Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6: A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6

Language: English

v1.c6.s1 Ā — 188 parts
v1.c6.s2 I — 26 parts
v1.c6.s3 Ī — 8 parts
v1.c6.s4 U — 209 parts
v1.c6.s5 Ū — 20 parts
v1.c6.s6 Ṛi — 1 part
v1.c6.s7 E — 19 parts
v1.c6.s8 Ai — 3 parts
v1.c6.s9 K — 542 parts
v1.c6.s10 Kh — 53 parts
v1.c6.s11 G — 320 parts
v1.c6.s12 Gh — 36 parts
v1.c6.s13 Ch — 124 parts
v1.c6.s14 Chh — 13 parts
v1.c6.s15 J — 167 parts
v1.c6.s16 Ḍ — 1 part
v1.c6.s17 T — 293 parts
v1.c6.s18 D — 265 parts
v1.c6.s19 Dh — 19 parts
v1.c6.s20 N — 335 parts
v1.c6.s21 P — 926 parts
v1.c6.s22 Ph — 10 parts
v1.c6.s23 B — 132 parts
v1.c6.s24 Bh — 165 parts
v1.c6.s25 M — 576 parts
v1.c6.s26 Y — 12 parts
v1.c6.s27 R — 84 parts
v1.c6.s28 L — 45 parts
v1.c6.s29 V — 401 parts
v1.c6.s30 Ś — 283 parts
v1.c6.s31 Sh — 92 parts
v1.c6.s32 S — 1,034 parts

A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture

v1.c6.1

AKSHA—The eye, a die, the base of a column.

v1.c6.2

(1) The base of a column :

v1.c6.3

Athavākshaṁ (=adhishṭhānaṁ) navāṁśochchaṁ janma chaikena kārayet ।

v1.c6.4

(Mānasāra, XIV. 17, note.)

v1.c6.5

(2) The eye :

v1.c6.6

Asyāyāmaṁ tri-mātraṁ syād vistāraṁ chaika-mātrakam ।

v1.c6.7

Akshāyāmārdha-mātraṁ syād vistāraṁ yuktito nyaset । (M. LX. 29-30.)

v1.c6.8

(3) A die :

v1.c6.9

Akshaiḥ sphaṭika-saṁyuktaṁ tulā-bhājanam eva cha ।

v1.c6.10

(M. LXVIII. 28.)

v1.c6.11

(4) Referring to the window-like part of a *dolā* (swing, hammock, palanquin), and of chariot :

v1.c6.12

Purataḥ prishṭhato madhye parva(darpa)ṇaṁ bhadra-saṁyutam ।

v1.c6.13

Pārśvayor vā(dvā)raṇaṁ kuryāt tasyādho'kshaṁ susaṁyutam । (M. L. 165-166.)

v1.c6.14

Tasyādhaḥ karṇanaṁ kuryād akshotsedhārdham eva cha ।

v1.c6.15

(M. XLI. 51, see further context under *Aksha-bhāra*.)

v1.c6.16

See *Gavāksha*.

v1.c6.17

Cf. *Mitāksharā* (ed. Cal. 1829.), 146. 1. (Pet. Dict.):

v1.c6.18

Akshaḥ pāda-stambhayor upari-nivishṭa-tulādhāra-paṭṭaḥ ।

v1.c6.19

Akshāgra-kīla । Pushkarāksha (see *Pāṇini*, 5, 4, 76). Dhārābhir aksha-mātrābhiḥ (*Arjunasamāgama*, ed. Bopp, 8, 4).

v1.c6.20

AKSHA-BHĀRA---A lower part of a chariot :

v1.c6.21

Tasyādho (=below the pāda or pillar) karṇaṁ kuryād akshotsedhārdham eva cha l
Tat-tad-deśe tu chhidraṁ syād aksha-bhāre rathāntakam l
Chhidre praveśayet kīlam yuktyā cha paṭṭayojitam l
(M. XLII. 51–53.)

v1.c6.22

AKSHI-SŪTRA—The line of the eyes :

v1.c6.23

Mukhāyāmaṁ tridhā bhavet l
Akshi-sūtrāvasānaṁ cha tasyādho(as) tat-padāntakam l
Hikkā-sūtrād adho bāhu-dīrgham ṛikshāṅgulam bhavet l

v1.c6.24

AGNI-DVĀRA—The door on the south-east :

v1.c6.25

Chatur-dikshu chatush-koṇe mahā-dvāraṁ prakalpayet l
Pūrva-dvāraṁ athaiśāne chāgni-dvāraṁ tu dakshiṇe l
Pitur-dvāraṁ tu tat-pratyag vāyau dvāraṁ tathottaram l
(M. IX. 292, 294-295.)

v1.c6.26

AGRAHĀRA—A village inhabited by the Brāhmaṇas :

v1.c6.27

Viprair vidvadbhir ābhogyaṁ maṅgalaṁ cheti kīrtitam l
Agrahāras tad evaṁ uktaṁ viprendrāḥ Kāmikāgame ॥
(Kāmikāgama XX 3.)
Agrahāraṁ vinānyeshu sthānīyādishu vāstushu l
Prāg-ādishu chatur-dikshu vāyau īśe śivālayaḥ ॥
(*Ibid.* XXVI. 32.)
*Nīlakaṇṭha*, 16. 3. (*Pet. Dict.*):
Agraṁ brāhmaṇa-bhojanaṁ tad-arthaṁ hriyante rāja-dhanāt pṛithak kriyante te agrahārāḥ kshetrādayaḥ l
Chatur-bhuja (comm. Mbh.): Agrahāra=śāsana.

v1.c6.28

AGHANA--Not solid, a hollow moulding, column or pillar :

v1.c6.29

Ghanaṁ chāpy aghanaṁ chaiva vinyāsam atha vakshyate l
(Vistārāyāma-śobhādi purvavad-gopurāntakam) l
Yaṁ mānaṁ bahir anyena chulikā-māna-sammitam l
(M. XXXIII. 290–292, see also 293--309.)
Referring to windows (or rather pillar of windows) :
Tad-vistāra-ghanaṁ sarvaṁ kuryād vai śilpi(a)vit-tamaḥ l
Gopure kūṭa-koshṭ(h)āli-grīve pādāntare tathā l
Ghane vāpy aghane vāpi yathā vātāyanair-yutam l

v1.c6.30

cf: Vistāraṁ cha dvi-mātraṁ syād agram ekāṅgulaṁ bhavet । Ghanam ekāṅgulaṁ chaiva । (M. LX. 17-18). Referring to the image of a bull : Ghanaṁ vāpy aghanaṁ vāpi kuryāttu śilpi(a)-vit-tamaḥ । (M. LXII. 17).

v1.c6.31

AGHANA-MĀNA—(see *aghana*.) Measurement by the interior of a structure. Evaṁ tat(d) ghana-mānam uktam aghanaṁ vakshyate' dhunā ॥ Vistārāyāma-bhaktiḥ syād uktavat yuktito nyaset । Dvi-tribhāga-viśāle tu āyataṁ tat prakalpayet । Bhakti-tri-bhāgam ekāṁśaṁ bhitti-vistāraṁ eva cha । Śeshaṁ tad garbha gehaṁ tu madhya-bhāge tu veśanam । (M: XXXIII. 331-335 f.).

v1.c6.32

AṄKA(GA)ṆA—(see *prāṅgaṇa*.) Same as Aṅgaṇa, a court, a courtyard. Yathā madhye'ṅkanaṁ kuryāt pañcha-bhāgena vistṛitam (M. XXXIV. 143). Kalpa-drumasya purato bahir aṅkanam syāt (M. XLVIII. 72). Athātaḥ saṁpravakshye'ham aṅgaṇasya tu lakshaṇam । Aṅgaṇaṁ dhvaja-yoniḥ syān mukhāyāmābhidhaṁyutam ॥ Pādukānāṁ bahir-bhāgam aṅgaṇaṁ tat vidur budhāḥ । Dhvajaḥ sarvatra saṁpanna iti śāstra-nidarśanam ॥ (*Vāstu-vidyā* ed. Gaṇapati Śāstri. VI. 1-2). Madhye tu prāṅgaṇaṁ kāryaṁ viśālenaika-paṁktikam । Ardha-paṁkti-vivṛidhyā tu triṁśat paṁkty antam ishyate ॥ 40. Āyāme chaika-paṁkty ādi tri-guṇāntaṁ viśālatā । Evaṁ brahmāṅgaṇaṁ kāryaṁ jala-pāta-yutaṁ navā ॥ 41. Madhyamaṁ chāṅgaṇa-sthānaṁ maṇḍapena yutaṁ tu vā ॥ 66. Prāg aṅgaṇaṁ pradhānaṁ syāt prāgavāgaṅgaṇaṁ jvaraḥ ॥ 131. (“Kāmikāgama”, xxxv) : Ujatāṅgaṇa-bhūmishu (“Raghuvaṁśa”. ed. Cal. 1. 52, *Pet Dict*).

v1.c6.33

Vimānaṁ haṁsa-yuktam etat tishṭhati te'ṅgaṇe ("*Devī māhātmya*," ed. Cal. 5. 50 (*ibid*).

v1.c6.34

Nṛipāṅgaṇa. (Kāvya chandrikā 166, 15 '*ibid*).

v1.c6.35

Nṛipāṅgana (dental, n. Bhartṛihari. 2. 46 (*ibid*).

v1.c6.36

Mahārājāṅgaṇaṁ śūrāḥ praviśantu mahodayam (*Rāmāyaṇa II*, 3, 19 (*ibid*).

v1.c6.37

Matsya-tīrthada sannidhānadali Liṅgaṇṇa bagitinda doḍḍa-asvāthada baḷige aṅgaṇa 12 māḍida sēvā—"Liṅgaṇṇa with devotion erected (a maṇṭapa of) 12 aṅgaṇas near the big asvattha tree in proximity to the Matsyatīrtha, on the bank of the Arkapushkarini." (*Ep. Carnat. vol. IV*. Edatore Taluq, no. 3, Roman text. p. 84, Transl. p. 52).

v1.c6.38

AṄGA-DŪSHAṆA—The defects of the limbs; the penalties of a defective construction.

v1.c6.39

"*Mānasāra*", Chap. lxix, 1—73:

v1.c6.40

The chapter is named Aṅgadūshaṇa in the colophon. The term would literally mean the defects of the limbs. The chapter opens with the proposal that the penalties on the master, the king,and the kingdom following a defective construction will be described :

v1.c6.41

Ālayādyanga-sarveshu hīnādhikyaṁ bhaved yadi ।

v1.c6.42

Rāja-rāshtrādi-kartṝiṇāṁ dosha-prāptim(-r)ihochyate (1—2).

v1.c6.43

There should not be, as stated, any defect in the width, height, plinth, lintel, pillar, entablature, finial, dome, door, adytum, staircase, terrace, gate house, pavilion, wall etc. (3—10).

v1.c6.44

Cf: Tasmāt tu dosha saṁprāpti(ḥ) śilpidṛishṭi(r) nivārayet (11).

v1.c6.45

The illustrations too of penalties for defective construction are taken from the different architectural objects, such as door, staircase, pillar, wall, dome, spire, etc., etc. Thus it is stated that if the altar (vedikā) be defective, the master would lose his eyesight (26); if the dome be larger or shorter, the people would suffer from poverty (29); if the pillars be larger or shorter, the race of the master would be exterminated (23), and so forth.

v1.c6.46

AṄGULA—A finger, a finger-breadth, a measure of about three-fourths of an inch; one of some equal parts, into which an architectural or sculptural object is divided for proportional measurement.

v1.c6.47

(The definition of paramāṇu or atom:

v1.c6.48

Munīnāṁ nayanodvikshya(s) tat paramāṇur udāhṛitam (40).

v1.c6.49

cf : Bṛihat-saṁhitā (below).

v1.c6.50

Paramāṇu or atom is the lowest measurement.)

v1.c6.51

The details of the aṅgula-measure (41—46):

v1.c6.52

v1.c6.53

Three kinds of aṅgulas are distinguished, the largest of which is equal to 8 yavas, the intermediate one 7 yavas, and the smallest one 6 yavas (47—48).

v1.c6.54

Further details (49—53):

v1.c6.55

| 12 Aṅgulas | = | 1 Vitasti (span). |
| 2 Spans or | | |
| 24 Aṅgulas | = | 1 Kishku-hasta (samllest cubit). |
| 25 " | = | 1 Prājāpatya-hasta. |
| 26 " | = | 1 Dhanur-mushṭi-hasta. |
| 27 " | = | 1 Dhanur-graha-hasta. |
| 4 Cubits | = | 1 Dhanuḥ or daṇḍa (bow or rod). |
| 8 Daṇḍas (rods) | = | 1 Rajju (rope). |

v1.c6.56

Direction is given with regard to the use of the cubits of different lengths and other measures (54—58): conveyances and bedsteads etc. are stated to be measured in the cubit of 24 aṅgulas, buildings in general (vimānas) in the cubit of 25 aṅgulas, the ground or land (vāstu) in the cubit of 26 aṅgulas, and the villages etc. in the cubit of 27 aṅgulas. The cubit of 24 aṅgulas can, however, be employed, as stated in measuring all these objects.

