teachers of, 388 (and footnote 388); tooth-relic of, 511; turning-point in life of, 409 walking exercise of, 551

c33.76

Buddhahood, or enlightenment, training for, xxxi

c33.77

Buddhakīrti, Nālandā scholar, 578

c33.78

*Buddhi* (Intellect), relation to object perceived, 293; of Sāṁkhya, taken to be same as *Chitta* of Yoga, 301; function of, 294; product of (*Ahaṁkāra*), 290

c33.79

Buddhism, adoption of Brahmanical practices by, 393; adoption of Brahmanical system of fasting on select days, 393; ancient, leaning towards aristocracy lingering in, 389; as phase of Hinduism, 374; cause of decline of in India, 460; centres of, 522; compassionate attitude towards poor and miserable of all classes, 164; conditions created by, 163; disapproval of positive and artificial additions to the sum of life's sufferings, 409; dogmatics of, sources, 376; flourishing state in Kashmir, 510,—in Udra, 519; general attitude towards Brahmanism, 389; great impetus given to by King Harshavardana, 513; great increase in at Kanyākubja since time of Fa-Hien, 513; Hindu social reform not sought by, 391; housing of Bhikshus under, 393; in decline at Sravasti, 514; Hindu social reform not sought for by, 391; in Dravida country, 520; included in systems of thought subscribing to common Indian view of life, 376; introduction into Kashmir, 511; leaders of, some of greatest produced by monasteries, 526; monasteries admitting monks of different schools of, 529; monachism not a monopoly of, 377; non-Buddhist Ascetic Orders before rise of, 393; not a new religion, 374; Order of Nuns not an innovation of, 393; predominance of Brahmanism over, during I-tsing's period, 536, 537; preparation of way for in Indian thought, 375; rise of, 367,—as new school of thought, 163; rooted deeply in pre-existing systems of Hindu thought, 374; schools of, 504; weaknesses of, 397 (footnote); women leaders of, 464; and Brahmanism, conflict between arising, 163,—doctrines common to, 374, 375,—religion of contrasted, 392

c33.80.1

Buddhist Age nurtured by sylvan surroundings, xxxv; canonical classification of mankind, 409; Church and Community, foundation of, how laid, 376; or Community, organization of, upon what based, 376, 377; College, most celebrated, of ancient India, 509; congregation, early, constitution of, 386; Convents, good work of, 466; doctrine of Ahiṁsā, Brahmanical, 393; ecclesiastics, large number in Nepal, 516; education, 374 *et seq.,*—account of given by Hiuen Tsang, 508,—part played by women in, 462, 463,—rules of, 394; system of, 394 *et seq.,*—use made of dialectic skill and ability, 454; establishments in Nagarakot, 509,—large number in Vaiśālī country, 516; initiation, non-recognition of caste in, 395; limitations to solitary life, 458, 459; literary celebrities associated with University of Nālandā, 557; methods of education, 530; Monasteries, admission of unordained students to, 545; at Bolor, 510; admission of non-Buddhist students to, 545; breadth of culture in, 546; charge of, by monks, 550; dependence of laity for religious education upon, 467; dilapidated, in Gandhāra, 509; education outside, 466; following unlawful practices, 554; higher education at, how determined, 528; in Bamian, 508; in India, seen by Hiuen Tsang, 508–522; in Kashmir, 511; menial and administrative staff of, 552; owning too much wealth, 553; permitted to supply monks with clothing from produce of their lands, 554, 555; properties which could or could not be lawfully owned by, 555;

c33.80.2

pupils in, daily duties of, 542, 543; specialized priestly studies in, 542; spread of higher education by means of, 532; successful, 547,—best products of, 547; 410; worship of images, chaityas, and stūpas in, 549, 550; why not confined to monks only, 546; and monks in India visited by Hiuen-Tsang, 508–522; monastery, constitution of, 446; monastic life and discipline, particular ascetic ideal of mean or "middle path" in, 409; monasticism, two bases of, 409, 410; monkhood, admission to, rules for, 540; renunciation of, rules for, 402; Monks, admitted or expelled, names of entered in register, 551; ailments of, to be prescribed for, 426; as pupils, number of, regulation 406; change of monasteries by 550; change of retreat by, 435 clothing of, regulations regarding, 429, 430; daily duties as pupils, 403; dietary of, 415, 552; duty of nursing sick brethren, 428, 429; entering upon Vassa, 435; excess of meals at invitations, 553; expulsion of pupils by teachers, 405; games and sports of, 447; grading of, 543, 544; help of to spiritual life, 553; in India, seen by Hiuen-Tsang, 508–522; instruction of, 446 *et seq.*; invitations by Corporation to, 419; invitations of Corporations to, 419; manner of eating prescribed for, 418; manual or menial work of, how controlled, 531; meals of, 425; measurement of time for regulating days' duties of, 553; medicines to be used by, 425, 426; of different grades, studies of, 448, 449; ordered to travel on business of Saṁgha, 436;

c33.80.3

ordination ceremony for, 541; permission of meat dinner to, 416; physical exercise of, 550, 551; pupils helping teachers, 405; residences of, 434 *et seq.*; resort to rest-houses for meals, 419; seeking solitude of forests for meditation, 457; spiritual exercises of, 531; studies of, 541, 542; termination of studentship, 405; those who were not to be entertained by, 420; when permitted to travel in rains, 436; Order, attraction of undesirable characters to, 461; discipline of, 414 *et seq.*; method of voting at, 400; quorum at meeting of, 400; regulations as to food and begging, 414; useful as solution of problem of poverty, 460; and Church, ceremony of initiation into, 394, 395; Order or Community, exceptions becoming rule with, 378; Priests, study of logic by, 542; and the Church, restrictions to admission, 396, 397; qualification for the religious teacher or leader, demands of, 528; sages at Pushkarāvati, 509; schemes of life as influenced by Brahmanical, 376; Scholars forthcoming from monasteries of Gandhāra, 509; resident in Parvata, 522; scholars, gradation of, 530; Schools, particular, to which Universities severally belonged determining course of higher education there, 528, 529; Sisters of Mercy, 465; society, constitution of, 392; system, republican or democratic, 462; texts revealing economic life, 352; University, admission, 563; benefactions, 561; concentration on study, 563; democratic management, 570; fifteen hundred teachers in charge of 8,500 students, 565;

c33.80.4

free education at, 563; one hundred lectures per day, 566; standard of scholarship, 565; time-table, 569; works, texts of in India collected by I-tsing, 536; thought, controversy and discussion between different schools of, 530; and Brahmanical system of education, distinction between, how marked, 399, 459; system of training, begging for food common to, 414

c33.81

Buddhists, converted Brahmins formerly, 505; only one among other Samaṇa sects, 384; and Tīrthakas, history of discussion between, 516

c33.82

Budila Āśvatarāśvi, Later Vedic teacher, 127

c33.83

Car, skill in driving and manipulating, records of in *Rathaśikshā*, 341, 342

c33.84

Caste, constitution of King's Ministry according to, 329; non-recognition of in Buddhist initiation, 395; of no significance to the Buddha, 392; principles underlying, 326; term *Varṇa*, synonymous with that of, 52; variety of occupation for each, 152; where first adumbrated definitely, 157

c33.85

Castes, all except Chaṇḍālas, admitted to schools at Taxila, 481; all, how far Ancient Indian education available for, 283; Āyurveda open to the study of all, 346; different, duties of according to Mahābhārata, 327,—time of Upanayana for, 175; education of, in early days, how determined, 151; first three, higher education open to, 206; other than Brāhmaṇa, education of, 151; persons of all four, competent to listen to discourses on Vedas or Vedic recitations, 332; twice-born, first three, studentship open to, 102; variation of Upanyana according to, 174, 175

c33.86

Catechetical method of teaching, 112

c33.87

Categories of national life, xxxvi

c33.88

Cattle-rearing, progress in during Rigvedic Age, 56; tending of by pupil, xxix,—by students in Vedic education, 98 de Caussade (quoted), 324 Cauterization, surgical process of, referred to by I-tsing, 539 Cave-monastery, interior of (Plate XVIII, *facing p.* 437) Caves, as residence for monks, 437 Celestial gods, enumerated, 39 Ceremonial (Kalpa), 167 Ceremonies connected with Vedic study, 195; domination in Buddhist life censured, 393; fixing of by Yajurveda, 65 Chaikitāneya Brahmadatta, Later Vedic teacher, 124 Chailaka Jīvala, Later Vedic teacher, 124 Chākra, Later Vedic teacher, 123 Champā country, number of monasteries and Brethren in, 518 Chandālas not admitted to schools at Taxila, 481 Chandra, literary celebrity, known to I-tsing, 549 Chandragomin, Nālandā scholar, 576 Chandravarma, scholar, study of Hiuen Tsang under, 526 Chāpa, member of Order of Nuns, 465 *Charaka*, original meaning of (footnote), 117; views regarding meaning of name, 319 Charaka-Saṁhitā, doctrines of Medatithi Gautama preserved in, 319, 320; themes dealt with in doctrines preserved in, enumerated, 319, 320 *Charakas*, the, 86; renown of, 86; (Wandering Scholars), 367; Wandering Student Teachers, 117 *Charaṇa*, best definition of, 80; indicative of ideal fellowship, 243; origin of, 243; sense in which Sākhā becomes synonymous with, 80; term applied to readers of the same Sākhā, 78 Charaṇas, 78; ancient, true modern representatives of, 228; how differing from one another, 82; multitude of, how originating, 81; names of, how long preserved, 83; new, foundation of, 82; number of, 86; of the Vedas, 85; purpose of, 80; upon what dependent, 83; variety of, 244; and *Gotras*, relationship between, 83; and *Parishads*, relationships between, 82 Chastity, one basis of Buddhist monasticism, 409, 410 Cheh-Ka, visit of Hiuen-Tsang to, 511 Chelaka Śāṇḍilyāyana, Later Vedic teacher, 124 Chen-na, identified with Buddhist scholar, Dinnāga, 519, 520 Chhabbaggiya Bhikkhus, mischief done by, 407 *Chhandas* (Metre), second Vedāṅga, 166; period of literature, characteristics, 162; preliminary to Vedic chanting, 57 Chhāndaya priests, special school of, 244 Chhāndogya, of Brāhmaṇas in Samaveda, 75; on attainment of the highest knowledge (quoted), 110, 111; Upanishad (quoted), xxix,—life of ideal householder (quoted), 261 Chhāndogyam, original, how first appearing, 81 Children, intelligence quota in, how influenced, xxvii; preliminary training of, 247 China, Nālandā scholars working as missionaries in, 578; transference of Sāṁkhya system to, 260; and India, cultural intercourse between, 555 Chinabhukti, visit of Hiuen-tsang to, 511 Chinese designation for India (*Yin-tu*), 503 Chitor, Brahmanical centre, 522 Chitra Gāṅgyāyani, Later Vedic teacher, 124 *Chitta* (Mind), 294, 296; concentration of when possible, 296; fine phases of, 296; *-bhumi*, definition of, 296; meaning of, 301; of Yoga, taken to be same as Buddhi of Sāṁkhya, 301; *-vritti*, five ways of, 298; *Vritti-Nirodha*, definition of Yoga is, xxiv,—process of, 302 Chola country, state of Buddhism in, 520 Chunam, use in treatment of itches or boils, 426 Chunda, giver of last meal to the Buddha, 422 City-building during Rigvedic Age, 56, 57 Civilization, ancient Indian or Hindu, special feature of, xix Class-mates, points of inequality in, 25 Classes, teaching of pupils by, deprecated, xxvi, xxvii Clothing of Buddhist monks, regulations regarding, 429, 430 Clyster, use of, recorded, 427 Cock, crowing of as call to study, 485,—at Taxila, 485 Cognition, pure, 304,—two principal stages of, 304

c33.89

Colebrooke, *Digest of Hindu Law* (quoted), 249, 329, 350, 351

c33.90

College, hostel and hospital, triple institution, examples of, 369, 370; owning three villages, 369; with hostel attached to temple, 369

c33.91

Commentaries, literature of, referred to by Pāṇini, 232

c33.92

Commentators, 240

c33.93

Communal colleges, 484; at Taxila, 484

c33.94

Conation, life of, advantages derived by isolation from objects, xxxiv

c33.95

Concentration, contact with steady minds as an aid to, 311

c33.96

Concrete to abstract, progress from, 297

c33.97

Conference method for development of Vedic language and knowledge, 32

c33.98

Conferences: development of for spread of learning, 137

c33.99

Congregationalism, Hinduism averse to, 367

c33.100

Conscious life, impulses and ideas of, how built up, xxxv

c33.101

Consciousness, comparison with two-faced mirror, 290; how traversing diverse realms of experience, 293; phenomenal, how educed, 293; plasticity of, 304; pure, ascent from daily life to that of, 293; (Purusha), 289; revelation of his original personality to the individual, xxv; transformation into fusion of sensory experiences, 291; translation into pure inwardness, 304

c33.102

Contemplation, seedless stage of, 305; stage of carrying sense of reference, 304

c33.103

Contemptuous epithets, applied to unworthy pupils, 237

c33.104

Convents, see Buddhist Convents

c33.105

Coomaraswamy, A., Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism (quoted), 386 (footnote)

c33.106

Corporal punishment, regulations regarding, 250

c33.107

Corporations, invitations to Buddhist monks, 419

c33.108

Cotton cloth, presentation to whole assembled Saṁgha, 433

c33.109

Craft or vocations, subjects indicating differentiated from religious and literary subjects, in *Jātakas*, 363

c33.110

Crafts, education in relation to, instruction in, xxix, xxx; relation to castes, xx; and Arts (Kalās), sixty-four, referred to in literature, 353 *et seq.*

c33.111

Creation, Hymn of, summarized, 47, 48; originating with desire of Brahma, 9; riddle of, solution, 259; sense of, immutable laws governing shown by Rigveda, 49; three stages in, 9; ultimate cause of, 44; Vedic philosophy of, 9; Yajña as symbol of, 7, 8

c33.112

Cremation and transmigration, hymns referring to, 19

c33.113

Culture, invisible church of, xix

c33.114

Cunningham, *Ancient Geography of India*, referred to, 557

c33.115

Daiva, explanation of, 109

c33.116

Daivī or sacerdotal forms of Sanskrit, 139

c33.117

Dancing, instruction of women in, 105

c33.118

"Daṇḍa" or staff of students at Upanayana, 178

c33.119

*Daṇḍanīti* (science and art of Government) course prescribed for princes, 247

c33.120

Darśanas, pedagogic method of, 317

c33.121

*Darśanas*, pursuit of truth by, 281

c33.122

*Darśayajña* performance at new moon, 15

c33.123

Darwinian evolution confirmed by geology (Maeterlinck's comment on Rigvedic hymns) (footnote), 49

c33.124

Dāsas, Dasyus, non-Aryans, 22

c33.125

Davids, Rhys, *Buddhism* (quoted), 455, 456, 457; Indian sects and schools in the time of the Buddha (footnote), 383; on Buddhism (quoted), 374; on Hinduism of Gotama (the Buddha), 391

c33.126

Day scholars at Taxila, 481

c33.127

Death, fact of, being central fact of life, Hindu's view regarding, xxii

c33.128

Debate as traditional method of Indian Education, 317, 318; course of, (*vāda-mārga*), 320, 321; expedients of, 320; important elements of, enumerated, 320, 321; manual of (Tantra Yukti), 318, 319; method of, 320; treatises on, 318, 319

c33.129

Debating capacity in Buddhist schools, test of, 530; circles, examples of, 133; examples of discussion at, 134; and Parishads, 134

c33.130

Debts, three, payable by man, with method of payment, 69

c33.131

Deceased, wealth of, best means of disposal, 257

c33.132

Decentralization, spirit of in Vedic schools, 85

c33.133

Deerpark Monastery at Sārnāth, 515

c33.134

Defects, moral, classification of, 275

c33.135

Deities, abstract, conception of, 20; new, emergence of, worship of, 583

c33.136

Deliverance, doctrine of, 374, 375

c33.137

Democracy of learning at Taxila, 482 "Depressed" classes, education of, 51

c33.138

Descartes, opinion as to proper starting-point for philosophy (quoted), 323

c33.139

Deussen, *Philosophy of the Upanisads* (footnote), 115; *Philosophy of Vedānta* (quoted), 267, 268; use of word "upanishad" (footnote), 136

c33.140

Deva, great scholar, at Pigeon Monastery, Southern Kosala, 519

c33.141

Deva-bhāga Śrautarsha, Later Vedic teacher, 126

c33.142

Deva-bhāshā (Vedic speech), 59

c33.143

Devadatta, monasteries of sect of in Karnasuvarna, 518

c33.144

*Deva-jana-vidyā*, explanation as to meanings of, 110

c33.145

Devapāla, King, benefactor to Nālandā, 562

c33.146

*Devatās*, function of, 9, 10.

c33.147

*Deva-vidyā*, explanation of, 109

c33.148

*Deva-Yajña*, performance of, 13

c33.149

Devotion, Doctrine of Dialectic of, 288; sacrifice of Śraddā-jagnā, 328

c33.150

Dhammdinnā, one principal *Therī*, 464

c33.151

Dhanakaṭaka (Bezwada) number of monasteries and Brethren in, 520

c33.152

*Dhanurveda* (general science of weapons and warfare), 341; (military science), 347; Dhara (Masīva), stone image of Vagdevi, Goddess of Learning, Plate XVI, facing p. 373

c33.153

*Dhāraṇā* (fixation of attention) as aid to practice of Yoga, 316; (concentration of attention) connected with practice of *Yoga*, 115

c33.154

Dharma, 258; definition of, 1; explanation of, xix;—inquiry into, 266, 268; study of Pūrva-Mīmāṁshā as part of, 272, 273; knowledge of, how differing from knowledge of the Brahman, 269; meaning of, 58; observation of, 280; or acquisition of knowledge of Self, 273; or duty, means of knowing, 271, 272; path of life to be achieved by, 156; peculiar work on, possessed by each Vedic School, 227; (religion) Yajña as visible picture of, 7

c33.155

Dharmādhikārīns, legal advisers, 228

c33.156

Dharmapāla, birthplace of, 520; Nālandā scholar, 576

c33.157

Dharmapāladeva, King, benefactor to Nālandā, 562

c33.158

*Dharmāśāstra*, 228, 229

c33.159

*Dharma-Śāstras*, formation of special Law Schools on basis of, 227

c33.160

*Dharma-Sūtras*, aim of, 169; based on tradition, 165; included longer in studies of Veda and Brāhmaṇa-Charaṇas, 226; original, contents and function of, 228; original, subjects of topics contained in, 228; originally property of particular Vedic Schools, 226

c33.161

*Dharmavid*, or King, erudite in rules of duty (footnote), 340

c33.162

*Dhārmavidyā*, what is denoted by, 228

c33.163

Dhurvabhaṭa, King, sincere believer in Buddhism, 521

c33.164

*Dhyana* (contemplation) as aid to practice of Yoga, 316

c33.165

*Dhyānam* (Meditation) connected with practice of *Yoga*, 115

c33.166

Dialectic skill and ability, use made of in Buddhist education, 454

c33.167

Didacting poems, 19

c33.168

Dietary of Buddhist monks, 415, 552

c33.169

Dīkshā (Consecration to life of discipline), 67

c33.170

Diṅnāga, Buddhist logician, 558; *see also* Chen-na

c33.171

Dīrgha-śravas, 125

c33.172

Disciplinary measures taken against monks offending as a body, 447

c33.173

Discipline at Taxila, 484; common scheme of possessed by different philosophical systems, 316; Nyāya system of, 274, 275; of students, 484; scheme of (Yoga), 295; Vaiśeshika view of, 280

c33.174

Disciplines, graduated course of study corresponding to graduated course of, 191; inner, in Vedic education, 95

c33.175

Discussion as method of education, 452; as a method of study, 113; assemblies for, scholars from different parts of India meeting at, 532, 533; for sake of reaching truth, 279; need of, in learning, 278

c33.176

Discussions, encouraged by intellectual and spiritually minded Kings, 117; prizes offered for taking part in, 117; "the Hall," specially erected in the Park of Queen Mallikā for, 383

c33.177

Disputation, science of (*Tarka-Śāstra*), 113

c33.178

Disputations and discussions, religious, 452, 453

c33.179

*Diti* and *Aditi*, distinction between (footnote), 42

c33.180

Doctrines common to Brahmanism and Buddhism, 374, 375

c33.181

Domestic and social life, duties of, indicated, 100

c33.182

Dramatic Societies at Ayodhyā, 343

c33.183

Draviḍa country, Buddhism in, 520

c33.184

Dṛiḍhachyut Agasti, Later Vedic teacher, 126

c33.185

Dṛipta-Bālāki Gārgya, learning of, 134 Droṇa, injunction laid upon with regard to Kuru and Pāṇḍu princes, 338 *Druhyus*, Vedic settlement, 54 Dvāra-Paṇḍitas, six, of Vikramaśīlā University, 588; six Gates-keepers of college of Vikramaśīlā, 588 *Dvesha*, explanation of, 313 Dynamic universe, 9 Dysentery, royal case of recovered from after treatment, though regarded as hopeless, 472

c33.186

Eating, manner of prescribed for Buddhist monks, 418 Ecclesiastical institutions, no development in ancient India, 366 Economic life, control by religion, xxi; revealed in Buddhist texts, 352 Edition of a book, branch of a tree compared to, 78 Education, aid in self-fulfilment, xxiii; ancient ideals of, adaptation to modern conditions, xxxv,—system of, cultivation of memory most important part in, 212; as described in the Jātakas, 477; at Taxila, public contributions to, 480; benefits of not limited to Brahmins, 206; compulsory, 176; control of mind by, xxv; development of personality main aim of, 205; elementary, as recounted by I-tsing, 537; eligibility for, 331; evidences on, 67; higher, at Buddhist monasteries, how determined, 528; open to first three castes, 206; in relation to instruction in crafts, xxix, xxx; in the seventh century, A.D. (Account of Hiuen Tsang (Yuan Chwang)), 503 *et seq.*; Indian, ancient, not mechanized, 366; function of with regard to national character, xxxv; high aims of in ancient seats of learning, 84, 85; reform in, how to be directed, xxxvi; success of proved by asceticism, 566; in time of Paṇini, 230 *et seq.*; individual treatment, xxvi, xxvii,—treatment in, relation of personality-types to, xxvii; legal aspects of, 249 *et seq.*; main aim of, 205; main function of, xxiv; main part of work of student, 114; method of training mind, xxiv; personal touch of teachers in, 214, 215; preparation through, during first period of life, 327; primary, contents of, 528; rules of, during time of Pāṇini, 235; supreme concern and objective of, xxiv; systems of philosophy as systems of, 260, 261; three steps of mentioned by Upanishads, xxxi; under Achārya, 219; where a living process of growth, 266; wrong tendencies in, xxxv, xxxvi; *see also* Brahminical education, Buddhist education, Vedic education Educational institutions of Later Vedic period, three types of, 133; varieties of, 242, 252; and Centres, typical, 366 *et seq.* Eggeling, on the fire altar, 10 Ego (or Self-consciousness) succeeding *Manas* (or Chitta), 303 *Ekāgra* state of mind, why preferable, 296 *Ekāyana*, explanation of, 109 Elements, five great, specification of, 292, 293 Emancipation (*Mukti*) highest end of life, xxi Eṇṇāyiram, establishment of Vedic College at, 368 Entelechy, concept of (Aristotle), 290 Epic, the, details regarding military training received by Kshatriya princes recorded in, 341; slight literary knowledge of young warriors depicted in, 339 Epics, the, education in, 325 *et seq.*; educational value small, 326, 329; interest of mainly military, 326 Error, five forms of, 281 Eternal verities, inflow of, 304 Ether, scientific, and Hindu Ākāśa nature contrasted (footnote), 49 Etymology (*Nirukta*), 166; science of rendering Vedic speech fit for study, 59 Eucharist Sacrifice in Christian Theology (footnote), 12 Examinations in recitation of texts, 238 Experience, consciousness traversing diverse realm of, 293 External organs, gateways of knowledge, 294 Eye ointments, 426

c33.187

Fa-Hien, earlier Chinese traveller in India, 504; great increase of Buddhism at Kanyākubja since time of, 513; University of Nālandā, as known to, 558 Faith (*Śraddhā*), why a requisite for philosophy, 323; and reason, principles of, contrasted in pedagogic methods, 317; and reasoning, spheres of, distinction between, 279

Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist) c33: Index

Contents

Index