一切經音義 97

English (machine translation) 97

Language: English

97.2

Sounds and Meanings of the Expanded Collection for the Propagation and Clarification [of Buddhism], Upper Fascicle

97.3

From the first through the twelfth [fascicles].

97.4

Preface to the Expanded Collection for the Propagation and Clarification [of Buddhism]

97.5

Compiled by the Śramaṇa Daoxuan of the Zhongnan Mountains

澆淳 [frivolous and pure] (Pronounced with the fanqie jiǎo + yáo. Xu Shuzhong's commentary on the Huainanzi says: "Jiāo is like thin or frivolous." The Shuowen says: "It takes the water radical and yáo as phonetic.")

97.7

情溷 [sentiments turbid] (The lower character is pronounced with the fanqie hún + běn. The Guangya says: "Hùn means turbid." The Shuowen says: "Disorderly. It takes the water radical and hùn as phonetic." Hùn is pronounced with the fanqie hún + kùn. The preface writes 混 with the kūn phonetic; the Shuowen says that refers to the appearance of copious flowing water, which is not the intended meaning.)

97.8

旋踵 [turning on one's heel] (Pronounced with the fanqie zhōng + yǒng. Wang's commentary on the Chuci says: "Zhǒng means following upon." The Shuowen takes zhǒng to be the heel of the foot, taking this as the zhǒng of pursuing. It takes the foot radical and zhòng as phonetic; or it takes the stop radical, written as 歱. Gēn [heel] is pronounced with the fanqie gèn + hén.)

97.9

𲁍此 [examining this] (Pronounced with the fanqie héng + cǎo. The Shuowen says: "Whenever investigating affairs at the place of questioning and squeezing, blocking and intercepting their words to obtain the verified truth. It takes xī and jiào as phonetics." Xī is pronounced with the fanqie jiǎ + gǔ; jiào is pronounced jī.)

97.10

之蔽 [hiddenness / obscuredness] (Pronounced with the fanqie bì + mèi. Du's commentary says: "Bì means obscured." The Guangya says: "Concealed." The Shuowen says: "It takes the grass radical and bì as phonetic.")

97.11

辯駮 [disputing and refuting] (Pronounced with the fanqie bāng + bó. Gu Yewang says: "Bó means inconsistent or conflicting." The Gujin zhengzi has it taking the horse radical and jiāo as phonetic.)

97.12

窮較 [exhaustively comparing / scrutinizing] (Pronounced with the fanqie jiāng + yuè. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Shangshu dazhuan says: "Jiào is like appearing." The Gujin zhengzi has it taking the cart radical with the abbreviated bó as phonetic; the correct form is written 較.)

97.13

標舉 [singling out / extolling] (Pronounced with the fanqie bì + yáo. The Kaosheng says: "Biāo means to lift up." The Shuowen says: "It takes the wood radical and piāo; piāo is also phonetic.")

97.14

諒資 [truly relying upon] (Pronounced with the fanqie gèn + shàng. The Kaosheng says: "Mao's commentary on the Shijing says: 'Trustworthy.'" The Shuowen says: "It takes the speech radical and jīng as phonetic.")

97.15

愚叜 [foolish elder] (Pronounced with the fanqie sū + hòu. The Fangyan says: "Sǒu means an elder." The Shuowen says: "It takes the hand (yòu) radical and zāi as phonetic.")

97.16

尋繹 [unravelling and following through] (Pronounced with the fanqie yíng + zhī. The Fangyan says: "Yì means to arrange / order." Guo's commentary says: "Yìyì means explaining and unravelling; it takes the silk radical.")

97.17

Flattering favorites (佞倖: the first [character is pronounced] ning + ding fan; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'woman' [女] with 'benevolence' [仁] phonetic; the compiled text writes it as 侫, which is a popular variant. The second is heng + geng fan; Wang Yi's commentary on the Chu ci says that xing (婞) means obstinate [很]; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'person' [人] with 'fortune' [幸] phonetic; it is also written with 'woman' as 婞; the character 很 is pronounced hen + ken fan; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says that 很 is like perverse and evil).

97.18

Stand out from one's fellows (拔萃: the first [character is pronounced] pu + ba fan; Gu Yewang says that ba (拔) is like drawing out; the Shuowen jiezi says it means to pull out, composed of 'hand' [手] with ba [犮] phonetic, the sound of 犮 being pan + bo fan. The second is quan + sui fan; the Zhouyi says cui (萃) means to assemble; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'grass' [艸] with zu [卒] phonetic).

97.19

Misty spring (濛泉: [the first character is pronounced] mu + gong fan; the Mao Shi commentary says that meng (濛) is the appearance of misty rain; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'water' [水] with meng [蒙] phonetic).

97.20

Zheng Ai (鄭藹: [the second character is pronounced] ai + gai fan; a person's name).

97.21

Composing chapters (綴篇: the first [character is pronounced] zhui + rui fan; Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says that zhui (綴) means to link together; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'silk' [糸] with zhuo [叕] [component], zhuo also being phonetic).

97.22

Blackened by mud (涅緇: the first [character is pronounced] nian + tie fan; the Guangya says it means mud; Kong's commentary on the Lunyu says that nie (涅) can be used to dye things black; the Shuowen jiezi says that black earth in the water is called nie, composed of 'earth' [土] with ri [日] phonetic. The second is zi + shi fan; the Mao Shi commentary says that zi (緇) means black color; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'silk' [糸] with zi [甾] also phonetic; the Preface writes it with 'water' as 淄, the name of a river originating in Mount Tai).

97.23

To polish and reflect (藻鏡: [the first character is pronounced] zao + lao fan; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says that zao (藻) refers to aquatic plants with patterning; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'grass' [艸] with zao [澡], zao also being phonetic; here it is [written as] 藻).

97.24

Estimating the meaning (揣義: [the first character is pronounced] chu + rui fan; Gu Yewang says that chuai (揣) means to measure and evaluate; the Shuowen jiezi says that measuring height is called chuai, composed of [hand] with zhuan [耑] phonetic; zhuan is pronounced duan).

97.25

Chapter 1: Returning to the Correct [Teaching] (歸正篇第一)

97.26

Grand Chancellor Pi (太宰嚭: [the last character is pronounced] pi + mei fan; the name of the Grand Chancellor of Wu; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of xi [喜]).

97.27

Greatly terrified (大駭: [the second character is pronounced] heng + ai fan; the Cangjie pian says that hai (駭) means startled; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'horse' [馬] with hai [亥] phonetic).

97.28

Ruins of [...] (之墟: [the last character is pronounced] qu + yu fan; a mound; also written as 虛).

97.29

Wei people (偎人: [the first character is pronounced] wu + hui fan; the Shan hai jing says that in the corner of the Northern Sea there is a country called the Wei People; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'person' [人] with wei [畏] phonetic).

97.30

Precious and lovely (琛麗: [the first character is pronounced] chi + lin fan; the Mao Shi commentary says that chen (琛) means precious treasure; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'jade' [玉] with shen [深] abbreviated phonetic).

97.31

Sealed in (緘於: [the first character is pronounced] jia + xian fan; the Shuowen jiezi says it means to bind a bamboo chest, composed of 'silk' [糸] with xian [咸] phonetic).

97.32

Cai Yin (蔡愔: [the second character is pronounced] yi + [yao] fan; a person's name).

97.33

Cinders and ashes (煨𱫮: the first [character is pronounced] wei + hui fan; the Guangya says that wei (煨) is like smoldering ashes. The second is si + jin fan; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says that jin (𱫮) means the remnants of a fire; the Tang imperial preface to the Xiaojing says, 'before turning to cinders and ashes'; the Shuowen jiezi says that wei is composed of 'fire' [火] with wei [畏] phonetic; jin is correctly written 𱫮, while the compiled text writes the popular character 燼).

97.34

Lady of Handsome Fairness (婕妤: the first [character is pronounced] zi + qie fan; the second is yu + zhu fan; the Wenzi dian shuo says that the jieyu is a female official title; both are composed of 'woman' [女], with jie [疌] and yu [予] phonetic respectively; 疌 is pronounced qian + ye fan).

97.35

Fan Ye (范曅: [the second character is pronounced] yan + jie fan; a person's name).

97.36

Refined and coarse (精粗: [the second character is pronounced] cu + su fan; also [written as] 麤; it is a phonetic borrowing).

97.37

Hastily / suddenly (遽然: [the first character is pronounced] qu + ju fan; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says that ju (遽) is like fearing; the Kaosheng says it is correctly written 遽; the compiled text writes 懅, which is a popular variant used in the sūtras).

97.38

In general / mostly (大牴: [the second character is pronounced] ding + li fan; the Guangya says [this means] a rough summary; it also says it means roughly speaking; the Wenzi dian shuo says it is also written 氐, or with 'ox' as 牴; the compiled text writes it with 'hand' as 抵, which diverges from this meaning).

97.39

Tripod-like confrontation (鼎峙: the first [character is pronounced] ding + ling fan; the compiled text writes the popular character 鼎; the second is chi + li fan; the Kaosheng says that zhi (峙) means standing solitary; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'mountain' [山] with shi [寺] phonetic; it is also written 峙).

97.40

Thatch roof (茅茨: the first [character is pronounced] mao + se fan; the second is zi + er fan; the Guangya says that ci (茨) means to cover; the Shuowen jiezi says it means covering a house with thatch, composed of 'grass' [艸] with ci [次] phonetic).

97.41

Kan Ze (闞澤: [the first character is pronounced] ke + lan fan; a person's surname and given name).

97.42

Zhou Yi (周顗: [the second character is pronounced] yi + qi fan).

97.43

Xi Chao (卻超: [the first character is pronounced] qing + ni fan; the compiled text writes this popular variant of 郗).

97.44

Wang Tan (王坦: [the second character is pronounced] tan + han fan).

97.45

Wang Mi (王謐: [the second character is pronounced] mi + bi fan).

97.46

Dai Kui (戴逵: [the second character is pronounced] gui + zhui fan).

97.47

Yin Ji (殷覬: [the second character is pronounced] ji + yi fan; the above are all persons' surnames and given names).

97.48

Milfoil and tortoise shell (蓍龜: [the first character is pronounced] shi + yi fan; the Cangjie pian says that shi (蓍) refers to divination stalks; Gu Yewang says that the stalks used for divination are forty-nine in number, counted out to make hexagrams; the Zhouyi says, 'To determine the auspicious and inauspicious under Heaven, nothing is greater than the milfoil and tortoise'; the Baihu tong says that the milfoil represents trustworthiness; the Shuowen jiezi says it is a kind of mugwort, living for a thousand years and bearing three hundred stalks, composed of 'grass' [艸] with qi [耆] phonetic; 揲 is pronounced shi + she fan; she is like counting; the Shuowen jiezi says it means inspecting and sorting).

97.49

Fascicle Two of the Anthology (集卷第二)

97.50

Overcoming and succoring (戡濟: [the first character is pronounced] ku + gan fan; also written [今*戈], and also written 堪 or 勘).

97.51

Synthesizing and examining (綜覈: [the first character is pronounced] zong + song fan; Song Zhong's commentary on the Taixuan jing says that zong (綜) means to bind together; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'silk' [糸] with zong [宗] phonetic).

97.52

Profound subtleties (妙賾: [the second character is pronounced] zheng + ge fan; Liu Huan's commentary on the Zhouyi says that ze (賾) is a designation for the utmost of hidden depth; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of [〡*臣] with ze [責] phonetic; [〡*臣] is pronounced yi + zhi fan).

97.53

Sandalwood and fine woolen cloth (㮵[糸*(罽-厂)]: the first [character is pronounced] zhan + yan fan; the Kaosheng says that zhan (㮵) refers to sandalwood, the name of a fragrant wood. The second is ju + li fan; the Shuowen jiezi says that ji ([糸*(罽-厂)]) refers to the downy cloth of the Western barbarians, composed of 'silk' [糸] with ji [𦋺] phonetic; 𦋺 has the same pronunciation as above; the compiled text writes 𦋺, which is also acceptable).

97.54

Painting and ornament (繪飾: [the first character is pronounced] hui + wai fan; Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says that hui (繪) means combining the five colors; Zheng's commentary on the Lunyu says that hui means painting; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'silk' [糸] with hui [會] phonetic; the compiled text writes it with 'precious' as 繢, meaning leftover woven silk, which is not the meaning here).

97.55

Bringing together and maintaining control (綰攝: [the first character is pronounced] wan + ban fan; Xu Shuzhong's commentary on the Huainanzi says that wan (綰) is like threading through; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'silk' [糸] with guan [官] phonetic; 鯇 is pronounced huan + ban fan).

97.56

Shizu Tao (世祖燾: [the last character is pronounced] tu + dao fan; an emperor's name).

97.57

Yao Hong (姚泓: [the second character is pronounced] wu + hong fan; a person's name).

97.58

Walking barefoot (跣行: [the first character is pronounced] xian + [bi] fan; the Shuowen jiezi says it means having the feet directly touch the ground, composed of 'foot' [足] with xian [先] phonetic).

97.59

Disturbance and turmoil (騷擾: the first [character is pronounced] sao + zao fan; the Mao Shi commentary says that sao (騷) means agitation; Guo's commentary on the Erya says it denotes an appearance of shaking; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'horse' [馬] with sao [蚤] phonetic; 蚤 is pronounced zao).

97.60

Prodigies and portents (𰴁[櫱-木+示]: the first [character is pronounced] yao + jiao fan; the second is yan + jie fan; the Kaosheng says that nie ([櫱-木+示]) also means an ominous disaster; the Shuowen jiezi says that anomalies in clothing, songs, ballads, grasses, and trees are called yao (妖), while anomalies in birds, beasts, insects, and locusts are called nie ([櫱-木+示]); yao is sometimes written with 'clothing' as 袄, and nie is sometimes written with 'insect' as 蠥; the Kaosheng notes that it is also written with 'woman' as 𫲕; all are interchangeable).

97.61

Lenient and relaxed (寬㢮: the Guangya says that shi (㢮) means loose; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says that shi is like slackening; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'bow' [弓] with yi [㐌] phonetic; it is also written 弛; 㐌 is pronounced the same as 它 here).

97.62

Slander and death (讒𣦸: [the first character is pronounced] shi + xian fan; the compiled text writes the popular character 讒).

97.63

Prisoner's cart (轞車: [the first character is pronounced] xian + yan fan; the Kaosheng says it is a cart carrying prisoners; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'cart' [車] with jian [監] phonetic; the compiled text writes it with 'wood' as 檻; the Shuowen jiezi says that is an animal pen or cage, not the meaning of a prisoner's cart).

97.64

To urinate (行𣸈: [the second character is pronounced] suo + liu fan; Gu Yewang says that shao sou (少溲) means urination; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'water' [水] with sou [叜] phonetic; the compiled text writes the popular character 溲; 叜 is pronounced su + zou fan).

97.65

Wailing cries ([(出/方)*各][(出/方)*各]: [pronounced] ao + gao fan; the Kaosheng says the correct character is [(出/方)*各]; the Mao Shi says, 'The wild geese fly crying, their plaintive cries ao-ao'; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'mouth' [口] with ao [敖], ao also being phonetic; the compiled text writes the popular character 嗷).

97.66

Strangling him ( [縕-囚+(三*三)]之: [the first character is pronounced] yi + er fan; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says that yi ([縕-囚+(三*三)]) means death by hanging; the Shuowen jiezi says it also means hanging, composed of 'silk' [糸] with yi [益] phonetic; the standard form uses 益; the compiled text writes the popular character 縊).

97.67

Final farewell (遺訣: [the second character is pronounced] juan + xue fan; the Yunquan says that jue (訣) means parting in death).

97.68

Startlingly leaping up (蹷然: [the first character is pronounced] juan + yue fan; the Kaosheng says that jue (𧽸) describes the appearance of leaping up; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'foot' [足] with jue [厥] phonetic; it is also written with 'run' as [麩-夫+厥]).

97.69

Chiseled (所鐫: [the second character is pronounced] zi + xuan fan; the Guangya says that juan (鐫) means to chisel; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'metal' [金] with juan [雋] phonetic; 雋 is pronounced quan + yan fan, meaning a short-tailed bird shot by an arrow from a bow; it is also written 俊; the compiled text writes it with 乃 as 㑺, which is incorrect).

97.70

Making a niche (為𪚕: [the second character is pronounced] ku + gan fan; the Guangya says that kan (龕) means to contain; the Wenzi dian shuo says it is the place where a Buddha statue is housed, composed of 'dragon' [龍] with jin [今] phonetic; writing it with 'combine' [合] as 𪚕 is incorrect).

97.71

Rafters and ridgepoles (榱棟: the first [character is pronounced] suo + zhui fan; the second is dong + nong fan; the Erya says that roof rafters are called cui (榱), and ridgepoles are called fu (桴); Guo's commentary says that cui are the rafters of a building, and fu refers to purlins; the Zhouyi says, 'High ridgepoles and low eaves to protect against wind and rain'; the Shuowen jiezi says that the dong (棟) is the crest of a building; both are composed of 'wood' [木] with cui [衰] and dong [東] phonetic; 桴 is pronounced fu + liu fan; 穩 is pronounced yin + jin fan, meaning purlin; 檁 is pronounced lin + jin fan).

97.72

Lintels and pillars (楣楹: the first [character is pronounced] mei + bei fan; the Erya says that the mei (楣) is called the beam; Guo's commentary says it is the horizontal beam above a door; the second is yi + zheng fan; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says that the ying (楹) is a pillar; the Shuowen jiezi says both are composed of 'wood' [木] with mei [眉] and ying [盈] phonetic).

97.73

Low-lying and cramped (湫[阿-可+((三*三)/皿)]: the first [character is pronounced] jiao + xiao fan; the Kaosheng says that jiu (湫) means low ground that is cramped; Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says that jiu means low; the second is e + jie fan; Gu Yewang says that ai (隘) is like narrow and compressed; the Shuowen jiezi says that jiu is composed of 'water' [水] with qiu [秋] phonetic, and ai is composed of 'mound' [𨸏] with yi [益] phonetic).

97.74

City of Ye (鄴城: [the first character is pronounced] yan + jie fan; a place name, in Wei; the Shuowen jiezi says it is composed of 'settlement' [邑] with ye [業] phonetic).

97.75

Daoxi (道晞: [the second character is pronounced] xu + yi fan).

97.76

Huiyong (慧顒: [the second character is pronounced] yu + gong fan; both are monks' names).

97.77

猥濫 (The fanqie is [烏 + 罪]: wěi. Kaosheng says it means improper and overflowing. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from [the semantic component] “dog” (犬) with “fear” (畏) phonetic).

97.78

帝嚳 (The fanqie is [空 + 穀]: kù. Kaosheng says it is the title of an ancient sovereign. According to Wang Daogui’s Diji: “Emperor Ku was of the Gaoxin lineage, the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, son of Qiaoji, and grandson of Shaohao; his capital was at Hao.” Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “proclaim” (告) with an abbreviated “study” (學) phonetic).

97.79

𰑂然 (The fanqie is [無 + 昉]: wǎng. Bao Xian’s commentary on the Lunyu says: “If one does not reflect upon its meaning, one remains blank (𠕀然).” It is also written as 𠕀).

97.80

周髀 (The fanqie is [蒲 + 禮]: bì. An ancient person who created a mathematical treatise).

97.81

旗幟 (The first character has the fanqie [渠 + 基]: qí. Du [Yu]’s commentary on the Zuozhuan says a qí is an insignia flag. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from 㫃 with 其 phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [昌 + 志]: zhì. Shiji states: “Each person held an insignia flag.” Guangya says a zhì is a streamer. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “cloth” (巾) with 戠 phonetic. The character 𭤨 is pronounced yǎn; 戠 has the fanqie [之 + 習]: zhí).

97.82

崔頤 (The fanqie is [以 + 之]: yí. A personal name).

97.83

祁纖 (The fanqie is [息 + 廉]: xiān. Also a personal name).

97.84

櫛比 (The first character has the fanqie [側 + 瑟]: zhì. The Wenzidian shuo says that zhì is a general term for combs. It is formed from “wood” (木) with 節 abbreviated phonetic).

97.85

鉅鹿 (The fanqie is [渠 + 舉]: jù. The name of a commandery, located in Xingzhou).

97.86

餘熸 (The fanqie is [子 + 廉]: jiān. Du [Yu]’s commentary on the Zuozhuan says that between Wu and Chu, the extinguishing of fire is called 𤏖. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “fire” (火) with 朁 phonetic. The character 替 has the fanqie [接 + 念]: jiàn).

97.87

Fascicle Three of the Anthology

97.88

溟涬 (The fanqie is [衡 + 耿]: xìng. Picang says mǐngxìng describes the vast abundance of water. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “water” (水) with “fortunate” (幸) phonetic. In common usage it is written as this 涬).

97.89

女媧 (The fanqie is [寡 + 華]: wā. Kaosheng says it is the title of an ancient female sovereign. Gu Yewang says Nüwa had the body of a serpent. Shuowen jiezi says: “A divine being and holy woman of antiquity; she transformed the myriad things.” Formed from “woman” (女) with 咼 phonetic. 咼 has the fanqie [口 + 花]: kuā).

97.90

涿鹿 (The fanqie is [丁 + 角]: zhuō. The Hanshu says Zhuo Commandery was in Shanggu; today there is a Zhuolu County. Zhuolu was the site where in antiquity the Yellow Emperor battled Chiyou. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “water” (水) with 豖 phonetic. 豖 has the fanqie [寵 + 綠]: chù. 蚩 has the fanqie [齒 + 之]: chī).

97.91

羿乃 (The fanqie is [研 + 計]: yì. Kong [Anguo]’s commentary on the Lunyu says that Yi was the ruler of the state of Youqiong and an expert archer; he was killed by his minister Han Zhuo. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “wings/feathers” (羽) with 幵 phonetic. 幵 is pronounced jiān. In the anthology it is written as 羿, a vulgar form).

97.92

𡗢父 (The fanqie is [苦 + 蝸]: kuā. The Kuodi zhi says: “Kuafu raced with the sun, chased it until the sun set, grew thirsty, and before he could reach the Great Marsh to drink, died of thirst on the way.” The Chongxu jing says: “When Kuafu died, his corpse was abandoned, and where his fat and flesh soaked the earth, Deng Forest grew over several thousand li.” Sun Chuozi says: “In Deng Forest there are trees thirty thousand fathoms in circumference, reaching straight up a thousand li, providing shade across several states.”)

97.93

誠亶 (The fanqie is [展 + 連]: zhǎn. Wang Bi’s commentary on the Zhouyi says dǎn means difficulty. Guiyuan zhucong says dǎn refers to matters of misfortune and hardship. Kaosheng says it refers to stumbling and halting (zhunzhān), unable to move forward. It is also written with the movement classifier as 邅).

97.94

蓐收 (The fanqie is [儒 + 燭]: rù. Kaosheng says Rushou is the god of the West. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “grass” (艸) with “humiliation” (辱) phonetic. The character 收 as written is a vulgar form).

97.95

豢龍 (Pronounced huàn. Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Zhouli says that rearing dogs and pigs is called huàn. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “pig” (豕) with 龹 phonetic. 龹 is pronounced juàn).

97.96

臨洮 (The fanqie is [討 + 刀]: táo. The Hanshu says Lintao is the name of a county, located in Longxi Commandery. The Wenzidian shuo says it is formed from “water” (水) with 兆 phonetic. In the anthology it is written as 洮, a vulgar form).

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鍾𧆾 (The fanqie is [渠 + 呂]: jù. The Erya says: “The upright post of wood is called a jù.” Guo [Pu]’s commentary says: “It is the wood from which bells and chimes are hung.” Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Liji says it means the same as Guo’s commentary on the Erya. Shuowen jiezi says it is the upright support for bells and drums, decorated as a fierce beast; it is formed from “tiger” (虍) and 異, representing its lower feet. 虍 has the fanqie [虎 + 孤]: hū. 柎 is pronounced fǔ. In the anthology it is written from 丘 as 虛, an ancient character).

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倭國 (The fanqie is [烏 + 波]: wō. Guo [Pu]’s commentary on the Shanhaijing says: “The country of Wa lies in the vast ocean east of Daifang; by custom women rule; they have no sewing artisans, and smear their bodies with cinnabar.” Shuowen jiezi also says it is a state in the Eastern Sea; it is formed from “person” (人) with 委 phonetic).

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海漘 (The fanqie is [述 + 倫]: shún. Mao’s commentary on the Shijing says chún means shoreline. Guo [Pu]’s commentary on the Erya says: “A shore that is level above while the water below is deep is called a chún.” Shuowen jiezi also says it means water’s edge; it is formed from [“water”] with 脣 phonetic).

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跂踵 (The first character has the fanqie [棄 + 止]: qǐ. The second character has the fanqie [鍾 + 勇]: zhǒng. The Shanhaijing mentions the Country of Qizhong, whose people both have large feet. Guo [Pu]’s commentary says: “When those people walk, their heels do not touch the ground.” Shuowen jiezi notes that both are formed from “foot” (足), with 支 and 重 as their phonetics. 跟 is pronounced gēn).

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猝除 (The fanqie is [村 + 沒]: cù. Kaosheng says cāngcù describes sudden haste and urgency. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “dog” (犬) with “soldier” (卒) phonetic).

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偝違 (The fanqie is [裴 + 妹]: bèi. Gu Yewang says bèi means to rebel and turn against. Shuowen jiezi says it is also written with “flesh” (月) as 背).

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渫何 (The fanqie is [仙 + 列]: xiè. Mao’s commentary on the Shijing says xiè means to remove. Guangya says it means to overflow. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “water” (水) with 枼 phonetic; the orthodox form is 𪶽. 枼 is pronounced dié).

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潮汋 (The fanqie is [常 + 灼]: shuò. The Erya says: “A well that at one time has water and at another has no water is a jìshuò.” Guo [Pu]’s commentary on the Shanhaijing says: “A heavenly well has water in summer and none in winter.” Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “water” (水) with 勺 phonetic. 瀱 has the fanqie [居 + 例]: jì).

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之夥 (The fanqie is [胡 + 果]: huǒ. The Fangyan says: “For things to be abundant and numerous, in the suburbs of Qi and Song and between Chu and Wei, is called huǒ.” Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “many” (多) with “fruit” (果) phonetic; the orthodox form is 㚌).

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筦維 (The fanqie is [官 + 短]: guǎn. Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Liji says: “Guǎn is like bāo (to contain).” It is formed from “bamboo” (竹) with 完 phonetic. 完 is pronounced huán. In some anthologies it is written without the 元 component inside 筦 as [筦-元], which is not an actual character).

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凍餒 (The fanqie is [奴 + 罪]: něi. The Guoyu says: “The lord bestows favor upon his ministers, so that they suffer neither cold nor hunger.” Shuowen jiezi says it means hungry; it is formed from “food” (食) with 委 phonetic).

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盜跖 (The fanqie is [之 + 石]: zhí. An evil man of antiquity).

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莊蹻 (The fanqie is [強 + 略]: qiāo).

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欺詭 (The fanqie is [歸 + 毀]: guǐ. Kaosheng says guǐ means deceit. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “speech” (言) with “danger” (危) phonetic. In the anthology it is written as this 詭, a vulgar form).

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不啻 (The fanqie is [尸 + 志]: chì. The Wenzidian shuo says that chì is an expression for exceeding or being more than. It is formed from “mouth” (口) with 帝 phonetic).

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黔首 (The fanqie is [巨 + 廉]: qián. The Shiji says: “In the twenty-sixth year of the First Emperor, the people were renamed the ‘Black Heads’ (Qianshou).” Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “black” (黑) with 今 phonetic).

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儴佉之國 (The first character has the fanqie [壞 + 羊]: ráng; the second has [却 + 迦]: qiā. A Sanskrit name of a western country [Śaṅkha]).

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秔米 (The fanqie is [格 + 𢖍]: gēng. The Wenzidian shuo says it is a kind of nonglutinous rice. It is formed from “grain” (禾) with 亢 phonetic. 亢 has the fanqie [康 + 浪]: kàng).

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妻孥 (The fanqie is [怒 + 都]: nú. Kaosheng says nú is a general term for wife and children. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “child” (子) with “slave” (奴) phonetic; it is also written as 帑).

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愉樂 (The fanqie is [庚 + 朱]: yú. Erya says yú also means joy. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “heart” (心) with 俞 phonetic).

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皇頡 (The fanqie is [賢 + 結]: jié. Cang Jie was the person of antiquity who created written characters. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “head” (頁) with “propitious” (吉) phonetic).

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方𠕋 (The fanqie is [初 + 革]: cè. Shuowen jiezi says: “Bearing a mandate; received by feudal lords from the king; picturing its ritual bamboo slips, one long and one short, with two cords binding them.” It is also written as 𥬰, an ancient character).

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綴斿 (The first character has the fanqie [竹 + 銳]: zhuì. Jia [Kui]’s commentary on the Guoyu says zhuì means to connect. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from 叕 with “silk” (糸) phonetic; 叕 has the fanqie [誅 + 劣]: zhuó. The second character is pronounced yóu).

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𡢔正 (The fanqie is [驛 + 征]: yíng. Kaosheng says Ying was the surname of Qin, and Zheng was the personal name of the First Emperor. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “woman” (女) with an abbreviated 贏 phonetic).

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挾書 (The fanqie is [嫌 + 頰]: xié. The Erya says xié is like storing away. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “hand” (手) with 夾 phonetic. 夾 is pronounced jiá).

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伋歆 (The first character has the fanqie [居 + 立]: jí; the second has [翕 + 金]: xīn. Both characters are personal names).

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荀勗 (The first character has the fanqie [恤 + 旬]: xún; the second has [吁 + 玉]: xù. A personal name).

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淆亂 (The first character has the fanqie [効 + 交]: xiáo. Kaosheng says yáo means mixed. Guangya says it also means disordered. It is also written as 殽).

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謝朏 (The fanqie is [妃 + 尾]: fěi. A personal name).

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搜進 (The fanqie is [瘦 + 𨜈]: sōu. The Wenzidian shuo says sōu means to seek. It is formed from “hand” (手) with 叜 phonetic. 叜 has the fanqie [蘇 + 走]: sǒu. The character 𨜈 has the fanqie [側 + 鳩]: jiū).

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祖暅 (The fanqie is [居 + 鄧]: gèng. A personal name).

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緗囊 (The fanqie is [息 + 良]: xiāng. Kaosheng says xiāng means light yellow. Formed from “silk” (糸)).

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搢紳 (The first character has the fanqie [津 + 信]: jìn. The Zhouli says: “Tucking in the great jade tablet.” Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary says: “Inserting it between the sash and belt, like the modern binding of a sash.” Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “hand” (手) with 㬜 phonetic, which is the orthodox form of 晉. The second character is pronounced shēn. Kong [Anguo]’s commentary on the Lunyu says shēn is a broad sash. Zheng [Xuan]’s commentary on the Liji says it is that with which one binds oneself. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “silk” (糸) with 申 phonetic).

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標榜 (The fanqie is [愽 + 朗]: bǎng. Guiyuan zhucong says bǎng means a public notice. Formed from “wood” (木)).

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覆醢 (The fanqie is [訶 + 改]: hǎi. Guo [Pu]’s commentary on the Erya says hǎi is minced meat paste. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “wine/ferment” (酉) with 𥁓 phonetic. 𥁓 is pronounced yòu).

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睨鹿牀 (The first character has the fanqie [倪 + 計]: nì. The Liji says: “Looking sideways at it, he still considered it distant.” The Wenzidian shuo says it means looking with the eyes. Formed from “eye” (目) with 兒 phonetic).

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麕麚 (The first character has the fanqie [居 + 筠]: jūn. Liu Zhao’s commentary on the Gongyang [zhuan] says jūn is the river deer (zhāng). Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “deer” (鹿) with an abbreviated 囷 phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [革 + 瑕]: jiā. The Erya says jiā is a male deer. Shuowen jiezi says it is formed from “deer” (鹿) with 叚 phonetic).

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驂馭 (The first character has the fanqie [忩 + 含]: cān. Mao’s commentary on the Shijing notes: “Those on the outside are called cān.” Shuowen jiezi says they are horses harnessed alongside. The second character has the fanqie [魚 + 據]: yù. Gu Yewang says yù means directing and driving horses. Shuowen jiezi says both are formed from “horse” (馬), with 㕘 and 又 as their respective phonetics).

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騄驥 (The first character has the fanqie [龍 + 燭]: lù. The Mu Tianzi zhuan says that King Mu of Zhou had a fine steed named Lu’er. The second character has the fanqie [飢 + 義]: jì. Shuowen jiezi says a jì is a horse of a thousand li, appraised by Sun Yang. Both are formed from “horse” (馬), with 彔 and 冀 as their respective phonetics. 彔 is pronounced lù).

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妍神 (The fanqie is [魚 + 堅]: yán. In the anthology it is written as 妍, a vulgar form).

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Poyang 鄱陽 (fanqie: 蒲波 [pó]). Name of a county located in Yuzhang.

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Send a present 致饋 (fanqie: 逵位 [kuì]). The Shuowen jiezi says: '饋 means to present provisions (餉).' It takes 食 ('food') as semantic and 貴 as phonetic. 餉 has the fanqie 傷亮.

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Funeral gift 𮚐贈 (the upper character has the fanqie: 豊諷 [fèng]). The Guliang zhuan says: 'To send a gift [for someone who has] died is called feng (𮚐).' Du's commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: '𮚐贈 refers to articles sent for mourning rites.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 貝 ('cowrie/wealth') as semantic and 冐 as phonetic.

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Collected Writings, Fascicle Four

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Reed mat 莞席 (fanqie: 活官 [huán]). Gu Yewang says: 'The guan (莞) resembles the rush (蒲) but is round.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A plant which can be made into mats.' It takes 艸 ('grass') as semantic and 完 as phonetic. 完 has the sound 桓. It is also written as 𦯜.

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Straw sandals 草屨 (fanqie: 俱遇 [jù]). The Cangjie pian says: 'Ju (屨) is simply sandals (履).' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It takes 履 abbreviated as semantic and 婁 as phonetic.' The popular writing 屨 is mistaken.

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Torchlight 𤓡火 (fanqie: 漿削 [jiáo]). Lü Buwei says: 'A small torch (爝) shines light like a beacon fire (爟火).' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'That is, a torch made of bundles of reed.' It takes 火 ('fire') as semantic and [(爵-(即-ㄗ+寸)+(鬯-凵+囗))*又] as phonetic. The character [(爵-(即-ㄗ+寸)+(鬯-凵+囗))*又] correctly takes 鬯 and 又. The edition under collation writes it as 爵, which is a vulgar character. 爟 has the fanqie 孤玩.

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A śramaṇa's robes and bowl 沙門衣缽 (fanqie: 半末 [bō]). It is the same as the character 鉢.

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Name me 詺我 (fanqie: 名併 [mìng]). The Kaosheng says: '詺 means to name.'

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Yeast and ferment 𥷥糱 (the upper character has the fanqie: 芎鞠 [qū]; the lower has the fanqie: 言竭 [niè]). Kong's commentary to the Shangshu says: 'Sweet wine requires yeast and ferment to be completed.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '糱 is sprouted grain.' It takes 米 ('rice') as semantic and 辥 as phonetic. The edition under collation takes 麥 as semantic, writing 𮮂, which is incorrect.

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Admonish the Emperor 箴帝 (the upper character has the fanqie: 汁深 [zhēn]). Du's commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: '箴 means to remonstrate (諫).' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 竹 ('bamboo') as semantic and 咸 as phonetic.

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Firmly steadfast 確乎 (the upper character has the fanqie: 苦角 [què]). The Zhouyi says: 'Firmly steadfast (確乎), he cannot be uprooted.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The appearance of firmness.' It takes 石 ('stone') as semantic and 寉 as phonetic. 寉 has the same sound as above.

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Bind with 縶以 (fanqie: 張立 [zhí]). The Shijing says: 'Tether him (縶之), bind him (維之).' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To restrain and hold.' It takes 糸 ('silk') as semantic and 執 as phonetic. The edition under collation writes 縶, which is a vulgar character.

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Ba-shang 灞上 (fanqie: 百罵 [bà]). The Kaosheng says: 'The name of a mound.' Properly written as the character 霸, which takes 䨣 and 月. 䨣 has the sound 革. The edition under collation writes [溧-木+朋], which is a vulgar character.

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Flowing water 㳅水 (the ancient character for 流).

97.152

Linked horse-bits 連鑣 (fanqie: 表驕 [biāo]). The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A bit (鑣) is a horse's bit.' It takes 金 ('metal') as semantic and 麃 as phonetic. 麃 has the fanqie 薄交.

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Pit well 埳井 (fanqie: 堪感 [kǎn]). The Picang says: '埳 means a pit.' It is also written with 欠 as 坎.

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Elm and sappanwood 榆枋 (the upper character has the fanqie: 庾朱 [yú]; the lower has the fanqie: 昔方 [fāng]). Zhuangzi's allegorical language; its meaning is not completely clear.

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How could there be 詎有 (fanqie: 渠呂 [jù]). The Kaosheng says: '詎 means not yet.' The Gujin zhengzi says it takes 言 ('speech') as semantic and 巨 as phonetic.

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Assemble together 總萃 (fanqie: 聚醉 [cuì]). The Shuowen jiezi says: '萃 means to gather.' It takes 草 ('grass') as semantic and 卒 as phonetic.

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Yu and Xie 禹偰 (fanqie: 先列 [xiè]). Xie was the name of a minister under Shun. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Son of the Gaoxin clan, an ancestor of the Yin.' It takes 人 ('person') as semantic and 契 as phonetic.

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Fish-trap and hare-snare 筌蹄 (the upper character has the sound 詮 [quán]; the lower has the fanqie: 弟低 [tí]). The Zhuangzi says: 'When one catches the fish, one forgets the fish-trap; when one catches the hare, one forgets the snare.' Gu Yewang says: 'The quan is a bamboo basket for catching fish; the ti is a device for catching hares.' The Gujin zhengzi says quan (筌) takes 竹 ('bamboo') as semantic and 全 as phonetic; ti (蹄) takes 足 ('foot') as semantic and 帝 as phonetic; it is also written as 蹏.

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Furrow the brow 蹙頞 (the upper character has the fanqie: 子六 [cù]; the lower has the fanqie: 安葛 [è]). The Mengzi says: 'They all have aching heads and knit their brows (䠞頞) as they tell one another.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The bridge of the nose.' It is also written with 鼻 as 齃, or as 頞.

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Ochre garments 赭衣 (fanqie: 之野 [zhě]). Guo's commentary to the Fangyan says: 'Ochre garments are red.' The Kaosheng says: 'Also red-colored.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Red earth.' It takes 赤 ('red') as semantic and 者 as phonetic.

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Rustic ears 俚耳 (fanqie: 離止 [lǐ]). He Xiu's commentary to the Gongyang zhuan says: '俚 means vulgar/rustic.' It is also written with 邑 as 野.

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Eminently far 出敻 (fanqie: 血娉 [xiòng]). Liu Zhao's commentary to the Gongyang zhuan says: '敻 is the appearance of being deep and distant.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 人 ('person') and 𥄎 in a cave. 𥄎 has the fanqie 勳劣.

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Honest historian 惇史 (fanqie: 都門 [dūn]). The Erya says: '惇 means generous.' Properly written as this 惇. The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 心 ('heart') as semantic and 惇 as phonetic. 𦎫 has the fanqie 時春. The edition under collation writes 惇 as a vulgar character, and writes 史 also as a vulgar character.

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Thorns on the wall 牆茨 (the upper character has the fanqie: 匠羊 [qiáng]; the lower has the fanqie: 字而 [cí]). The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 草 ('grass') as semantic and 次 as phonetic. The edition under collation writes this 墻, which is a vulgar character.

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Reeds and rushes 蒹葭 (the upper character has the sound 兼 [jiān]; the lower has the fanqie: 革遐 [jiā]). The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Reeds and rushes are di (荻) and lu (蘆) before they have flowered. The jian is called di; the jia is called lu.' Both take 草 ('grass') as semantic, with 兼 and 叚 as phonetic.

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Alms-giving 嚫施 (fanqie: 初蔪 [chèn]). The edition under collation takes 貝 as semantic, writing 䞋, which is mistaken. 蔪 has the fanqie 居舋.

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Weigh and evaluate 銓衡 (the upper character has the sound 詮 [quán]). Guo's commentary to the Erya says: 'Standards and regulations are used to weigh and measure lightness and heaviness.' The Guangya says: '銓 means an instrument; a steelyard balance is called a quan.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Also a balance.' It takes 金 ('metal') as semantic and 全 as phonetic.

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Lofty upon 聳於 (fanqie: 粟勇 [sǒng]). The Kaosheng says: '聳 means high/lofty.'

97.169

Zongmie 鬷蔑 (the upper character has the fanqie: 總公 [zōng]; the lower has the fanqie: 眠結 [miè]). The name of a person in the Spring and Autumn period.

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Diverging streams 𠂢流 (fanqie: 普賣 [pài]). The Shuowen jiezi says: '𠂢 refers to water dividing into tributaries.' It takes inverted 水 ('water'). The edition under collation takes 水 as semantic and writes 派, which is a popular usage.

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Kuai Can 噲參 (fanqie: 苦恠 [kuài]). A personal name.

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Arrogant dragon 亢龍 (fanqie: 康浪 [kàng]).

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Autumn hunt 秋獮 (fanqie: 先典 [xiǎn]). The Erya says: 'An autumn hunt is called xian (獮).' Guo's commentary says: 'Following the season's killing energy.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 犬 ('dog') as semantic and 璽 as phonetic. 璽 has the sound 徙.

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Swaddling clothes 襁褓 (the upper character has the fanqie: 姜兩 [qiǎng]; the lower has the fanqie: 補道 [bǎo]). The Huainanzi says: 'King Cheng was young and remained in swaddling clothes.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '襁 is a garment for carrying a child on the back; [褓] is a small child's blanket.' Both take 衣 ('clothing') as semantic, and 強 and 保 as phonetic. The edition under collation takes 糸 as semantic, writing 繈緥, which is incorrect.

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Scarcely speaking 僅辭 (fanqie: 勤靳 [jìn]). Jia Kui's commentary to the Guoyu says: '僅 is like saying barely or only just.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 人 ('person') as semantic and 堇 as phonetic. 堇 has the sound 謹. It is also written as 廑 or 㝻.

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Inchworm crawling 步蠖 (fanqie: 注郭 [huò]). The Shuowen jiezi says: 'The inchworm (蠖) is an insect that contracts and extends.' It takes 虫 ('insect') as semantic and 蒦 as phonetic. 蒦 has the fanqie 乙虢.

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Trapdoor spider 翳蟷 (the lower character has the sound 當 [dāng]). The edition under collation writes 甞, which is incorrect. Note: The yidang is an insect resembling a burrowing spider (蜘蛛/𮔪蟷). It dwells in holes in the ground and always shuts its entrance; hence it is called 'hidden door' (翳蟷). Turning its back to the light and dwelling in darkness, it serves as a metaphor for ignorance (avidyā), the rākṣasa, and the King of Death consuming the wisdom-life of sentient beings. Hence it says: 'Aware of the trapdoor spider creeping up from behind.' The jackal or wolf represents the mind of greedy desire; hence it says: 'Seeing the wild wolf confronting one ahead.' Knowing the moment of ruin and death is pressing near, greedy passions are calmed, and one is immediately able to uphold the precepts.

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Disappointed and lost 怳焉 (fanqie: 吁往 [huǎng]). The Shuowen jiezi says: '怳 is the appearance of losing one's bearings.' It takes 心 ('heart') as semantic and 兄 as phonetic.

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Collected Writings, Fascicle Five

97.180

Subdue a dragon 懾龍 (fanqie: 詹涉 [zhé]). Jia Kui's commentary to the Guoyu says: '懾 is like submitting/subduing.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 心 ('heart') as semantic and 聶 as phonetic. 聶 has the fanqie 尼輒.

97.181

Common pebble-like 碌碌 (fanqie: 聾穀 [lù]). The Picang says: '碌碌 is like the appearance of sand and gravel.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 石 ('stone') as semantic and 录录 as phonetic.

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Distant 迢然 (fanqie: 庭聊 [tiáo]). The Kaosheng says: 'The appearance of being far away.' The Wenzidian shuo says it takes 辵 ('movement') as semantic and 召 as phonetic. The edition under collation takes 草 as semantic, writing 𨔴, which is incorrect.

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Above the Hao River 濠上 (the upper character has the fanqie: 晧高 [háo]). Zhuangzi and Huizi strolled above the bridge over the Hao River. Gu Yewang says: 'The Hao is the name of a river.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 水 ('water') as semantic and 豪 as phonetic. It is located in Zhongli Commandery.

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Xianyun 玁狁 (the upper character has the fanqie: 䝱撿 [xiǎn]; the lower has the fanqie: 聿笋 [yǔn]). The Kaosheng says: 'In the time of Tang and Yu they were called the Xunyu; in the Zhou they were called the Xianyun; in the Han they were called the Xiongnu. All were given harsh names.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'The name of northern barbarians.' Both take 犬 ('dog') as semantic, and 僉 and 允 as phonetic. 獫 is also written with 嚴 as 玁. [狂-王+(山/黑)] has the sound 勳. 粥 has the fanqie 融祝.

97.185

Exterminate completely 殲殄 (fanqie: 接廉 [jiān]). The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: '殲 means to exhaust/extinguish.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 歹 ('death') as semantic and 截 as phonetic. 歹 has the sound 五割; 韱 has the fanqie 息廉. The edition under collation writes 殲 and 彌, which are both vulgar characters.

97.186

Elm for turning-pegs 楥榆 (the upper character has the fanqie: 暄願 [xuàn]). The Erya says: 'The huan (援) refers to a tree whose twigs can be used to make beverage vessels.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 木 ('wood') as semantic and 爰 as phonetic.

97.187

Xi Jian 郗儉 (fanqie: 勑知 [chī]). A personal name.

97.188

Monkeys and apes 猱猨 (the upper character has the fanqie: 奴高 [náo]; the lower has the fanqie: 越元 [yuán]). The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: 'The nao (猱) is also of the ape class.' Guo's commentary to the Erya says: 'The ape resembles the macaque but is larger, with long arms, and is agile.' The Shuowen jiezi says both take 犬 ('dog') as semantic, and 柔 and 爰 as phonetic.

97.189

Turn into clams 為蛤 (fanqie: 甘合 [gé]). The Liji says: 'In late autumn, sparrows enter the great waters and become clams.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'There are three kinds of ge (clam), all produced in the sea. The haige (sea clam) is what a hundred-year-old swallow transforms into; another kind is the puluo, which an old bat transforms into; the geli is what a thousand-year-old quail transforms into.' It takes 虫 ('insect/creature') as semantic and 合 as phonetic. The edition under collation says pheasants transform into clams, which is an erroneous allusion.

97.190

Turn into a giant clam 為蜃 (fanqie: 辰忍 [shèn]). Zheng's commentary to the Zhouli says: 'A shen (蜃) is a giant clam.' Da Dai Liji's Xia xiaozheng says: 'Pheasants enter the Huai River and become giant clams.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 虫 ('insect/creature') as semantic and 辰 as phonetic. The edition under collation says swallows enter the sea and become giant clams, which is mistaken.

97.191

Trace/imitate and 摹而 (fanqie: 木胡 [mó]). The Shenglei says: '摹 means to model/imitate.' The Picang says: 'To capture and take the likeness.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'To delineate/gauge.' It takes 手 ('hand') as semantic and 莫 as phonetic. It is also written as 摸.

97.192

Agitated disposition 形躁 (fanqie: 遭到 [zào]). The Posthumous Titles Law says: 'Delighting in change and agitating the populace is called zao (躁).' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 足 ('foot') as semantic and 喿 as phonetic. 喿 has the fanqie 搔到. The edition under collation writes [彰-章+喿], which is a vulgar character.

97.193

Coveted place 愒所 (fanqie: 枯滯 [qì]). Du's commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: '愒 means greedy/covetous.' Guo's commentary to the Erya says: '愒 refers to greedy craving.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 心 ('heart') as semantic and 曷 as phonetic. 曷 has the fanqie 寒葛. 羨 has the fanqie 延戰.

97.194

Joined toes 駢拇 (the upper character has the fanqie: 蒲田 [pián]; the lower has the fanqie: 莫厚 [mǔ]). The Zhuangzi says: 'The joined toes (駢拇).' The Wenzidian shuo says it takes 馬 ('horse') as semantic and 并 as phonetic; mu (拇) takes 手 ('hand') as semantic and 母 as phonetic.

97.195

Deceive and mislead 譸張 (fanqie: 肘留 [zhōu]). Kong's commentary to the Shangshu says: '譸張 means to deceive; having none who deceive or delude each other.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 言 ('speech') as semantic and 壽 as phonetic. The edition under collation takes 車 as semantic, writing 輈; 輈 is the shaft of a carriage, which is not its meaning here. 幻 has the sound 患.

97.196

Rong and Mo barbarians 戎貊 (fanqie: 盲百 [mò]). The Zhouli's Zhifang says: 'In charge of the people of the nine Mo regions.' Zheng Zhong's commentary says: 'The northern peoples are called Mo.' The Shuowen jiezi says it takes 豸 ('beast') as semantic and 百 as phonetic. The Kaosheng writes it also as this 貊. The edition under collation writes 狛, which has the sound 碧 and is not the correct meaning.

97.197

"Suddenly" (馺然): [馺 is pronounced with the fanqie] su + he (sa). Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Fangyan states: 'Sa-sa (馺馺) describes a swift appearance.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It has the horse radical (馬) and ji (及) phonetic.'

97.198

"Owls and poison-birds" (梟鴆): The first character [梟 has the fanqie] jiao + yao (xiao). The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It is an unfilial bird. On the day of the summer solstice, it is captured, its head is cut off and suspended from a tree.' Dismembering [磔] is pronounced zhu + e (zhe). It is composed of a bird (鳥) above a tree (木). The second character [鴆 has the fanqie] chen + jin (zhen). Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: 'The feathers of the zhen-bird are poisonous; if dipped in wine and drunk, one dies.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It has the bird radical (鳥) and yin (冘) phonetic.' 冘 is pronounced yu + zhen (yin).

97.199

"Pillage Kuai" (盜鄶): [鄶 is pronounced with the fanqie] gong + wai (kuai). Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: 'Kuai was northeast of Mi County in Xingyang; it was the ancient state of Kuai.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It has the settlement radical (邑) and hui (會) phonetic.'

97.200

"Strike with a club" (棓擊): [棓 is pronounced with the fanqie] pang + jiang (bang). Xu Shuzhong's (Xu Shen's) commentary on the Huainanzi says: 'A bang (棓) is a large club.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'It has the wood radical (木) and pou (咅) phonetic.' 咅 is pronounced tu + kou (tou).

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese