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The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c5: Part I. Ancient Names

The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c5

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English

Contents

Part I. Ancient Names

A

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Abhira—The south-eastern portion of Gujarat about the mouths of the Nerbudda was called Abhira,—the Aberia of the Greeks. McCrindle states that the country of the Abhiras lay to the east of the Indus where it bifurcates to form the delta (McCrindle’s Ptolemy, p. 140; Vishnu P., ch. 5). The Brahmanda Purana (ch. 6) also says that the Indus flowed through the country of Abhira. According to the Mahabharata (Sabha Parva, ch. 31), the Abhiras lived near the seashore and on the bank of the Sarasvati, a river near Somnath in Gujarat. Sir Henry Elliot says that the country on the western coast of India from the Tapti to Devagadh is called Abhira (Elliot’s Supplemental Glossary, vol. 1, pp. 2, 3). Mr. W. H. Schoff is of opinion that it is the southern part of Gujarat, which contains Surat (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, pp. 39, 175). According to Lassen, Abhira is the Ophir of the Bible. The Tara Tantra says that the country of Abhira extended from Konkana southwards to the western bank of the river Tapti (see Ward’s History, Literature and Religion of the Hindus, Vol. 1, p. 559).

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Abhisara—Same as Abhisari (Padma Purana, Adikhanda, ch. 6).

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Abhisari—Hazara (country), the Abisares of the Greeks: it forms the north-western district of the Peshawar division. It was conquered by Arjuna (Mahabharata, Sabha-Parva, ch. 27; JASB. (1852) p. 234). But Dr. Stein identifies the kingdom of Abhisara of the lower and middle hills between the Vitasta (Jhelum) and Chandrabhaga (Chenab) including the state of Rajapuri (Rajauri) in Kasmira.

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Abimukta—Benares (Siva-Purana, Sanatkumarasamhita, ch. 41; Matsya Purana, chs. 182-184).

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Acesines—The river Chenab in the Panjab: it is the corruption of Asikni of the Rig-Veda (x, 75).

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Achchhoda-Sarovara—Achchhivat in Kasmira, described by Banabhatta in his Kadambari (see Bilhana’s Vikramanka-devacharita, xviii, 53). It is six miles from Marttanda. The Siddhasrama was situated on the bank of this lake (Brihat-Naradiya Purana, ch. 1).

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Achinta—Ajanta, about fifty-five miles to the north-east of Ellora in Central India. In the Achinta monastery resided Arya Sanga (perhaps Asanga), the founder of the Yogacharya school of the Buddhists (S. C. Das’s Indian Pundits in the Land of Snow). It is celebrated for its caves and viharas, which belong to the fifth and sixth centuries of the Christian era. An inscription there shows that the caves were caused to be excavated by a Sthavira named Achala.

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Achiravati—The river Rapti in Oudh, on which the town of Sravasti was situated (Varaha P., ch. 214; Tevijja-sutta in the Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XI). It was also called Ajiravati and its shortened form is Airavati. It is a tributary of the Sarayu.

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Adarsavali—The Aravali Mountains (Kunte’s Vicissitudes of Aryan Civilization, p. 380): see Aryavarta.

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Adhichhatra—Same as Ahichchhatra (Epigraphia Indica, II, p. 243 note).

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Adhirāja—Same as Karusha: the country of Rewa. It was the kingdom of Dantavakra who was killed by Krishna in Mathura (Padma P., Pātāla, ch. 35). It was conquered by Sahadeva, one of the five Pāṇḍavas (Mahābhārata, Sabhā P., ch. 30).

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Ādikoṭa—Another name for Ahichchhatra.

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Agalassia.—See Aṅgalaukika.

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Agastya-āśrama—1. Twenty-four miles to the south-east of Nasik, now called Agastipuri : it was the hermitage of Rishi Agastya. 2. Akolha, to the east of Nasik, was also the hermitage of Agastya (Rāmāyaṇa, Āraṇyakāṇḍa, ch. 11). 3. Kolhapur in the province of Bombay. 4. Sarai-Aghat, forty miles south-west of Itah and about a mile to the north-west of Sankisa in the United Provinces (Führer's Monumental Antiquities and Inscriptions). 5. Agastya Rishi is still said to reside, as he is believed to be alive, at the Agastya-kūṭa mountain in Tinnevilly, from which the river Tāmraparṇī takes its rise (Caldwell's Dravidian Grammar, Introduction, p. 118, Bhāsa's Avimāraka, Act iv). See Tāmraparṇī, Malaya-giri and Kārā. 6. About twelve miles from Rudra-prayāga in Garwal is a village called Agastyamuni which is said to have been the hermitage of the Rishi. 7. On the Vaidūrya-Parvata or Satpura Hill (Mahābh., Vana, ch. 88). 8. See Vedāraṇya. Agastya introduced Aryan civilisation into Southern India. He was the author of the Agastya-Saṃhitā, Agastya-Gītā, Sakalādhikāra, &c. (Rām Rāja's Architecture of the Hindus ; O. C. Gangoly's South Indian Bronzes, p. 4).

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Aggalava-chetiya—It is about 350 miles to the north of Saṅkāśya in Sugana somewhere near Khalsi where Buddha passed his sixteenth vassa. Ālavaka Yakkha resided at this place. (Fa Hian's Travels, xvii ; JRAS., 1891, pp. 338, 339). See Ālavi.

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Agnipura—Same as Mahishmatī : the town was protected by Agni, the god of fire (Mahābh., Anuśāsana, ch. 25 ; Jaimini-Bhārata, ch. 15).

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Agravana—Agra, one of the vanas of Vraja-maṇḍala. It is called Agravana, as the first starting point for a pilgrim on his circumambulation of Vraja,—the holy scene of Krishna's adventures. According to Vaishṇava authorities, it was covered by forests for many centuries, before Rūpa and Sanātana, the celebrated followers of Chaitanya, came here for the purpose of starting on the exploration of Vṛindāvana. Buhlol Lodi founded the new city of Agra and towards the close of the fifteenth century, his son Secunder Lodi removed the seat of government from Delhi to Agra, and fixed his residence on the opposite side of the present city on the bank of the river Jamuna, where also resided Ibrahim Lodi and Baber, the founder of the Mughal dynasty (CR., vol. 79, p. 71,—Keene's Mediaeval India). Baber died in 1530 and was interred at the garden called Charbagh which was afterwards called Rambagh by Akbar's courtiers : his remains were subsequently removed to Kabul. The fort built by Akbar contains one of the most beautiful palaces in India, especially that portion of it called the Saman-Buruj (Jasmine Tower) which was constructed by Shah Jahan.

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Ahichchhatra—Ramnagar, twenty miles west of Bareli, in Rohilkhand. The name of Ahichchhatra is at present confined to the great fortress in the lands of Alampur Kot and Nasratganj. It was the capital of North Pañchāla or Rohilkhand (Dr. Führer, MAI., and Cunningham, Anc. Geo., p. 359). It was also called Chhatravatī (Mahābhārata, Ādi-parva, ch. 168). It is Adhichchhatra of the inscriptions (Epigraphia Indica, vol. II, p. 432, note by Dr. Führer). It is also called Ahikshetra (*Mahābhārata*, Vana P., ch. 252). In Jaina works, Ahichhatra is said to be the principal town of the country called Jangala which therefore was another name for North Pañchāla (see Weber's *Indische Studien*, xvi, p. 398).

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Ahichhatra—Same as Ahichchhatra.

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Ahikshetra—Same as Ahichchhatra.

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Ahobala-Nrisimha—A celebrated place of pilgrimage at a short distance to the east of Cuddapah in Sirvel Taluk in the district of Karnul in the province of Madras: the image of Nrisimha is in the cavern of a hill called Gadurādri. It was visited by Śankarāchāryya and Chaitanya. Three temples stand on the hill—one at the foot, one halfway up, and one at the top; they are considered to be very sacred (*Sankara-vijaya*; *Chaitanya-charitāmṛita*, Madhya, ch. 9; *Epigraphia Indica*, I, 368; III, 240).

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Airāvati—1. The river Ravi. 2. The Rapti and Irawadi also are contractions of this name. The Rapti is a river in Oudh, on the south bank of which Sahet-mahet (ancient Śravasti) is situated. It is a contraction of Achiravati (see Achiravati).

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Ajamati—The river Ajaya in Bengal: the Amystis of Megasthenes. It falls into the Ganges near Katwa. It is mentioned by Arrian. The Gālava Tantra mentions it as Ajaya. The great poet Jayadeva was born on the bank of the Ajaya near Kenduli in the district of Birbhum in Bengal.

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Ajiravati—Same as Achiravati (*Avadāna-Kalpalatā*, ch. 76).

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Ajitavati—The little Gandak river on the north of Kuśinagara (Kasia) where Buddha died. The river is also called Hiranyavati.

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Akarāvanti—Malwa, Akara being East Malwa and Avanti West Malwa (*Bombay Gazetteer*, vol. I, Pt. I, p. 33 note; see *Ind. Ant.*, vii., 259; *Ram.*, Kish. ch. 41). It is mentioned as Ākaravāvantika in the *Brihatsamhitā*, ch. xiv.

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Akhaṇḍa—Dildārnagar, twelve miles south of Ghazipur.

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Akshallnagara—See Anumakuṇḍapura.

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Alaka—Same as Asmaka.

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Alakānanda—A tributary of the Ganges,—the united stream of the Vishṇugaṅgā (called Dhavala-Gaṅgā or Dhauli) and Sarasvati-Gaṅgā; it is also called Bishengaṅgā above its confluence. The river has been traced by Captain Raper (*Asia. Res.*, xi) a little way beyond Badrinath, having for its source a waterfall called Vasu-dhārā (*Skanda P.*, Vishṇu kh., III, 6). Śrinagar, the capital of Gadhwal, is situated on the bank of this river.

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Alambhika—See Alavi.

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Alasanda—Alexandria, see Alexandria and Hupian. It is said to be the capital of Yona country (*JASB.*, 1838, p. 166).

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Alavi—Airwa, an ancient Buddhist town, the A-le of Fa Hian who travelled in India from A.D. 399 to 413, twenty-seven miles north-east of Itwah. Alavi has been identified by General Cunningham and Dr. Hoernle with Newal or Nawal—the Navadevakula of Hiuen Tsiang, 19 miles south-east of Kanouj (Arch. S. Rep., I, 293; XI, 49; Uvāsaga-dasāo, app., p. 53). It was situated on the Ganges. According to Dr. Kern it was situated between Kośala and Magadha; it contained a monastery called Aggalava-chetiya (MIB., p. 37 n.). It is the Ālabhi of the Jainas, from which Mahāvīra made his missionary peregrinations (Rhys Davids' Vinaya Texts, Chullavagga, Vangīsa or Nigrodha Kappa Sutta, Pt. vi, ch. 17; Sutta Nipāta, Ālavaka Sutta in the Sacred Books of the East, vol. X). It is the Ālambhika of the Kalpasūtra (Stevenson's Kalpasūtra, p. 91). Buddha passed his sixteenth vassa (Varsha) at this place. For the places where Buddha passed his different years after attaining Buddhahood, see JASB., 1838, p. 720.

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Alexandria—1. Uchch, a town built by Alexander the Great near the confluence of the five rivers of the Punjab. 2. Hupian (see Hupian). 3. An island in the Indus, where, in a village called Kalasi, Menander, the Greek king, was born (SBE., XXXV, p. 127—the Questions of King Milinda). It was 200 yojanas from Sākala. 4. According to some authorities, Alexandria ad Caucasum of the Greeks is Beghram, 25 miles north of Kabul, which contains the extensive ruins of an ancient town; and according to others it is Bamian (Gazetteer of the Countries adjacent to India under Beghram).

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nadra—The district of Mardan (Hoti-Mardan) or in other words, the Yusufzai country to the north-east of Peshawar, containing many Buddhist and Græco-Bactrian remains (Brahmāṇḍa P., ch. 49).

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Amalakagrāma—See Āmalitalā.

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Āmalitalā—On the north bank of the river Tāmraparṇī in Tinnevilly, visited by Chaitanya. It is mentioned in the Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa. It appears to be the same as Āmalakagrāma of the Nṛisiṃha Purāṇa, which has been highly extolled in Chapter 66; it is also called Sahya-Āmalakagrāma, being situated on the Western Ghats.

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Amarakaṇṭaka—It is a part of the Mikul (Mekala) hills in Gondwana in the territory of Nagpur, in which the river Nerbuda and Sone have got their source (Padma Purāṇa, Svargakhaṇḍa (Ādi), ch. 6; Wilson's Meghdūta or the Cloud Messenger); hence the Nerbuda is, called, in the Amarakosha, the daughter of the Mekala mountain. It is the Āmrakūṭa of Kālidāsa's Meghadūta (1,17). Its sanctity is described in the Skanda Purāṇa (Revā Khaṇḍa, ch. 21). The first fall of the Nerbuda from the Amarakaṇṭaka mountain is called Kapila-dhārā in the Skanda Purāṇa. Kapila is said to be an affluent of the Nerbudda (ch. 21). The Viṣṇu-saṃhitā (ch. 75) recommends Amarakaṇṭaka and a few other places as being very efficacious for the performance of the Śrādh ceremony.

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Amaranātha—A celebrated shrine of Śiva in a grotto in the Bhairavaghāṭi range of the Himalaya, about sixty miles from Islamabad, the ancient capital of Kaśmīra. The cave is situated at a considerable altitude on the west side of a snowy peak, 17,307 feet in height, locally called by the name of Kailāsa. A little stream known as Amargaṅgā, a tributary of the Indus, flows by the left side of the cave over a white soil with which the pilgrims besmear their body to cleanse away their sins, though no doubt it serves to keep off cold. The path to the cave lies along the side of the Amargaṅgā stream. The cave is naturally arched, 50 feet in breadth at the base and 25 feet in height. The Liṅga or phallic image is about 20 or 25 feet from the entrance and is at the inner extremity of the cave. The grotto is rightly said to be "full of wonderful congelations" (Bernier's Travels, p. 418 note), and according to Dr. Stein, the Linga which is an embodiment of Siva Amareśvara is "a large block of transparent ice formed by the freezing of the water which oozes from the rock" (Dr. Stein's Rājatarangiṇī, vol. II, p. 409), which is evidently a dolomite rock. There is something very wonderful and curious about the formation of the Linga. The pedestal of the Linga is 7 or 8 feet in diameter and 2 feet in height. The Linga, which is 3 feet in height, rises from the centre of the pedestal with the figure of a serpent entwining it. The peculiarity of the entire formation is that it has got some connection with the moon, as it is gradually formed from day to day commencing after the day of the New Moon till it attains its full height on the day of the Full Moon: the process of forming and dissolving goes on every day, and on the day of the New Moon no sign of the image exists at all. On both sides of the Linga there are two columns of ice formation which are called Devīs. Every year in the month of Śrāvaṇa, the pilgrims start from Mārttaṇḍa (Mārtan or Bhavan) for Amarnāth escorted by the officers of the Mahārāja of Kāśmīra (JASB., 1866, p. 210). On the last day of the visit, one or two or sometimes four pigeons are said to appear, gyrating and fluttering over the temple, to the amazed gaze of the pilgrims who regard them as Hara and Pārvatī.

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Amarāvatī.—1. Nagarhāra, about two miles to the west of Jallalabad: a village close to it is still called Nagarak,—the Na-kie of Fa Hian. 2. The Amarāvatī stūpa is about 18 miles to the west of Bezwada and south of Dharaṇīkoṭa, on the south or right bank of the Kṛṣṇa river about sixty miles from its mouth in the Kṛṣṇa district, Madras Presidency. The Amarāvatī Chaitya is the Pūrvaśaila Saṅghārāma of Hiuen Tsiang (Dr. Burgess' Buddhist Stupas of Amarāvatī, p. 101). Amarāvatī is the Diamond Sands (Dipal dinne) of the Daladā Vaṃśa: it was situated in the kingdom of the Nāga Rāja (see Turnour's translation in JASB., vi., p. 856). The Amarāvatī tope was built about A.D. 370 or 380, by the Andhras or the Andhra-bhṛtya kings who were Buddhists (Sewell's Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India, p. 1; for its description see JRAS., III, 132).

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Amareśvara.—On the opposite side of Oṃkārnāth, on the southern bank of the river Nerbuda (Śiva Purāṇa, Pt. 1, ch. 38; Skanda Purāṇa-Revākhaṇḍa), thirty-two miles north-west of Khandwa and eleven miles east of Martoka Railway station (Caine's Picturesque India, p. 397). In the Bṛhat-Śiva P. (Pt. II, chs. 3 and 4) Amareśvara is placed in Oṃkāra or Oṃkāra-kṣetra. The twelve great Liṅgas of Mahādeva are:—Somanātha in Saurāṣṭra, Mallikārjuna in Śrīśaila, Mahā-kāla in Ujjayinī, Oṃkāra in Amareśvara, Kedāra in the Himalayas, Bhīmaśaṅkara in Ḍākinī, Viśveśvara in Benares, Tryambaka in Gomatī (near Nasik), Vaidyanātha in Chitābhūmi, Nāgeśa in Dvārakā, Rāmeśvara in Setubandha, and Ghuśṛṇeśa in Śivālaya (Śiva Purāṇa, Pt. 1, ch. 38).

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Amalaṭṭhikā.—1. A park half way between Rājagṛha and Nālandā (Dīgha Nikāya: Brahmajāla Sutta). 2. A park situated in the village of Khānumata in Magadha (Kūṭadanta Sutta).

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Ambaligrāma.—Arail, a village on the opposite side of Allahabad, across the Yamunā (Chaitanya-charitāmṛta, Pt. II; Journal of the Buddhist Text Society, vol. V, p. 65).

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Ambara.—The country of Jaipur, so called from its ancient capital of that name now called Amer, which is said to have been founded by Ambarīṣa, son of Māndhātṛ (Arch. S. Rep., Vol. 2), and hence Amer is a corruption of Ambarīṣanagara. During the reign of Akbar, Man Singh made the Dilaram garden on the bank of the Tal Kautara Lake at the foot of the Amer palace or fort. Within the latter is the temple of the goddess called Jasareśwarî Kâlî taken away by Man Singh from Jessore after subjugating Pratâpâditya.

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Ambasanda—This village was evidently situated on the present site of Giriyek. See Indrasila-Guha and Giriyek (MB., p. 298).

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Ambashtha—The country of the tribe of Ambutai of Ptolemy: they lived on the northern part of Sindh at the time of Alexander and also on the lower Akesines (McCrindle’s Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, p. 155).

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Ami—Eleven miles east of Chhapra containing the temple of Bhavânî, which is one of the 52 Pîṭhas, where a fragment from the body of Satî is said to have fallen. According to the Tantra-Chûḍâmaṇi, the Pîṭhas where the dissevered limbs of Satî are said to have fallen, are 52. According to the Śivacharitra, they are 51; according to the Devî-Bhâgavata there are altogether 108 Pîṭhas (Pt. vii, ch. 30). The Upa-Pîṭhas or minor Pîṭhas are 26 (Kâlikâ-Purâṇa, chs. 18, 50, 61).

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Amrakûṭa-Parvata—It has been identified with Amarakaṇṭaka (Meghadûta and Mahâmahopâdhyâya Haraprasâd Śâstrî’s Meghadûta-Vyâkhyâ, p. 3).

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Anahila-Pattana—Virawal-Pattana or Paṭṭana, called also Anihilwâr in Northern Baroda in Gujarat, founded in Samvat 802 or A.D. 746, after the destruction of Valabhî by Banarâja or Vamśarâja. The town was called Aṇahilapattana after the name of a cowherd who pointed out the site (Merutuṅga Âchâryya’s Prabandhachintâmaṇi, ch. 1; Merutuṅga’s Therâvalî, ed. by Dr. Bhau Daji). Hemchandra, the celebrated Jaina grammarian and lexicographer, flourished in the Court of Kumârapâla, king of Anahilapattana (A.D. 1142-1173), and was his spiritual guide: he died at the age of 84 in A. D. 1172, in which year Kumârapâla became a convert to Jainaism (Bhau Daji’s Brief Notes on Hemachandra); but according to other authorities, the conversion took place in A.D. 1159 (Tawney’s Intro., Prabandhachintâmaṇi, p. iii). After the overthrow of Valabhî in the eighth century Anahilapattana became the chief city of Gujarat or Western India till the fifteenth century. For the kings of Anahilapattana, see R. C. Ghosh’s Literary Remains of Dr. Bhau Daji, pp. 138 to 140; JRAS., XIII, p. 158. It was also called Anahillapura.

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Anamala—Same as Anoma.

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Anandapura—Vadnagar in northern Gujarat, seventy miles south-east of Sidhpur (St. Martin, as cited in McCrindle’s Ptolemy), but there is still a place called Ânandpur, fifty miles north-west of Valabhî. It was anciently called Ânarttapura (see the two copper-plate inscriptions of Âlinâ of A.D. 649 and 651). It was visited by Hiuen Tsiang (Burgess’ Antiquities of Kathiawad-Kachh, p. 84). Ânandapura or Vadnagar is also called Nagara which is the original home of the Nâgara Brâhmaṇs of Gujarat. Kumârapâla surrounded it with a rampart (Dr. Bühler, Ep. Indica, vol. 1, p. 295). Bhadrabâhu Svâmî, the author of the Kalpasûtra, composed in A.D. 411, flourished at the court of Dhruvasena II, king of Gujarat, whose capital was at this place (see Dr. Stevenson’s Kalpasûtra: Preface).

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Ananta-Nâga—Islamabad, the ancient capital of Kâśmîra on the right bank of the Jhelum.

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Ananta-Padmanābha—Anantapur, in Trivandrum, the capital of Travancore, containing the celebrated temple of Padmanābha, which was visited by Chaitanya and Nityānanda (Chaitanya-Bhāgavata). It is also called Padmanābhapur (Prof. H. H. Wilson's Mackenzie Collection, p. 129). See Ananta-śayana.

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Ananta-śayana—Padmanābhapur, in Travancore, containing the celebrated temple of Vishnu sleeping on the serpent (Padma P., Uttara, ch. 74; Prof. H. H. Wilson's Mackenzie Collection, p. 129). See Ananta-Padmanābha.

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Anartta—1. Gujarat and part of Malwa: its capital was Kuśasthali or modern Dwārka (Bhāgavata P., ch. X., p. 67). 2. Northern Gujarat: its capital was Ānarttapura (Skanda P., Nāgara Kh., ch. 65), afterwards called Ānandapura, the modern Vadnagar (Bom. Gaz., vol. I., Pt. 1, p. 6, note 2).

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Anarttapura—Same as Ānandapura. See Anartta.

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Anavatapta—Same as Anotatta.

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Andha—The river Andhilā or Chandan,—the Andomatis of Arrian: see Chandrāvatī (Devī-Bhāgavata, Bk. 8, ch. 11).

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Andhanada—The river Brahmaputra (Bhāgavata P., ch. 5, ślk. 9).

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Andhra—1. The country between the Godāvarī and the Krishṇā including the district of Kistna. Its capital was Dhanakaṭaka or Amarāvatī at the mouth of the Krishṇā. Veṅgī, five miles to the north of Ellur, was according to Hiuen Tsiang, its ancient capital (Garuda Purāṇa, ch. 55). 2. Telingana, south of Hyderabad. According to the Anargharāghava (Act vii, 103), the Sapta Godāvarī passes through the country of Andhra, and its principal deity is the Mahādeva Bhīmeśvara. The Pallava kings of Veṅgī were overthrown by the Chalukya kings of Kalyāṇapura, and succeeded by the Chola kings who, in their turn, were conquered by the Jaina kings of Dharaṇikoṭa. The Andhra dynasty was also called Sātavāhana or Sātakarṇi dynasty; their ancient capital was at Śrī Kākulum now diluviated by the Krishṇā.

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Anga—The country about Bhagalpur including Monghyr. It was one of the sixteen political divisions of India (Aṅguttara I., 4; Vinaya Texts, ii, 146; Govinda Sutta in Dīgha-nikāya, xix, 36). Its capital was Champā or Champāpurī. The western limit of its northern boundary at one time was the junction of the Ganges and the Sarajū. It was the kingdom of Romapāda of the Rāmāyaṇa and Karṇa of the Mahābhārata. It is said in the Rāmāyaṇa that Madana, the god of love, was burnt to ashes by Mahādeva at this place, and hence the country is called Aṅga, Madana being thenceforth called Anaṅga (Bālakāṇḍa, Canto 23, vs. 13, 14). See Kāma-āśrama. According to Sir George Birdwood, Aṅga included also the districts of Birbhum and Murshidabad. According to some authorities, it also included the Santal Parganas. It was annexed to Magadha by Bimbisāra in the sixth century B.C. (Spence Hardy's Manual of Buddhism, p. 166). His son Kunika or Ajātaśatru became its viceroy, his head-quarters being at Champā. Mahana, the maternal grandfather of Kumaradevi, wife of king Govindachandra of Kanouj (1114-1154), was king Rāmapāla's viceroy in Aṅga (Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1908), the country having come under the sway of Gopāla, the founder of the Pāla dynasty, in the eighth century A.D. The celebrated places of antiquity and interest, in the province of ancient Aṅga are:—Ṛiṣyaśṛiṅga-āśrama at Ṛiṣikund, four miles to the south-west of Bariarpur, one of the stations of the East India Railway; the Karṇagad or the fort of Karṇa, four miles from Bhagalpur; Champâ or Champâpurî, the ancient capital of Aṅga and the birth-place of Vâsupujya, the twelfth Tîrthaṅkara of the Jainas; Jâhṇu-âśrama at Sultanganj; Modâgiri or Monghyr; the Buddhist caves at Pâtharghâṭâ (ancient Śilâ-saṅgama or Vikramaśilâ-saṅghârâma) in the Kahalgaon sub-division, referred to by Hiuen Tsiang and by Chora Kavi in the *Chora-pañchâśikâ*; and the Mandara Hill at Bansi, thirty-two miles to the south of Bhagalpur (see Champâ-purî and Sumha). The name of Aṅga first appears in the *Atharva-saṃhitâ* (Kâṇḍa V, Anuvâka 14). For the history of Aṅga, see my "Notes on Ancient Aṅga or the District of Bhagalpur" in *JASB.*, 1914, p. 317.

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Aṅgalaukika—The country of the Aṅgalaukikas, who were most probably the Agalassians of Alexander's historians (see McCrindle's *Invasion of India*, p. 285) and neighbours of the Śivis, was situated below the junction of the Hydaspes and Akesines (*Brahmâṇḍa P.*, 149).

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Añjana-Giri—The Suleiman range in the Panjab (*Varâha P.*, ch. 80).

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Anomâ—The river Aumi, in the district of Gorakhpur (Cunningham's *Ancient Geography of India*, p. 423). It was crossed by Buddha after he left his father's palace at a place now called Chaṇḍâuli on the eastern bank of the river, whence Chhandaka returned with Buddha's horse Kaṇṭhaka to Kapilâvastu (*Aśvaghosha's Buddha-Charita*, Bk. V). But Carlleyle identifies the river Anomâ with the Kudawa Naḍî in the Bastî district of Oudh (*Arch. S. Rep.*, vol. XXII, p. 224, and Führer's *MAI*). Carlleyle identifies the *stûpa* of Chhandaka's return with the Mahâ-thân Dih, four miles to the north-east of Tameswar or Maneya, and the Cut-Hair Stûpa with the Sirasarao mound on the east bank of the Anomâ river in the Gorakhpur district (*Arch. S. Rep.*, XXII, pp. 11, 15).

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Anotatta—It is generally supposed that Anotatta or Anavatapta lake is the same as Râwan-hrad or Langa. But Spence Hardy considers it to be an imaginary lake (Beal's *Legend and Theories of the Buddhists*, p. 129).

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Antaragiri—The Râjmahal hills in the district of Santal Pargana in the province of Bengal (*Matsya P.*, ch. 113, v. 44; Pargiter's *Mârkaṇḍeya P.*, p. 325, note).

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Antaraveda—The Doab between the Ganges and the Yamunâ (*Hemakosha*; *Bhavishya Purâṇa*, Pt. III, ch. 2; *Ep. Ind.*, p. 197).

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Anumakuṇḍapattana—Same as Anumakuṇḍapura.

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Anumakuṇḍapura—Warrangal, the ancient capital of Telingana (Rudradeva inscription in *JASB.*, 1838, p. 903, but see Prof. Wilson's *Mackenzie Collection*, p. 76). It was the capital of Râjâ Rudradeva identified with Churang or Choragaṅgâ. The town was also called Anumakuṇḍapattana (*JASB.*, 1838, p. 901). The Kâkatîyas reigned here from A.D. 1110 to 1323. According to General Cunningham, Warrangal is the Korunkola of Ptolemy's *Geography*. Another name of Warrangal, according to the same authority, is Akshalinagara, which in the opinion of Mr. Cousens is the same as Yeksilanagara (*List of the Antiquarian Remains in the Nizam's Territories*). See Beṇâkaṭaka.

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Anûpadesa—South Malwa. The country on the Nerbuda about Nimar. Same as Haihaya, Mahisha and Mâhishaka (*Śiva Purâṇa*, *Dharma-saṃhitâ*, ch. 56; *Harivaṃśa*, chs. 5, 33, 112, 114). Its capital was Mâhishmatî (*Raghuvaṃśa*, canto VI, v. 43).

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Anuradhapura—The ancient capital of Ceylon. The branch of the celebrated Bo-tree (Pipal-tree) of Buddha-Gaya was brought and planted here by Mahinda and his sister Sanghamitta, who were sent by their father Asoka to introduce Buddhism into Ceylon. The tree still exists in the Maha-vihara. The left canine tooth of Buddha which was removed from Dantapura (Puri) in the fourth century to Anuradhapura, existed in a building erected on one of the angles of Thuparamayo (Thuparama) Dagoba (a corruption of Dhatugarbha), which was built by Devanampiyatissa about 250 B.C., as a relic shrine of either the right jaw-bone or the right collar-bone of Buddha. See Dantapura. The town contains also the "Loya Maha Paya" or Great Brazen Monastery and the "Ruanweli" Dagoba described in the Mahavamsa. The latter was built by the king Dutthagamini in the second century of the Christian era. The Isibhumanganan was the site of Mahinda's funeral pile, and in the Ghantakara-vihara the Attha-katha (the commentary of the Tripitaka) was translated from Singhalese into Pali by Buddhaghosha (A.D. 410-432), a Brahmin who came from a village named Ghosha in the neighbourhood of Buddha-Gaya, during the reign of Mahanama or Mahamuni (Gray's Buddhaghosuppatti): he was converted to Buddhism by Revata (Turnour's Mahavamsa, ch. 37).

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Aornos—Ranigat, sixteen miles north-west of Ohind in the Peshawar district of the Punjab (Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India, p. 58), but according to Captain James Abbot, Shah Kote on Mount Mahaban, situated on the western bank of the Indus, about 70 miles to the north-east of Peshawar: modern researches have proved the correctness of Abbot's identification (Smith's Early History of India, p. 63). It is perhaps a corruption of Varana of Panini: there is still a town called Barana (q.v.) on the western bank of the Indus opposite to Attok (Ind. Ant., I, 22).

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Apaga—Afghanistan (Brahmanda P., ch. 49).

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Apaga—1. The Ayuk-nadi to the west of the Ravi in the Punjab. 2. A river in Kurukshetra (Vamana P., ch. 36, Padma P., Svarga; ch. 12). See, however, Oghavati. It still bears its ancient name. It is evidently the Apaya of the Rig-Veda (III, 23, 4) frequently mentioned with the Sarasvati and the Drishadvati.

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Apapuri—Same as Papa [Sabdakalpadruma—s.v. Tirthankara; Prof. Wilson's Hindu Religion (Life of Mahavira)]. See Papa.

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Aparananda—Same as Alakananda: see Nanda (Mahabh., Vana, ch. 109; Brahmanda P., ch. 43).

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Aparanta—Same as Aparantaka.

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Aparantaka—Konkan and Malabar (Markandeya Purana, ch. 58): it is the Ariake of Ptolemy, according to whom it extended southward from the Nerbuda. In the Raghuvamsa (IV, v. 53) Aparanta is said to be on the south of the Murala. According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Ariake extended southwards from the gulf of Cambay to the north of Abhira. Ptolemy's Ariake is the contraction of Aparantaka, but that of the Periplus is the contraction of Aranyaka. According to Sir R. G. Bhandarkar, Aparanta was the northern Konkan, the capital of which was Surparaka (modern Supara) near Bassein. Asoka sent here a Buddhist missionary named Yona-Dhammarakkhita in 245 B.C. According to Bhagvanlal Indraji, the western seaboard of India was called Aparantika or Aparantaka (Ind. Ant., vol. VII, pp. 259, 263). Bhatta Svami in his commentary on Kautilya's Arthasastra (Koshadhyaksha, Bk. ii) identifies it with Konkana.

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See also *Brahma Purâṇa* (ch. 27, vol. 58) which includes Surpâraka in Aparânta-deśa. According to Kâlidâsa, it was situated between the Sahya (Western Ghats) and the sea (*Raghuvamśa*). It extended from the river Mahi to Goa (Bomb. Gaz., vol. I, Pt. I, p. 36, note 8).

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Apara-Videha—Rungpur and Dinajpur (*Lalita-vistara*, Dr. R. L. Mitra’s trans., p. 52, note).

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Âpayâ—Same as Apagâ (*q.v.*).

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Âptanetravana—It has been identified with the ruins near Ikauna in the Bahraich district in Oudh (Führer’s *MAI*.). It was visited by Hiuen Tsiang.

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Âraba—Arabia. See Banâyu.

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Âramanagara—Arrah in the district of Shahabad. Dr. Hoey, however, supposes that the ancient name of Arrah was Arâḍa; and Arâḍa Kâlâma, the teacher of Buddha, was a native of this place (*JASB*., vol. LXIX, p. 77), but see *Arch. S. Rep*., vol. III, p. 70.

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Aranya—1. The nine sacred Aranyas or forests are:—Saindhava, Daṇḍakâraṇya, Naimisha, Kurujaṅgala, Upalâvṛita (Utpalâraṇya ?), Araṇya, Jambumârga, Puṣkara, and Himâlaya (*Devî Purâṇa*, ch. 74). 2. See Âraṇyaka. 3. Same as Bana.

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Âraṇyakâ—A kingdom situated on the south of Ujjain and Vidarbha (*Mahâbhârata* Sabhâ, ch. 31). It is called Araṇya in the *Devî Purâṇa*, ch. 46. It is the Ariaka of the *Periplus*. According to DaCunha, Ariaka (Ârya-kṣetra) comprised a great part of Aurangabad and southern Koṅkaṇa. Its capital was Tagara, modern Daulatabad (DaCunha’s *History of Chaul and Bassein*, p. 127).

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Âratta—The Punjab, which is watered by the five rivers (*Mahâbhârata*, Droṇa Parva, chs. 40—45; Karṇa P., ch. 45; Kauṭilya’s *Arthaśâstra*, Pt. ii, ch. 30). It was celebrated for its fine breed of horses. Its Sanskritized form is Arâṣṭra.

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Aravâlo—The Wulur or Volur lake in Kaśmîra (Turnour’s *Mahâvaṃśa*, p. 72). The Nâga king of Aravâlo was converted to Buddhism by Majjhanṭika (Madhyantika), the missionary, who was sent by Aśoka to Kaśmîra and Gândhâra. It is the largest lake in the valley of Kaśmîra, and produces water-nuts (*śiṅgâḍâ*) in abundance, supporting considerable portion of the population, the nuts being the roots of the plant *trapa bispinosa* (Thornton’s *Gazetteer*).

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Arbuda—Mount Abu in the Aravali range in the Sirohi State of Rajputana. It was the hermitage of Rishi Vasishṭha (*Mbh*., Vana, ch. 82; *Padma P*., Svarga, ch. II). The Rishi is said to have created out of his fire-pit in the mountain a hero named Paramâra to oppose Viśvâmitra while he was carrying away his celebrated cow Kâma-dhenu. Paramâra became the progenitor of the Paramâra clan of Rajputs (*Ep. Ind*., vol. I, p. 224). Mount Abu contains the celebrated shrine of Ambâ Bhavânî. It contains the celebrated Jaina temples dedicated to Ṛishabha Deva and Neminâtha: it is one of the five sacred hills of the Jainas, which are Śatruñjaya, Samet Sikhar, Arbuda, Girnar, Chandragiri (*Ind. Ant*., II, 354). For the names of the twenty-four Tirthankaras, see Śravastî.

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Arddhagaṅgâ—The river Kâveri (*Hemakosha*; *Harivaṃśa*, I, ch. 27).

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Ariana—That portion of Central Asia (mentioned by Strabo) which was the original abode of the Aryan race and which is called Airyan-vejo (Ārya-vija) in the Avesta. From its description as a very cold country and its situation on the north of India as it appears from the Vedas, it is considered to have been situated to the west of Bolurtagh and Mustagh (or Snowy Mountain) and near the source of the Amu and Syhun, including the Pamir. Sections of the Aryan race migrated to the west and settled themselves in Europe at different periods. Those that remained behind migrated subsequently to the south and settled themselves in Iran and the Punjab. Differences of opinion about agricultural and religious reforms, especially the introduction of the worship of Indra as a principal god to the lowering of Varuna, who always held the highest position in the hierarchy of the gods even from the time when they all resided in Central Asia, split up the early Aryan settlers of the Punjab into two parties, and led to the dissension which brought about a permanent separation between them. The party which opposed this innovation migrated to the north-west, and after residing for some time at Balkh and other places, finally settled themselves in Iran: they were the followers of Zarathustra and were called Zoroastrians, the ancestors of the modern Parsis. The other party, the ancestors of the Hindus, gradually spread their dominion from the Punjab and the bank of the Sarasvati to the east and south by their conquest of the aboriginal races (Max Müller's Science of Language).

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Arishṭhapura—The Sanskritized form of Aritthapura, the capital of the country of Śivi (q.v.). It has not yet been identified: perhaps it is the same as Aristobothra of Ptolemy on the north of the Punjab.

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Aristhala—Same as Kusasthala: see Pāniprastha.

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Arjikiya—The river Bias (Vipāśā) [Rig-Veda].

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Arjuni—The river Bāhudā or Dhabalā [Hemakosha].

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Arkakshetra—Same as Padmakshetra: Konārak, or Black Pagoda, 10 miles north-west of Puri in Orissa, containing the temple of the Sun called Koṇāditya. It is also called Sūrya-kshetra (Brahma Purāṇa, ch. 27). See Konārka.

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Aruṇa—One of the Seven Kosis (Mahābhārata, Vana, ch. 84). See Mahākausika.

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Aruṇā—A branch of the Sarasvatī in Kurukshetra (Mahābhārata, Salya, ch. 44): it has been identified, by General Cunningham with the Mārkaṇḍa. Its junction with the Sarasvatī three miles to the north-east of Pehoa (Prithūdaka) is called the Aruṇa-saṅgama (Arch. S. Rep., vol. XIV, p. 102).

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Aruṇāchala—1. Same as Aruṇagiri. See Chidambaram: it contains the tej or fire image of Mahādeva. 2. A mountain on the west of the Kailās-range (Brahmāṇḍa P., ch. 51).

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Aruṇagiri—Tiruvannamalai or Trinomali in the South Arcot district in the province of Madras (Ep. Ind., Vol. III, p. 240) It is called Aruṇāchala in the Skanda P. (Aruṇā. Māhāt., Uttara, ch. 4). It contains the temples of Aruṇāchaleśvara and Arddha-nārīśvara Mahādeva (Wilson's Mackenzie Collection, p. 191).

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Aruṇoda—Garwal, the country through which the Alakānandā flows (Skanda P., Avantī Kh., Chaturaśītiliṅga. ch. 42). Its capital is Śrīnagar.

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Áryaka—Ariake of Ptolemy who wrote his Geography about A.D. 150 (Brihat Samhitâ, ch. 14). See Aparântaka and Âranyaka.

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Áryapura—Ahiole, the western capital of the Châlukyas in the seventh and eighth centuries A.D., in the Badami Taluka of the Bijapur district. It is the Ayyâhole of the old inscriptions (Arch. S. Rep., 1907-8, p. 189).

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Áryâvartta—The northern part of India which lies between the Himalayas and the Vindhya range (Manu-Samhitâ, ch. 2, v. 22). At the time of Patañjali, Áryâvartta was bounded on the north by the Himalayas, on the south by the Pâriyâtraka, on the west by Âdarśâvalî (Vinaśana according to the Vasiṣṭha Samhitâ, I, 8), and on the east by Kâlakavana (Rajmahal hills). See Kalakavana. According to Râjaśekhara, the river Nerbuda was the boundary between Áryâvartta and Dakshiṇâpatha (Bâlarâmâyaṇa, Act VI; Apte's Râjaśekhara : his Life and Writings, p. 21).

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Âśâpalli—Ahmedabad ; same as Yessabal or Âsawal (Alberuni's India, p. 102).

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Aser—Asirgarh, eleven miles north of Burhanpur in the Central Provinces (Pṛithvîrâj Râso). Aser is a contraction of Aśvatthâmâ-giri (Arch. S. Rep., vol. IX).

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Aṣṭâvakra-Âśrama—Râhugrâma (now called Raila), about four miles from Hardwar, near which flows the Aṣṭâvakranadî, a small river, perhaps the ancient Samaṅgâ. The hermitage of Ṛishi Aṣṭâvakra is also pointed out at Pauri near Śrînagar in Garwal, the mountain near which is called Aṣṭâvakra-parvata.

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Aṣṭapâda—See Kailâsa.

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Aṣṭa-Vinâyaka—The eight Vinâyaka (Gaṇapati) temples are situated at Rañjangâon at the junction of the Bhîmâ and Mûtha-mûla, Mârgâon, Theur, Leṇâḍri and Ojhar in the Poona district, at Pâli in the Pant Sachiv's territory, at Madh in the Thana district and at Siddhatek in the Ahmednagar district in the Bombay Presidency (Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency, vol. 3). See Vinâyaka-tîrthas.

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Aṣṭigrâma—Râval in the district of Mathurâ, where Râdhikâ was born at the house of her maternal grandfather Surbhânu and passed the first year of her infancy before her father Bṛishabhânu who dwelt at this place removed to Barshâṇa (Âdi Purâṇa, ch. 12, and Growse's "Country of Braja" in JASB., 1871 and 1874, p. 352). See Barshâṇa.

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Asî—A river in Benares. See Bârâṇasî (Mahâbhârata, Bhîshma, ch. 9).

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Asiknî—The river Chenab (Chandrabhâgâ) [Ṛig-Veda, x, 75].

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Asiladurga—Junagar (Tod's Râjasthân).

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Asmaka—According to the Brahmâṇḍa Purâṇa (Pûrva, ch. 48) Aśmaka is one of the countries of Southern India (Dakshiṇâpatha), but the Kûrma Purâṇa mentions it in connection with the countries of the Punjab; the Brihat-Samhitâ (ch. 14) also places it in the north-west of India. Auxoamis which has been identified by Saint Martin with Sumi (McCrindle's Ptolemy) lying a little to the east of the Sarasvatî and at a distance of about 25 miles from the sea, was considered to be the ancient Aśmaka. According to Prof. Rhys Davids, Aśmaka was the Assaka of the Buddhist period, and was situated immediately to the north-west of Ayantî. The Assakas had a settlement on the banks of the Godâvarî at the time of Buddha, and their capital was Potana (Govinda Sûtta in Dîgha- Nikāya, xix, 36). It appears, however, from the "History of Bāwari" in Spence Hardy's *Manual of Buddhism*, Suttanipāta, and Pārāyaṇavagga (*SBE.*, X, 188) that Asaka (Aśmaka) was situated between the Godāvarī and Māhissati (Māhishmatī) on the Nerbuda. It was also called Alaka or Mūlaka and its capital was Pratiṣṭhāna (Paudanya (*q.v.*) of the *Mahābhārata*) on the north bank of the Godāvarī (*see* Pratiṣṭhāna,) called Potali and Potana by the Buddhists (*Jātakas*, Cam. Ed., vol. III, p. 2). It became a part of the Mahārāṣṭra country at the time of Aśoka. The *Daśakumāracharita* written in the sixth century A.D., by Daṇḍin, describes it as a dependant kingdom of Vidarbha. It is also mentioned in the *Harshacharita*. It should be remarked that in the *Purāṇas*, Mūlaka is said to be the son of a king of Aśmaka. Bhaṭṭa Swāmī, the commentator of Kauṭilya's *Arthaśāstra*, identifies Aśmaka with Mahārāṣṭra. It is the Aśvaka of the *Mahābhārata* (Bhīshma P., ch. 9).

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Asmanvatī—The river Oxus. It is mentioned in the *Ṛig-Veda*, x, 53, 8.

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Assaka—See Asmaka (*Dīgha Nikāya*, xix, 36).

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"Astacampra"—Same as Hastakavapra, but see Stambhapura.

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Astakapra—Same as "Astacampra."

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Asvaka—See Asmaka.

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Asva-kachchha—Cutch (*Rudradāman Inscription*).

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Asva-tīrtha—1. The confluence of the Ganges and the Kālinadī in the district of Kanouj (*Mbh.*, Anuśāsana, ch. 4; Vana P. ch. 114 and *Vāmana P.*, ch. 83). 2. The Aśva-krāntū mountain in Kāmakhyā near Gauhatī in Assam (*Yoginī Tantra*, Uttara Kh., ch. 3).

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Aṭṭahāsa—On the eastern part of Lābhapur in the district of Birbhum in Bengal. It is one of the Pīṭhas (*Kubjikā Tantra*, ch. 7; *Padma P.*, Sṛiṣṭi Kh., ch. 11). Satī's lips are said to have fallen at this place and the name of the goddess is Phullarā. It is seven miles from the Amodpur Station of the E. I. Railway.

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Atreyī—The river Atrai which flows through the district of Dinajpur (*Kāmakhyā Tantra*, ch. VII) : it is a branch of the Tiṣṭā.

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Auḍumvara—1. Cutch; its ancient capital was Koṭeśvara or Kachchheśvara (*Mahābhārata* Sabhā P., ch. 52, and Cunningham's *Arch. S. Rep.*, v, p. 155) : the country of the Odomboræ of Ptolemy. 2. The district of Nurpur (or rather Gurudāspur) which was anciently called Dahmeri or Dehmbori, the capital of which is Pathankot (Pratiṣṭhāna) on the Ravi in the Punjab, was also called Udumvara (*Brihat-Saṃhitā*, ch. 14, and *Arch. S. Rep.*, vol. xiv, p. 116; Rapson's *Ancient India*, p. 155). There was another Udumbara to the east of Kanouj (*Chullavagga*, pt. xii, chs. 1 and 2).

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Aupaga—Same as Kamboja (*Mārkaṇḍeya P.*, ch. 57).

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Avagāna—Afganistan (*Brihat-Saṃhitā*, ch. 16). See Kamboja.

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Avantī—1. Ujin (*Pāṇini*, iv, 176; *Skanda P.*, Avantī Khaṇḍa, ch. 40) : it was the capital of Mālava (*Brahma P.*, ch. 43). 2. The country of which Ujin was the capital (*Anargharāghava*, Act vii, 109). It was the kingdom of Vikramāditya (*see* Ujjayinī). In the Govinda Sūtta (*Dīgha-Nikāya*, xix, 36), its capital is said to be Māhishmatī. It is the ancient name of Malwa (*Kathāsarit-sāgara*, ch. xix). Avantī has been called Mālava since the seventh or eighth century A.D. (Rhys Davids' *Buddhist India*, p. 28).

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Avântika-Kshetra--Avani, a sacred place in the district of Kolar in Mysore, where Râmachandra is said to have halted on his way from Laṅkâ to Ayodhyâ.

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Avantî-Nadî--The Sipra. Ujin stands on this river.

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Ayodhana--Pâk-Pattana, five miles west of the Ravi and eight miles from Mamoke Ghat in the Montgomery district of the Punjab (Rennell's Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan (1785), p. 62; Thornton's Gazetteer of the Countries adjacent to India, JASB., vi, 190). It was formerly a renowned city referred to by the historians of Alexander the Great. The town is built on a hillock 40 or 50 feet above the surrounding plain. Its old walls and bastions are now crumbling into ruins. It is celebrated for the tomb of the Mahomedan Saint Farid-ud-din Shaheb Shakar Ganj.

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Ayodhyâ--Oudh, the kingdom of Râma. At the time of the Râmâyaṇa (I, chs. 49, 50), the southern boundary of Kośala was the river Syandikâ or Sai between the Gumti and the Ganges. During the Buddhist period, Ayodhyâ was divided into Uttara (Northern) Kośala and Dakshiṇa (Southern) Kośala. The river Sarayû divided the two provinces. The capital of the former was Śrâvastî on the Rapti, and that of the latter was Ayodhyâ on the Sarayû. At the time of Buddha, the kingdom of Kośala under Prasenajit's father Mahâkośala extended from the Himalayas to the Ganges and from the Râmgaṅgâ to the Gandak. The ancient capital of the kingdom was also called Ayodhyâ, the birth-place of Râmachandra. At a place in the town called Janmasthâna he was born; at Chirodaka, called also Chirasâgara, Daśaratha performed the sacrifice for obtaining a son with the help of Ṛishyaśṛiṅga Ṛishi; at a place called Tretâ-ki-Thâkur, Râmachandra performed the horse-sacrifice by setting up the image of Sitâ; at Ratnamaṇḍapa, he held his council (Muktikopanishad, ch. 1); at Swargadwâram in Fyzabad, his body was burned. At Lakshmaṇa-kuṇḍa, Lakshmaṇa disappeared in the river Sarayû. Daśaratha accidentally killed Śravaṇa, the blind Ṛishi's son, at Majhaurâ in the district of Fyzabad. Âdinâtha, a Jaina Tirthankara, was born at Ayodhyâ (Führer's MAI.). Cunningham has identified the Sugrîva Parvata with the Kâlakârâma or Pûrvârâma monastery of the Mahâvaṃśa, the Maṇi Parvata with Aśoka's Stûpa mentioned by Hiuen Tsiang, the Kubera Parvata with the Stûpa containing the hair and nails of Buddha (Arch. S. Rep., vol. i). The Maṇi Parvata is said to be a fragment of the Gandhamâdana mountain which Hanumâna carried on his head on his way to Laṅkâ. The sacred places at Ayodhyâ were restored by Vikramâditya (evidently a Gupta king), who was an adherent of the Brahmanical faith, in the second century A.D., or according to some, in the fifth century A.D., as the sacred places at Bṛindâban were restored by Rupa and Sanâtana in the sixteenth century A.D. Ayodhyâ is the Sâketa of the Buddhists and Sagada of Ptolemy (see Saketa).

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Âyudha--The country lying between the Vitastâ (Jhelum) and the Sindhu (Indus). Same as Yaudheya.

B

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Bachmati—The river Bâgmatî in Nepal. Eight out of fourteen great Tirthas of Nepal have been formed by the junction of the Bâgmatî with other rivers. The names of the eight Tirthas are :—Panya, Śânta, Śaṅkara, Râja, Chintâmani, Pramadâ, Śatalakshaṇa, and Jayâ. The source and exit of the Bâgmatî are two other Tirthas. Same as Bhagvatî.

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Badarî—The O-cha-li of Hiuen Tsiang. It has been identified by Cunningham (Anc. Geo., p. 494) with Edar in the province of Gujarât; it was, according to him, Sauvîra of the Pauranic period. According to the Brihat-jyotishârṇava, Edar is a corruption of Ilvadurga. It is situated on a river called Hiranyanadî. The name of Badarî is mentioned in the Dhavala inscription at Vasantagaḍ near Mount Abu (JASB., 1841, p. 821).

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Badarî—See Badarikâsrama.

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Badarikâsrama—Badrinâth in Garwal, United Provinces. It is a peak of the main Himalayan range, about a month’s journey to the north of Hardwar and 55 miles north-east of Śrînagara. The temple of Nara-Nârâyaṇa is built on the west bank near the source of the Bishengaṅgâ (Alakânanda), equidistant from two mountains called Nara and Nârâyaṇa, over the site of a hot-spring called Tapanakuṇḍa, the existence of which, no doubt, led to the original selection of this spot : it is situated on the Gandhamâdana mountain (Asiatic Researches, vol. XI, article x; Mahâbhârata, Śânti, ch. 335). The temple is said to have been built by Śaṅkarâchârya in the eighth century A.D. It was also called Badarî and Biśâlâ Badarî (Mahâbhârata, Vana, ch. 144). For a description of the place, see Asiatic Researches, vol. XI, article x.

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Baḍava—Same as Jvâlâmukhî (see Mahâbhârata, Vana, ch. 82).

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Baggumudâ—Same as Bhâgvatî.

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Bâgmatî—A sacred river of the Buddhists in Nepal. The river is also called Bâchmatî as it was created by the Buddha Krakuchhanda by word of mouth when he visited Nepâla with people from Gauḍa-deśa. Its junctions with the rivers Maradârikâ, Manis-rohinî, Râjamañjarî, Ratnâvalî, Chârumatî, Prabhâvatî and Triveṇî, form the Tirthas called Śânta, Śaṅkara, Râjamañjarî, Pramadâ, Sulakshaṇa, Jayâ and Gokarna respectively (Svayambhû Purâṇa, ch. v; Varâha P., ch. 215. See also Wright’s Hist. of Nepal, p. 90).

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Bahela—Baghelkhand in Central India. It has been placed with Kârusha (Rewa) at Vindhyâmûla (Vâmana P., ch. 13). Rewa is also called Baghilkhand (Thornton’s Gazetteer).

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Bâhika—The country between the Bias and the Sutlej, north of Kekaya. It is another name for Vâlhika (see Mbh., Sabhâ, ch. 27, where Vâlheka is evidently used for Vâlhika) : it was conquered by Arjuna. According to the Mahâbhârata (Karṇa P., ch. 44), the Vâhikas lived generally between the Sutlej and the Indus, but specially on the west of the rivers Râvi and Âpagâ (Ayuk Nadî), and their capital was Śâkala. They were a non-Aryan race and perhaps came from Balkh, the capital of Bactria. According to Pâṇini and Patañjali, Vâhîka was another name for the Panjab (IV, 2, 117; V, 3, 114; Ind. Ant. I, 122). See Takka-deśa. Bâhi and Hika were names of two Asuras of the Bias river after whom the country was called Vâhîka. (Mbh., Karṇa P., ch. 45 and Arch. S. Rep., vol. V). They lived by robbery. According to the Râmâyaṇa (Ayodhyâ K., ch. 78), Vâlhika was situated between Ayodhyâ and Kekaya.

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Bahudā—The river Dhabalā now called Dhumela or Burha-Rapti, a feeder of the Rapti in Oudh. The severed arm of Rishi Likhita was restored by bathing in this river; hence the river is called Bāhudā (Mahābhārata, Śānti, ch. 22; Harivaṃśa, ch. 12). But in the Śiva Purāṇa (Pt. VI., ch. 60), it is said that Gaurī, the grandmother of Māndhātā, was turned into the river Bāhudā by the curse of her husband Prasenajit. It has been identified by Mr. Pargiter with the Rāmgaṅgā which joins the Ganges near Kanauj (see his Mārkaṇḍeya P., ch. 57). See Ikṣumatī. But this identification does not appear to be correct, as it is a river of Eastern India (Mahābhārata, Vana, ch. 87).

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Bahulā—A Sakti Pīṭha near Kāṭwa in Bengal (Tantrachuḍāmaṇi).

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Baibhrāja-Sarovara—Same as Manasa-sarovara (Harivaṃśa, ch. 23).

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Baidisa—See Bidiśā (Brahma P., ch. 27).

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Baidūrya-Parvata—1. The island of Māndhātā in the Narbada, which contains the celebrated temple of Oṃkāranāth, was anciently called Baidūrya-Parvata (Skanda P. Revā-Kh.). 2. It has been identified by Yule (Marco-Polo) with the northern section of the Western Ghats. The Parvata or mountain is situated in Gujarāt near the source of the river Viśvāmitrā which flows by the side of Baroda (Varāhamihira’s Brihat-Saṃhitā, ch. 14; Mahābhārata, Vana, chs. 89, 120). 3. The Satpura range: the mountain contained Baidūrya or Beryl (cat’s eye) mines (Mbh., Vana, chs. 61, 121).

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Baidyanātha—1. See Chiṭabhūmi. It is a place of pilgrimage (Padma P., Uttara Kh. ch. 59). 2. In the district of Kangra in the Panjab. Same as Kira-grāma (Matsya P. ch. 122). [Temples of Baidyanātha are:—In Deogaḍh in the Sonthal Perganas in Bengal (Brihad-Dharma P., pt. I., ch. 14). See Chiṭabhūmi. For the establishment of the god and the name of Baijnāth (Baidyanātha), see Mr. Bradley-Birt’s Story of an Indian Upland, ch. xi. 2. In Dabhoi, Gujarat (Ep. Ind., vol. 1, p. 21). 3. In Kiragrāma on the east of the Kangra district, 30 miles east of Koṭ Kangra on the Binuan river (ancient Kandukā-binduka) in the Panjab (Ep. Ind., vol. 1, p. 97) ].

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Baidyuta-Parvata—A part of the Kailāsa range at the foot of which the Mānasa sarovara lake is situated. It is evidently the Gurla range on the south of lake Mānasa sarovara; the Sarajū is said to rise from this mountain (Brahmāṇḍa P., ch. 51). A Mānasa-sarovara is situated in the Kailāsa mountain (Rāmāyaṇa, Bāla-k., ch. 24) Baidyuta mountain is a part of the Kailāsa range.

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