v1.c6.57

Three kinds of the Aṅgula-measure : Mātrāṅgula-gataṁ proktam aṅgulaṁ tri-vidhaṁ bhavet । (53). The mānāṅgula is the standard measure ; it is equal to eight barley corns : Yava-tārāshṭa-mātraṁ syān mānāṅgulam iti smṛitam । (56). The mātrāṅgula is the measure taken in the middle finger of the master : Kartur dakshiṇa-hastasya madhyamāṅgula-madhyame । Parva-dīrghaṁ tan-nāhaṁ mātrāṅgulam udāhṛitam । (57-58). The details of the 'deha-labdhāṅgula' are left out ; but this measure is frequently referred to : Trayas- triśach chhatāntaṁ syād deha-labdhāṅgulena vā । (64). The 'deha-labdhāṅgula' is to be understood as the measure, which is equal to one of the equal parts, into which the whole height of a statue is divided for sculptural measurement. This alone should otherwise be called aṁśa (part) ; but the term (aṁśa) is indiscriminately used for all the three aṅgula-measures, as well as for the term 'mātra.' Compare, for example, chap. LXV : Mūrdh(n)ādi-pāda-paryantaṁ tuṅga-mānaṁ praśasyate । (2). Chatur-viṁśach-chhataṁ kṛitvā tathaivāṁśena mānayet । (3). Ushṇīshāt keśa-paryantaṁ chatur-mātraṁ praśasyate । (4). Ardhāṁśaṁ gala-mānaṁ syād vedāṁśaṁ gala-tuṅgakam । (6). Sa yava-tryaṁśakaṁ chaivānāmikāyāmam ishyate । (26). Meḍhrāntaṁ ūru-dīrghaṁ syāt sapta-viṁśāṅgulaṁ bhavet । (9) The 'deha-labdhāṅgula' is also called the bera (idol)-aṅgula and the liṅga (phallus)-aṅgula, chap. LXIV. 49-53 : Aṁśakaṁ mānam evoktam aṅgulair mānam uchyate । Yal-liṅga-tuṅgaṁ saṁgrāhya chatur-viṁśach-chhatāntakam । Liṅgāṅgulam iti proktaṁ beraṁ tālavaśād-api । Kṛitvā berāṅgulaṁ proktaṁ mānāṅgulam ihochyate । Yava-tārāshṭa-mātraṁ syād devānāṁ aṅgulaṁ bhavet । The 'deva (god's)-aṅgula' mentioned in the last line (53) is apparently the māna (standard) aṅgula.

v1.c6.58

Jālāntarage bhānau yad-aṇutaraṁ darśanaṁ rajo yāti |
Tadvindyāt paramāṇum prathamaṁ tad-dhi pramāṇānām ||
Paramāṇu-rajo-vālāgra-likshā-yūkā yavo'ṅgulaṁ cheti |
Ashṭa-guṇāni yathottaram aṅgulam ekaṁ bhavati mātrā ||

v1.c6.59

"Commentary quotes a parallel passage, the former stanza of which recurs in Manu, VIII, 132 (cf. below), whereas the latter wholly differs :

v1.c6.60

Tathā cha jālāntara-gate bhānau yat sūkshmaṁ dṛiśyate rajaḥ |
Prathamaṁ tat pramāṇānāṁ trasa-reṇuṁ prachakshate ||
Tasmād rajaḥ kachāgraṁ cha likshā yukā yavo'ṅgulam |
Kramād ashṭa-guṇaṁ jñeyaṁ jina-saṁkhyāṅgulaiḥ samāḥ ||

v1.c6.61

From an unknown author are the verses quoted by
(3) Bāpū-Deva in his edition of the *Siddhānta-śiromaṇi*, p. 52 :

v1.c6.62

Veśmāntaḥ patiteshu bhāskara-kareshvālokyate yad-rajaḥ |
Sa proktaḥ paramāṇur ashṭa guṇitais tair eva reṇur bhavet ||
Tair vālāgram athāshṭabhiḥ kacha-mukhair likshā cha yūkā shṭabhiḥ |
Syāt tribhiścha tadashtakena cha yavo'shṭābhis cha tair aṅgulam ||

v1.c6.63

"Digit (āṅgula) has here (B. S. LVIII 4) no absolute, but a relative value; it is the module and equal to 1/108 of the whole height of the idol, or 1/180 of idol and seat together". Commentary : yasmāt kāshṭhāt pāshāṇādikād vā pratimā kriyate tad dairghyaṁ pīṭha-pramāṇa-vivarjitaṁ dvādaśa-bhāga-vibhaktaṁ kṛitvā tatraiko bhāgo navadhā kāryaḥ, so'ṅgula-sajñako bhavati, yasmād ashṭādhikam aṅgula-śatam pratimā pramāṇaṁ vakshyati. (Kern. *J. R. A. S.* (N. S.) volume VI, p. 323, notes 1, 2).

v1.c6.64

(4) Introduction (pp. 8-9) to "Rājavallabha Maṇḍaṇa", Ed. Nārāyaṇa Bhārati and Yaśovanta Bhārati

v1.c6.65

| 1 aṅgula | = | mātrā. | 5 aṅgula | = | tala. |
| 2 ,, | = | kalā. | 6 ,, | = | kara pāda. |
| 3 ,, | = | parvan. | 7 ,, | = | dṛishṭi. |
| 4 ,, | = | mushṭi. | 8 ,, | = | tūṇī. |

v1.c6.66

| 9 | aṅgula | = | prādeśa. | 24 | aṅgula | = | aratni. |
| 10 | ,, | = | saya tāla. | 42 | ,, | = | kishku. |
| 11 | ,, | = | go-karṇa. | 84 | ,, | = | purusha (height |
| 12 | ,, | = | vitasti (span). | | | | of a man). |
| 14 | ,, | = | anāha-pada. | 96 | ,, | = | dhanus. |
| 21 | ,, | = | ratni. | 106 | ,, | = | daṇḍa. |

v1.c6.67

This is apparently taken from the Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa. (See below.)

v1.c6.68

(5) "Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa," chap. 7 (Vāyu-prokte pūrva-bhāge dvitīye anushaṅgapāde) gives a curious origin of the aṅgula measure: It is stated (in v. 91-95) that people at first used to live in caves, mountains and rivers etc. They began to build houses in order to protect themselves from cold and heat (śītoshṇa-vāraṇāt). Then they built kheṭas (towns), puras (houses), grāmas (villages) and nagaras (cities). And to measure their length, breadth, and the intermediate distance between two settlements (sanniveśa) the people instinctively (yathājñānam) employed their own fingers. Thence forward the aṅgulas are used as standard of measurement.

v1.c6.69

Then follow the details of the aṅgula measurement (V. 96-101)

v1.c6.70

Jayāṅgula-pradeśāṁs trīn hastaḥ kishkuṁ dhanūṁshi cha ।
Daśatvaṅgula-parvāṇi prādeśa iti saṁjñitaḥ ॥ 96.
Aṅgushṭhasya pradeśinyā vyāsa(ḥ) prādeśa uchyate ।
Tālaḥ smṛito madhyamayā gokarṇaś chāpyanāmayā ॥ 97.
Kanishṭhayā vitastis tu dvādaśāṅgula uchyate ।
Ratnir aṅgula-parvāṇi saṁkhyayā tvekaviṁśatiḥ ॥ 98.
Chatvāri-viṁśatiś chaiva hastaḥ syād aṅgulāni tu ।
Kishkuḥ smṛito dviratnis tu dvi-chatvāriṁśad aṅgulaḥ ॥ 99.
Chatur hasto dhanur daṇḍo nālikā yugam eva cha ।
Dhanuḥ sahasre dve tatra gavyūtis taiḥ kṛitā tadā ॥ 100.
Ashṭau dhanuḥ sahasrāṇi yojanaṁ tair vibhāvitaṁ ।
Etena jojaneneha sanniveśās tataḥ kṛitāḥ ॥ 101.

v1.c6.71

(6) "Matsya Purāṇa", chap. 258, v. 17-19 :

v1.c6.72

Jālāntara-pravishṭānāṁ bhānūnāṁ yad rajaḥ sphuṭam ।
Trasa-reṇuḥ sa vijñeyo vālāgraṁ tair athāshṭabhiḥ ॥ 17.

v1.c6.73

Tad-ashṭakena tu likhyātu yūkā likhyāshṭakair matā ।
Javo yūkāshṭakaṁ tad-yad ashṭabhis tais tad aṅgulam ॥ 18.
(Svakīyāṅguli-mānena mukhaṁ syād dvādaśāṅgulam ।
Mukha-mānena kartavyā sarvāvayava-kalpanā ॥ 19).

v1.c6.74

(7) Vāstu-vidyā, Ed. Gaṇapati Sāstri, 1. 3-5 f :

v1.c6.75

Tatrādau saṁpravakshyāmi sarveshāṁ māna-sādhanam ।
Mānenaivākhilaṁ loke vastu saṁsādhyate yataḥ ॥
Paramāṇuḥ kramād vriddho mānāṅgula iti smṛitaḥ ।
Paramāṇur iti prokto yogināṁ drishṭi-gocharaḥ ॥
Paramāṇur ashṭābhis trasa-reṇur iti smṛitaḥ ।
Trasa-reṇuś cha romāgraṁ likshā-yūkā-yavās tathā ॥
and so forth (see *Mānasāra*).

v1.c6.76

(8) "Bimbamāna", Ms. (British Museum 558, 5292), V. 9 :

v1.c6.77

Yad-bimba-pramāṇena mānāṅgula(ṁ) vibhājite ।
Tena bimbasya mānaṁ tu tatra(ṁ) āyāmam ishyate ।

v1.c6.78

(9) "Suprabhedāgama," *Paṭala*, xxx :

v1.c6.79

Athātaḥ saṁpravakshyāmi aṅgulānāṁ tu lakshaṇaṁ ।
Mānāṅgulaṁ tu prathamaṁ syāt mātrāṅgulaṁ dvitīyakam ॥ 1.
Deha-labdha-pramāṇaṁ tu tritīyaṁ aṅgulaṁ smṛitaṁ ।
Yasmāt paraṁ aṇur nāsti paramāṇus tad uchyate ॥ 2.
Paramāṇur adhaś chaivāpi cha keśāgra eva cha ।
R(l)ikshā-yūkā-yavās tatra kramaśo'shṭa-guṇair matam ॥ 3.
Mānāṅgulam iti proktaṁ tato mātrāṅgulaṁ śṛiṇu ।
Āchārya-dakshiṇe haste madhyamāṅguli-madhyame ॥ 4.
Parva(ṁ) mātrāṅgulaṁ jñeyaṁ deha-labdhāṅgulaṁ śṛiṇu ।
Pratimāyās tathotsedhe tāla-gaṇyena bhājite ॥ 5.
Teshvekaṁ bhāga-van-mānāṁ deha-labdhāṅgulaṁ smṛitaṁ ।
The objects measured in the three kinds of aṅgulas :
Prāsāda-maṇḍapāṁś chaiva prākārān gopurān api ॥ 6.
Grāmādya-kshetra-gaṇyeshu mānāṅgula-vidhānataḥ ।
Āchārya-dakshāṅgulibhir mite vyāsa-mitādhikaiḥ (sic) ॥ 7.
Kūrche pavitrake chaiva sruve srugbhir athānyakaiḥ ।
Yāgē prayojitānīha mātrāṅguli-vidhiś charet ॥ 8.
Atha mānāṅgulair vāpi kārayed yāga-karmaṇi ।
Deha-labdhāṅgulenaiva pratimāṁ kārayed budhaḥ ॥ 9.

v1.c6.80

Then follow the technical names of the aṅgulas (v. 10—16) : One aṅgula is called——bindu, moksha. Two aṅgulas are ,, ——kalā (elsewhere it is the name of one aṅgula), kolaka, padma, akshi, aśvini. Three ,, ,, ,, ——rudrākshi, agni, guṇa, śūla (and) vidyā. Four , ,, ,, ——yuga (and) bhāga, veda, and turīya. Five ,, ,, ,, ——rudrānana, indriya, bhūta, and vāṇa. Six ,, ,, ,, ——karman, aṅga, ayana, and rasa. Seven ,, ,, ,, ——pātāla, muni, dhātu, and abdhi. Eight ,, ,, ,, —— basu, loka-(īśa?), and mūrti. Nine ,, ,, ,, ——dvāra, sūtra, graha, and śakti. Ten ,, ,, ,, —— diś, nāḍi, āyudha, and prādurbhāva. Twenty ,, ,, ,, ——trishu (and) vishku. Thirty ,, ,, ,, ——gati. Forty ,, ,, ,, ——trijagat (?). Fifty ,, ,, ,, ——śakvari. Sixty ,, ,, ,, ——atiśakvari. Seventy ,, ,, ,, ——yashṭi. Eighty ,, ,, ,, ——atyashṭi. Ninety ,, ,, ,, ——dhṛiti. Hundred ,, ,, ,, ——atidhṛiti. The cardinal numbers are described (v. 17—20) :

v1.c6.81

Ekaṁ daśaṁ śataṁ chaiva sahasram ayutaṁ punaḥ || 17.
Niyutaṁ prayutaṁ chaiva koṭiṁ chaiva yathārbudam |
Bṛindaṁ kharvaṁ nikharvaṁ cha śaṅkhaṁ padmam ataḥ param || 18.
Samudra-madhyāntarākhyaṁ aparaṁ tathā |
Parārdham evākhyātaṁ daśa-vṛitt(-ddh)yuttarottaram || 19.
Evam etāni choktāni saṁkhyā-sthānaṁ viṁśatiḥ |

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Three kinds of the vitasti (span), which is equal to 12 aṅgulas, are distinguished by their technical names :

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Tālaṁ yamaṁ tri-bhāgaṁ cha shaṭ-kalāś cha vitastakam || 20
Shaṭ-kolakaṁ mukhaṁ chaiva dvādaśāṅgula-saṁjñakam |

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Aṅgushṭha-tarjani-yuktaṁ prādeśaṁ iti kīrtitam || 21.
(Madhyamāṅgushṭha-saṁyuktaṁ tāla-mānam iti smṛitam |)
Aṅgushṭhānāmikā-yuktaṁ vitastir iti chochyate || 22.
Kanishṭhāṅgushṭhayor yuktaṁ go-karṇaṁ iti saṁjñikam |

v1.c6.85

The correct reading of the last two lines should be :

v1.c6.86

Aṅgushṭhānāmikā-yuktaṁ go-karṇaṁ iti saṁjñikam || 22.
Kanishṭhāṅgushṭhayor yuktaṁ(-tā) vitastir iti chochyate |

v1.c6.87

Compare : Brahmāṇḍa purāṇa I, VII, 97,98 (see under GOKARṆA and VITASTI).

v1.c6.88

Prādeśaś cha vitastis cha gokarṇaś cha ime trayaḥ || 23.

v1.c6.89

The two kinds of the measure by the fist :

v1.c6.90

Jajñādike prayoktavyāḥ prāsādādau na māpayet |
Ratniḥ saṁvṛita-mushṭiḥ syād aratniḥ prasṛitāṅguliḥ || 24.

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Different kinds of the hasta or cubit measures :

v1.c6.92

Kishkus cha prājāpatyaś cha dhanur-mushṭi-dhanu(r)grahau |
Aṅgulas tu chatur-viṁśat kishkur ityuchyate budhaiḥ || 25.
Pañcha-viṁśatibhiś chaiva prājāpatyam udāhṛitam |
Shaḍ-viṁśati-dhanur-mushṭiḥ sapta-viṁśad-dhanu(r)grahaḥ || 26.

v1.c6.93

The objects measured in these cubits :

v1.c6.94

Kishku-hastādi-chatvāri-mānāṅgula-vaśāt-tamaḥ (?) |
Ebhir hasta-pramāṇais tu prāsādādīni kārayet || 27.
Śayanaṁ chāsanaṁ chaiva kishku-māna-vaśāt kuru |
Liṅgaṁ cha piṇḍikāṁ chaiva prāsādaṁ gopuraṁ tathā || 28.
Prākāra-maṇḍapaṁ chaiva prājāpatya-kareṇa tu |

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The higher measures :

v1.c6.96

Dhanu(r)grahaś chatushkaṁ yad daṇḍa-mānaṁ prakīrtitam || 29
Sahasra-daṇḍa-mānena krośa-mātraṁ vidhīyate |
Gavyūtir dvi-guṇaṁ jñeyaṁ tad-dhi(dvi)-guṇaṁ cha ghātakam || 30.
Ghātakasya chatushkaṁ tu yojanā parikīrtitā || 31.

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(10) "Manu-saṁhitā", VIII. 271 (cf. under "Bṛihat-saṁhitā" above) :

v1.c6.98

Nikshepyo'yomayaḥ śaṅkur jvalannasye daśāṅgulaḥ |

v1.c6.99

Na hyaviddhaṁ tayor gātre babhūvāṅgulam antaraṁ l.

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(12) “Aratni, cubit”. According to the *Śulvasūtra* of Baudhāyana (Fleet. J. R. A. S., 1912,231, 2), this measure is equal to 24 aṅgulas or ‘finger-breadths’. The *Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa* (x. 2,1,3) also mentions 24 aṅgulas or ‘finger-breadths’ as a measure, but without reference to the aratni (see below), cf. Eggeling, *Sacred Books of the East*, 43, 300, n.3.”.

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(13) “Prādeśa frequently occurs in the “Brāhmaṇas” (Vedic Index ii, 152). (“Aitareya,” viii 5; “Śatapatha,” iii, 5, 4, 5; “Chhāndogya upanishad”, v. 18, 1, etc..) as a measure of length, a span”, (*ibid.* II-50.)

v1.c6.102

(14) “The “Śatāpatha-Brāhmaṇa”, 10, 2, 1, 2:—Tasy-aish-āvamā mātrā yad aṅgulayaḥ;—this is his lowest measure, namely the fingers.”

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(15) “In some table the aratni is distinguished from the hasta, and is defined as measuring 21 aṅgula. But the “Śulvasūtra” of Baudhāyana defines it as equal to 2 prādeśa each of 12 aṅgula, and so agrees in making it equal to 24 aṅgula. In any case, our present point is that the “Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra” gives its value as 24 aṅgula.” (Fleet *J. R. A. S.*, 1912, p. 231 notes 1, 2.). Compare also *ibid.* pp. 231, 232, 233:

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(16) “Like some of the other Hindu tables, it “(Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra”) starts (p. 106, line 3) with the paramāṇu or ‘most minute atom.’ It takes its measures up to the aṅgula, through four intermediate grades, by “eights”: it defines the aṅgula (line 7) as being equal to 8 yava-madhya, or 8 barley-corns laid side by side: and it further defines it as the middle breadth of the middle finger of a middle-sized man. It tells us (line 11) that 12 *aṅgula* are 1 *vitasti* or “span and (line 13) that 2 *vitasti* are 1 *aratni*: here, by its aratni of 24 aṅgula it means the measure which in other tables is usually called hasta or kara, “the fore-arm, the cubit”; and, in fact, it adds *prājāpatya* hasta as another name of its *aratni*.”

v1.c6.105

“In the regular course of the table it tells us next (line 20) that 4 aratni (i.e. 4 hasta or cubits) are 1 daṇḍa, ‘staff’, or dhanus, ‘bow’ (from which it follows that 1 dhanus = 96 aṅgula).”

“Now the aṅgula or finger-breadth may be the theoretical unit: it may well have been originally the actual unit and the source of the other measures. But we can hardly doubt that the hasta or cubit eventually took its place as the practical unit; and that a correct scale was maintained by keeping in public offices a standard hasta marked off into 2 vitasti and 24 aṅgula. At any rate, the hasta is the practical measure to which we must attend in estimating all the others.”

(17) “Following Colebrooke (“Essays,” I. 540, note), I take the hasta for easy computation at exactly 18 inches, which gives ¾ inch as the value of the aṅgula.”

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AṄGHRI—A foot, generally a small (dwarf) pillar constructed on a larger one, or in the upper parts of a storey; a pilaster:

v1.c6.107

Tad-dvayaṁ chāṅghri-tuṅgaṁ syād ekāṁsaṁ prastarānvitam
@H (M. XII, 35).

Chatush-pādaṁ tri-pādaṁ cha dvi-pādaikāṅghrim eva vā (M. LXVII. 8).

Tatra hīnādhikaṁ chet pāda-sthānāṅghrikāśrayam |

Sarveshāṁ bhitti-māneshu tatra dosho na vidyate (M. LXIX. 60-61).

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As a synonym of the pillar:

v1.c6.109

Jaṅghā cha charaṇaṁ chaiva sthalī stambhamaṅghrikam
@H (M. xv. 4).

v1.c6.110

As a pillar of the first floor:

v1.c6.111

Tadūrdhve’ṅghri śarāṁśaṁ syāt (M. xx. 16).

Adri-sopāna-pārśve tu na kuryāt pārśvayor aṅghrikam (M. xxx. 163).

v1.c6.112

As a dwarf pillar placed upon a larger column:

v1.c6.113

Athavā sapta-saptāṁśaṁ vibhajet tritalodaye |

Chatur-bhāgam adhishṭhānaṁ tad-dvayaṁ pāda-tuṅgakam |

v1.c6.114

Adhishṭhāna-samaṁ mañchaṁ mañchordhve'rdhena vap-ray-uk।
Sa-tripāda-shaḍaṁśena chorhve pādodayaṁ bhavet।
Tadūrdhve prastarottuṅgaṁ sa-tri-pādaṁ tri-pādakam।
Tadūrdhve'rdhena vapraṁ syāt tadūrdhve'ṅghri shaḍaṁ-śakam। (M. XXI. 12-17).

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A subordinate pillar:

v1.c6.116

Mūla-pāda-viśālaṁ vā tat-tri-pāda-viśālakam।
Etat kumbhāṅghrikaṁ proktam antarālaṁ cha yojayet। (M. XV. 228-229).

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AṄGHRIKA-VĀRI—A moulding of the lamp-post (dīpa-daṇḍa):

v1.c6.118

Agre cha phalakāntaṁ cha tāṭikādyair vibhūshitam।
Athavāṅghrika-vāriṁ syād ūrdhve cha kuḍmalānvitam (M. L. 78-79).

v1.c6.119

ACHALA-SOPĀNA (see *Sopāna*)—a flight of stationary or immovable steps:

v1.c6.120

Achalaṁ cha chalaṁ chaiva dvidhā sopānaṁ īritaṁ (M. XXX. 90).

v1.c6.121

See the contents of 93-124 under *Sopāna*. Cf.: Evaṁ tu chala-sopānaṁ achalaṁ tat pravakshyate (151). Then follows the measurement (152-154).

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AṬṬA, AṬṬĀLA—High, lofty.

v1.c6.123

AṬṬĀLAKA—“an apartment on the roof; an upper storey,” a tower, a military post.

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AṬṬĀLIKĀ—“a house of two or more storeys, a lofty house, palace” (*M. W dict*).
(1) “*Kauṭilya-Arthaśāstra*:”

v1.c6.125

‘Vishkambha-chaturaśram aṭṭālakaṁ utsedha-samāvakshepa-sopānaṁ kārayet.’
‘Triṁśad-daṇḍāntaraṁ cha dvayor aṭṭālakayor madhye sa-harmyā-dvi-talāṁ dvyardhāyāmāṁ pratolīṁ kārayet.’
‘Aṭṭālaka-pratolī-madhye trī-dhānushkādhishṭhānaṁ sāpidhāna-chchhidra-phalaka-saṁhatam itīndrakośaṁ kārayet.’ (Chap. XXIV. 52).

v1.c6.126

Agrato'lindakopetam aṭṭālaṁ sālakāntare ।
Gopurasya tu . . . . . ।। 126.

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(3) “ Rājatarangiṇī :”

v1.c6.128

I. 274: prākārāṭṭāla-maṇḍalam.... ...kinnarā-puram ।
I. 301: nagaryaḥ...........truṭyad aṭṭāla-mekhalāḥ ।

v1.c6.129

(4) “ Mahābhārata ” (Cock) :

v1.c6.130

II. 80,30 : prākārāṭṭālakeshu ।
III. 15,16 : purī . . . . . sāṭṭālakā-gopurā ।
III. 160,39 : Vaiśravaṇāvāsam...........prākāreṇa parikshiptam ।
. . . . . chayāṭṭālaka-śobhinam ।
III. 173,3 : puram..........gopurāṭṭālakopetam ।
III. 207,7 : Mithilām........gopurāṭṭālakavatīm ।
XV. 5,16 : puram aṭṭālaka-saṁbādham (with very high storey).
XVI. 6,24 : nagarīm...........prākārāṭṭalakopetām ।

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(5) “ Rāmayāṇa ” :

v1.c6.132

I. 5,11 : Uchchāṭṭāla-dhvaja-vatīm śataghnī-śata-saṁkulām ।
Commentary : aṭṭāla upari gṛiham (lit. house at the top).
II. 6,11 : Chaityeshvaṭṭālakeshu cha ।
Commentary : aṭṭālakaḥ prākāroparitana-yuddha-sthānam = aṭṭālakas imply the military towers built on the top of the enclosure walls.
V. 3,33 : laṅkām . . . . . sāṭṭa-prākāra-toraṇām ।
V. 37,39 : sāṭṭa-prākāra-toraṇāṁ laṅkāṁ ।
V. 55,32 : laṅkā sāṭṭa-prākāra-toraṇā ।
V. 51,36 : purīṁ sāṭṭā-pratolikām ।
V. 58,158 : purīm sāṭṭa-gopurām ।
VI. 75, 6 : gopurāṭṭā-pratolīshu chāryāsu cha vividhāsu cha ।
V. 2,17 : laṅkām . . . . . aṭṭālaka-śatākīrṇām ।
V. 2,21 : purīm . . . . . vapra-prākāra-jaghanām ।
śataghni-śūla-keśāntām aṭṭālakavataṁsakām ।

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(6) Turrets :

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Giri-śikhara-taru-taṭ-āṭṭālak-opatalpa-dvāra-śaraṇochchhraya-
compare with : Raghuvaṁśa. xvi. 11, viśīrṇa-talp-āṭṭa-śato

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niveśaḥ (Kielhorn, *Junāgadh Rock inscrip. of Rudradaman*, line 6, Ep. Ind., vol. VIII, pp. 43, 46 and note 3).

v1.c6.136

AṆḌA—A cupola, cf. Shoḍaśāṇḍayutaḥ, furnished with 16 cupolas; vibhūshito'ṇḍaiś cha viṁśatyā--adorned with 20 cupolas "(Bṛihatsaṁhitā," LVI. 22, 24, 28; Kern. J. R. A. S. (N. S.) vol. VI. p. 319, 320). Śobhanaiḥ patra-vallibhir aṇḍakaiś cha vibhūshitaḥ । ("Matsya Purāṇa." Chap. 269. v. 20; see also: v., 37).

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ATI-BHAṄGA—(See *Bhaṅga*) A pose, in which the idol is bent in more than two or three places. cf :

v1.c6.138

Sarveshāṁ deva-devīnāṁ bhaṅga-mānam ihochyate ।
Ābhaṅgaṁ sama-bhaṅgaṁ cha ati-bhaṅgam tridhā bhavet (M. LXVII, 95-96).
Evaṁ tu sama-bhaṅgaṁ syād ati-bhaṅgam ihochyate ।
Pārshṇyantaraṁ śarāṅgulyaṁ tat-pādāṅgushṭhayor antare ।
Tad dvayor madhyame viṁśad aṅgulyaṁ dvyantaraṁ bhavet ।
Taj-jānu-dvayor madhye dvyantaram dvādaśāṅgulam ।
Ūru-mūla-dvayor madhye sārdha-dvyaṅgula-kāntakam ।
Evaṁ ati-bhaṅgaṁ syād etāni yuktito nyaset ।

v1.c6.139

(*ibid* 117-122).

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ADBHUTA—(see *utsedha*) One of the five proportions of the measurement of the height; in this proportion the height is twice the breadth, cf :

v1.c6.141

(1) Pañchadhotsedham utkṛishṭaṁ mānāt pañcha-vidhaṁ nāma ।
> Śāntikaṁ paushṭikaṁ śreshṭhaṁ pārshṇikaṁ (also, jayadam) madhya-māne tu ।
> Hīnam tu dvayaṁ ta(*d*)-dvi-guṇaṁ chādbhutaṁ kathitam ।
> Karādhikodayaṁ harmye sarvakāmikam udīritam। (M. XI. 20-23).
> Śāntikaṁ paushṭikaṁ jayadaṁ chādbhutaṁ uttuṅgaṁ sarva-kāmikam (M. XI 76).
A clear statement of the rule :
Tad-vistāra-samottuṅgaṁ sapādārdhaṁ tu tuṅgakam ।
Tri-pādādhikam utsedhaṁ vistāraṁ dvi-guṇodayam ।
Prathamaṁ śāntikotsedhaṁ dvitīyaṁ paushṭikodayam ।

v1.c6.142

Tṛitīyaṁ jayadottuṅgaṁ chaturthaṁ dhanadodayam (i.e. sarvakāmikam) ।
Pañchamaṁ chādbhutotsedhaṁ janmādi-stupikāntakam । (M. xxxv. 21-25)

v1.c6.143

(2) "Kāmikāgama", L. 24-28 :

v1.c6.144

A measurement of the height, cf :
Śāntikaṁ pushṭi-jayadam adbhutaṁ sarvakāmikam ।
Utsedhe dvi-guṇa-vyāsaḥ pādādhikyaṁ cha sammatam ॥ 24
Vistāra-dvi-guṇād ashṭāṁśādhikaṁ vādhiyojayet ।
Kshudrāṇām evaṁ uddishṭaṁ kanishṭhānām athochyate ॥ 25
Saptāṁśe tu kṛite vyāse saptāṁśaṁ vā shaḍ-aṁśakam ।
Vistārād adhikas tuṅgo madhya-mānaṁ athochyate ॥ 26
Vistāraṁ pūrvavat kṛitvā chatush-pañchādhikaṁ tu yat ।
Madhya-mānam idaṁ proktaṁ uttamānāṁ trayāṁśakam ॥
Pūrvaṁ uddeśa-mānaṁ syād etaṁ nirddeśa-mānakam ॥ 27
Ėka-dvi-tri-karayor yuktaṁ māna-hīnaṁ tu vādhikam ।
Utsedhaṁ kalpayed dhīmān sarveshām api sadmanām ॥ 28

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(3) A class of the two storeyed buildings (see M. xx. 94, 28-33, under PRASĀDA). A class of buildings (see "Kāmikāgama", XLV. 61a, under *mālikā*)

v1.c6.146

ADRI-SOPĀNA—(See *Sopāna*)—A flight of steps for a hill, cf :

v1.c6.147

Adri-sopāna-pārśve tu na kuryāt pārśvayo aṅghrikaṁ (M. xxx. 163)
Adri-sopāna-deśe tu dīrgha-mānaṁ yatheshṭakam (*ibid.* 136)
Adri-deśe samārohya yatra tatraiva kārayet (*ibid.* 118)

v1.c6.148

ADHIMAṆḌAPĀKĀRA—Having the shape of the adhimaṇḍapa (outside pavilion) :

v1.c6.149

Kshudra-devālayaṁ sarvaṁ pūrvavaj janmādim uditam।
Maṇḍapaṁ nava-talaṁ kuryād bhavanaṁ anya-raṅgaṁ vādhimaṇḍapākaram । (M. XI. 143—144).

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ADHISHṬHĀNA—Etymologically ('adhi-sthā,' to stand) it denotes an object on which something stands. Hence it is the basement or the lowest member of a building. In the same way, it implies the stand or base of the column, being the member between the shaft and the pedestal if there be any. Its identification with the base and the basement need not be questioned. It is clear beyond doubt by a comparison of the component parts and the offices it serves with the corresponding details (quoted below) of the Grecian and Roman architecture.

v1.c6.151

Yajamānasya jānvantaṁ nāvyantaṁ hṛidayāvadhi|
Galāvadhi śiro’ntaṁ cha pādārdhaṁ vā tri-bhāgikam|| 22
Tri(tra)yādi-shoḍaśa-bhāgānām adhikaṁ vokta-mānataḥ |
Adhishṭhānasya mānaṁ syāt . . . . . || 23
Talādhishṭhāna-pādebhyaḥ kiṁchid-ūna-pramāṇakam || 114
Mūla-dhāma-talottuṅgādhishṭhāna-tala-saṁyutam |
Tad-vihīna-talaṁ vāpi sama-sthala-yutaṁ tu vā || 116
Adhishṭhānādi shaḍ-vargaṁ tan-mānaṁ upapīṭhake |
Dvārotsedhāya dātavyaṁ samaṁ vāpyadhikaṁ tu vā || 122

v1.c6.152

*ibid*, lv. 202 :

v1.c6.153

Masūrakam adhishṭhānaṁ vastvādhāraṁ dharātalam |
Talaṁ kuṭṭimādyangaṁ adhishṭhānasya kīrtitam ||

v1.c6.154

These are stated to be the synonyms of ‘adhishṭhāna’.

v1.c6.155

But they appear as the component parts of it.

v1.c6.156

(2) “ Suprabhedāgama ” xxxi :

v1.c6.157

Tato jāṅgala-bhūmiś ched adhishṭhānaṁ prakalpayet |
Tach-chatur-vidham ākhyātam iha śāstre viśeshataḥ || 16
Padma-bandhaṁ chāru-bandhaṁ pāda-bandhaṁ prati-kramam |
Vistārasya chaturthāṁśam adhishṭhānochchhrayaṁ bhavet || 17

v1.c6.158

(See the mouldings of these four bases under those terms).

v1.c6.159

Pādāyāmam adhishṭhānaṁ dvi-guṇaṁ sarva-sammatam || 28

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(3) “ Mānasāra ”, Chap. xiv (named *Adhishṭhāna*), 1—412 :

v1.c6.161

Twelve kinds of heights (from one large span to four large cubits) to be employed in twelve storeys, one above the other :

v1.c6.162

Trayodaśāṅgulam ārabhya shaṭ-shaḍ-aṅgula-vardhanāt |
Chatur-hastāvasānaṁ syāt kuṭṭima(=adhishṭhāna)-dvā-daśonnatam |
Eka-dvā-daśa-bhūmyantaṁ harmyāntaṁ tat kramāt nyaset | (2—4).

v1.c6.163

These heights vary in buildings of the different castes and ranks: Viprāṇāṁ tu chatur-hastaṁ bhū-patīnāṁ tri-hastakam । Sārdha-dvi-hastaṁ utsedhaṁ yuva-rājasya harmyake । Dvi-hastaṁ tu viśāṁ proktam eka-hastaṁ tu śūdrake । (5—7)

v1.c6.164

These heights are stated to be proportionate to the heights of the buildings: Harmya-tuṅga-vaśāt proktaṁ tasya māsu(ū)rakonnatam । Janmādi-vājanāntaṁ syāt kuṭṭimodayaṁ īritam । (8—9)

v1.c6.165

The height of the base as compared with that of the pedestal: Adhishṭhānonnate deśe chopapīṭhaṁ hi saṁśritam । Ete tat-tvam adhishṭhānaṁ tuṅgaṁ tach chatur-aṁśakam । (XIII. 2-3).

v1.c6.166

The comparative heights of the base, pedestal and shaft or pillar:

v1.c6.167

“In a Tamil fragment of a manuscript, purporting to be a translation of Māyāmata (?Mayamata), it is said—‘The height of the shaft or pillar is to be divided into four parts, and one to be given to the base, which may or may not be accompanied by a pedestal; and in the *case* where a pedestal is joined to the base, the height of the pedestal may be either equal to that of the base, or twice or three times as much’”. (Rām Rāz. “Ess. Arch. of Hind.” p. 26).

v1.c6.168

According to Rām Rāz, the passage XIII, 2-3, quoted above, is meant to imply that the height of the pedestal consists “of from one quarter to six times the height of the base”. (*ibid.* p. 26).

v1.c6.169

According to the “Mānasāra” (XXI, 13; see below) and the “Suprabhedāgama” (XXXI, quoted above) the base is half of the pillar (pāda). The “Kāmikāgama” does not give exact proportion but says (XXXV, 114; see above) that the tala (the lowest part or the pedestal and the base) is a little less (kiṁchid ūna) than the pillar or shaft (pāda).

v1.c6.170

Compare also verses 22, 23 of the same Āgama quoted above.

v1.c6.171

The height of the base is sometimes included in that of the pillar : Pādāyāmāvasānaṁ cha adhishṭhānodayena cha। (M. xv. 9).

v1.c6.172

Further comparative measurement of the base : Athavā sapta-saptāṁśaṁ vibhajet tri-talodaye। Chatur-bhāgam adhishṭhānaṁ tad-dvayaṁ pāda-tuṅgakam। Adhishṭhāna-samaṁ-mañchaṁ mañchordhve’rdhena vaprayuk। (M. xxi, 12-14).

v1.c6.173

‘Adhishṭhāna’ implying the basement of a building : Garbhāvaṭasya (=of the foundation pit) nimnaṁ syād adhishṭhāna(ṁ)-samonnatam। Ishṭakair api pāshāṇaiś chaturaśraṁ samaṁ bhavet। (xii, 6-7).

v1.c6.174

The employment of various bases recommended; referring to the building of three storeys : Nānādhishṭhāna-saṁyuktaṁ nānā-pādair alaṅkṛitam। Nānā-gopāna-saṁyuktaṁ kshudra-nāsyair vibhūshitam। (M. xx, 65-66).

v1.c6.175

The penalty for having a disproportionate base : Adhishṭhānottuṅga-hīnaṁ syāt sthāna-nāśaṁ dhana-kshayam। (M. lxix, 20).

v1.c6.176

The 64 types of bases : Evaṁ chatush-shashṭi-masūrakāṇi=adhishṭhānam) śāstrokta-mānena vibhijitāni। Jñātvā prakurvann iha śilpi-varyas tad vāstu-bhartuḥ pradadāti saṁpat। (M. xiv, 393-396).

v1.c6.177

These 64 bases are described under 19 technical class names (10-372); the details thereof are as follow :

v1.c6.178

*Mānasāra.* Chap. xiv. : (The mouldings are arranged in the successive order, as given in the text, from the bottom upwards).

v1.c6.179

I.—Pāda-bandha (10-22) :—
(a) 24 parts :
(1) Vapraka (cavetto) .... .... 8
(2) Kumuda (astragal) .... .... 7

v1.c6.180

| (4) Karṇa (ear) .... | .... | .... | 3 |
| (5) Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (6) Paṭṭikā (band, fillet) | .... | .... | 5 |
| (7) Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (*b*) 29 parts : | | | |
| (1) Janman (plinth) | .... | .... | 2 |
| (2) Padma (cyma) | .... | .... | 2 |
| (3) Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| The rest as before. | | | |
| (*c*) 29 parts : | | | |
| (1) Janman (plinth) | .... | .... | 1 |
| The rest as before. | | | |
| (*d*) 28 parts : | | | |
| (1) Janman (plinth) | .... | .... | 2 |
| (2) Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (3) Vapra (cavetto) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (4) Kandhara (dado) | .... | .... | 2 |
| The rest as before. | | | |

v1.c6.181

II.—Uraga-bandha (23-43) :—

v1.c6.182

| (*a*) 18 parts : | | | |
| (1) Vapra (cavetto) | .... | .... | 7 |
| (2) Kumuda (astragal) | .... | .... | 6 |
| (3) Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (4) Kandhara (dado) | .... | .... | 1 |
| .(5) Paṭṭa / (6) Paṭṭikās (fillet) | .... | .... | 2 |
| (7) Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (*b*) 20 parts : | | | |
| (1) Vājana (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (2) Kandhara (dado) | .... | .... | 2 |
| (3) Vājana (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (*c*) 22 parts : | | | |
| (1) Kampa (fillet) above Kumbha (pitcher) | | | 1 |
| (2) Karṇa (ear) .... | .... | .... | 1 |

v1.c6.183

| (3) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (4) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (5) | Kandhara (dado) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (6) | Vājana (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (7) | Kandhara (dado) | .... | .... | 3 |
| (8) | Gopānaka (beam) | .... | .... | 2 |
| (9) | Prativājana (cavetto) | | .... | 11 |

v1.c6.184

(*d*) 24 parts :

v1.c6.185

| (1) | Vapra (cavetto) | .... | .... | 7 |
| (2) | Kumuda (torus) | .... | .... | 6 |

v1.c6.186

(The peculiarity of this part is that it is decorated with makara (shark) etc. (40).

v1.c6.187

| (3) | Vājana (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (4) | Kampana (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (5) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (6) | Prativājana (cavetto) | | .... | 8 |

v1.c6.188

These four types of bases are shaped like the face of a snake and furnished with two *Pratis* at the top (44); and their *Kumbha* (pitcher) is circular (45). These are employed in the buildings of Gods (i.e. temples), Brāhmans and Kings (46).

v1.c6.189

III.—Prati-krama (44—64) :—

v1.c6.190

(*a*) 21 parts :

v1.c6.191

| (1) | Kshudropāna (small plinth) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (2) | Padma (cyma) | .... | .... | 2½ |
| (3) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | .... | 1½ |
| (4) | Vapra (cavetto) | .... | .... | 7 |
| (5) | Dhārā-kumbha (supporting pitcher) | | .... | 6 |
| (6) | Āliṅga (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (7) | Antarita (fillet) | .... | .... | 1 |
| (8) | Padma (cyma) or | .... | .... | |
| | Kampa (fillet) or | .... | .... | 1 (or 2) |
| | Paṭṭa (band) | .... | .... | 1 (or 2) |

Linked texts (23)

Mānasāra — Sanskrit
Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa — Vālmīki, Sanskrit
Mānava Dharmaśāstra — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit
Raghuvaṃśa — Kālidāsa, Sanskrit
Aṣṭādhyāyī — Pāṇini, Sanskrit
Bṛhatsaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit
Chāndogyopaniṣad — Sanskrit
Aitareyabrāhmaṇa — Mahidāsa Aitareya, Sanskrit
Mahābhārata — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Śatapathabrāhmaṇa — Yājñavalkya & Śāṇḍilya (Vedic teacher), Sanskrit
Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Kāmikāgama — Sanskrit
Rājataraṅgiṇī — Kalhaṇa, Sanskrit
Matsyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit
Suprabhedāgama — Sanskrit
Mayamata — Maya, Sanskrit
Devīmāhātmya — Sanskrit
Epigraphia Indica
Pañcatantra — Viṣṇuśarman, Sanskrit
Śulbasūtra
Epigraphia Carnatica
Paryāyaratnamālā — Mādhavakara, Sanskrit

Contents

A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture