一切經音義 20

English (machine translation) 20

Language: English

20.1

Phonetic glosses compiled by the translator śramaṇa Huilin of the Great Tang

20.2

Phonetics for the Ratnaketu-dhāraṇī-sūtra, ten fascicles, phonetics by Huilin;
Mahāvaipulya-buddha-avataṃsaka-sūtra, sixty fascicles, previously translated sūtra, by Xuanying

Interpretation (鞮譯: upper character is *di-xi* fanqie; the *Liji* says: people of the five directions do not share languages and have different desires; to convey their intents and communicate their desires, those of the West are called *diti*; Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary says: these are worldly people and their designations simply follow the categories of their work; *di* means to know; the *Guangya* says: *diti* means interpreter; the *Shuowen jiezi* says it derives from 革 with 是 as phonetic).

20.6

Truly sage (迺聖: upper character is pronounced *nai*; the *Han Classic of Poetry* says: *nai* means great; the *Shenglei* says: reaching; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: the ancient form of the character 乃 derives from 彡 with 西 as phonetic; 西 is the ancient form of 乃).

20.7

Cover and encamp (揜頓: upper character is pronounced *yan*; the *Shangshu* says: covering the four seas to become lord of the world; Kong Anguo says: *yan* (揜) is the same as *yan* (掩); the *Fangyan* says: to hide, to take; east of the Pass, taking is called *yan*; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo Zhuan* says: to conceal; it is also written as 掩, with the same gloss; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: to cover; it derives from 手 with 弇 as phonetic; 弇 has the same sound as above; lower character is *dun-kun* fanqie; Gu Yewang says: *dun* refers to an army pitching camp; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: lowering the head is called *dunshou*; it derives from 旨 with 屯 as phonetic; 屯 is pronounced *tu-lun* fanqie).

20.8

Eight cords of the cosmos (八紘: *huo-meng* fanqie; Xu Shuzhong's commentary on the *Huainanzi* says: *hong* means cord; Gu Yewang says: the eight *hong* refers to the eight extremities; the *Gujin zhengzi* says it derives from 糸 with 厷 as phonetic; 厷 has the same sound as above).

20.9

Gobi Ocean (瀚海: upper character is *han-gan* fanqie; according to the *Kuodi zhi*, it is the name of a small sea, located northwest of the shifting sands and great wasteland, several hundred li northwest of the Tongluo and Tujue, and five thousand three hundred li south to Chang'an; the Great Wall built by the Qin passed this sea; it stretches long from south to north and east to west; within the Xiongnu territory, several rivers flow into this sea, such as the Duluo River, Xiling River, and Jin River; Hanhai Garrison in the Northern Protectorate takes its name from this).

20.10

Territorial borders (隄封: *di-ni* fanqie; Ru Chun's commentary on the *Hanshu* says: the sides are called *di*, the markers are called *feng*; Wei Zhao says: piling up earth to make a border marker; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: *di* means an embankment; it derives from 阜 with the abbreviated 是 as phonetic; for the lower character *feng*, the *Shuowen jiezi* says: the land of feudal lords; dukes and marquises have a hundred li square, earls have seventy li square, viscounts and barons have fifty li square; written with 土 as 𡉚, which is the ancient character for *feng*; nowadays it is written with doubled 土 and 寸 as an associative compound; the seal script derives from 土 and 𡵄 as 𰉨; 𡵄 is pronounced *feng*).

20.11

Dragon Court (龍庭: the *Xuanzhong ji* says: in the northern sea there is the land of the Torch Dragon, called the Dragon Court).

20.12

Phoenix Nest (鳳穴: the *Xuanzhong ji* says: in the southern sea there is Mount Fengxue, where the phoenix roosts and breeds, an islet in the sea).

20.13

Following the tracks of governance (治踵: upper character is pronounced *li*; lower character is *zhi-yong* fanqie; Wang Yi's commentary on the *Chuci* says: *zhong* means to succeed; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: *zhong* means to pursue; another says: the appearance of going and coming; it derives from 足 with 重 as phonetic; it is also written with 止 as 踵, which is interchangeable).

20.14

Xuanhu (玄扈: *hu-gu* fanqie; an ancient state, sharing the surname of the Xia sovereign, located in Youfufeng, now Hu County of the capital prefecture; the *Hanshu* says: Yu's son Qi fought with the Youhu in the wilds of Gan; today Youhu Valley and Ganting are visible; it refers to where Qi exterminated them; the Feng River emerges from the southeast and flows north into the Wei; the *Shuowen jiezi* has the same gloss; it derives from 邑 with 戶 as phonetic; it is also written with 鄠, which is the same).

20.15

Spread and magnify (尃弘: upper character is *fu-wu* fanqie; the *Kaosheng* says: *zhuan* means to spread or open up; it is the standard character form; the *Shuowen jiezi* also says it means to spread; it derives from 寸 with 甫 as phonetic; lower character is *hu-gong* fanqie; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: *hong* means great; it derives from 弓 with 厶 as phonetic; 厶 is pronounced *gong*).

20.16

Not shrinking from (不憚: *da-han* fanqie; the *Yunying* says: *dan* means to fear; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: to shun or envy; it derives from 心 with 單 as phonetic).

20.17

Reached (暨𠂠: upper character is *qi-ji* fanqie; the *Kaosheng* says: *ji* means to reach or to culminate; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: together with; it derives from 旦 with 既 as phonetic; the sūtra text writes it with 水 as 洎, which means meat broth and is not the meaning intended by the sūtra).

20.18

Thereupon endeavoring (爰懋: upper character is *yuan-yuan* fanqie; the *Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry* says: *yuan* means at or to do; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: to lead; it derives from 𠬪 with 于 as phonetic; 𠬪 is pronounced *pi-yuan* fanqie; lower character is pronounced *mu*; Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the *Erya* says: *mao* means to encourage; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: *mao* means exuberant; it derives from 心 with 楙 as phonetic; 楙 has the same sound as above; it is also written with 草 as 茂, with the same gloss and usage).

20.19

Search out and promote (搜揚: upper character is *shuang-liu* fanqie; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo Zhuan* says: *sou* means to hide; the *Analects* says: 'How can a man conceal himself?'; Kong [Anguo]'s commentary says: *sou* means to conceal; the *Fangyan* says: to seek; seeking inside a room is called *sou* [𢶍]; the character dictionaries say: to search; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: the intention of a crowd; it derives from 手 with 叜 as phonetic; also written as 搜; 叜 is *sang-gou* fanqie; nowadays vulgar usage mostly writes it with 臼 as 叟, which is a variant clerical script form and not the standard character; lower character is *yang-zhang* fanqie; Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Shangshu* says: *yang* means to lift up; Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* says: to surge; Wang [Yi]'s commentary on the *Chuci* says: to spread; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: to fly up; it derives from 手 with 昜 as phonetic; 昜 derives from 旦 and 勿; 昜 has the same pronunciation as above; the sūtra writes it with 攴 as 敭, which is the ancient form of 揚; 攴 is pronounced *pu-bu* fanqie, now abbreviated as 攴).

20.20

Ratnaketu-sūtra, Fascicle One

20.21

Delight and pleasure (怡悅: upper character is *yi-zhi* fanqie; the *Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry* says: *yi* means pleased; the *Erya* says: *yi* means joy; the *Shuowen jiezi* says it derives from 心 with 台 as phonetic; lower character is *yuan-jue* fanqie).

20.22

A stern voice (厲聲: *li-zhi* fanqie; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo Zhuan* says: *li* means fierce; Wang Yi's commentary on the *Chuci* says: *li* means harsh; the *Erya* says: *li* means to raise; the *Guangya* says: high; the *Shuowen jiezi* says it derives from 厂 with 萬 as phonetic; 厂 is pronounced *han*; the sūtra text writes it with 广 as 癘, which is incorrect).

20.23

Steep and perilous (峻險: upper character is *xun-jun* fanqie; Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Shangshu* says: *jun* is the appearance of being lofty and great; Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the *Erya* says: *jun* means tall; the *Shuowen jiezi* writes 峻 and says: the appearance of being lofty and perilous; it derives from 山 with 陖 as phonetic; the character dictionaries write 𡺲, and also 陖 or 埈; now the sūtra writes 峻; the *Gujin zhengzi* says 𡺲 is sometimes abbreviated; 夋 is pronounced *qi-xun* fanqie; lower character is *xie-yan* fanqie; the *Zhouyi* says: earthly peril refers to mountains, rivers, and hillocks; Gu Yewang says: *xian* is like an obstruction; the *Shuowen jiezi* says: *xian* means difficult; it derives from 𨸏 with 僉 as phonetic; the sūtra text writes it with 山 as 嶮, which is incorrect).

20.24

穿缺 ("to breach or break"; [the latter] fanqie: 犬 + 悅. The Cangjie pian says: "Que (缺) means to diminish, or a gap." The Shuowen says: "Que means a broken vessel; it takes 缶 as semantic and 夬 as phonetic." It is also written as 𡙇).

20.25

聰叡 ("acute and astute"; [the latter] fanqie: 營 + 慧. The meaning has already been explained fully in the sixth fascicle of the Suvarṇaprabhāsottamarāja-sūtra).

20.26

問訊 ("to inquire after"; [the latter] fanqie: 新 + 進. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: "Xun (訊) means to inquire." Zheng's Jian commentary to the Shijing says: "Catching [a captive] alive to interrogate him with words." Liu Zhao says: "Asking with sincerity is called xun." The Shuowen says: "It means to ask; it takes 言 as semantic and 卂 as phonetic").

20.27

傲慢耐 ("arrogant, contemptuous, and capable"; the first character, fanqie: 熬 + 告. Kong's Commentary to the Shangshu says: "Ao (傲) means arrogant and unfriendly." Du's Commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "Ao means disrespectful." The Guangya says: "Ao means haughty." The Shuowen says: "It takes 人 as semantic and 敖 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with 心 as 慠, which is mistaken. The middle character, fanqie: 蠻 + 辨. Gu Yewang says: "Man (慢) means negligent, slighting, and contemptuous." The Shuowen says: "Man means an attitude lacking reverence; it takes 心 as semantic and 曼 as phonetic." 曼 is pronounced like 萬. The last character, fanqie: 乃 + 袋. Gu Yewang says: "Nai (耐) is like 'capable' (能)." The Shuowen writes it as 耐, an ancient character, taking 彡 and 而; it also says: "Some take 寸 as 耐, signifying all rules and standards, hence taking 寸").

20.28

默然 ("silent"; [the former] fanqie: 忙 + 北. Gu Yewang says: "Mo (嘿) means not speaking." Ying Shao says: "Heihei (嘿嘿) means feeling disconsolate oneself." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes 口 as semantic and 黑 as phonetic; it is also written as 默." The Kaosheng writes it as 嘿, saying: "Heihei means one's ambitions are unfulfilled; it is also written as 默").

20.29

妓女 ("female entertainers"; [the former] fanqie: 奇 + 倚. The Cangjie pian says: "Ji (妓) means a beautiful woman." The Kaosheng says: "Women who make music." The Shuowen says: "It takes 女 as semantic and 支 as phonetic." In later passages, ji in jiyue (妓樂, female music) and so forth are all the same).

20.30

戲樂 ("play and joy"; [the former] fanqie: 希 + 意. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: "Xi (戲) means ease and recreation." The Guangya says: "Xi means venting, or displaying." The Shuowen says: "It takes 戈 as semantic and 䖒 as phonetic"; 䖒 is pronounced 希. The latter character, fanqie: 郎 + 各).

20.31

擔重擔 ("bearing a heavy burden"; the first character, fanqie: 膽 + 藍. The Guangya says: "Dan (擔) means to lift." The Zishu says: "Dan means to carry on the back." The Shuowen says: "It takes 手 as semantic and 詹 as phonetic." The latter character dan (擔) is in the falling tone; it also takes 手 as semantic, with 詹 pronounced 占).

20.32

幻術 ("arts of illusion"; the former character, fanqie: 還 + 慢. The latter character, fanqie: 脣 + 律. The Zhuangzi says: "The mental art takes form." Zheng Xuan says: "Shu (術) is like an art or skill." The Han Commentary to the Shijing says: "Shu means method." The Shuowen says: "It means a path within a town; it takes 行 as semantic and 朮 as phonetic"; 朮 has the fanqie: 呈 + 律).

20.33

瑞應 ("auspicious response"; [the former] fanqie: 垂 + 類. Gu Yewang says: "When a sovereign's abundant virtue moves Qian and Kun (Heaven and Earth), Heaven and Earth respond to him with a pledge of trust." The Cangjie pian says: "Rui (瑞) means an auspicious response." The Shuowen says: "Rui means using jade as a token of trust; it takes 玉 as semantic and 耑 as phonetic"; 耑 is pronounced 端).

20.34

毘嵐 (vairambha; [the latter] fanqie: 覽 + 含. In Sanskrit, a great violent wind).

20.35

瀑雨 ("torrential rain"; [the former] fanqie: 蒲 + 冒. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: "There is constant wind and sudden rain (瀑)." The Shuowen says: "It means swift rain; it takes 水 as semantic and 暴 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written as 暴, which is the character for sun-drying).

20.36

撾鑱 ("clubs and chisels"; the former character, fanqie: 竹 + 瓜. The Zishu says: "Zhua (撾) means to strike." The Shenglei says: "Zhua means to collide or batter." The Weizhi says: "Striking and breaking his leg." The Shuowen writes it with 竹 as 𥬲, saying: "It means a whip or rod." The latter character, fanqie: 仕 + 咸. The Huainanzi says: "Carving the flesh, piercing (鑱) the skin, causing wounds to bleed." The Picang says: "The tip of a spade or chisel." The Shuowen says: "Sharp and keen; it takes 金 as semantic and 毚 as phonetic"; 毚 is pronounced the same as above).

20.37

月釤 ("crescent scythes"; [the latter] fanqie: 衫 + 鑒. The Gujin zhengzi says: "Shan (釤) means a large scythe; it takes 金 as semantic and 三 as phonetic"; 彡 is pronounced 衫).

20.38

曲撩 ("hooked pikes"; [the latter] fanqie: 了 + 蕭. The Guangya says: "Liao (撩) means to take, or to manage." According to the meaning in the sūtra, qu liao must refer to a weapon of war, not the meaning of taking or managing. When consulting dictionaries, all give the same [definitions], which diverge from the sūtra. I consider that this must be a hooked halberd, resembling a spear with a curved blade like a hook—the hook-spear of today).

20.39

短矟 ("short lances"; [the latter] fanqie: 雙 + 捉. The Guangya says: "Shuo (矟) means a spear." The Shuowen says: "It takes 矛 as semantic and 肖 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with 木 as 槊, which is the name of a tree and not a weapon. Below in the fourth fascicle, 'swords and lances' (刀矟) is the same).

20.40

翳闇 ("obscured and dark"; [the former] fanqie: 伊 + 計. The Guangya says: "Yi (翳) means to obstruct, or to veil." The Shuowen says: "It takes 羽 and 殹"; 殹 is pronounced the same as above).

20.41

Ratnaketu-sūtra, Fascicle Two

20.42

無𩋆 ("free from stinginess"; [the latter] fanqie: 劼 + 閑. The Picang says: "𩋆 means parsimonious." The Gujin zhengzi gives the same meaning: "Also loving wealth; difficult; it takes 革 as semantic and 臤 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with 心 as 慳, which is a vulgar character. 臤 is pronounced the same as 𩋆; 遴 is pronounced 吝).

20.43

分劑 ("limits and portions"; the former character, fanqie: 墳 + 問. Gu Yewang says: "Fen (分) is like bounds and limits." The Shuowen says: "Fen means to divide; it takes 八 and 刀." The latter character, fanqie: 齊 + 䋄. The Zishu says: "Ji (劑) means divided sections." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes 刀 as semantic and 齊 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written as 齊, which is the character for blending and adjusting).

20.44

𡧯靜 ("tranquil and quiet"; [the former] fanqie: 情 + 歷. The Fangyan says: "𡧯 means peaceful and tranquil." The Shuowen says: "𡧯 means without human sound; it takes 宀 as semantic and 尗 as phonetic"; 宀 is pronounced 綿, and 尗 is pronounced 叔. In the sūtra it is written as 家; commonly and popularly it is written as 寂).

20.45

繽紛 ("tumultuous and profuse"; the former character, fanqie: 匹 + 賓. The latter character, fanqie: 孚 + 文. The meaning and character components have already been explained in the seventh fascicle of the Suvarṇaprabhāsottamarāja-sūtra).

20.46

璽印 ("imperial seals and tokens"; the former character, fanqie: 斯 + 此. Zheng's Commentary to the Zhouli says: "Xi (璽) means a seal." Ying Shao's Commentary to the Hanshu says: "Xi means a token of trust." Cai Yong's Duduan says: "The Son of Heaven's seal is made of jade. In antiquity, the noble and base shared this term; only from the Qin onwards was it exclusively used by the Son of Heaven." The Shuowen says: "The seal of a ruler; it takes 土 as semantic and 爾 as phonetic." Through transmission it is now written with 玉 as 璽. The latter character, fanqie: 因 + 晉. The Cangjie pian says: "Yin (印) means an official seal." The Hanshu says: "Feudal kings had golden seals." The Shuowen says: "Yin is the token of trust held by those who govern; it takes 爪 and 卩"; 卩 is pronounced 節).

20.47

鬪諍 ("fighting and disputing"; [the former] fanqie: 斗 + 豆. The Cangjie pian says: "Dou (鬪) means contending, taking up arms to attack each other in battle." The Lunyu says: "When blood and vital breath are in their prime, one must guard against strife." The Shuowen says: "Dou means to encounter; it takes 鬥 as semantic and 斵 as phonetic." Writing it with 門 and 𭔰 as 鬪 is incorrect. 鬪 has the same pronunciation as above; 斵 is pronounced 卓).

20.48

拇指 ("thumbs"; [the former] fanqie: 矛 + 厚. The Cangjie pian says: "Mu (拇) means the leading finger." Jia Kui's Commentary to the Guoyu says: "Mu means the thumb (big finger)." The Shuowen says: "It takes 手 as semantic and 母 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with 木 as 拇, which is incorrect).

20.49

逃竄 ("fleeing into hiding"; [the latter] fanqie: 𥎞 + 亂. Gu Yewang says: "Cuan (竄) is like fleeing." The Guangya says: "Cuan means to throw oneself into." The Erya says: "Cuan means to conceal." The Shuowen says: "Cuan means to conceal oneself; it depicts a rat inside a hole." 𥎞 has the fanqie: 麤 + 巒).

20.50

盲冥 ("blind and benighted"; the former character, fanqie: 麥 + 庚. The Shuowen says: "Eyes without pupils; it takes 目 and 亾, 亾 also providing the sound." The latter character, fanqie: 覓 + 萍. Guo's Commentary to the Erya says: "Ming (冥) means obscure." The Shuowen says: "Ming means gloomy; it takes 宀, 日, and 六, with 冖 providing the sound 扃").

20.51

Ratnaketu-sūtra, Fascicle Three

20.52

悒恨 ("grieved and resentful"; the former character, fanqie: 陰 + 汲. Wang Yi's Commentary to the Chuci says: "Yuyi (鬱悒) means sorrow showing on the face." The Cangjie pian says: "Yi (悒) is the appearance of unease." The Shuowen says: "Yi means unsettled; it takes 心 as semantic and 邑 as phonetic." The latter character, fanqie: 痕 + 艮. The Cangjie pian says: "Hen (恨) means resentment." Gu Yewang says: "When thoughts are not eased and joyful, it is called hen; it takes 心 as semantic and 艮 as phonetic").

20.53

闇蔽 ("obscured and veiled"; [the latter] fanqie: 卑 + 袂. Already fully explained in the Suvarṇaprabhāsottamarāja-sūtra. In the sūtra text it is written as 蔽, which is incorrect).

20.54

珊儞弭迦 (Sandimika; 儞 has the fanqie: 泥 + 以, and 弭 has the fanqie: 彌 + 婢. Sanskrit name of a heavenly demon).

20.55

顰嘁 ("frowning and sorrowful"; the former character, fanqie: 牝 + 賓. Gu Yewang says: "Pinqi (顰嘁) is the appearance of sorrow, distress, and gloom." The Shuowen says: "It takes 卑 as semantic and 頻 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with 卩 as 嚬, which is incorrect. The latter character, fanqie: 酒 + 育. The Fangyan says: "Qizi (嘁咨) means ashamed and uneasy." The Boya says: "Qizi means ashamed." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes 口 as semantic and 戚 as phonetic; it is also written as 㗤 and [月*蹙]." In the sūtra text it is written with 人 as 傶, which is incorrect).

20.56

𣽈音 ("soft voice"; [the former] fanqie: 乳 + 朱. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: 'Lambskin robes are smooth as if moist (濡).' The Commentary says: 'Ru (濡) means moist and glossy.' According to the sūtra's meaning, it should take 人 as 儒. The Shuowen says: 'Ru (儒) means soft; it takes 人 as semantic and 需 as phonetic'; 需 is pronounced 須).

20.57

刀爨 ("daggers and throwing spears"; [the latter] fanqie: 倉 + 亂, a vulgar character. The Guangya says: "𥎞 is called shān (鋋)." The Zishu says: "𥎞 means a spear thrown from afar." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes 矛 as semantic and 贊 as phonetic; it is also written as [矛*(烈-列+(爨-(大/火)))] ." In the sūtra text it is written with 手 and [烈-列+(爨-(大/火))] as [打-丁+(烈-列+(爨-(大/火))], which is incorrect).

20.58

即碎 ("instantly shattered"; [the latter] fanqie: 蘇 + 潰. The Guangya says: "Sui (碎) means ruined, or dispersed." The Shuowen says: "Sui means pulverized; it takes 石 as semantic and 卒 as phonetic").

20.59

擐甲 ("donning armor"; the former character is pronounced 患. Du's Commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "Huan (擐) means to don or put through." Jia Kui's Commentary to the Guoyu says: "Huan means to put on clothes and armor." The Shuowen says: "It takes 手 as semantic and an abbreviated 還 as phonetic").

20.60

芬馥 ("fragrant"; [the latter] fanqie: 馮 + 目. The Han Commentary to the Shijing says: "The appearance of fragrant scent." The meaning has already been explained in the seventeenth fascicle of the Yinyi).

20.61

雷雹 ("thunder and hail"; [the latter] fanqie: 龐 + 角. The Baihu tong says: "Bao (雹) is derived from he (合, to combine); the essence of yin qi solidifies and combines to become hail." Zheng's Commentary to the Liji says: "Yang creates rain, while yin rises to flank and congeal it into hail." The Shuowen says: "Hail is frozen rain; it takes 雨 as semantic and 包 as phonetic").

20.62

一滴 ("a single drop"; [the latter] fanqie: 丁 + 歷. Gu Yewang says: "Di (滴) means trickling." The Shuowen says: "Water pouring down; it takes 水 as semantic and 啇 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written as 適, which is an error).

20.63

泡炎 ("bubbles and mirages"; the former character, fanqie: 普 + 包. The Guangya says: "Pao (泡) means flowing." The Shuowen says it is the name of a river. Examining the sūtra's phrase 'illusions, bubbles, and mirages,' it refers to foam upon water and the like, which also arises along with raindrops and vanishes upon meeting wind; popularly they are called floating froth. This speaks of the transient and unstable nature of things, like illusions, bubbles, and mirages: man's lodging in the world has birth and likewise destruction, unable to endure firmly, just like these. The Shuowen says: "It takes 水 as semantic and 包 as phonetic." The latter character yan (炎) is read the same as 艷).

20.64

肘量 ("cubit measure"; the former character, fanqie: 啁 + 柳. The Shuowen says: "Zhou (肘) means the arm joint; it takes 肉 and 寸, 寸 being the hand's cun-opening." The latter character is pronounced 亮).

20.65

𢤳𠆴 ("turbulent and disorderly"; the former character, fanqie: 𭹹 + 內. The Shuowen says: "It means confused and disordered; it takes 心 as semantic and 䝿 as phonetic." The latter character, fanqie: 儜 + 効. The Zishu says: "𠆴 means disordered." The Wenzidian shuo says: "𠆴 means tumultuous, troubled, and unrestful; it depicts a person residing in a marketplace, an ideographic compound." In the sūtra text it is written as 丙, which is incorrect).

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牆𡑢 ("walls and parapets"; the former character, fanqie: 匠 + 羊. The latter character, fanqie: 甜 + 叶. Du's Commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "E (𡑢) means parapets (crenels)." The Shuowen says: "Low walls atop a city wall; it takes 土 as semantic and 葉 as phonetic"; 垣 is pronounced 袁).

20.67

樓櫓 ("towers and rampart turrets"; [the latter] fanqie: 盧 + 古. The Shiming says: "Lu (櫓) means exposed (露); without a roof above, it is erected to resist battle." The Shuowen says: "Lu means a great shield; it takes 木 as semantic and 魯 as phonetic"; it is also written as 𢲸).

20.68

欲摘 ("wishing to pluck"; [the latter] fanqie: 張 + 革. The Cangjie pian says: "Zhai (摘) means to pick or take." The Shuowen says: "Zhai means to pluck the fruit of trees; one explanation says to approach it with fingers; it takes 手 as semantic and 啇 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with 適 as 擿, with the fanqie: 呈 + 戟).

20.69

嘷哭 ("wailing and weeping"; the former character, fanqie: 號 + 高. The Shuowen says: "Hao (噑) means roaring or howling; it takes 口 as semantic and 皐 as phonetic." The character 皐 takes 白 and the sound [(犀-尸)-牛+十]; [(犀-尸)-牛+十] is pronounced 滔. In the sūtra text it is written as [囉-維+(((嘹-口)-小)-日+干)], a vulgar character).

20.70

悲懊 ("grieved and distressed"; [the latter] fanqie: 烏 + 老. The Kaosheng says: "Ao (懊) means pained resentment." It has already been explained in the Suvarṇaprabhāsottamarāja-sūtra).

20.71

Ratnaketu-sūtra, Fascicle Four

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戰慄 ("trembling with fear"; [the latter] fanqie: 隣 + 窒. Guo Pu says: "Zhanli (戰慄) means sorrow and anxiety." The Shangshu says: "Trembling in dread and alarm." The Zhuangzi says: "Shaken, agitated, and trembling." The Wenzidian shuo says: "It takes 心 as semantic and 栗 as phonetic").

20.73

毀訾 ("reviling and slandering"; [the latter] fanqie: 咨 + 此. The Han Commentary to the Shijing says: "Zi (訾) is an appearance of wickedness." Guo Pu says: "Worthy men decline while treacherous factions flourish." Various dictionaries take 言 as semantic and 此 as phonetic. The Shuowen writes it with 吅 as 啙 with the same meaning; 吅 is pronounced 喧. In the sūtra text it is written with 口 as 呰, a common and popular character).

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願聽 ("may you listen"; [the latter] fanqie: 體 + 經. Kong's Commentary to the Shangshu says: "Ting (聽) means investigating right and wrong." The Shuowen says: "Ting means listening; it takes 𢛳, 耳, and 壬 as phonetic"; 𢛳 is an ancient form of 德 (virtue); 壬 is pronounced 頤).

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擗踊 ("beating the breast and stomping the feet"; the former character, fanqie: 毗 + 亦. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: "Pi (擗) means striking the chest." Guo Pu says: "Pi means pounding the breast." The Xiaojing says: "Beating the breast, stomping the feet, weeping and wailing." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes 手 as semantic and 辟 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with 足 as 躃, which is incorrect. The latter character, fanqie: 容 + 腫. Zheng's Commentary to the Liji says: "The stomping of weeping is like the yearning of an infant." Gu Yewang says: "Yong (踊) means stamping the feet upon the ground." The Shuowen says: "To leap; it takes 足 as semantic and 甬 as phonetic"; 甬 is pronounced the same. In the yong of weeping and breast-beating, writing it with 𡗱 is also interchangeable).

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蒭摩 (kṣauma; [the former] fanqie: 楚 + 俱. Sanskrit. The Shuowen says: "It takes 艸 as semantic and 芻 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written as 芻, a vulgar character).

20.77

繒綵 ("silks and colored fabrics"; the former character, fanqie: 牆 + 蠅. The Shuowen says: "Zeng (繒) is the general term for silk fabrics; it takes 糸 as semantic and 曾 as phonetic." The latter character, fanqie: 倉 + 宰. The Shangshu says: "Illuminating and displaying the five colors with the five variegated hues." The Kaogong ji says: "Arranging the five hues together is called embroidery." The Shuowen says: "It takes 糸 as semantic and 釆 as phonetic").

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醫藥 (The first character has the fanqie *yi* + *ji* [yī]. The *Shuowen* states: "*Yi* (healer) is an artisan who cures illness. It is formed with *you* (wine) and has *yi* phonetic." It is also written with *wu* (shaman) as 毉, which is also acceptable. 殹 is pronounced like 醫).

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綺𣪺 (The first character has the fanqie *qi* + *yi* [qǐ]. The *Shuowen* states: "*Qi* is patterned silk. It is formed with *mi* (silk) and has *qi* phonetic." The second character has the fanqie *hong* + *lu* [hú]. The *Zhanguoce* states: "Being anxious for the state and caring for the people is not as good as cherishing a foot of fine gauze (*hú*)." The *Shuowen* states: "Fine gauze (*hú*). It is formed with *mi* (silk) and has *ké* phonetic." 殼 is pronounced with the fanqie *qiang* + *jiao* [qiào]. 縛 is pronounced with the fanqie *zhang* + *juan* [zhuàn]).

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耳璫 (The second character is pronounced 當 [dāng]. The *Picang* states: "A *dāng* is an ear-plug pendant." The *Shiming* states: "Piercing the ear and applying pearls is called *dāng*; it is a precious ornament for the ear." The *Shuowen* states: "Formed with *yu* (jade) and has *dang* phonetic").

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環釧 (The first character has the fanqie *hua* + *wan* [huán], which is the same in Zheng's commentary. The *Liji* states: "*Huan* means encircling; it is round." The *Guangya* states: "Round." The *Shuowen* states: "Formed with *yu* (jade) and has *huan* abbreviated phonetic." The second character has the fanqie *chuan* + *lian* [chuàn]. The *Yunying* states: "A *chuàn* is an armlet." The *Xu Hanshu* states: "Sun Cheng and others enthroned Emperor Shun, and the emperor bestowed on Cheng and the others carriages, horses, and gold armlets (*chuàn*)." The *Gujin zhengzi* states: "Formed with *jin* (metal) and has *chuan* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *yu* (jade) as 玔, which is erroneous).

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布濩 (Has the fanqie *fu* + *gu* [fù]. The *Kaosheng* states: "*Bùhù* is the appearance of being abundant." The *Shuowen* states: "The appearance of falling water from eaves. Formed with *shui* (water) and has *huo* phonetic." 蒦 is pronounced with the fanqie *xū* + *fù* [huò]).

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楞嚴 (The first character has the fanqie *le* + *heng* [léng]. It is Sanskrit; the Tang language is "profoundly deep").

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有靨 (Has the fanqie *yi* + *yan* [yǎn]. This is an erroneous vulgar character. The orthodox form has *hei* (black) as 黶. The *Jixun* states: "A *yǎn* is a mole on the body or face." The *Renlun guijing* states: "Generally, of moles, there are black ones and vermilion ones. Red ones are the highest, signs of fortune, virtue, and auspiciousness; black ones are next. If born in hidden and clothing-covered places, they are auspicious; if clearly exposed, they may be inauspicious").

20.85

權下 (Has the fanqie *kui* + *yuan* [quán]. This is an erroneously used character, not the original one. The orthodox form has *xie* (head) as 顴. The *Kaosheng* states: "*Quán* is the cheekbone on the face; it is below the eyes and before the ears." The *Gujin zhengzi* states: "*Quán* is [出*真]; it is 䪻. Formed with *xie* (head) and has *guan* phonetic." 雚 is pronounced 歡 [huān]. 䪼 has the fanqie *zhun* + *lü* [zhǔn]. 䪻 is pronounced 逵 [kuí]. These are all variant names for the cheekbone (*quán*)").

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有疵 (Has the fanqie *zi* + *ci* [cī]. Liu Huan states: "*Cī* is a flaw." The *Shuowen* states: "*Cī* is an ailment. It has *nè* and *ci* phonetic." 疒 is pronounced with the fanqie *nü* + *ge* [nè]. Characters such as 黑疵 and 黶 below are also the same).

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觜星 (The first character has the fanqie *zui* + *wei* [zuī]. The *Erya* states: "*Zuī* is the mouth of Ju, Yingshi, and Dongbi." Guo Pu states: "The four stars of Yingshi and Dongbi resemble a mouth; hence it was named accordingly." The *Gujin zhengzi* states: "Formed with *jiao* (horn) and has *ci* phonetic").

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一磔手 (Has the fanqie *zhang* + *ge* [zhé]. The *Guangya* states: "*Zhé* means to stretch; to open." The *Gujin zhengzi* states: "Formed with *shi* (stone) and has 𱣎 phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *zu* (foot) as [跳-兆+(桀-夕+(舛-夕))], which is incorrect).

20.89

小疣 (Has the fanqie *you* + *qiu* [yóu]. The *Picang* states: "*Yóu* is an ailment, a knot on the skin." The *Zhuangzi* states: "An attached wen or hanging wart (*yóu*)." The *Shanhaijing* states: "In the ice of Zhubi there are smooth fish; eating them [cures] warts (*yóu*)." Sometimes written as 𪐤. Nowadays commonly called a *hóu*. The *Shuowen* writes it as 肬 and states: "A wen. Formed with *yue* (flesh) and has *you* phonetic." It is also written with *nè* as 疣. Sūtra editions writing it as 疣 are incorrect).

20.90

髁已下 (The first character has the fanqie *kua* + *hua* [kuà]. The *Shuowen* states: "*Kuà* is the bone above the thigh (*bì*). Formed with *gu* (bone) and has *guo* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *zu* (foot) as 跨, which means stepping over something with one's foot, not the character for the thigh bone. 髀 has the fanqie *pi* + *mi* [bì]. 詮 has the fanqie *jié* + *huā*. It is also written as 𡱼).

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逝瑟吒 (Has the fanqie *zhe* + *jia* [zhé-jià, Sanskrit *jyeṣṭhā*]. It is the Sanskrit name of an asterism; the Tang language is the Heart star [Antares]).

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䯗內 (The first character has the fanqie *pin* + *mi* [bì]. The *Liji* states: "Below, do not press on the thighs (*bì*)." The *Shuowen* writes it as 髀 and states: "The outside of the thigh. Formed with *gu* (bone) and has *bei* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it as 䏶, which is a vulgar character. [(壴*皮)/革] has the fanqie *bi* + *mi* [bì]).

20.93

腨上 (The first character has the fanqie *chuan* + *ruan* [shuàn]. The *Shuowen* states: "*Shuàn* is the belly of the calf. Formed with *rou* (flesh) and has *zhuan* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with 尃 as 膊, which is incorrect. It is also written as [(跳-兆+鳥)/而] or [跳-兆+專], which are interchangeable. 耑 is pronounced 端 [duān]).

20.94

阿溼毘膩 (The first has the *ru* tone of 尸 [shī]; the second has the fanqie *ni* + *zhi* [nì]. Sanskrit [*aśvinī*]).

20.95

魚鼈 (Has the fanqie *bian* + *mie* [biē]. The *Zhouyi* states: "Li is the turtle (*biē*)." The *Kaogongji* states: "Turtles (*biē*) are those with bones outside and flesh inside." The *Lüshi chunqiu* states: "The red turtle (*biē*) has six legs and possesses pearls." The *Shuowen* states: "A *biē* is an armored creature. Formed with *min* (toad) and has *bi* phonetic." Character dictionaries write it as 蟞. Sūtra editions write it with *yu* (fish) as 鱉, which is a vulgar character. 敝 is pronounced 弊 [bì]. 黽 has the fanqie *meng* + *geng* [mǐng]).

20.96

流漂 (Has the fanqie *pi* + *yao* [piāo]. Gu Yewang states: "*Piāo* is like flowing." The *Shuowen* writes it as 漂 and states: "To float. Formed with *shui* (water) and has *piao* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with 𡬽 as 㵱, which is incorrect).

20.97

枯涸 (Pronounced 鶴 [hé]. The meaning has already been explained in the 'Jalavāhana' chapter of the *Golden Light Sūtra of Supreme Victory*).

20.98

Fascicle 5 of the *Bao Xing Jing* (*Ratnolkā-dhāraṇī-sūtra*)

20.99

門閾 (Has the fanqie *yu* + *xu* [yù]. Kong's commentary on the *Analects* states: "A threshold (*yù*) is a door-sill." The *Shuowen* states: "Formed with *men* (gate) and has *huo* phonetic").

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摸呼律多 (The first character is pronounced 暮 [mù]; the middle has the fanqie *hu* + *gu* [hù]. Sanskrit [*muhūrta*], the name of a unit of time).

20.101

或豎 (Has the fanqie *shu* + *ru* [shù]. Gu Yewang states: "*Shù* correctly has *dou* (bean)." The *Shuowen* also states: "*Shù* means to set upright. Formed with *qian* and *dou* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *li* (stand) as 竪, which is vulgar. 臤 has the fanqie *kou* + *jian* [qiān]).

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灑潤 (The first character has the fanqie *shu* + *xia* [xiǎ/sǎ]. The *Chuci* states: "Let swift rain sprinkle (*sǎ*) the dust." The *Kaosheng* states: "*Sǎ* means to scatter water." The *Shuowen* states: "*Sǎ* is like perspiration. Formed with *shui* (water) and has *li* phonetic." 汛 is pronounced 信 [xìn]).

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輓住 (The first character is pronounced 晚 [wǎn]. The *Shenglei* states: "*Wǎn* means to pull or drag." The *Shuowen* states: "*Wǎn* means to pull a carriage. Formed with *che* (carriage) and has *mian* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *shou* (hand) as 挽, which is also acceptable. The characters 挽動 below all share this gloss).

20.104

溝坑 (The first character has the fanqie *gou* + *hou* [gōu]. The *Kaogongji* states: "Between well-fields, four feet wide and four feet deep is called a *gōu*." Zheng's commentary on the *Zhouli* states: "The drainage ditch (*gōu*) of the fields of ten men and two neighboring hamlets is that by which waters connect to streams." The *Shuowen* states: "A *gōu* is a water ditch. Formed with *shui* (water) and has *gou* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *tu* (earth) as 𡏞, which is incorrect. 冓 has the same pronunciation. The second character has the fanqie *ke* + *yu* [kěng/kēng]. The *Erya* states: "A *kēng* is a pit-mound." The *Cang Jie Pian* states: "A *kēng* is a ravine; a hollow; a moat." The *Gujin zhengzi* states: "Formed with *fu* (mound) and has *kang* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *tu* (earth) as 坑, which is in common use. 亢 is pronounced 坑 [kēng]).

20.105

[火*(日/出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))]流 (The first character has the fanqie *pao* + *bao* [bào]. The *Kaosheng* states: "[涅-土+(出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))] is sudden rain." The *Wenzi dian shuo* states: "The surging and swift water of rivers. Formed with *shui* (water) and has [日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)] phonetic." For the character [日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)], the *Shuowen* states: "Formed with *ri* (sun), formed with *chu* (emerge), and [(犀-尸)-牛+十] means a slave." Sūtra editions write it as [涅-土+(出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))], which is a vulgar character. 奴 has the fanqie *ju* + *long*. 反 has the fanqie *tao* + *dao*).

20.106

堅鞕 (Has the fanqie *e* + *xing* [yìng]. The *Guangya* states: "*Yìng* means hard." Character dictionaries state: "Firm. Formed with *ge* (leather) and has *geng* phonetic." The *Kaosheng* writes it as 硬, which is identical. Sūtra editions write it with 卬 as 䩕, which is ancient and orthodox).

20.107

Fascicle 6 of the *Bao Xing Jing* (*Ratnolkā-dhāraṇī-sūtra*)

20.108

詭言 (The first character has the fanqie *gui* + *hui* [guǐ]. Gu Yewang states: "*Guǐ* means deceitful; it is like strange." The *Huainanzi* states: "Su Qin used a hundred deceits (*guǐ*) to accomplish a single credibility." The *Shuowen* states: "Formed with *yan* (words) and has *wei* phonetic").

20.109

麁穬 (The first character has the fanqie *cang* + *wu* [cū]. Gu Yewang states: "*Cū* means not good." Zheng's commentary on the *Liji* states: "*Cū* is like coarse." The *Guangya* states: "Large." The *Shuowen* writes it as 麤 and states: "To stride and surpass far. Formed with three 麤, which is the orthodox character." The second character has the fanqie *gong* + *meng* [kuàng]. The *Shuowen* states: "*Kuàng* is awned grain. Formed with *he* (grain) and has *guang* phonetic").

20.110

鉞斧 (The first character has the fanqie *yuan* + *yue* [yuè]. Gu Yewang states: "In ancient times, a *yuè* battle-axe was used for judicial executions: the Xia grasped the dark axe, the Yin grasped the white axe, and the Zhou held the yellow axe." The *Shuowen* writes it as 戊 and states: "A large axe. Formed with [戉-戈] and has *ge* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *jin* (metal) as 鉞, which is the contemporary character).

20.111

惛悶 (The first character has the fanqie *hu* + *wen* [hūn]. Kong's commentary on the *Shangshu* states: "*Hūn* means disordered." Zheng's commentary on the *Shijing* states: "*Hūn* means an ignorant person." The *Shuowen* states: "*Hūn* means unclear. Formed with *xin* (mind) and has *hun* phonetic." 憭 is pronounced 了 [liǎo]).

20.112

臭爤 (The first character has the fanqie *chang* + *zhou* [chòu]. The *Shuowen* states: "When game runs, the one that knows its scent by smell is the dog. Formed with *quan* (dog) and formed with *zi* (nose); *zi* is the ancient character for nose, pictographic." Today, commonly writing it with *si* (death) as 臰 is incorrect. The second character has the fanqie *lan* + *han* [làn]. The *Fangyan* states: "Cooked thoroughly by fire is called *làn*." The *Shuowen* states: "*Làn* means thoroughly cooked. Formed with *huo* (fire) and has *lan* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *rou* (flesh) as [月*蘭], which is a clerical error).

20.113

坌身 (The first character has the fanqie *fen* + *men* [bèn]. The meaning has already been completely explained in the *Golden Light Sūtra of Supreme Victory*).

20.114

周慞 (Has the fanqie *zhang* + *rang* [zhāng]. The *Kaosheng* states: "The appearance of panic; also fear." The *Shuowen* lacks this character).

20.115

勸勵 (Has the fanqie *li* + *zhi* [lì]. The *Guoyu* states: "We request the king to encourage (*lì*) the warriors." Gu Yewang states: "*Lì* is like urging." The *Gujin zhengzi* states: "Formed with *li* (strength) and has *li* phonetic").

20.116

Fascicle 7 of the *Bao Xing Jing* (*Ratnolkā-dhāraṇī-sūtra*)

20.117

亢旱 (The first character has the fanqie *kang* + *lang* [kàng]. The *Zhouyi* states: 'The arrogant (*kàng*) dragon has regret.' Wang Fusi's commentary states: '*Kàng* means extreme.' The *Shuowen* states: 'Formed with *da* abbreviated, depicting the shape of the neck and throat.' Sūtra editions write it as 冗, which is a vulgar character).

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水澇 (Has the fanqie *lao* + *hao* [lào]. The *Picang* states: "*Lào* means inundation." The *Kaosheng* states: "Water submerging sprouts." The *Shuowen* states: "Formed with *shui* (water) and has *lao* phonetic").

20.119

暫瞚 (The first character has the fanqie *can* + *lan* [zàn]. Jia Kui's commentary on the *Guoyu* states: "*Zàn* means sudden." The *Shuowen* states: "*Zàn* means not lasting long. Formed with *ri* (sun) and has *zhan* phonetic." The second character has the fanqie *shu* + *run* [shùn]. The *Zhuangzi* states: "Looking all day without the eyes blinking (*shùn*)." The *Lüshi chunqiu* states: "Ten thousand generations are still like a single blink (*shùn*)." The *Shuowen* writes it as 瞚 and states: "The opening and closing of eye movement. Formed with *mu* (eye) and has *yin* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it as 瞬, which is the vulgar character in use).

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劬勞 (The first character has the fanqie *qi* + *yu* [qú]. The *Mao Shi* commentary states: "*Qúláo* means distressed and toil." The *Han Shi* states: "*Qú* means frequent." The *Gujin zhengzi* states: "Formed with *li* (strength) and has *ju* phonetic." The second character has the fanqie *lao* + *dao* [láo]. Jia Kui's commentary on the *Guoyu* states: "*Láo* means weary." The *Erya* states: "Ailment; toil." The *Shuowen* states: "*Láo* means intense. Formed with *li* (strength) and formed with *ying* abbreviated. 熒 is formed from 焱, pronounced 炎 [yán]; 冖 has the fanqie *gui* + *ying*. One who exerts strength undergoes labor (*láo*)").

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倉窖 (Has the fanqie *jiao* + *xiao* [jiào]. The 'Yueling' chapter of the *Liji* states: "In mid-autumn, bore underground pits." The *Shuowen* states: "A *jiào* is an underground store. Formed with *xue* (cave) and has *gao* phonetic").

20.122

甘蔗 (Has the fanqie *zhe* + *she* [zhè]. Wang Yi's commentary on the *Chuci* states: "*Zhè* is sugar cane (*shù*)." What the *Shudu fu* refers to as sugarcane (*gānzhè*) is this. The *Shuowen* states: "Formed with *cao* (grass) and has 𢉙 phonetic").

20.123

倉廩 (Has the fanqie *li* + *jin* [lǐn]. The *Zhouli* states: "The granary officer (*lǐnrén*) oversees the amounts of the nine grains." Zheng's commentary states: "Storing rice is called *lǐn*." The *Liji* states: "The rice granary (*mǐlǐn*) was the academy (*xiáng*) of the Youyu clan. The Yu Emperor valued filial piety and ordered the storage of provisions for sacrificial grain offerings there." The *Shuowen* correctly writes it as 㐭: "Where cereal grains are gathered and taken in. Sacrificial grain vessels of ancestral temples are stored and taken from there; hence it is called 㐭. Formed with *ru* (enter) and *hui*, depicting the shape of a building with doors and windows inside." It is also written with *yan* (roof) and *he* (grain) as 廩. Sūtra editions write it as 𱶫, which is incorrect).

20.124

醇醲 (The first character has the fanqie *shun* + *lun* [chún]. The *Zhouyi* states: "Pure (*chún*) and refined." Du's commentary on the *Zuo Zhuan* states: "*Chún* means substantial." The *Shuowen* states: "*Chún* means unwatered wine. Formed with *you* and has 𦎫 phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *shui* (water) as 淳, which means clear, not the character for *chúnnóng* (rich, mellow). The second character has the fanqie *nü* + *long* [nóng]. The *Huainanzi* states: "Fatty and rich (*nóng*), sweet and crisp." The *Shuowen* states: "*Nóng* means thick wine. Formed with *you* and has *nong* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it with *shui* (water) as 濃, which is the appearance of heavy dew, and likewise not the character for *chúnnóng*).

20.125

Fascicle 8 of the *Bao Xing Jing* (*Ratnolkā-dhāraṇī-sūtra*)

20.126

厭蠱 (Has the fanqie *gu* + *wu* [gǔ]. The meaning has already been completely explained in the *Golden Light Sūtra of Supreme Victory*).

20.127

貯器 (The first character has the fanqie *zhu* + *lü* [zhǔ]. Gu Yewang states: "*Zhǔ* means to store." Du's commentary on the *Zuo Zhuan* states: "*Zhǔ* means to stockpile and store." The *Shuowen* states: "To accumulate. Formed with *bei* (wealth) and has *ning* phonetic").

20.128

頂戴 (Has the fanqie *dang* + *ai* [dài]. Character dictionaries state: "To bear on the head is called *dài*; it also means to raise something on the head." Kong's commentary on the *Shangshu* states: "Joyfully upholding what is above is called *dài*." Liu Xi states: "That which people look up to and uphold (*dài*)." The *Shuowen* states: "Formed with *yi* and has 𢦏 phonetic." 𢦏 is pronounced 災 [zāi]).

20.129

讚𣜥 (Has the fanqie *xing* + *ji* [xí]. Gu Yewang states: "A *xí* document is a text that enumerates crimes against those who ought to be attacked, while reassuring and instructing the common people." The *Hanshu* states: "One could dispatch a *xí* call-to-arms and pacify a thousand leagues," which is this. The *Shiming* states: "*Xí* means to arouse (*jī*); it is a written text by which a subordinate officer arouses and meets those above him. Written on wooden tablets two feet long, when there are summons, it is written on it and dispatched to circulate." The *Shuowen* states: "A *xí* is a two-foot document. Formed with *he* (grain) and has *jiao* phonetic." Sūtra editions write it as 撽, which is a vulgar character. 敫 is pronounced 激 [jī]).

20.130

Ratnaketu-sūtra, Fascicle Nine

20.131

Treacherous and cunning (姧狡: the first character is [pronounced] jian [jian + yan fan]; its meaning has already been fully explained in the Suvarṇaprabhāsa-uttamarāja-sūtra. The second is [pronounced] jiao [jiao + yao fan]. Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan states: '狡 means crafty.' The Shuowen states: 'From dog (犬), jiao (交) phonetic.').

20.132

Watchful spying (伺求: the first character is [pronounced] si [si + ci fan]. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli states: 'It is equivalent to observing.' Gu Yewang states: '伺 is like waiting and watching.' The Fangyan states: 'From the Yangzi River northward, peering covertly at each other is called 伺.' The Cangjie pian states: 'Two people spying on each other.' The Gujin zhengzi states: 'From person (人), si (司) phonetic.').

20.133

Distressed and shrinking back (惱縮: [the second character is pronounced] suo [suo + lu fan]. The Han poems state: '縮 means retreating.' Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu states: '縮 means drawing back.' Song Zhong's commentary on the Taixuan jing states: '縮 means coming to a halt.' The Shuowen states: '縮 means tangled confusion; from silk (系), su (宿) phonetic.').

20.134

Curling up (踡縮: the first character is [pronounced] quan [kui + yuan fan]. The Picang states: '踡 means crouched and unextended.' The Gujin zhengzi states: 'From foot (足), quan (卷) phonetic.' In some versions of the sūtra it is written with hand (手) as 捲, which depicts an exerting of strength and posture, not curling up).

20.135

Surging and boiling (涌沸: the first character is [pronounced] yong [rong + song fan]. Liu Zhao states: '涌 means leaping up.' Gu Yewang states: 'Water waves surging upwards.' The Shuowen states: 'From water (水), yong (甬) phonetic,' yong having the same sound. The second character is [pronounced] fei [fei + wei fan]. The Mao Commentary on the Shijing states: 'The hundred rivers boil and surge.' Gu Yewang states: '沸 refers to water waves surging as if boiling water.' The Shuowen states: 'From water (水), fu (弗) phonetic.').

20.136

Ratnaketu-sūtra, Fascicle Ten

20.137

Macaque (獼猴: the first character is [pronounced] mi [mi + bei fan]; the second is [pronounced] hou [hou + lou fan]. The Hanshu calls it muhou [沐猴]. The Shuowen states: 'It is the nao [獶].' There are very many species of this animal; the meaning has already been explained in the Suvarṇaprabhāsa-uttamarāja-sūtra. 獶 is [pronounced] nao [nu + dao fan]).

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Favus and scabies (癬疥: the first character is [pronounced] xuan [xian + jian fan]. The Zuozhuan states: 'The skin and fur are free of scabies and favus.' The Zishu states: '癬 is a wind ulcer.' The Shuowen states: '癬 is a dry sore; from sickness (疒), xian (鮮) phonetic.' The second is [pronounced] jie [jie + mai fan]. The Zhouli states: 'In summer there are sores and scabies illnesses.' The Shuowen states: '疥 means itch; from sickness (疒), jie (介) phonetic,' jie having the same sound as 疥).

20.139

Coughing (欬嗽: the first character is [pronounced] kai [kai + ai fan]. The Yueling states: 'The country has much wind-induced coughing.' Gu Yewang states: '欬 is also coughing.' The Shuowen states: '欬 means counterflow of qi; from yawning (欠), hai (亥) phonetic.' The second is [pronounced] sou [su + zou fan]. The Zhouli states: 'In winter there are diseases of coughing and surging qi.' The Kaosheng states: 'Qi striking the throat.' The Gujin zhengzi states: 'From mouth (口), shuo (欶) phonetic,' shuo having the same sound).

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Radiant and joyful (熈怡: the first character is [pronounced] xi [xi + qi fan]. The Mao Commentary on the Shijing states: '凞 means luminous.' The Han poems state: '凞 means respectful.' Kong's commentary on the Shangshu states: '凞 means fine and beautiful.' The Shuowen states: 'From fire (火), [(厂-一)*臣*巳] phonetic,' [(厂-一)*臣*巳] having the same sound as above. The second character is [pronounced] yi [yi + zhi fan]; its meaning has already been explained in Fascicle One).

20.141

Buddhāvataṃsaka-mahāvaipulya-sūtra

20.142

Fascicle One (of the earlier sixty-fascicle translation, phonetically glossed by Xuanying)

20.143

Magadha (摩竭提: also written 摩竭陀, or said as 默偈陀, or again written 摩伽陀; all are corrupt transliterations of the Sanskrit. The correct term is Magadha [摩揭陀]. Translated here, it is called the Country of Superior Excellence, or the Country of Non-Harm. One explanation states that Maghā is the name of a nakṣatra, translated here as "not bad", presiding over the twelfth solar day, and dha means "place"; hence it is named "the Country of the Not-Bad Place", also called "the Country of the Nakṣatra's Place". 揭 is [pronounced] jie [qu + ye fan]).

20.144

Flower garland (華𮫉: in Sanskrit mālya [mālā], here translated as garland [鬘], pronounced man [an]. In the Western Regions, garland-makers mostly use sumanā flowers strung together into strands. Regardless of male or female, noble or base, all adorn themselves with this, whether on the head or body as decoration. Thus in the sūtras there are flower garlands, heavenly garlands, jewel garlands, and the like, all referring to the same thing. The character takes the radical hair [髟] and is pronounced man [suo + xian fan]. The side phonetic is mian [mi + ran fan]. In the sūtra text it is written 𩬞, which is not the correct form).

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Yuma (踰摩: the character dictionaries write it 逾, pronounced yu [yu + ju fan]. The Zilin states: '踰 means surpassing.' The Guangya states: 'It means crossing over.' Speaking of 摩尼 [maṇi] is an error; correctly spoken it is maṇi [末尼], which is the general term for jewels).

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Obstructed (罣礙: the abbreviated character is written 罫, pronounced gua [hu + gua fan], meaning net obstruction. The second character is the ancient character 硋, pronounced ai [wu + dai fan]. The Shuowen states: '礙 means stopped.' It is also written 閡; Guo Pu took this to be the ancient character for 礙. The Shuowen states: '閡 means closed from the outside.' In the sūtra text it is written 㝵, pronounced de [du + le fan]. Examining Wei Hong's imperial collation of ancient character dictionaries, the characters 礙 and 得 share the same graph. The Shuowen states: '得 means taking.' The Shangshu passage 'Emperor Gaozong dreamt that he obtained Yue' is not this meaning).

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Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese