一切經音義 3

English (machine translation) 3

Language: English

3.1

Compiled by the Translation Śramaṇa Huilin

3.2

Sounds and meanings for the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, from Fascicle 302 through Fascicle 349

嬈惱 (harass and torment; the former is ni/niao fan; Shuowen jiezi says: '嬈 means troublesome; another interpretation is to disturb and tease; composed of 女 with 堯 phonetic'; the latter is nu/lao fan, already explained above in Fascicle 2).

3.5

能阻 (able to obstruct; the latter is zhuang/suo fan; Erya says 阻 means 'difficult'; the Zuo Tradition says 'suspicious'; Shuowen jiezi says 'perilous; composed of 阜 with 且 phonetic'; 且 is pronounced zi/yu).

3.6

Fascicle 303

3.7

欠㰦 (yawn; pronounced qu; Picang says: '欠㰦 means to open the mouth'; on examination, 欠㰦 means to open the mouth and draw in breath; it is also written 呿).

3.8

攀枝 (grasping branches; the former is pu/ban fan; Shuowen jiezi says 'to draw toward oneself; composed of 手 with 樊 phonetic'; 樊 is pronounced fan; the latter is zhi/yi fan; Jixun says 'branches; composed of 木'; Shuowen jiezi says 'holding half a bamboo cane in hand is called 攴'; the ancient script writes it as [入/文]).

3.9

揆摸 (calculate and emulate; the former is kui/gui fan; the Mao Commentary on the Odes says: '揆 means to measure'; Guiyuan says: 'Deliberating and measuring matters is called 揆'; Shuowen jiezi says 'composed of 手 with 癸 phonetic'; the latter is mo/hu fan; Zilin says: '摸 means standard'; Shuowen jiezi says 'regulation; composed of 手 with 莫 phonetic').

3.10

黠慧 (shrewd and wise; the former is xian/jia fan; Fangyan says: '慧 means 黠 [shrewd]'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Firm and black; composed of 黑 with 吉 phonetic'; the latter is xie/gui fan; Guo Pu's commentary on Fangyan says: '慧 means the mind is discerning and bright'; Jia's commentary on Guoyu says: 'Clever and observant'; Shuowen jiezi says 'agile; composed of 心 with 彗 phonetic'; 儇 is xue/yuan fan, also meaning 'clever'; 彗 is sui/hui fan).

3.11

迦遮末尼 (kāca-maṇi; the first is jiang/jia fan; the second is zhe/she fan; 末 is mo/bo fan; Sanskrit for a precious jewel: a gemstone, belonging to the class of chalcedony, jasper, or inferior jade).

3.12

報怨 (repaying enmity; the former is bao/mao fan; Zheng's commentary on the Rites says: '報 means to reply'; Guangya says 'to recompense'; Gu Yewang says 'to reciprocate'; Shuowen jiezi says 'submitting to penalty; composed of 幸 and 𠬩, submitting to guilt'; the latter is yuan/yuan fan; Kaosheng says: '惌 means to hate, dislike, or act as an enemy'; Shuowen jiezi says 'bent grass covering itself; composed of 宀 with 怨 phonetic'; 宀 is pronounced mian; 𠬩 is pronounced fu).

3.13

杜多 (dhūta; the former is pronounced du; Sanskrit; anciently translated as 頭陀 or 斗藪; possessing few desires and knowing contentment, practicing the twelve kinds of ascetic practices: 1. always begging for food; 2. begging in sequence; 3. eating in one sitting; 4. moderating food; 5. not drinking juices after midday; 6. dwelling in an araṇya; 7. always sitting and never lying down; 8. accepting any seating spread as provided; 9. sitting in the open; 10. sitting under a tree; 11. keeping only three robes; 12. wearing refuse-rag robes).

3.14

Fascicle 304

3.15

惽沉 (torpor; the former is hu/kun fan; Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says 惽 means 'disordered'; Guangya says 'confused'; Shuowen jiezi says it is derived from 民, but to avoid the imperial taboo name, 民 was changed to 氏, or written with radical 心 as 惛; the character 眠 below follows this principle).

3.16

睡眠 (sleep and drowsiness; the former is chui/wei fan; Jixun says: 'Sitting and sleeping'; character dictionaries say: 'Sleeping soundly'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 目 with 垂 phonetic'; the latter is mo/bian fan; Wang Yi's commentary on the Elegies of Chu says: '眠 means lying down'; Shuowen jiezi writes it as [目*(宜/八)], pronounced mian, with eyes closed; Gujin zhengzi writes it as 眠, eyes closed, composed of 目 with 民 phonetic).

3.17

稽留 (delay and detain; the former is jing/ni fan; Kaosheng says: '稽 means delayed'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To detain and stop; composed of 旨 with 𮂱 phonetic'; 𮂱 is pronounced ji; in ancient script written as 乩 or 卟; the latter is li/qiu fan, with the same meaning as above; Kaosheng says 'long duration'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Fields; composed of 田 with 丣 phonetic'; in the current sūtra text it is mutated into 留 or 㽞, corrupted through successive transmissions; 丣 is pronounced you, or liu).

3.18

謝法 (expressing gratitude for the Dharma; the former is xi/ye fan; Kaosheng says: 'To thank for grace'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To decline or take leave; composed of 言 with 射 phonetic'; the latter, 法, has its standard form with 廌, written 灋; in current clerical script it is abbreviated without 廌 as 法; 廌 is zhai/mai fan, an ancient divine beast also named the xiezhi, which rams unrighteous ministers and drives them away; being level like water, it is composed of 水, 廌, and 去; currently it is conventionally written in the abbreviated form 法; Guangya says 'laws and commands'; Erya says 'constant'; Shuowen jiezi says 'punishment'; Gu Yewang says: '法 is like rubbing clean; a standard').

3.19

无累 (free from encumbrance; the former character 无 is the character for 'without' (無) in ancient and bizarre scripts; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Emptiness and non-being'; the latter is li/wei fan; the Zuo Tradition says: 'Without encumbering later generations'; Yunquan says: 'Guilt entangling another'; character dictionaries say: 'Family encumbrance, entangling'; in ancient script written 絫, an ideogram resembling 厽).

3.20

繫縛 (bind and fetter; the former is pronounced ji; Jixun says: 'To link together; to continue'; Yupian says: 'To restrain'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 糸 with 𣪠 phonetic'; the latter is fang/bo fan; Jixun says: '縛 means 繫 [to bind]'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To bind; composed of 糸 with an abbreviated 博 phonetic').

3.21

艱辛 (hardship and toil; the former is cao/xian fan; Erya says: '艱 means difficult'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Soil that is difficult to cultivate; composed of [共-八+((中-〡+人)/土)] with 艮 phonetic'; [共-八+((中-〡+人)/土)] is pronounced jin, from which the character derives; popular usage today corruptly writes it from [(嘆-口)-廿+(共-八)]; the character 辛 has 二 on top, written as 辛).

3.22

無暇 (no leisure; the latter is xia/ya fan; Jia's commentary on Guoyu says: '暇 means peaceful leisure'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 日 with 叚 phonetic').

3.23

加祜 (bestow blessing; the latter is hu/gu fan; Zheng's notes to the Odes say: '祜 means blessing'; Erya says: 'The source of blessing'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 示 with 古 phonetic'; the sūtra also writes it as 祐, pronounced you; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To assist', which also fits the meaning; in the Upper Xici of the Book of Changes, Confucius said: 'That which Heaven assists is obedience; that which people assist is faithfulness'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 示 with 右 phonetic'; 示 is pronounced qi).

3.24

蚊蝱 (mosquitoes and gadflies; the former is wu/fen fan; written in sūtras as 蚉, which is a vulgar and incorrect form; Shuowen jiezi writes it as 蟁, a flying insect that bites humans; the latter is mo/geng fan; Shenglei says: 'Of the category of mosquitoes and midges, resembling flies but larger'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Generated by transformation among grasses and flowers of mountains and marshes; also born on the bodies of deer; large ones are called 蝱, while small ones with speckled markings are called [虫*朁]'; [虫*朁] is pronounced zan).

3.25

無陿 (not narrow; the latter is hu/jia fan; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Narrow; composed of 阜 with 匧 phonetic'; the sūtra text writes it with radical 大 as 狹, which is incorrect; 匧 is qian/xie fan).

3.26

Sūtras from Fascicle 305 through Fascicle 310 (all having none requiring phonetic glosses or explanations)

3.27

Fascicle 311

3.28

聰叡 (discerning and insightful; the former is pronounced cong; the Han Text of the Odes says: '聰 means bright'; the Mao Commentary says 'hearing'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Perceptive; composed of 耳 with 悤 phonetic'; the latter is pronounced rui; Boya says 'wise'; the Book of Documents says 'sagacious'; Jixun says 'penetrating the subtle'; Shuowen jiezi says 'profoundly clear; composed of 𱥌, 目, and an abbreviated 谷'; 𱥌 is pronounced can).

3.29

眾喻 (multitude of analogies; the former is zhong/zhong fan; Shuowen jiezi says: '眾 means numerous; composed of 乑, meaning many standing together, and 目, conveying the sense of a multitude'; 乑 is pronounced yin; the latter is yi/zhu fan, a vulgar character; the correct form has radical 言 as 諭; Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: 'To proclaim and enlighten'; the Cang Jie Pian says: 'To illustrate and admonish'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 言 with 俞 phonetic').

3.30

不怯 (undaunted; the latter is qian/jie fan; Gu Yewang says: 'Cowardly and lacking courage'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 犬 as 㹤; dogs are full of fear; an ideogram').

3.31

不憚 (undaunted; the latter is tang/lan fan; Zheng's notes to the Odes say: '憚 means difficult, or afraid'; Jixun says: 'To decline; to be startled'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To dread and detest; composed of 心 with 單 phonetic').

3.32

懈倦 (slack and weary; the former is pronounced jie; the latter is kuang/yuan fan, or written 惓; Guangya says: '倦 means exhausted'; Yunying says 'fatigued'; also written 勌).

3.33

猶豫 (hesitation; the former is yi/zhou fan; the latter is yu/ju fan; Qiesheng says: '猶豫 is a term for being unsettled'; Jixun says: 'The mind is doubtful'; the Book of Rites says: 'Divination by turtle shell and milfoil stalks is used to resolve suspicions and settle hesitations'; Fangyan says: 'Longxi calls a dog a 猶; hence the character 猶 has radical 犬 with 酋 phonetic'; Jia's commentary on Guoyu says: '豫 is the name of a beast shaped like an elephant'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 象 with 予 phonetic').

3.34

堵羅緜 (tūla-cotton; the former is pronounced du; the latter is mi/ran fan; Sanskrit for fine cotton down; the Śramaṇa Daoxuan's commentary on the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya says: 'The down of plant and tree flowers; such as cattail flowers, willow down, white poplar, and cotton (paṭa) blossom down; taken in the sense of being fine and soft').

3.35

飄颺 (drifting and fluttering; the former is pi/yao fan; the Mao Commentary on the Odes says: 'Whirlwind'; the latter is yang/liang fan; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Blown and raised by the wind; in the level tone').

3.36

Fascicle 312

3.37

泛大海 (sailing the great ocean; 泛 is fang/fan fan; Shuowen jiezi says: '泛 means to float; composed of 水 with 乏 phonetic'; 乏 is the inverted form of 正; the latter is he/gai fan; Gu Yewang says: 'The great waters that receive the drainage of ten thousand rivers'; Laozi says: 'The reason rivers and seas can be kings of the hundred valleys is that they excel at staying low'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Composed of 水 with 每 phonetic').

3.38

浮囊 (floating raft-bladder; the former is pronounced fu, also fu/you fan; Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: 'Drifting and flowing is called 浮'; Jia's commentary on Guoyu says: 'Light'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'To float; composed of 水 with 孚 phonetic'; the latter is nuo/tang fan; Jixun says: 'That which has a bottom is called a 囊; that without a bottom is called a 橐'; 橐 is pronounced tuo; the floating bladder in the present sūtra is an inflated air bladder; one wishing to cross the great ocean relies on the lightness and buoyancy of this air bladder).

3.39

板片 (wooden planks; the former is ban/jian fan; Jixun says: 'Splitting wood with a saw produces planks'; Shuowen jiezi writes it with radical 片 as 板, meaning split wood; the sūtra uses radical 木, which is a vulgar character but also accepted; the latter is pian/bian fan; Cang Jie Pian says: '片 means split wood'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'The character for half a log').

3.40

死屍 (corpse; pronounced shi; Jixun says: 'A dead human is called 屍'; the Book of Rites says: 'The dead on a bed is called a corpse (屍); in a coffin it is called a deceased (死/柩)'; 柩 is pronounced jiu, composed of 匚 with 久).

3.41

壙野 (wilderness; kuo/guang fan; already explained above).

3.42

資糧 (provisions; Shuowen jiezi says: '資 means property; composed of 貝 with 次 phonetic'; the latter is li/jiang fan, also written 糧; Jixun says: 'Stored food'; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Grain; composed of 米 with 量 phonetic'; the six perfections and myriad practices are termed provisions).

3.43

遭苦 (encountering suffering; the former is zu/lao fan; Shuowen jiezi says: '遭 means to encounter').

3.44

坏瓶 (unfired clay jar; the former is pu/bei fan; Shuowen jiezi says: 'Unfired pottery is called 坏; composed of 土 with 不 phonetic'; the latter is man/ming fan; Jixun says: 'A vessel for drawing water and containing liquids'; Qiesheng says: 'Resembling an earthen jar (ying) but with a small mouth is called a 瓶'; ying is wu/geng fan).

3.45

堪盛 (capable of containing; the former is kang/gan fan; Kong's commentary on the Book of Documents says: '堪 means capable'; the latter is pronounced cheng; Qiesheng says 'firm'; Shuowen jiezi says: '盛 is composed of 皿 with 成 phonetic').

3.46

裝治 (decorating and outfitting; the former is pronounced zhuang; Qiesheng says 'to adorn'; the latter is pronounced chi; character dictionaries say: 'To arrange and manage').

3.47

推著 (the upper character is *tā* + *léi* [fanqie: tūi]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "'Tuī' means to shove or repel." 'Pái' is *bài* + *mái* [fanqie]. The lower character is *zhāng* + *lüè* [fanqie: zhù]; standardly written with the radical 'cǎo' and the phonetic 'zhě' [著], sometimes with 'rén' as 㒂, or with 'shǒu' as 擆; the present sūtra text writes it with two dots below as 著, which is an error arising from cursive script).

3.48

喪失 (*sāng* + *zàng* [fanqie: sàng]; the Kaosheng says: "'Sàng' means to lose." The Shuowen jiezi says: "It means to perish; derived from 'kū' (to weep), where 'kū' is *kǔ* + *gǔ* [fanqie], and with 'wáng' as phonetic." In sūtras it is written as 喪 or as [〦/(口*口)/(┌/┌/一)], both of which are corruptions. The lower character 'shī': the Shuowen jiezi says: "'Shī' means to let go; derived from 'shǒu' (hand) and 'yǐ' (乙)." The clerical script writes it as 失, which is corrupt).

3.49

方牽 (*qǐ* + *jiān* [fanqie: qiān]; the Guangya says: "'Qiān' means to link together; to pull." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To draw forward; derived from 'mì', depicting the halter of an ox, and derived from 'niú' with 'xuán' as phonetic." 'Miàn' is *guǐ* + *yíng* [fanqie: gōng/jiōng]. The popular form with 'shǒu' and 'qù' as 牽 is incorrect. The ancient script writes it with 'shǒu' as 掔).

3.50

䆤穴 (the upper character is *chāng* + *zhuān* [fanqie: chuān]; the Yunying says: "A hole or cavity." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To pierce through; derived from 'shēn' (body) inside an 'xué' (cave)." The lower character is *xuán* + *jué* [fanqie: xué]; Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Mao Shi says: "Excavating the ground is called 'xué'." The Shuowen jiezi says: "An earthen chamber; derived from 'miàn' with 'bā' as phonetic").

3.51

老耄 (the upper character is *lè* + *nǎo* [fanqie: lǎo]; the Erya says: "'Lǎo' means venerable age." The Kaosheng says: "Long-lasting; old." The Quli says: "Seventy years of age is called 'mào'." The Shuowen jiezi says: "'Mào' means old; derived from 'máo' (hair), 'rén' (person), and 'bǐ' (匕), where 'bǐ' is *huà* [fanqie], meaning that a person's beard and hair have transformed into white is called 'lǎo'." The lower character is *máo* + *bào* [fanqie: mào]; the Liji says: "Eighty and ninety years of age is called 'mào'." Zheng Xuan says: "Confused and forgetful." The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 𧂕: "Ninety years of age; derived from 'lǎo' with an abbreviated 'hāo' as phonetic").

3.52

俱盧舍 (Sanskrit [krośa]; the Mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra states: "One krośa is the distance beyond the farthest point to which the bellow of a great bull can reach, where an araṇya may suitably be established, called a quiet and solitary place").

3.53

Fascicle 313 (No sounds or meanings to annotate.)

3.54

Fascicle 314

3.55

𣫘𰆎 (the upper character is *kǔ* + *jiǎo* [fanqie: ké]; the Jixun says: "The empty shell of a bird's egg." The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 𣪊, with 𡉉 as phonetic; 𡉉 is *kǒu* + *jiāng* [fanqie]. The lower character is *luò* + *guǎn* [fanqie: luǎn]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "All creatures that do not suckle are oviparous (egg-born)." The ancient script writes it as 廾 or as [?*〡*〡*?], which is a pictographic character).

3.56

瞖目 (*yū* + *jì* [fanqie: yì]; the Yunlüe says: "An ocular film or opacity; derived from 'mù' (eye) with 'yì' (殹) as phonetic." 'Yì' is *yū* + *jì* [fanqie]. The sūtra writing 𪾼 is incorrect. As for the character 'mù' (目), the Shuowen jiezi says: "The human eye; a pictographic character depicting doubled pupils").

3.57

將帥 (the upper character is *jīng* + *yàng* [fanqie: jiàng]; the Zishu says: "A military commander." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To lead; derived from 'cùn' with an abbreviated 'jiàng' (醬) as phonetic." The lower character is *shuài* + *lèi* [fanqie: shuài]; the Kaosheng says: "To command or govern." The Jixun says: "A general of an army." It is also written as [彳*(玄/(友-又))*亍], or pronounced *shuài*, which is also permissible).

3.58

Fascicle 315 (No sounds or meanings to annotate.)

3.59

Fascicle 316

3.60

淳熟 (the upper character is *shí* + *lún* [fanqie: chún]; it is a popular character; the standard form takes [高/((卄*├)/干)] as [泳-永+(高/((卄*├)/干))]; the Guangya says: "'Chún' means to soak or steep." The Kaosheng says: "Pure." The Shuowen jiezi says that with the water radical it is written as [泳-永+(高/((卄*├)/干))], meaning to drain; 'lù' (盝) is *lù* [fanqie]. The lower character is *cháng* + *lù* [fanqie: shú]; the Kaosheng says: "Ripened or completed." The Fangyan says: "Thoroughly cooked." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Food properly cooked; derived from 'ji' (丮) with [高/((卄*├)/干)] as phonetic." 'Rèn' (餁) is *ér* + *zhěn* [fanqie]; 'ji' (丮) is *jí* [fanqie]; [高/((卄*├)/干)] is *shí* + *lún* [fanqie]. Nowadays it is commonly written as 孰, or with the four dots of fire (灬) below as 熟, both being reduced variant forms of clerical script; both are acceptable. '灬' is pronounced *piāo*).

3.61

Fascicle 317 (No sounds or meanings to annotate.)

3.62

Fascicle 318

3.63

多揭羅 (Sanskrit name of an incense [tagara]. 'Jiē' is *jié* [fanqie]. The Sanskrit transcription is corrupted; correctly it should be *duō-niè-luō* [tagara], which is Lysimachia foenum-graecum (línglíngxiāng). The character 'luō' (囉) requires a rolled tongue).

3.64

多摩羅 (also the Sanskrit name of an incense [tamāla]; in the Tang language it is patchouli (huòxiāng); the ancient translation 'gēnxiāng' (root incense) was mistaken).

3.65

嗢鉢羅花 (the first character is *wēn* + *gǔ* [fanqie: wà]; in the Tang language it is called blue lotus [utpala]. Its flower is blue-green, its petals slender and long, and its fragrance can be smelled from afar. It rarely exists in the human world, but only in the Great Dragon Lake of Anavatapta. It is also called *yōubōluó* [utpala]; the transmitted sounds are the same).

3.66

鉢特摩花 (anciently called *bōtóumó* or *bōnǔmó*; the correct Sanskrit sound is *bōnàmó* [padma]; this is the superior among the red lotuses in the human world; some say it is a reddish-yellow flower).

3.67

拘某陀花 (anciently called *jūwùtóu*; the correct Sanskrit sound is *jūmóunà* [kumuda]; this is the red lotus of a deep vermilion color; it does not exist in the human realm either, but only in that lake; it is exceedingly fragrant and also large).

3.68

奔荼利迦花 (anciently called *fēntuólì*; the correct Sanskrit sound is *běnnálǐjiā* flower [puṇḍarīka]; in the Tang language it is called white lotus; its flower is like snow and like silver, its radiance dazzling to the eyes; it is exceedingly fragrant and also large, mostly growing in that lake, and does not exist in the human realm. 'Ná' (䋈) is *nú* + *yǎ* [fanqie]).

3.69

比度 (*bēi* + *mǐ* [fanqie: bǐ]; the Jixun says: "'Bǐ' means to compare by analogy." Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Zhouli says: "'Bǐ' is like checking or comparing." The lower character is *táng* + *luò* [fanqie: dù]; Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the Guoyu says: "'Dù' means to calculate or consider"; it is a phonetic loan character).

3.70

Fascicle 319, Fascicle 320, Fascicle 321 (The above three fascicles have no sounds or meanings to annotate.)

3.71

Fascicle 322

3.72

東踊 (*róng* + *zhǒng* [fanqie: yǒng]; already explained above in Fascicle 52).

3.73

栴檀香 (the Sanskrit name for white sandalwood [candana]. The upper character is *zhī* + *rán* [fanqie]; the lower character is *táng* + *lán* [fanqie]. This incense is produced in the Southern Seas; there are two varieties, red and white, the red being superior. The names of fragrant flowers in the sūtra text below have already been fully explained in the preceding fascicles).

3.74

Fascicle 323

3.75

有翅 (*shī* + *zhì* [fanqie: chì]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "The wings of a bird; derived from 'yǔ' (feather) with 'zhī' (支) as phonetic." It is also written as 翄 with the same meaning).

3.76

偏黨 (the upper character is pronounced *piān*; the lower character is *dāng* + *lǎng* [fanqie: dǎng]; He Yan says: "'Dǎng' means clan or kinsmen." Kong Anguo says: "Aiding one another to conceal faults is called 'dǎng'." The Liutao says: "Companions are called 'péng', and a group of péng is called 'dǎng'." The Zhouli says: "A group of five hundred families").

3.77

姉妹 (the upper character is *zī* + *cǐ* [fanqie: zǐ]; the lower character is *mèi* + *bèi* [fanqie: mèi]; the Baihu tong says: "'Zǐ' (elder sister) means indulgence; 'mèi' (younger sister) means the end; the meaning is taken from elder and younger, superior and inferior in sequence." The Han Shi says: "An elder sister is called 'zǐ'; a younger sister is called 'mèi'." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Derived from 'nǚ' (woman) with 'shì' (市) as phonetic; 'shì' is *zī* + *sǐ* [fanqie]. The character 'mèi' is derived from 'mò' (end)").

3.78

軌範 (*jū* + *wěi* [fanqie: guǐ]; *fán* + *àn* [fanqie: fàn]; already explained above in Fascicle 43).

3.79

邪行 (the upper character is *xī* + *jiē* [fanqie: xié]; the lower character is pronounced *xìng*; the Da zhidu lun says: "Going against the correct teaching, trusting in flattering and false words, roasting the body with the five fires, observing the precepts of chickens or dogs, and undergoing useless hardships are called wrong practices (micchā-carita). Moreover, sexual misconduct with someone who is not one's proper mate, illicit intercourse with another person's wife, or with one's own wife at inappropriate times or through non-prescribed orifices—all these are called wrong conduct").

3.80

離間 (the upper character is *lì* + *zhī* [fanqie: lí]; the lower character is *gé* + *xiàn* [fanqie: jiàn]).

3.81

Fascicle 324 (No sounds or meanings to annotate.)

3.82

Fascicle 325

3.83

扇搋半擇迦 ('Chuāi' is *chì* + *jiā* [fanqie: chāi]; in the sūtra text it is written as 𭡁, which does not form a proper character. 'Jiā' is *jiāng* + *qū* [fanqie: jiā]; a Sanskrit term [ṣaṇḍha-paṇḍaka], in the Tang language called 'eunuch' (huángmén). There are five kinds, as explained in detail in the great Vinaya texts. A summary verse recorded here says: "The innate, the castrated, the jealous, the variable, and the half-monthly; these are the five").

3.84

瘖瘂 (the upper character is *yǐn* + *jīn* [fanqie: yīn]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Unable to speak; 'yīn' is like having no voice." The lower character is *wū* + *jiǎ* [fanqie: yǎ]; already explained above in Fascicle 1; both are derived from the radical 'chuáng' (疒), which is *nǚ* + *è* [fanqie]. Writing it with 'kǒu' (mouth) as 啞 is incorrect).

3.85

攣躄癲癎短陋猶豫 (Already explained above in Fascicle 180).

3.86

Fascicle 326

3.87

臭穢 (the upper character is *chāng* + *zhòu* [fanqie: chòu]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "When beasts flee, that which tracks them by scent is the hound (quǎn); derived from 'quǎn' (hound) and 'zì' (self/nose); 'zì' is an ancient character for 'bí' (nose), a pictograph." The popular form nowadays written with 'sǐ' (dead) as 臰 is incorrect. The lower character is *wēi* + *wèi* [fanqie: wèi]; the Yupian says: "Not clean." The Yunying says: "Foul and evil." Sometimes written with 'shí' (food) as 饖, meaning soured food or drink. The Shuowen jiezi says: "Derived from 'hé' (grain) with 'suì' as phonetic").

3.88

垢膩 (the upper character is *gǔ* + *kǒu* [fanqie: gǒu]; Gu Yewang says: "Not clean." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Turbid." The lower character is *ní* + *zhì* [fanqie: nì]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "'Nì' means fatty or greasy." The Gujin zhengzi says: "Derived from 'ròu' (flesh) with 'èr' (貳) as phonetic").

3.89

蟣蝨 (the upper character is *jī* + *nǐ* [fanqie: jǐ]; the Yunying says: "The egg of a louse; pronounced *lǔ* + *guǎn* [fanqie: luǎn]; a pictographic character." The lower character is *suǒ* + *yǐ* [fanqie: shī]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "The character 'shī' (蝨) is derived from 'xùn' and 'kūn'." The popular writing 虱 is incorrect. 'Xùn' (卂) is *xìn* [fanqie]; 'kūn' (䖵) is *kūn* [fanqie]).

3.90

磨瑩 (*yíng* + *jiǒng* [fanqie: yíng]; the Yunying says: "To rub and polish." The Zishu says: "Fine grinding is called 'yíng'." Sometimes written as 鎣).

3.91

不侚 (*xún* + *jùn* [fanqie: xùn]; the Jixun says: "To follow along with things using one's body is called 'xùn'." The Kaosheng says: "To return to." The Shangshu says: "To seek." The Hanshu says: "To comply with." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Swift; derived from 'rén' (person) with 'xún' (旬) as phonetic." It is also written as [仁-二+(旬/(百-日+ㄎ))] or 徇).

3.92

交徹 (*chán* + *liè* [fanqie: chè]; the Mao Shi commentary says: "'Chè' means to pass through." Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Lunyu says: "To penetrate." Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "To reach." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Derived from 'chì' (彳) and 'pū' (攴) with 'yù' (育) as phonetic." The popular form with 'qù' is incorrect. 'Chì' (彳) is *chǒu* + *chǐ* [fanqie]; 'pū' (攴) is *pǔ* + *bǔ* [fanqie]).

3.93

辛酸 (the upper character is *xìn* + *jīn* [fanqie: xīn]; the Kaosheng says: "'Xīn' is a pungent and spicy flavor." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Derived from 'èr' (二) and 'qiān' (𢆉); 'qiān' is guilt/punishment, taking on offenses, depicting a person in submission." The lower character is *suàn* + *guān* [fanqie: suān]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "'Suān' means sour; derived from 'yǒu' (酉) with 'qūn' (夋) as phonetic." 'Qūn' (夋) is *qūn* [fanqie]. Sometimes written as 酸, meaning painful).

3.94

折伏 (the upper character is *zhāng* + *rè* [fanqie: zhé]; Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Shangshu says: "'Zhé' means to cut off, referring to deciding legal verdicts." The Guangya says: "'Zhé' means to bend." The Gujin zhengzi says: "Derived from 'shǒu' (hand) with 'jīn' (斤) as phonetic." The lower character is *féng* + *fú* [fanqie: fú]; the Kaosheng says: "To submit or yield; to obey." The Shuowen jiezi says: "'Fú' means to lie in wait; when a dog waits for a human's convenience, it crouches down, hence it is derived from 'rén' (man) and 'quǎn' (dog), an ideogrammatic compound").

3.95

引𡙜 (the upper character is *yǐ* + *rěn* [fanqie: yǐn]; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuozhuan says: "To lead or guide." Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the Guoyu says: "To stretch or extend." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To draw a bow." The ancient script writes it with 'rén' as 𢎢, or with 'shǒu' as 㧈, an ideogrammatic compound. The lower character is *tú* + *huó* [fanqie: duó]; the Kaosheng says: "'Duó' means to lose." The Zishu says: "Holding a bird in hand and losing it is called 'duó'; derived from 'dà' (大) and 'zhuī' (隹)." Moreover, the stone classics write it with 'cùn' (寸) as 奪; the ancient script writes it as 敓 or 挩; the sūtra writing it with 'liù' (六) as 奪 is incorrect).

3.96

Fascicle 327

3.97

𰇺受 (the upper character is *tú* + *jí* [fanqie]; Gu Yewang says: "The Tang form derives from 'gēng'." The Zishu says: "Empty." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Derived from 'gēng' with 'kǒu' (mouth)." The lower character is *chóu* + *zhǒu* [fanqie: shòu]; the Fangyan says: "'Shòu' means to contain or hold; to accommodate." The Shuowen jiezi says: "To deliver mutually; derived from 'shòu' (受) with an abbreviated 'zhōu' (舟)." The Wenzi shiyao says: "Given and received mutually above and below; 'jiōng' (冂) is the object being received." Some say it is derived from an abbreviated 'jīn' (巾). 'Shòu' (受) is pronounced *pī* + *biǎo* [fanqie]).

3.98

劇苦 (*qú* + *nì* [fanqie: jù]; the lower character is *kū* + *gǔ* [fanqie: kǔ]; already fully explained above in Fascicle 9).

3.99

撟詐 (*jiāo* + *yǎo* [fanqie: jiǎo]; Gu Yewang says: "To make false pretenses is called 'jiǎo'." The Zishu says: "Deceitful or feigned." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Derived from 'shǒu' (hand) with 'qiáo' (喬) as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with 'shǐ' (arrow) as 矯, which is a popular usage and not the standard form).

3.100

蹔捨 (*cán* + *làn* [fanqie: zàn]; a popular character; the standard form derives from 'rì' as 暫; the Guangya says: "Sudden." The Yunying says: "For a brief moment." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Not long; derived with 'zhǎn' (斬) as phonetic").

3.101

技藝 (the upper character is *qú* + *qǐ* [fanqie: jì]; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Skill or cleverness; derived from 'shǒu' (hand)"; the sūtra writing it with 'rén' (person) is an error. The lower character is *ní* + *jì* [fanqie: yì]; the Zhouli speaks of the six arts: rites, music, writing, reckoning, archery, and charioteering. Gu Yewang says: "'Yì' is like ability or talent." Du Yu says: "'Yì' means rules and institutions." The Zishu says: "Skill and ability; derived from 'yún' with 'yì' (蓻) as phonetic"; 'yì' (蓻) has the same pronunciation as above).

3.102

邪命 (the upper character is *xī* + *jiē* [fanqie: xié]; a phonetic loan character; the standard form in the Shuowen jiezi is written as 衺, derived from 'yī' (clothing) with 'yá' as phonetic. The Shangshu says: "Remove the perverse and do not doubt." Gu Yewang says: "'Xié' is like bad or wicked." The sūtra says: 'Wrong livelihood' (mithyājīva) means undertaking practices that are not the proper path, flattering to seek fame and gain, or engaging in four verbal actions to earn a living—namely, gazing up at stellar phenomena, plowing fields and planting crops, running errands in all directions, and using incantations to subdue ghosts and spirits; these four kinds of verbal livelihood are called 'wrong livelihood'").

3.103

Fascicle 328 (No sounds or meanings to annotate.)

3.104

Fascicle 329

3.105

耽慾 (*dā* + *gān* [fanqie: dān]; already fully explained above in Fascicle 53).

3.106

期契 (the upper character is pronounced *qí*; the Zishu says: "To have a set deadline or limit." Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the Guoyu says: "To meet or convene." The Shuowen jiezi says the same; derived from 'yuè' (moon) with 'qí' (其) as phonetic).

3.107

繫念 (Focusing the mind: [The first character has the] fanqie 俱詣 [jì]; it has already been fully explained in fascicle 304 above).

3.108

Fascicle 330

3.109

推徵 (Inquiring and verifying: The upper character has the sound 吹 [chuī]; the lower has the fanqie 陟陵 [zhǐ]. Du [Yu's] commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '徵 means to verify.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Whenever a scholar acts modestly in obscurity yet his reputation is heard in the court, that is 徵; hence it is derived from 壬 and the abbreviated sound of 微. 壬 has the fanqie 體郢 [tǐng].')

3.110

焦炷 (Scorched wick: [炷 has the] fanqie 朱喻 [zhù]; anciently written 澍 or 注. In all the character dictionaries there is no such character as 炷; those who translated the scriptures changed the water [radical] to fire to make 炷, which is a phono-semantic character).

3.111

酸答 (Sour response: The lower character has the fanqie 當納 [dá]. The Yunying says: '荅 means responding to.' The Shuowen jiezi states that it is derived from 艸 [grass] with the sound 合. The ancient script had it derived from 曰 with 合 to make 𣆗, which is not in current use. Because cursive script changed the top grass radical into 𥫗 [bamboo], it was written as 答; cases such as 落, 莫, 薄, and 若 are all of this kind).

3.112

[敲-高+((敝-ㄆ)-?+?)]壞 (Damaged and destroyed: The upper character has the fanqie 毘袂 [bì]. Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: '[敲-高+((敝-ㄆ)-?+?)] means fatigued, inferior.' The Cangjie pian says: 'Extreme.' The character dictionaries say: 'Defeated.' The Shuowen jiezi writes it [(敝-ㄆ)-?+?], [meaning] 'torn clothes'; it is derived from 巾 [cloth] depicting torn clothing. The lower character has the fanqie 懷瞶 [huài]. The Kaosheng says: 'To collapse.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Ruined; derived from 土 [earth] with the sound 褱.' It is also written 𪐢, which is an ancient character. 聵 has the fanqie 吾怪 [kuài]).

3.113

顦顇 (Emaciated and haggard: The upper character has the fanqie 情遙 [qiáo]; the lower has the fanqie 牆遂 [cuì]. The Yunying says: '顦悴 is the appearance of being thin and worn down.' It is also written with the mind [radical] as 憔悴).

3.114

乏尠 (Lacking and few: The upper character has the fanqie 凡法 [fá]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The Zuo zhuan says that the reverse of 正 [upright] makes 乏.' The lower character has the fanqie 息淺 [xiǎn]; it is also written 尟. The Jixun says: 'Scant.' The Shuowen jiezi derives it from 是 as 尟, with the sound 少. It is also written 鮮, which is identical).

3.115

麁獷 (Coarse and fierce: The upper character has the fanqie 倉蘇 [cū]. Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Liji says: '麤 means coarse and unrefined.' The Guangya says: 'Bad.' The Shuowen jiezi derives it from three 鹿 [deer]. The lower character has the fanqie 𮓦猛 [guǎng]. The Jixun says: 'Fierce and vicious like a dog, approaching which is impossible; hence it is derived from 犬 [dog].' In standard editions of scriptures it is written 礦, which is unrefined stone and is incorrect).

3.116

鄙𨛋 (Vulgar and rustic: The upper character has the fanqie 悲美 [bǐ]; it has already been explained in the preface above. The lower character has the sound 里 [lǐ]. The Cangjie pian says: 'An inferior township of a state.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The name of a pavilion in Nanyang; derived from 邑 with the sound 里.' The sūtra text writes 俚; the Shuowen jiezi says [俚 means] 'to chat', and Guo Pu's commentary on the Fangyan says: 'Makeshift'; these are not the usage intended here).

3.117

塊等 (Clods [of earth] and the like: [塊 has the] fanqie 枯外 [kuài]; a clod of earth. It is also written 𠙽).

3.118

懈怠 (Indolence: The upper character has the sound 戒 [jiè]; 懈 means sluggish. The lower character has the sound 待 [dài]; 怠 means lazy).

3.119

嬾墮 (Lazy and remiss: The upper character has the fanqie 勒偘 [lǎn]. The Kaosheng says: 'Not diligent.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Indolent; derived from 女 [woman] with the sound 賴.' The character 賴 is derived from 負 with the sound 剌. The sūtra text writes it with the mind [radical] as 懶; though corrupt, it is also accepted. The lower character has the fanqie 徒臥 [duò]. The Guangya says: '墮 means lazy.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Disrespectful; derived from 心 [mind] with the sound 隋.' Anciently written 𢞑).

3.120

垖阜 (Mound and hill: The upper character has the fanqie 都迴 [duī]. The Kaosheng says: 'The appearance of elevated earth, a gathering above.' The Jixun says: 'A high mound or hill.' The Shuowen jiezi writes it 𠂤, [meaning] 'a small hill.' The Shuowen jiezi [also] says: '隗京 [a high hill]; derived from 阜 with the sound 隹.' It is also written with the earth [radical] as 堆, which is identical. The sūtra text writes 塠, which is a vulgar character. 隗 has the fanqie 五猥 [wěi]. The lower character, 阜, has the sound 負 [fù]. The Erya says: 'High and level land is called 陸; a large 陸 is called 阜.' The Guangya says: 'A large mound.' The Shuowen jiezi also says: 'A large tract of land; a mountain without stones; pictographically made as 𠂤.' The Shiming says: 'High and thick earth.')

3.121

溝坑 (Ditch and pit: The upper character has the fanqie 古侯 [gōu]. The Zhouli says: 'Water channels are called 溝.' The Guiyuan zhuchong says: 'A canal within a city that allows water to flow.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A water conduit four feet wide and four feet deep; derived from 水 [water] with the sound 冓. 冓 has the fanqie 古侯 [gōu].' The lower character has the fanqie 苦耕 [kēng]. The Erya says: '坑 means ruins.' Guo Pu's commentary says: 'Moats, ponds, mounds, and ruins.' The Cangjie pian says: 'A chasm, a pitfall.' The Shuowen jiezi omits its gloss. The Gujin zhengzi derives it from 土 [earth] with the sound 亢. 亢 has the sound 岡 [gāng]).

3.122

株杌 (Stump and bare tree: The upper character has the fanqie 知榆 [zhū]. The Kaosheng says: 'The remnant after cutting down a tree.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Tree roots; derived from 木 [wood] with the sound 朱.' The lower character has the fanqie 五骨 [wù]. The Yunying says: 'A tree without branches is called 杌.' Character dictionaries say: 'A stump.' It is also written 兀).

3.123

荊棘 (Brambles and thorns: The upper character has the fanqie 景迎 [jīng]. The Guangya says: 'Chu is 荊; there are differences such as zhuangjing and manjing. Those with red stems and large fruits are zhuangjing, and there is also shanjing.' The Guangzhou ji says: 'Meina County produces golden chaste trees.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A tree of Chu; derived from 艸 [grass] with the sound 刑.' The lower character has the fanqie 兢力 [jí]. The Fangyan says: 'Between the Changjiang and Huai Rivers, all plants and trees with thorns that hurt people are called 棘.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Sour jujube, a thorny woody plant growing in clusters; derived from two 朿 alongside each other.' The sūtra writes it with two 釆, which is incorrect).

3.124

平坦 (Level and smooth: [坦 has the] fanqie 他但 [tǎn]. The Guangya says: '坦 means level.' Wang Bi's commentary on the Zhouyi says: '坦 means having no precipitous narrows.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Derived from 土 [earth] with the sound 旦.')

3.125

戀著 (Yearning and clinging: [戀 has the] fanqie 力眷 [luàn]. The Kaosheng says: 'To long for.' The Shiji says: 'To recall.' The Shuowen jiezi omits it. The Gujin zhengzi says: 'To be bound; derived from 心 [mind] with the sound 䜌. 䜌 has the fanqie 力緣 [luán].' In the sūtras it is written with the woman [radical] as 孌, which is also accepted).

3.126

剎帝利 (Kṣatriya: The upper character, 𠛴, is traditionally pronounced 察 [chá]; in rhyme books there originally was no such character as 𠛴, but rather this was a phonetic corruption and an orthographic error. When the ancients translated the scriptures, they used [利-禾+(暴-(日/共)+夾)]; [利-禾+(暴-(日/共)+夾)] has the fanqie 初擳 [chà], which was used to phonetically transcribe the Sanskrit sound. Later translators took [利-禾+(暴-(日/共)+夾)] to be 察, and because [利-禾+(暴-(日/共)+夾)] and 察 are visually similar, they changed its graphic form, resulting in this error. In Chinese there is no single matching equivalent for this Sanskrit phrase; translated by its meaning, it means 'the royal lineage of successive generations'. Those among them whose merit, virtue, and wisdom surpassed the masses were jointly established as kings, and they took this as their lineage name).

3.127

婆羅門 (Brāhmaṇa: In Sanskrit, this is the name of the god Brahmā. In the Tang language, it is rendered 'pure conduct' or 'brahmacaryā'. These people say of themselves: 'Our original primal ancestor was born from the mouth of Brahmā', and they subsequently took the name of Brahmā as their clan name. Passed down generation after generation, they study the scriptures and treatises of the four Vedas; all of them are broadly knowledgeable, highly talented, and thoroughly versed in the various treatises. Most serve as preceptors and tutors to kings, or dwell in high virtue without taking office, or seek immortality to nourish longevity, at times attaining the status of five-superknowledges immortals).

3.128

吠舍 (Vaiśya: Formerly called 毘舍, which was erroneous. All are immensely wealthy and have abundant assets, having access to the noble and exalted. They travel to trade commodities, traverse foreign lands, amass wealth and capital, and keep precious treasures in their households. Some are called elders (śreṣṭhin), while others are enfeoffed with city titles).

3.129

戍達羅 (Śūdra: Formerly written 首陀, which was an abbreviation and incorrect. People of this caste apply themselves to agricultural labor: tilling, sowing, planting, and paying taxes to the king's ministers. Most of them are common subjects and farming folk, sparse in learning and knowledge. Among the four castes, this occupies the lowest rank).

3.130

Fascicle 331

3.131

卵生 (Egg-born: The upper character has the fanqie 欒管 [luǎn]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'All creatures born without breasts are born from eggs; it is a pictograph.' In ancient script it is written [?/八], in small seal script it is [?/八], and in clerical script it is 卵).

3.132

不顧 (Unmindful: [顧 has the] sound 固 [gù]. Zheng's gloss on the Shijing says: '顧 means to look back.' The Guangya says: 'To face.' The character dictionaries say: 'To think of.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To look back; derived from 頁 with the sound 雇. 頁 has the sound 頡 [xié]; 雇 has the sound 固 [gù]).

3.133

變易 (Change and transformation: [變 has the] fanqie 兵汴 [biàn]. Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: 'To alter.' The Cheng weishi lun says: 'The alteration of form and substance over time is called 變.' The Shuowen jiezi agrees with the Guoyu, deriving it from 攴 with the sound 䜌. The lower character has the sound 亦 [yì]. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'To alter and exchange.' Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: 'To alter; to differ.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A chameleon; when in a house it is called a gecko, and when in marshes it is called a chameleon; a pictographic character.' Another view says: 'Sun and moon make 易, a character of nine strokes in all, which is an associative compound').

3.134

短促 (Short and pressed: The upper character has the fanqie 都管 [duǎn]; the lower has the fanqie 取欲 [cù]. The Guangya says: '促 means near.' Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Urgent.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Pressed').

3.135

痰病 (Phlegm disease: The upper character has the fanqie 唐男 [tán]. The Jixun says: 'A fluid disease in the chest and diaphragm.' The scripture text writes 淡, which is incorrect; that is in the falling tone and means tasteless, being an error made by scribes).

3.136

殑伽 (Gaṅgā: Sanskrit. The upper character has the fanqie 凝等 [gěng]; the lower has the fanqie 魚佉 [qié]. The name of a river goddess in the Western Region; it is the river goddess of the Ganges mentioned in the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra).

3.137

偏覆 (Covering unevenly: The upper character has the sound 篇 [piān]; the lower has the fanqie 芳務 [fù], meaning to shelter).

3.138

一雙 (A pair: Derived from two 隹 with 又. The scripture writing it with 文 is incorrect).

3.139

植眾 (Planting [among] the assembly: [植 has the] fanqie 承職 [zhí]. The Zuanyun says: '植 means to plant.' The Fangyan says: 'To set up; to plant.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A door post; derived from 木 [wood] with the sound 直.' It is also written 㯰).

3.140

紅碧 (Red and jasper-green: [紅 has the] fanqie 胡公 [hóng]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Silk of a reddish-white color.' The lower character has the fanqie 兵戟 [bì]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A fine stone; derived from 玉 [jade] and 石 [stone] with the sound 白.' The Guangya says: 'A bluish-white color').

3.141

Fascicle 332

3.142

技術 (Arts and crafts: [術 has the] fanqie 純律 [shù]. The Han-school Shijing commentary says: '術 means method.' Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'Art.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '術 means path; derived from 行 with the sound 朮. 朮 has the fanqie 馳律 [zhú]).

3.143

險難 (Perilous and arduous: [險 has the] fanqie 香撿 [xiǎn]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Obstructed and difficult; derived from 阜 with the sound 僉.' The scripture writing it with the mountain radical as 嶮 is incorrect).

3.144

潛伏 (Lurking and hiding: The character 潛 has already been explained in the preface. The lower character has the fanqie 輔腹 [fú]. Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: '伏 means hidden.' The Guangya says: 'To conceal.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To spy; a dog waiting to ambush someone; hence it is derived from 人 [person] and 犬 [dog], an associative compound').

3.145

驚惶 (Frightened and terrified: [驚 has the] fanqie 景英 [jīng]. The Erya says: '驚 means alarmed.' The Guangya says: 'To startle up.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A horse shying; derived from 馬 [horse] with the sound 敬.' The lower character has the sound 黃 [huáng]. The Jixun says: 'Panicked.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Afraid; derived from 心 [mind] with the sound 皇').

3.146

惌家 (Enemies: [惌 has the] fanqie 菀袁 [yuān]. The Kaosheng says: 'To hate; to resent.' The character dictionaries say: 'An enemy.' The Shuowen jiezi derives it from 宀 with the sound 怨; it is also written 冤. The scripture text writing 怨 is incorrect).

3.147

堅翅 (Strong wings: [翅 has the] fanqie 施至 [chì]. The Kaosheng says: 'The wing of a bird.' It is also written 翨 or 𦐂).

3.148

翱翔 (Soaring and wheeling: The upper character has the fanqie 俄高 [áo]; the lower has the fanqie 象羊 [xiáng]. Zheng's gloss on the Shijing says: '翱 is like roaming freely.' The Han-school Shijing commentary says: 'To wander.' The Erya says: 'A bird flying high.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Wheeling in flight.' Both are phono-semantic characters).

3.149

拘礙 (Constrained and obstructed: The upper character has the sound 俱 [jū]. The Yunying says: 'To grasp.' The Kaosheng says: 'To restrict.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To stop; derived from 手 [hand] with the sound 句').

3.150

射術 (Art of archery: The upper character has the fanqie 時夜 [shè]. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To hit a distant target; derived from 身 [body] and 𠂕.' In small seal script it is written with 寸 as 射. The Shuowen jiezi says: '寸 signifies rule and measure; 寸 also represents the hand').

3.151

箭筈 (Arrow nock: [箭 has the] fanqie 煎線 [jiàn]; this is a vulgar character. The standard form is written 箭, derived from 竹 [bamboo], 止, and 舟 [boat]. Cai Yong added 刂, with the fanqie 古外 [guài]; 刂 represents water, allowing a boat to travel. Later, through running and cursive scripts, 止 was corrupted, 舟 became 月, and 刂 became 刀, gradually becoming corrupt and erroneous. The Kaosheng says: '箭 was originally the name of a bamboo.' Examining this, its leaves resemble reeds, growing in clusters five or six feet high; its stems are slender, sturdy, and solid, suitable for arrow shafts (笴 has the fanqie 千且 [qiǎn]), and therefore arrows were named 箭. Thus the Shuowen jiezi says: '箭 means arrow; derived from 竹 with the sound 前.' The lower character has the fanqie 𥹺活 [kuò]. The Kaosheng says: 'The opening of an arrow.' We note that the arrow nock is the opening that receives the bowstring. The sūtra text writing it with the water radical as 栝 is also acceptable. The Shuowen jiezi derives it from 竹 with the abbreviated sound 栝. 栝 has the same sound as the kuò in tangkuo [quern-scraper]. 勁 has the sound 逕 [jìng]).

3.152

仰䠶 (Shooting upward: [䠶 has the] fanqie 食亦 [shè]. The character dictionaries say: 'Discharging an arrow.' The earlier character 𰸼 means arrow, vulgarly written 矢).

3.153

希有 (Rare: [希 has the] fanqie 虛依 [xī]. The Erya says: '希 means rare.' Yangzi's Fayan says: 'To aspire.' Sūtra texts often write it 𢁙, which is the ancient character for 希).

3.154

四倒 (Four inversions: [倒 has the] sound 到 [dào]. The Yunquan says: 'Perverted, upside down.' As for the 'four inversions', the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra says: 'Regarding the impermanent as permanent, regarding suffering as pleasure, regarding non-self as self, and regarding the impure as pure—these are called the four inversions').

3.155

狂賊 (Wild bandit: [狂 has the] fanqie 劬王 [kuáng]. The Yupian says: '狂 means foolish.' The Kaosheng says: 'Frenzied and disorderly.' The Shuowen jiezi writes it [狂-王+(山/王)], or with the mind radical as 𢚇 or 𰡕, derived from 犬 with the sound 封. The lower character has the fanqie 藏則 [zéi]. The Han-school Shijing commentary says: 'Damaging righteousness is called 賊.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To ruin; derived from 戈, 刀, and 貝.' Nowadays popular usage writes it with 戎, which is mistaken and non-standard).

3.156

一巷 (An alley: [巷 has the] fanqie 行降 [xiàng]. The Mao commentary on the Shijing says: 'A lane between neighborhoods.' The Shiji says: 'A long alley refers to a minor path within a city or palace.' The Shuowen jiezi derives it from two 邑 and 共 to make 𲆛; clerical script uses the abbreviated form).

3.157

餘殃 (Lingering misfortune: [殃 has the] fanqie 於薑 [yāng]. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: '殃 means calamity.' The Guangya says: 'Blame.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Ominous; derived from 歺 with the sound 央. 歺 has the sound 殘 [cán]').

3.158

魅著 (Demonic possession: [魅 has the] fanqie 眉秘 [mèi]. The Kaosheng says: 'Spirits and ghosts causing anomalies.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The essence of an aged creature.' It is also written [彪-斛+(十/田)]. The Shenglei writes it [(魅-ㄙ)-未+勿], and the ancient script writes it 魅. The lower character has the fanqie 持略 [zhuó]; derived from 艸 with 者).

3.159

Estimating and measuring (度 pronounced 唐 + 洛 fanqie; 量 below pronounced 略 + 薑 fanqie. The Kaosheng says: “'Liang' (量) also means 'to estimate' (度); it means to weigh and measure.” The Gujin zhengzi gives it with the heart radical as '𢜬'; with '曰' (say) and '童' (child) it is made as '量'. In the sūtra text it is written as '量', which is a popular form. The Guiyuan says: “Distinguishing between more and less, and measuring lengths and shorts, is called 'liang' (measuring).”)

3.160

Deceiving and deluding (the upper character is pronounced 俱 + 况 fanqie; see the explanation above in Fascicle 39).

3.161

Defaming and slandering (the upper character is pronounced 暉 + 鬼 fanqie; the lower is pronounced 茲 + 此 fanqie; see the full explanation above in Fascicle 42).

3.162

Despising and disparaging (pronounced 眠 + 鱉 fanqie; already fully explained above in Fascicle 172).

3.163

Sluggish and dull (遲 pronounced 長 + 尼 fanqie. The Commentary on the Mao Shi says: “'Chi' (遲) means slow; it means protracted.” The Kaosheng says: “It means long-lasting; it means halting.” The Shuowen says: “Moving slowly. It derives from the movement radical [辵] with '犀' as phonetic.” 辵 is pronounced 丑 + 略 fanqie. 犀 is pronounced 西; it derives from '尾' (tail) and '牛' (ox). In the sūtra text it is written with '尸' and '羊', which is a popular character. In the Zhou script it is written with '辛' as '遲', or written as '𨒈', which is an ancient character. The lower character [鈍] is pronounced 豚 + 頓 fanqie. The Cang Jie pian says: “'Dun' (鈍) means stubborn and blunt.” The Yunying says: “A blade not sharp.” The Shuowen says: “Derives from [the radical for metal with] '屯' as phonetic.” 屯 is pronounced 徒 + 論 fanqie.)

3.164

Incorruptible and frugal (the upper character is pronounced 力 + 兼 fanqie. The Guangya says: “'Lian' (廉) means pure.” The Kaosheng says: “It means non-covetous.” The Jixun says: “'Lian' means a corner; corners are square angles.” It derives from the shelter radical [广] with '兼' as phonetic. The lower character is pronounced 渠 + 儼 fanqie. Gu Yewang says: “'Jian' (儉) means restrained.” The Guangya says: “It means scarce.” It derives from the person radical with '僉' as phonetic.)

3.165

Oppressing and despising (the upper character is pronounced 力 + 矜 fanqie. In the sūtra text it is written as '陵', which is not the original character; it has already been explained above in Fascicle 9. The lower character is pronounced 眠 + 鱉 fanqie. In the sūtra text it is written as '蔑', an erroneous abbreviation; writing it with the heart radical is correct.)

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese