一切經音義 86

English (machine translation) 86

Language: English

86.2

Sounds of the Bianzheng lun, Lower Fascicle (From the fifth through the eighth, four fascicles in total, are covered herein)

86.3

Bianzheng lun, Fascicle 5: Section on the Precedence of Buddhism and Daoism

撓容 (The upper [character] is nao + jiao [náo]. The Shiben says: "Da Nao created the sixty-year cycle (jiazi), and Rong Cheng created the calendar system; both were ministers of the Yellow Emperor." In the treatise text it is written as 松容, which is suspected to be an error of uncertain origin.)

86.5

玟瑰 (The upper [character] is pronounced mei [méi]. The lower [character] is gong + hui [guī]. The Cang Jie pian says: "It is the huoji pearl." Mao's commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "The rose gem (meigui) is the finest and most beautiful of stones, second to jade and broader than pearls." These are phono-semantic characters, both deriving from 玉 [jade]. In the treatise it is written as 㻁, which is incorrect.)

86.6

昏鯁 (geng + xing [gěng], a falling-rising tone character. The Shuowen says: "A fish bone." It is also written as 骾, deriving from 骨 [bone].)

86.7

頡頏 (The upper [character] is xian + jie [xié]. The lower [character] is he + lang [háng]. The Kaosheng says: "頡頏 is the appearance of flying up and down alternately." Mao's commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "A bird flying upward is called 頡; flying downward is called 頏." The Shuowen says: "A straight neck; both derive from 頁 [head]." 頁 is pronounced xian + jie [xié]; 魯首 is incorrect.)

86.8

楊松玠 (Pronounced jie [jiè].)

86.9

編年 (bie + mian [biān]. Gu Yewang says: "編 means to arrange in order.")

86.10

何妥 (tuo + huo [tuǒ]. A Grand Scholar of the Liang dynasty.)

86.11

諳經籍 (The upper [character] is an + han [ān]. The Kaosheng says: "諳 means to recite texts from memory." The Guangya says: "It means to chant/recite." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 言 [speech] with 音 as phonetic. The ancient standard form was written as 𧫧; both are acceptable.)

86.12

帝系譜 (The lower [character] is bu + pu [pǔ]. The Records of the Grand Historian says: "Investigating the genealogical charts and registers..." The Shiming says: "譜 means to distribute (bù)." The Gujin zhengzi says: "A genealogical table (pǔ) is to set out in order and display matters; it derives from 言 [speech] with 普 as phonetic, being a mutually defining character (zhuǎnzhù).")

86.13

曼倩 (The upper [character] is pronounced wan [màn]. The lower [character] is pronounced qian [qiàn]. The courtesy name of Dongfang Shuo of the Han dynasty.)

86.14

靳固 (The upper [character] is jin + jin [jìn]. The Kaosheng says: "靳固 means stingy and sparing." The Zuozhuan [uses it for] feeling ashamed. The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 革 [leather] with 斤 as phonetic.)

86.15

皇甫謐 (The lower [character] is min + bi [mì]. The Erya says: "It means tranquil/pure." A person's name.)

86.16

罔乎 (The upper [character] is wu + fang [wǎng]. The Kaosheng says: "罔 means to deceive and falsely accuse others with words." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 冂, kui + ying [jiōng], while the bottom represents the intersecting pattern of a net (gǎng); 誣 is pronounced like the character 巫.)

86.17

Section on the Masters and Disciples of Śākya and Li [Laozi]

86.18

眯目 (The upper [character] is pronounced mi [mǐ]. The Yunying says: "Dust or dirt in the eye is called 眯目 [mǐmù].")

86.19

謗讟 (The upper [character] is bo + bang [bàng]. Kong's commentary to the Analects says: "謗 means to slander." Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "謗 means to revile." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 言 [speech] with 旁 as phonetic. The lower [character] is tong + mu [dú]. Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "讟 means to calumniate." The Guangya says: "It means evil/hatred." Guo's commentary to the Fangyan says: "Falsely accusing in bitter grievance is called 讟." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 言 [speech] with 讀 [賣] as phonetic.)

86.20

煒曅 (The upper [character] is wei + gui [wěi]. The Kaosheng [says]: "煒曄 is the appearance of brilliant, flourishing splendour." The Shuowen also [says]: "The appearance of flourishing brightness; it derives from 火 [fire] with 韋 as phonetic." It is also written with 日 [sun] as 暐, which is also acceptable. The lower [character] is yan + zhe [yè]. In the Kaosheng it is properly written as [日/((傘-(企-止))-┬+ㄎ)]. The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 日 [sun] with 華 as phonetic. Nowadays it is written as 燁 or as 曄, which are vulgar variant forms.)

86.21

誇誕 (The upper [character] is kua + gua [kuā]. Kong's commentary to the Book of Documents says: "誇 means arrogant, unrestrained, and transgressing rules." The Posthumous Names rules say: "Florid words without substance are called 誇." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 言 [speech] with 𡗢 as phonetic; 𡗢 has the same pronunciation. The lower [character] is tan + lan [dàn]. Kong's commentary to the Book of Documents says: "誕 means to deceive." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 言 [speech] with 延 as phonetic.)

86.22

飛蛬 (gong + yong [qióng]. The Erya says: "The cricket is the 蛬." Guo's commentary to the Erya says: "It is the cuozhi of today." The Gujin zhengzi [notes that it] derives from 虫 [insect] with 共 as phonetic. The Wenzidian shuo [notes that it is written] with 旲 as 𧋯, which is the ancient character and is also acceptable.)

86.23

鎬遊 (The upper [character] is hu + lao [hào]. The Kaosheng says: "Haojing was the name of the capital during the Ji clan's Zhou dynasty." The Shuowen says: "Haojing was the capital of King Wu of the Western Zhou, located southwest of Chang'an; it derives from 金 [metal] with 高 as phonetic.")

86.24

舞兔 (The lower [character] is tu + gu [tù]. The head of 兔 is the same as the head of [色-巴+(眉-目+比)]; therefore it derives from an abbreviated [色-巴+(眉-目+比)], and the trailing dot represents the shape of its tail.)

86.25

襃女 (bao + mao [bāo]. The Kaosheng [says]: "襃 means fine/beautiful; it is also the name of a state." Bao Si was the illegitimate consort of King You of Zhou. She liked to watch the beacon fires; when she saw them she smiled, and when she smiled a hundred charms arose. King You was pleased by her, and on her account ruined his state, and the Western Rong came and destroyed it. The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 衣 [garment] with 保 as phonetic.)

86.26

蝸角 (The upper [character] is gua + hua [guā]. The Shuowen says: "蝸 is the snail.")

86.27

舓足 (shi + er [shì]. The Shuowen says: "To lick food with the tongue; it derives from 舌 [tongue] with 易 as phonetic." It is also written as 舐 or the ancient character 𦧇.)

86.28

Bianzheng lun, Fascicle 6: Section on the Ten Metaphors

86.29

管闚 (The lower [character] is quan + gui [kuī]. The Kaosheng says: "闚 means to peek (觑); looking at the sky through a writing-brush tube, hence it is called 'peeking through a tube' (管闚)." The Fangyan says: "闚 means to look at." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 門 [gate] with 規 as phonetic. 覷 is pronounced qi + yu [qù].)

86.30

𤓡火 (The upper [character] is jiang + xiao [jiáo]. The Character Book says: "𤓡火 is a small torch." The Shuowen says: "An exorcistic fire ritual (祓); it derives from 火 [fire] with 爵 as phonetic." 𩰥 is the standard form of the character 爵. 祓 is pronounced fu + wu [fú]; sweeping away inauspiciousness is called 祓.)

86.31

余慨 (The lower [character] is kai + ai [kǎi]. The Kaosheng says: "慨 means to sigh in sorrow; 慷慨 means one's resolve and spirits are aroused." Zheng's supplementary commentary to Mao's Poetry says: "慨 means to sigh." The Shuowen says: "To sigh deeply; it derives from 心 [heart] with 既 as phonetic." 慷 is pronounced kang + lang [kāng].)

86.32

九箴 (zhi + ren [zhēn]. Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "箴 means admonition." The Shenglei says: "To pierce (cì)." Kong's commentary to the Book of Documents says: "箴 means words of instruction." Jia's commentary to the Guoyu says: "Instruction." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 竹 [bamboo] with 咸 as phonetic. 㓨 is pronounced cì; in antiquity it was properly written as 刺.)

86.33

左腋 (Pronounced yi [yè], and also zhi + yi [zhì/yè]. Below the shoulder and above the elbow. The Gujin zhengzi [notes that it] derives from 肉 [flesh] with 夜 as phonetic. 肘 is pronounced zhi + liu [zhǒu].)

86.34

右脅 (xian + jie [xié]. The Kaosheng says: "脅 means the ribs." The Shuowen says: "The two sides of the belly; it derives from 肉 [flesh] with 劦 as phonetic." 劦 is pronounced xie [xié]. In the treatise it is written with three knives [刀], which is incorrect; properly it derives from three forces [力]. It is also written as 脇, which is acceptable.)

86.35

左衽 (ren + zhen [rèn]. The Kaosheng says: "袵 refers to the front lapel of a garment." Zheng's commentary to the Record of Rites says: "袵 is the part of the fabric of robes and skirts that turns back and overlaps." The Shuowen says: "袵 is a garment's collar/lapel; it derives from 衣 [garment] with 任 as phonetic." Barbarians fold their lapels to the left (zuǒrèn).)

86.36

皐繇 (The upper [character] is pronounced gao [gāo]. The lower [character] is pronounced yao [yáo]. Kong's commentary to the Book of Documents says: "Gao Yao was a minister of Emperor Shun." The Shuowen says: "The character 皐 derives from 白 with [(犀-尸)-牛+十] as phonetic." [(犀-尸)-牛+十] is pronounced tao [tāo]. In the Book of Documents it is written as 咎, which is an ancient character. The character 繇 is written as 陶, pronounced zhao [zhào]; ancient people used it as a phonetic loan. Writing it with 自 is incorrect.)

86.37

開誘 (The lower [character] is you + jiu [yǒu]. The Kaosheng says: "誘 means to entice, to guide, and also to instruct and lead. The Analects says: 'The Master guides people step by step with skill.'" The Gujin zhengzi says: "Exhorting one another is called 誘; it derives from 言 [speech] with 秀 as phonetic." 訹 is pronounced shu [xù].)

86.38

赧王 (ning + jian [nǎn]. The posthumous title of the last king of Zhou. The Kaosheng says: "赧 means blushing red in shame and embarrassment." The Fangyan says: "To feel ashamed." The Erya says: "Face blushing with shame is called 赧." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 赤 [red] with 及 as phonetic; 及 is pronounced zhan [zhǎn]. Deriving from 皮 is incorrect.)

86.39

雲萃 (The lower [character] is qing + zui [cuì]. The Fangyan says: "Between eastern Qi, gathering together is called 萃." Mao's commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "To assemble." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 艸 [grass] with 卒 as phonetic. In the treatise text it is written as 卒, which is incorrect.)

86.40

椎匈 (The upper [character] is zhui + zhui [chuí]. In character books it is also written as 鎚. The Yupian says: "椎 is that with which one strikes things." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 木 [wood] with 隹 as phonetic. In the treatise it is written as 搥, which is incorrect. The lower [character] is xu + gong [xiōng]. The Kaosheng says: "The chest/breast." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 勹 with 凶 as phonetic.)

86.41

秦佚 (yin + ji [yì]. The Kaosheng says: "佚 means fine/excellent." The name of a recluse.)

86.42

眼睞 (The lower [character] is lai + dai [lài]. 睞 means that the pupil of the eye is not straight. The Guangya says: "To look askance." The Gujin zhengzi [notes that it] derives from 目 [eye] with 來 as phonetic.)

86.43

垂埵 (du + guo [duǒ]. Character books say: "The appearance of earlobes hanging down; it is also written as 朵, which is equally acceptable." It derives from 土 [earth] with 垂 as phonetic.)

86.44

八十種禎 (The lower [character] is pronounced zheng [zhēn]. The Kaosheng says: "禎 means auspiciousness; these are the Tathāgata's eighty secondary marks (anuvyañjana)." The Cang Jie pian says: "禎 means good and auspicious." The Shuowen [notes that it] derives from 示 [omen] with 貞 as phonetic.)

86.45

駁道 (The upper [character] is bang + miao [bó]. Zhuangzi says: "Mixed and discordant." The Shuowen says: "An impure color is called 駁; it derives from 馬 [horse] with 爻 as phonetic." 踳 is pronounced chun + yin [chuǎn].)

86.46

巾褐 (han + e [hè]. The Kaosheng says: "褐 is the name of coarse clothing." Zheng's supplementary commentary to Mao's Poetry says: "褐 is cloth made of coarse hair/wool. The people of Southern Chu call a robe 'short coarse garment' (duǎnhè)." The Shuowen says: "Coarse clothing; it derives from 衣 [garment] with 曷 as phonetic." 麤 is the ancient character for coarse, deriving from three 鹿 [deer].)

86.47

犀首 (The upper [character] is pronounced xi [xī]. The Kaosheng says: "The 犀 is the name of a beast." The Erya says: "The rhinoceros (xīniú) resembles a pig." Guo's commentary says: "The rhinoceros looks like a water buffalo, with the head of a pig, a large belly, short legs with three hooves, black in color, and having two horns: one on the crown and one on the snout. The one on the snout is the horn used for eating vessels." The Shuowen says: "The rhinoceros comes from outside the frontier in the Southern Seas; it derives from 牛 [ox] and an abbreviated 尾 [tail]." In the treatise it is written with 辛 as 屖, which is incorrect and not adopted here.)

86.48

濄水 (wu + e [guō]. The Erya says: "The Guo is called the Xun." The Book of Han says: "The Guo River emerges from the Dang Canal in Fugou County, Huaiyang, and flows east into the Huai River." The Gujin zhengzi [notes that it] derives from 水 [water] with 過 as phonetic.)

86.49

常摐子 [Master Chang Chuang].

86.50

Liu Juanzi.

86.51

To hold a writing brush (操㲦: the first [character] is *cao-dao* [c- + -(h)ao = cāo] in fanqie; the Wenzi dianshuo says: “操 means to hold.” The Shuowen says: “操 means to take in hand and grasp; it is categorized under 'hand' and takes 喿 as phonetic, pronounced *sang-dao* [s- + -ào = sào].” The second [character] is *han-gan* [h- + -àn = hàn] in fanqie; the Shuowen says: “㲦 means animal hair, which can be used to make writing brushes, hence written composition is called 'zhahan' [bamboo strips and writing brushes]; it is categorized under 'fur/hair' and takes 幹 as phonetic.” In the treatise, it is written with 'feather' as 翰, which is also commonly used and acceptable, though not the original character).

86.52

The body perishes (形殂: [the second character is] *zang-lu* [z- + -ú = cú] in fanqie; Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “殂落 means to die.” The Shuowen says: “殂 means to pass away; it is categorized under 歹 ['bad/death'] and takes 且 as phonetic; it is also written as 徂; 歹 is pronounced *can* [cán]”).

86.53

Suspended wart (懸疣: the second [character] is pronounced *you* [yóu]; the Kaosheng says: “A wart (疣) is an ailment, and also a knot of wind on the skin.” The Shuowen states: “Categorized under 疒 ['illness'] with 尤 as phonetic; 疒 is *nü-e* [n- + -è = nè] in fanqie; in ancient script it is written as 肬, 𤴨, or 𱲔, which are all the same”).

86.54

Primal ether (烟熅: the first [character] is pronounced *yin* [yīn]; the second is *yu-yun* [y- + -ùn = yùn] in fanqie; the Boya says: “It is the ether of heaven and earth.” In the treatise it is written as 氤氳. The Kaosheng says it is the appearance of cloudy ether; both forms are acceptable).

86.55

Mound (培塿: the first [character] is *bo-hou* [b- + -ǒu = bǒu] in fanqie; the second is *lou-kou* [l- + -ǒu = lǒu] in fanqie; the Fangyan says: “A 培塿 is a mound or hillock.” It is also written with 'mountain' as 㟝嶁, meaning a small hill; it is also an anthill. The Gujin zhengzi states: “Both characters are categorized under 'earth' (土), with 咅 and 婁 as phonetics”).

86.56

Vast ocean (溟浡: the first [character] is pronounced *ming* [míng]; the second is pronounced *bei* [bó]; Xuanming is the name of the Northern Sea; Bohai [浡澥] is the name of the Eastern Sea; the great sea is unfathomably deep and bottomless, and the measure of its depth cannot be compared to water in a hoof-print or an uneven well).

86.57

Low-lying and narrow (湫隘: the first [character] is *jiao-xiao* [j- + -iǎo = jiǎo] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “It means low ground and moreover narrow.” The second is *e-jie* [è + j- = ài] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “隘 means cramped and narrow; to pass through a defile”).

86.58

Historical records (史𠕋: [the second character is] *chu-ge* [ch- + -è = chè] in fanqie; Cai Yong’s Duduan says: “𠕋 means bamboo slips.” Zheng’s commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: “The bamboo records (簡𠕋) refer to writing down the king’s decrees to safeguard the state.” The character 𠕋 is pictographic, showing three long and two short slips bound together twice in the middle. In the treatise it is written as 策, which is a vulgar character).

86.59

Broad and narrow (廣陿: [the second character is] *xian-jia* [x- + -á = xiá] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “陿 means narrow; it is categorized under 𨸏 with 匧 as phonetic.” In the treatise it is written with 'dog' as 狹, which is incorrect).

86.60

Historian Dan (史儋: [the second character is] *da-nan* [d- + -ān = dān] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “儋 means to assist; it is the title of a court historian.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'person' with 詹 as phonetic”).

86.61

Zhongkui (終馗: the second [character] is pronounced *kui* [kuí]; it is the name of an insect).

86.62

Great cedar (大椿: [the second character is] *chu-lun* [ch- + -ūn = chūn] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “椿 is the name of a tree.” Zhuangzi says: “The great cedar is a divine tree, taking eight hundred years as one spring, and eight hundred years as one autumn.” It is borrowed here as a metaphor to evoke longevity).

86.63

Mayfly (蜉蝣: the first [character] is *fu-wu* [f- + -ú = fú] in fanqie; the second is *you-zhou* [y- + -óu = yóu] in fanqie; the Basheng says: “The 蜉蝣 is a winged ant larva.” Mao’s Commentary on the Odes says: “The mayfly is born in the morning and dies at dusk.” The Gujin zhengzi states: “They are phono-semantic characters, both categorized under 'insect' (虫), with 孚 and 斿 as their respective phonetics”).

86.64

Turtle and crane (龜鶴: the first [character] is *gui-wei* [g- + -uī = guī] in fanqie; the Wenzi dianshuo says: “Among the three hundred and sixty shelled creatures, the turtle is chief; it is bony on the outside and fleshy on the inside; the prime turtle is one foot and two inches long, and lives more than a thousand years; it is a pictographic character.” The second is *he-ge* [h- + -è = hè] in fanqie; the character dictionary says: “It is the name of an immortal bird; with one lift of its wings it flies a thousand miles.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'bird' with 隺 as phonetic; 隺 is pronounced the same as above. Those with red crowns live over ten thousand years; it is the most spiritually intelligent among birds and is ridden by immortals; it is a phono-semantic character”).

86.65

Flaw in speech (言玷: pronounced *dian* [diàn]; the Mao Odes say: “A flaw in a white jade tablet may yet be ground away; a flaw in these spoken words cannot be remedied.” The Wenzi dianshuo says: “玷 means a flaw or chip; a fault in speech.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'jade' with 占 as phonetic”).

86.66

Distant and indistinct (眇邈: the first [character] is *mi-xiao* [m- + -iǎo = miǎo] in fanqie; 眇 means distant, or small; the second is *mang-bo* [m- + -ò = mò] in fanqie; 尨 is pronounced *ma-bang* [m- + -áng = máng] in fanqie).

86.67

Infant (蜺纓: the first [character] is *yi-ji* [y- + -ì = nì] in fanqie; the second is *yi-ying* [y- + -īng = yīng] in fanqie; names for a newborn child: a boy is called 蜺, and a girl is called 嬰).

86.68

Mountain dragon and quail (𦫀鷃: the first [character] is *te-neng* [t- + -éng = téng] in fanqie; it is a small young dragon of the mountains, a 𦫀-snake; the second is pronounced *yan* [yàn]; the red quail (赤鷃) is a small bird that nests in earthen hollows).

86.69

Wings of the Peng (鵬翼: the first [character] is pronounced *peng* [péng]; it is a giant bird whose wings hang like clouds across the sky for more than ninety thousand leagues, expressing its vast size).

86.70

Inferior nag (駑駘: the first [character] is pronounced *nu* [nú]; the second is *tang-lai* [t- + -ái = tái] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “A 駑駘 is a dull, sluggish horse that can only travel ten-odd leagues a day”).

86.71

Fine steed (騏驥: the first [character] is pronounced *qi* [qí]; the second is pronounced *ji* [jì]; names for fine, swift horses that can travel a thousand leagues a day).

86.72

Inverted grasp (反握: [the second character is] *ying-jiao* [y- + -uò = wò] in fanqie; grasping with the hand; the Tathāgata can grasp with both the inside and outside of his hands, expressing his extraordinary nature).

86.73

Deep-blue eyelashes (紺睫: [the second character is] *jian-ye* [j- + -ié = jié] in fanqie; the eyelashes of the eyes).

86.74

Thousand spokes (千輻: pronounced *fu* [fú]; this refers to the thousand-spoked wheel marks present on six places of the Tathāgata's body. In the treatise, it is written as 軓, which is a scribal error and incorrect).

86.75

Mengqi (蒙倛: pronounced *qi* [qí]; the facial appearance of Master Kong [Confucius]; it is also pronounced *ji* [jī]).

86.76

Severed hub-spoke (斷[蕢-貝+(面-(百-日))]: pronounced *zai* [zāi], with *zi-shi* [z- + -ī = zī] in fanqie; according to Cao Zhi’s Treatise on Physiognomy: “The Duke of Zhou’s physique was like a severed [蕢-貝+(面-(百-日))].” Zheng’s commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: “[蕢-貝+(面-(百-日))] is the shape of the spokes entering the hub.” [Its exact meaning is] not yet clear).

86.77

Zong Mie (鬷蔑: the first [character] is pronounced *zong* [zōng]; the second is *mian-bie* [m- + -iè = miè] in fanqie).

86.78

Meng Ju (孟娵: [the second character is] *jing-yu* [j- + -ū = jū] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “娵 means a beautiful woman.” The Shiben says: “Ju Zi was the secondary consort of Emperor Ku, who gave birth to Emperor Zhi.” Wang Yi’s commentary on the Songs of Chu says: “Ju Lu was also a famous beauty of antiquity.” The Gujin zhengzi states: “Categorized under 'woman' with 取 as phonetic”).

86.79

Competing in beauty (競妍: [the second character is] *yan-jian* [y- + -án = yán] in fanqie; the Guangya says: “妍 means good.” The sound 姸 means beautiful; it is categorized under 'woman' with 幵 (*qian* [qiān]) as phonetic; the Gujin zhengzi gives the orthodox form as 姸, written with two 干 side by side; in the treatise it is written as 妍, which is a vulgar character).

86.80

Crosswise loincloth (橫縵: [the second character is] *man-ban* [m- + -ān = màn] in fanqie; this is the loincloth worn by brahmins, equivalent to the breeches (*kun*) in this country, used to conceal physical unseemliness).

86.81

Squatting like a dog (狗踞: [the second character is] *ju-yu* [j- + -ù = jù] in fanqie; to sit squatting back on one's haunches; a phono-semantic character).

86.82

Crouching like a fox (狐蹲: the first [character] is pronounced *hu* [hú]; an uncanny beast; the second is pronounced *cun* [dūn]; to sit upright with raised knees).

86.83

Woodcutter in the wilds (樵野: [the first character is] *qi-yao* [q- + -áo = qiáo] in fanqie; one who gathers firewood; the Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'tree/wood' with 焦 as phonetic.” In the treatise it is written as 䕴, which is incorrect).

86.84

Orchid belt (蕙帶: the first [character] is pronounced *hui* [huì]; the Yupian says: “蕙 is an aromatic herb.” The Songs of Chu says: “Lotus garments and orchid belts,” which refers to this; both are the grassy clothing of recluses and immortals).

86.85

Pheasant-feather cap (鶡冠: the first [character] is *han-ge* [h- + -é = hé] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “The 鶡 is the name of a bird.” The Sounds and Meanings of the Book of Han says: “The 鶡 bird is also called the *su*; its tail feathers are used for warrior caps.” The Shuowen says: “The 鶡 resembles a pheasant and is found in the valleys of Shangdang; by nature this bird is fierce, and if they fight each other, they stop only when one dies; this denotes martial fierceness”).

86.86

Gritting teeth (𥔐齒: the first [character] is *kan-ge* [k- + -è = kè] in fanqie; the Guiyuan zhucong says: “𥔐 refers to the sound of stones grinding against each other.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'stone' with 盇 as phonetic; 盇 is pronounced *he* [hé]; it is also written as 盍”).

86.87

Breathing out (噓氣: the first [character] is *xu-ju* [x- + -ū = xū] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “噓 means opening the mouth to exhale breath.” The Shuowen says: “噓 means to blow or exhale; it is categorized under 'mouth' with 虛 as phonetic”).

86.88

Slandering the sage (訾聖: the first [character] is *zi-ci* [z- + -ǐ = zǐ] in fanqie; the Book of Rites says it means to defame someone with words; it is also written as 呰 with the same meaning, categorized under 'words' with 此 as phonetic).

86.89

Blind (矇𰦁: the first [character] is pronounced *meng* [méng]; the second is *sang-gou* [s- + -ǒu = sǒu] in fanqie, which is the orthodox character; Jia Kui’s commentary on the Guoyu says: “Eyes without pupils”; it is a phono-semantic character).

86.90

Not hearing (弗聆: the second [character] is *li-ding* [l- + -íng = líng] in fanqie; the Cangjie pian and the Guangya both say: “聆 means to listen.” The Taixuan jing says: “Listening to bamboo to make pitch-pipes,” which is this; the Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'ear' with 令 as phonetic”).

86.91

Discordant (之舛也: [the character 舛 is] *chuan-yan* [ch- + -ǎn = chuǎn] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “舛 means contrary to each other.” Gu Yewang says: “舛 means disparate and uneven.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 夕 and 井 mutually opposed.” In the treatise it is written as 舛 with 反, which was the current usage of the time).

86.92

Timid man (愞夫: the first [character] is *nai-luan* [n- + -uàn = nuàn] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “愞 means cowardly and weak.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'mind/heart' with 耎 as phonetic; 耎 is *ru-yan* [r- + -uǎn = ruǎn] in fanqie; it is also written as 愞”).

86.93

Reed ash (葭灰: [the first character is] *jia-xia* [j- + -iā = jiā] in fanqie; Guo Pu’s commentary on the Erya says: “葭 is the reed (蘆葦).” Mao’s Commentary on the Odes says: “葭 is also the reed.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'grass' with 叚 as phonetic”).

86.94

Tiger’s roar (彪嘯: the first [character] is *bi-xiu* [b- + -iāo = biāo] in fanqie; it means the roar of a tiger; the 'Wenyan' commentary of the Book of Changes says: “The wind follows the tiger.” The Shuowen says: “彪 means stripes of a tiger; it is categorized under 'tiger' and 彡, depicting its stripes; 彡 is *shan* [shān] in fanqie.” The second [character] is *xiao-jiao* [x- + -iào = xiào] in fanqie).

86.95

Xunhu (䵫胡: the first [character] is pronounced *xun* [xùn]; the Kaosheng says: “䵫胡 is a name.” The Shuowen writes it as 𡼡, meaning smoke of fire rising up; 𡼡 is pronounced *xun* [xūn], composed of 屮 and 黑; in the treatise it is written with 'dog' as [狂-王+重], which is a vulgar character).

86.96

Carving tools (剞劂: the first [character] is *ji-qi* [j- + -ǐ = jǐ] in fanqie; the second is *ju-yue* [j- + -ué = jué] in fanqie; the Shuowen says: “A 剞 is a curved knife for engraving and carving.” Both characters are categorized under 'knife' (刀), with 奇 and 厥 as their respective phonetics).

86.97

Fine cast metal and plated silver (銑鋈: the first [character] is *xian-dian* [x- + -iǎn = xiǎn] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “It is the finest of cast metals.” The Erya says: “Metal that is exceptionally fine and lustrous is called 銑.” The Gujin zhengzi states: “Categorized under 'metal' with 先 as phonetic.” The second is *wu-du* [w- + -ù = wù] in fanqie; the Kaosheng and Mao’s Commentary on the Odes both say: “鋈 is white metal [silver plating].” The Gujin zhengzi states: “Categorized under 'metal' with 沃 as phonetic”).

86.98

Soaring crane-like bird (翔鶤: the second [character] is *gu-men* [g- + -ūn = gūn] in fanqie; the Erya says: “A fowl three feet tall is called a 鶤.” Wang Yi’s commentary on the Songs of Chu says: “The 鶤 resembles a crane but is larger.” The Gujin zhengzi states: “Categorized under 'bird' with 軍 as phonetic.” In the treatise it is written with 昆 as 鵾, which is interchangeable and identical in meaning).

86.99

Perching phoenix (跂鳳: the first [character] is pronounced *qi* [qǐ]; the Kaosheng says: “跂 means to stand on tiptoe.” Guo’s commentary on the Classic of Mountains and Seas says: “跂 means walking without the heels touching the ground.” Gu Yewang says: “Like a person standing on tiptoe.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'foot' with 支 as phonetic.” The second is *feng-meng* [f- + -èng = fèng] in fanqie; Tianlao said: “The phoenix is a divine bird.” The Kaosheng says: “An auspicious bird; it emerges from the eastern Country of Gentlemen; when it soars over the four seas, all under heaven enjoys great peace”).

86.100

Railing and well-lining (欄甃: the second [character] is *zou-jiu* [z- + -òu = zhòu] in fanqie; the Picang says: “甃 means to narrow/contract.” The Jing hexagram of the Book of Changes says: “The well is bricked; no fault”; this is it. The Shuowen says: “甃 means the bricks of a well; it is categorized under 'tile' with 秋 as phonetic; 甓 is *ping-mi* [p- + -ì = pì] in fanqie, meaning a kiln-burnt brick”).

86.101

Kunlun and Langfeng (崐閬: the first [character] is *gu-hun* [g- + -ūn = kūn] in fanqie; Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “Mount Kun produces jade.” The Classic of Mountains and Seas says: “The hill of Kunlun is indeed the capital of the Celestial Thearch.” The Erya says: “A hill with three tiers is a 崑.” Guo’s commentary says: “Three tiers means three levels.” The Gujin zhengzi says: “Mount Kun is a mountain of jade; it is categorized under 'mountain' with 昆 as phonetic.” The second is *lang-dang* [l- + -àng = làng] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “Langfeng is the name of a mountain.” The Guangya says: “Kunlun has three mountains, of which Langfeng Slope is identical with the Dark Garden.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'gate' with 良 as phonetic”).

86.102

Sitting sprawled (箕踞: the first [character] is pronounced *ji* [jī]; the second is pronounced *ju* [jù]).

86.103

Shaved head (髡頭: the first [character] is *kun-hun* [k- + -ūn = kūn] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “髡 is the name of a penal punishment, shaving away the hair.” Zheng’s commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: “Simply shaving the head.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 髟 with 兀 as phonetic; 髟 is pronounced *biao* [biāo].” In the treatise it is written with 長 as [肆-聿+兀], which is an abbreviated vulgar character).

86.104

Bat (蝙蝠: the first [character] is *bi-mian* [b- + -iān = biān] in fanqie; the second is *feng-mu* [f- + -ú = fú] in fanqie; the Erya says: “The 蝙蝠 is the fuyi [winged-creature].” The Fangyan says: “From the Pass eastward it is called fuyi; west of the Pass, in Qin and Long, it is also called bianfu.” The Gujin zhengzi says: “The two characters 蝙蝠 are both categorized under 'insect' (虫), with 扁 and 畐 as phonetics; they are phono-semantic characters; 扁 is pronounced *bian* [biǎn], and 畐 is *pi-bi* [p- + -ì = fú] in fanqie”).

86.105

Loom and weaving (機絍: the second [character] is *ru-jin* [r- + -èn = rèn] in fanqie; the Kaosheng says: “絍 means weaving threads.” Du’s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: “Weaving the warp of silk fabrics and cloth.” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'silk' with 任 as phonetic; 繒 is *ji-ying* [j- + -ìng = zèng] in fanqie; below where it mentions 'the woman who weaves (織絍之婦)', the pronunciation is the same”).

86.106

Pearl of the black dragon (驪珠: the first [character] is *li-zhi* [l- + -í = lí] in fanqie; Zhuangzi says: “A pearl worth a thousand pieces of gold is surely in the depths of a ninefold abyss beneath the chin of a black dragon; you may obtain it only if you happen upon the dragon asleep; had the dragon awoken, how could you have gotten it?” The Wenzi dianshuo states: “Categorized under 'horse' with 麗 as phonetic; 頷 is *han-gan* [h- + -àn = hàn] in fanqie”).

86.107

Monkeys and apes (猱猨: the first [character] is *nu-dao* [n- + -áo = náo] in fanqie; the second is *yue-yuan* [y- + -uán = yuán] in fanqie; already glossed above in the Hongming ji).

86.108

Mirage and giant clam (蜃𧊧: the first [character] is pronounced *shen* [shèn]; the second is *gan-za* [g- + -ā = qiā] in fanqie; already glossed previously).

86.109

Extinguished embers (息煨: the second [character] is *wu-hui* [w- + -ēi = wēi] in fanqie; Sima Biao’s commentary on Zhuangzi says: “煨 means embers (𱫮).” The Preface to the Classic of Filial Piety says: “All became the remnants of ashes and embers (煨燼)”; this is it. The Guangya says: “煨 means warm embers (熅).” The Shuowen says: “Categorized under 'fire' with 畏 as phonetic; 𱫮 is *xi-yin* [x- + -ìn = xìn]; 熅 is *wei-yun* [w- + -ùn = yùn] in fanqie”).

86.110

Owl and pojing beast 梟鏡 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 叫 + 堯; the Kaosheng says: "The xiao is an inauspicious bird." Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Mao Commentary on the Book of Songs says: "The xiao is also a bird of ill omen with a hateful cry." The Shuowen jiezi says: "An unfilial bird; on the day of the summer solstice they capture owls and decapitate and dismember (磔, pronounced with the fanqie 陟 + 格) them; it is a phono-semantic character with bird 鳥 [semantic] and tree 木 [phonetic]." The second character is pronounced 敬; the Records of the Grand Historian says: "The pojing is the name of a vicious beast." The Kaosheng says: "A beast that eats its own father.").

86.111

Male viper 雄虺 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 暉 + 偉; the Mao Commentary on the Book of Songs says: "Do not act as a viper or lizard." The Erya says: "The pit viper (蝮虺) is three inches broad, with a head as large as a thumb." Gu Yewang says: "Hui is a pit viper." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the insect radical 虫 and the phonetic 兀; it is also written as 𩃾, with the same pronunciation).

86.112

Ying Zheng 嬴正 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 亦 + 征; the Kaosheng says: "Ying is the surname of the Qin, descendants of Shaohao." The Records of the Grand Historian says: "The First Emperor of Qin bore the surname Ying and his personal name was Zheng." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the woman radical 女 with a reduced phonetic 嬴).

86.113

Guiding the groaning and deaf 導嚘聾 (the middle character is pronounced with the fanqie 臆 + 休; the Book of Han says: "'Yixiu' is an unsettled expression of exclamation." The Cangjie pian says: "You means gasping or hiccupping." The Laozi says: "Crying out all day without becoming hoarse (嚘)." Gu Yewang says: "You means rebellious or choked breath." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the mouth radical 口 and the phonetic 憂. The syllable 咿 is pronounced 伊, and 呃 is pronounced 厄. The final character is pronounced with the fanqie 祿 + 東; the Book of Rites says: "The mute, deaf, lame, and paralyzed" is an example. The Cangjie pian and Shuowen jiezi both state: "Ears that hear nothing"; it takes the ear radical 耳 and the phonetic 龍. The character 瘖 is pronounced 音; 跛 is pronounced with the fanqie 波 + 叵).

86.114

Bearing a book-chest 負笈 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 其 + 輒; the Kaosheng says: "A ji is a chest for holding books." The Book of Han says: "Bearing a book-chest and following a master" means carrying books. The Picang says: "A ji is a case made of woven bamboo." The Gujin zhengzi states that it takes the bamboo radical 竹 and the phonetic 及; 篋 is pronounced with the fanqie 謙 + 葉).

86.115

Shouldering a bamboo umbrella 檐簦 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 得 + 能; the Kaosheng says: "A deng is a parasol woven of bamboo." The Guoyu says: "Their umbrellas and rain hats could see each other at Lingling." Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "A deng is an implement for warding off rain, like a bamboo hat." The Sounds and Meanings of the Records of the Grand Historian says: "A bamboo hat with a handle is called a deng." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the bamboo radical 竹 and the phonetic 登).

86.116

Hard to encounter 難覯 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 鈎 + 侯; Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Mao Commentary on the Book of Songs says: "Gou means to see." Guo [Pu's] commentary on the Erya says: "To meet with one another." The Gujin zhengzi states that it takes the seeing radical 見 and the phonetic 冓; it is also written as 冓 with the same pronunciation).

86.117

Relying on a hornless dragon 憑螭 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 恥 + 離; the Songs of Chu says: "A rain dragon teams with a hornless dragon." Wang [Yi's] commentary says: "A chi resembles a dragon but lacks horns; it is also called dilou [施-方+多]螻." The Guangya and Shuowen jiezi share the same meaning; it takes the insect radical 虫 and the phonetic 离; it is also written as [施-方+多]螻, where 螻 is pronounced 樓).

86.118

Caught in a net 䋄絓 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 華 + 卦; Gu Yewang says: "Gua means obstructed." The Huainanzi says: "A flying bird that does not move is not snagged in a net." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the silk radical 糸 and the phonetic 圭).

86.119

Cursing and imprecating 詶詛 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 州 + 又; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 側 + 據; Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "Regarding oaths and curses in contractual pledges, major affairs are called covenants (盟) and minor affairs are called imprecations (詛)." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Chou means to curse (詛); zu also means to curse (詶)." Both characters chou and zu take the speech radical 言, with 州 and 且 respectively serving as phonetics. In the Treatise they are written with the mouth radical 口 as 呪 and 咀, which are vulgar characters).

86.120

Fragrant basil and foul herb 薰蕕 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 詶 + 雲; the Yupian says: "Xun is a fragrant plant." The second character is pronounced 猶; both are standard forms. Du [Yu's] commentary on the Zuo Tradition says: "You is a foul-smelling herb; it is a slender plant growing by the water." The Zuo Tradition says: "One fragrant herb and one foul herb: after ten years the stink still remains." The Shuowen jiezi states that both characters xun and you take the grass radical 艸, with 熏 and 猶 respectively serving as phonetics. In the Treatise it is written as 熏, which is incorrect).

86.121

Wood-boring insect 蠧木 (pronounced with the fanqie 都 + 路; the Rites of Zhou says: "The Jian officer is in charge of eradicating vermin." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A du is an insect that eats wood; it takes the insect pair 䖵 and a reduced form of the phonetic 槖." The character 翦 is pronounced 箭, and 槖 is pronounced 託; it is also written with the wood radical 木 as 螙, an ancient form with the same pronunciation and meaning).

86.122

Wren and midges 鷦螟 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 醮 + 銷; the Erya says: "The jiao is a peach insect." The Gujin zhengzi states: "The jiaomiao is also a peach insect; it takes the bird radical 鳥 and the phonetic 𤊙." The second character is pronounced 冥; the Zhuangzi says: "The midges nest on the eyelash of a mosquito," which is generally a term for diminutive insects. The Gujin zhengzi states that ming takes the insect radical 虫 and the phonetic 冥; 𪃐 is pronounced 眇, 䀹 is pronounced 接, and 蟃 is pronounced 慢).

86.123

Tiny mouse 鼷鼠 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 賢 + 雞; the Spring and Autumn Annals says: "Tiny mice gnawed the sacrificial bull," which is an example. Gu Yewang says: "Tiny mice eat humans and birds and beasts until they are consumed, yet [the victims] are neither aware nor feel pain." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A small mouse; it takes the mouse radical 鼠 and the phonetic 奚").

86.124

Gentry and officials 搢紳 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 津 + 信; Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Book of Rites and the Kaosheng both say: "Jin is like inserting (插)." Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "Jin means inserting the ceremonial tablet into the sash, like wearing a sword." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the hand radical 手 and the phonetic 晉; 插 is pronounced with the fanqie 初 + 洽, and 笏 is pronounced 忽. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 失 + 真; the Kaosheng says: "A shen is a large sash." The Guangya says: "Shen is like binding." The Analects says: "Zizhang wrote it on his sash." The Shuowen jiezi shares the same meaning; it takes the silk radical 糸 and the phonetic 申).

86.125

Concealing apron 蔽襜 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 必 + 曳; Bao Xian's commentary on the Analects says: "Bi is like covering." Du [Yu's] commentary on the Zuo Tradition says: "Bi means to shield." The Guangya says: "To hide." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the grass radical 艸 and the phonetic 敝; 敝 is pronounced 敝. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 昌 + 詹; the Erya says: "Clothing that covers the front is called a chan; this is the apron or knee-covering garment of today." Gu Yewang says: "The appearance of clothing hanging down before and behind." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the garment radical 衣 and the phonetic 詹; 褕 is pronounced 逾. In the Treatise it is written as 弊, which is incorrect).

86.126

Confused and disorderly 殽亂 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 効 + 交; the Kaosheng says: "Xiao means mixed and disorderly." The Gujin zhengzi says: "Intermingled and confused"; it takes the weapon radical 殳 and the phonetic 肴. In the Treatise it is written with the water radical 水 as 淆, which is the name of a river).

86.127

Moat of the city-wall 惑壍 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 弘 + 國; examining the text of the Treatise, huo qian 惑壍 is suspected to be cheng qian 城壍 [city moat]; if it does not take the heart radical 心 then it is mistaken, and here it is altered to take the heart radical to make 惑. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 七 + 焰; the wordbooks and the Guangya both say: "Qian is a long trench." Gu Yewang says: "This refers to what is now the moat of a city wall." The Shuowen jiezi states that a qian is also a trench; it takes the earth radical 土 and the phonetic 漸. In the Treatise it is written with 斬 as 塹, which is not this character).

86.128

Large whales 鯨鯢 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 競 + 京; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 詣 + 雞; Xu Shuzhong [Xu Shen] says: "The whale is the king of fish." Gu Yewang says: "The ni is a devourer of small fish." Du [Yu's] commentary says: "The jing and ni are great fish." The Huainanzi says: "When a whale dies, a comet appears," which is an example. The Shuowen jiezi also says they are great fish; both jing and ni take the fish radical 魚, with 京 and 兒 respectively serving as phonetics; 兒 has the same pronunciation as given above).

86.129

Armillary sphere 㻢璣 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 徐 + 緣; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 凡 + 希; the Book of Documents says: "Examining the armillary sphere and jade transverse tube to regulate the Seven Governors," which is an example. Guo [Pu's] commentary on the Classic of Mountains and Seas says: "Xuan is a fine jade." The Shuowen jiezi says: "A ji is an unrounded pearl." Both characters xuan and ji take the jade radical 玉, with 旋 and 幾 respectively serving as phonetics. In the Treatise text it is written with the foot radical 足 as 𨁁, which is a vulgar character; it is also written with 睿 as [琥-儿+(((嘹-口)-小)-日+目)], which is incorrect).

86.130

Humble and deferential 孱然 (pronounced with the fanqie 棧 + 閑; Wei Zhao's commentary on the Records of the Grand Historian says: "Chan is the appearance of humaneness and deference." The Shuowen jiezi also says it means deferential; it takes the corpse radical 尸 and the phonetic 孨; it is also written with three sons as 孨 with the same pronunciation).

86.131

Approaching the lion 臨猊 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 諸 + 鷄; the Tale of King Mu says: "The suanni is of the lion kind." The Gujin zhengzi states that it takes the dog radical 犬 and the phonetic 兒; it is also written with the deer radical 鹿 as 麑 or written as 貌 with the same pronunciation).

86.132

Ochre garments 赭服 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 遮 + 也; the Kaosheng says: "Zhe is a reddish-brown color." Guo [Pu's] commentary on the Fangyan says: "Red clothing"; this has been explained previously).

86.133

Branding and cutting off the nose 黥劓 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 競 + 迎; the Rites of Zhou says: "Qing is the punishment of tattooing with ink, like marking the face today." The Records of the Grand Historian says: "He was tattooed and later became king"; tattooing was indeed a bodily punishment applied to the face. The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the black radical 黑 and the phonetic 京; it is also written with the knife radical 刀 as [劁-隹+里]. In the Treatise it is written with 京 as 剠, which is a vulgar character. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 疑 + 器; the Kaosheng says: "Yi means cutting off the nose." Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "Amputating the nose." Kong [Anguo's] commentary on the Book of Documents says: "Also means cutting off the nose." The Shuowen jiezi gives it as 劓, meaning to amputate the nose. The Gujin zhengzi states that it takes the knife radical 刀 and 劓; 刖 is pronounced 兀).

86.134

Manacles and fetters 杽械 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 抽 + 九; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 諧 + 界; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Chou and xie are manacles and fetters." Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "Those on the hands are called zhi, and those on the feet are called gu." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes the wood radical 木 and the phonetic 手; it is also written as 杻." Xie is the general term for manacles and fetters; it takes the wood radical 木 and the phonetic 戒).

86.135

Coarse mourning hemp and mourning sashes 縗絰 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 倉 + 回; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 田 + 結; it is said that cui and die are mourning attire. The Wenzi dianshuo says: "Die is a head-ornament of mourning." Both characters cui and die take the silk radical 糸, with 衰 and 至 respectively serving as phonetics).

86.136

Muddled and foolish 惛戇 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 昏 + 悶; the Kaosheng says: "Hun means being aged and excessively obstinate." Kong [Anguo's] commentary on the Book of Documents says: "Confused." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the heart radical 心 and the phonetic 昏. In the Treatise it is sometimes written as 昏, which is an error. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 卓 + 絳; the Kaosheng says: "Zhuang means having an unsound spirit." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Zhuang means foolish; it takes the heart radical 心 and the phonetic 贛." 贛 is the seal-script form of the character 貢. The character 爽 is pronounced with the fanqie 霜 + 講).

86.137

Favored and encouraged 寵懋 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 莫 + 候; Guo [Pu's] commentary on the Erya says: "Mao means to exert oneself; also to encourage oneself." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the heart radical 心 and the phonetic 楙, with the same pronunciation as above).

86.138

Fault and rebuke 疵譴 (the first character is pronounced 慈; the Erya says: "Ci means illness or defect." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the sickness radical 疒 and the phonetic 此. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 牽 + 戰; the Guangya says: "Qian means to reprove." The Cangjie pian says: "To scold and reprimand." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the speech radical 言 and the phonetic 遣).

86.139

Ligusticum 蘪蕪 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 美 + 悲; the second character is pronounced 無; the Yupian says: "Miwu is an aromatic plant." The Pharmacopoeia (Bencao) says: "Miwu is the shoot of Ligusticum sinense (xionggqiong)." The Shuowen jiezi states that both characters mi and wu take the grass radical 艸, with 麋 and 無 respectively serving as phonetics).

86.140

Eunuch 閹人 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 奄 + 炎; Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "A yanren is what is now called a palace gatekeeper or eunuch (huangmen)." The Shuowen jiezi says: "One who closes palace gates, a gatekeeper eunuch servant"; it takes the gate radical 門 and the phonetic 奄; 閽 is pronounced 昏).

86.141

To dissect and analyze 剖析 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 普 + 垢; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Pou means to cut open"; it takes the knife radical 刀 and the phonetic 咅. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 星 + 擊; the Shuowen jiezi says: "Xi means to split apart"; it takes the wood radical 木 and the axe radical 斤).

86.142

Coagulated dregs 凝滓 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 緇 + 史; the Kaosheng says: "Zi means defilement." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Zi means sediment"; it takes the water radical 水 and the phonetic 宰; 澱 is pronounced 殿).

86.143

Distant and vast 眇𣾘 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 彌 + 小; Wang Yi's commentary on the Songs of Chu says: "Miao describes looking far into the distance." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the eye radical 目 and the phonetic 少. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 莫 + 朗; Wang Yi's commentary on the Songs of Chu says: "Vast, flat, and level." The Gujin zhengzi states that it takes the water radical 水 and the phonetic 莾; 莾 has the same pronunciation as 丘).

86.144

Blowing and puffing 吹欨 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 況 + 于; the Yupian says: "To scold; to blow." The Shuowen jiezi states that it takes the yawning radical 欠 and the phonetic 句).

86.145

Depression in the hall 拗堂 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 厄 + 交; Gu Yewang says: "Ao means uneven." The Gujin zhengzi states that it takes the earth radical 土 and the phonetic 幼).

86.146

Bian zheng lun (Treatise on the Discrimination of the Correct), Fascicle Seven ("Chapter on the Mutual Retribution of Faith and Slander")

86.147

Yang Xuanzhi 楊衒之 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 玄 + 絹; the Guangya says: "Xuan means to explain or display; also to boast or exaggerate." It is a personal name; 誕 is pronounced 但).

86.148

Dark door-bar 幽楗 (pronounced with the fanqie 䖍 + 偃; the Kaosheng says: "A jian is what is now called a door-bolt." The Gujin zhengzi states that jian takes the wood radical 木 and the phonetic 建).

86.149

Recovery from illness 疾瘳 (the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 丑 + 由; Kong [Anguo's] commentary on the Book of Documents says: "Chou means to recover." The Kaosheng says: "Alleviation of sickness." The Shuowen jiezi says: "Healing of illness; it takes the sickness radical 疒 and the phonetic 翏"; 翏 is pronounced with the fanqie 力 + 又; 差 is pronounced with the fanqie 叉 + 賣).

86.150

Wide-sleeved garment 縫腋 (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 奉 + 峯; the Guangya says: "Feng means to join together." The Book of Rites says: "When Confucius lived in Lu as a youth, he wore a wide-sleeved garment." Zheng [Xuan's] commentary says: "Feng means to stitch together." The Wenzi dianshuo states that it takes the silk radical 糸 and the phonetic 逢. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 盈 + 迹; the Picang says: "Ye is behind the left elbow." The Gujin zhengzi states that it takes the flesh radical 肉 and the phonetic 夜; 紩 is pronounced with the fanqie 陳 + 栗, and 肘 is pronounced with the fanqie 知 + 柳).

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese