續一切經音義 4

English (machine translation) 4

Language: English

4.1

Compiled by the Śramaṇa Xilin of Chongren Monastery in Yanjing

Continued pronunciations for:
Mahāyāna Jātaka Citta-bhūmi-saṃkledha-sūtra, eight fascicles
Dhāraṇī-sūtra of the Sovereign of Protecting the State Realm, ten fascicles
Mahāyāna Yoga Teachings of the King of the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Almsbowl Mañjuśrī Great Teaching King Sūtra, ten fascicles

4.3

The above three sūtras in twenty-eight fascicles have their continued pronunciations in this fascicle.

4.4

Mahāyāna Jātaka Citta-bhūmi-saṃkledha-sūtra (with Preface)

4.5

Alas! (噫夫: for the upper, yú + qí [yī]; the Qieyun says, "To recall." The Kaosheng says, "The sound of resentment." Zheng's commentary on the Liji says, "噫 is an exclamation of failure to understand." For the lower, fáng + wú [fú]; the Kaosheng says, "An initial particle of speech." The Liji says, "夫 (now), as for those who are sons...", and also says, "夫, the three years' mourning...", and also says, "夫, it does not cease day or night..."; all are initial particles).

4.6

Fish trap and rabbit snare (筌蹄: for the upper, qī + yuán [quán]; the Kaosheng says, "A bamboo implement for catching fish; also a type of basket; also called a fish trap." Zhuangzi says, "A fish trap (筌) is for catching fish; once the fish is caught, the trap is forgotten." For the lower, dì + xī [tí]; Master Zhuang says, "A hare trap (蹄) is for catching rabbits; once the rabbit is caught, the snare is forgotten." Derived from 足 with 帝 as phonetic. The Yupian writes it as 罤, stating, "A rabbit net").

4.7

Thoroughfare and highway (逵路: for the upper, qiú + wēi [kuí]; the Erya says, "A nine-way intersection is called a kuí." Guo Pu's commentary says, "Four roads crossing out, with further side avenues." For the lower, luò + gù [lù]; the Erya says, "A single road leading through is called a dào-lù." Guo's commentary says, "It refers to a long road." 逵 is also written as 馗, with identical pronunciation and gloss).

4.8

Gṛdhrakūṭa Mountain (耆闍崛山: the upper is pronounced qí; the next is shì + zhē [shé]; corrupt and abbreviated Sanskrit. Properly it is Gṛdhrakūṭa (姞粟駄羅矩吒), translated here as Vulture Peak, and also as Vulture Terrace. Because many vultures roost on this mountain's peaks, and it resembles a high terrace, it was named thus. 姞 is pronounced jù + yǐ [jí]).

4.9

Perhaps performing libation (或祼: for the lower, gǔ + wàn [guàn]; the Shijing says, "Performing the libation (祼) in the capital." The Lunyu says, "From the pouring of the libation onward at the di sacrifice..." Kong's commentary says, "Pouring the fragrant herb-infused wine to offer a libation to the Prime Ancestor; it shares the gloss with guàn (灌, to pour)." Note that the sūtra preface says, 'The merit of covert guidance, or perhaps libation (祼) in principle.' The Shuowen states that the character 祼 is derived from 示 and pronounced guàn; prayers to spirits and gods, offerings, and sacrifices all derive from 示. The current preface writes it with the clothing radical as 裸, pronounced huá + wǎ [luǒ], meaning stripping off clothes and baring the body. Let the wise examine this).

4.10

Sweet spring (醴泉: for the upper, lái + qǐ [lǐ]; the Erya says, "When sweet rain falls in due season and the myriad things flourish, it is called a sweet spring." The Ruiying tu says, "When a ruler's food and drink are pure and harmonious, sweet springs gush forth; drinking them causes longevity." The Dongguan Hanji says, "In the first year of the Zhongyuan era of Emperor Guangwu, a sweet spring emerged in the capital; those who drank it were cured of chronic illnesses." The Shuowen derives it from 酉 with 豊 as phonetic).

4.11

Ghee (醍醐: for the upper, tú + xī [tí]; for the lower, hù + gū [hú]; the Shuowen writes them as 䬫餬, stating: "Extracted from curd is butter, and the clarified liquid within butter [is ghee]." According to the Materia Medica (Bencao), it cures febrile poisons and eliminates various wind ailments, being a cooling medicine).

4.12

Mahāyāna Jātaka Citta-bhūmi-saṃkledha-sūtra, Fascicle One

4.13

Ājñāta-Kauṇḍinya (阿若憍陳如: the upper is niǎo + gé [ā]; the next is rú + zhě [ruò]; corrupt and abbreviated Sanskrit. It should properly be Ājñāta-Kauṇḍinya (阿若多憍陳那). Ājñāta here means 'understood'; because he was the first to understand the Dharma, his name was first proclaimed. Kauṇḍinya is a brāhmaṇa clan name; nya is a masculine suffix indicating descent from his father. Thus the newly translated sūtras render it as 'Understood Kauṇḍinya' (解憍陳那)).

4.14

Aśvajit (阿史波室多: Sanskrit; formerly rendered as Aśva (阿濕縛), translated here as 'Horse Victory' (馬勝); the name of an arhat).

4.15

Limpid and pure (澄澈: for the upper, zhí + lù [chéng]; the character books say, "澄 means clear water." For the lower, zhí + liè [chè]; the Erya says, "澈 means clear waves." The Shuowen says, "澈 also means clear and pure; derived from 水 with an abbreviation of 撤 as phonetic").

4.16

Vaiśya (薜舍: the upper is pú + jì [bì]; Sanskrit, also written as 毘舍 or 吠舍, one of the four castes of the Western Regions. They are prosperous in wealth, dealing with nobles and dignitaries, or traveling as merchants trading goods across foreign lands, accumulating wealth and storing treasures in their homes; they are either addressed as elders (śreṣṭhin) or granted fief names).

4.17

Śūdra (戊達羅: the upper is shì + jù [shù]; also Sanskrit, formerly written as 首陁, which was corrupt and abbreviated. This single caste devotes itself to agriculture, plowing, tilling, sowing, and planting, paying taxes to kings and ministers. Most are commoners and all are farmers, with little learning; among the four castes, they are the lowest).

4.18

Parrot (鸚鵡: for the upper, niǎo + gēng [yīng]; the lower is pronounced wǔ; the lower is also written as 䳇 with the same [meaning]. The Shanhaijing says, "On Mount Huang there is a bird with green feathers, a red beak, and a human-like tongue capable of speaking human speech; it is called parrot (鸚鵡)." The Quli says, "Though a parrot can speak, it does not cease to be a flying bird").

4.19

Silkworm cocoon (蠶繭: for the upper, zá + hán [cán]; the Shuowen says, "To spin silk; derived from 䖵 with 朁 as phonetic." The sūtra text writes it as 蝅 or 蠶, which is incorrect; or writes it as 蚕, pronounced tiān + xiǎn [tiǎn], a kind of earthworm, which departs greatly from the character's meaning. For the lower, gǔ + diǎn [jiǎn]; the Shuowen derives it from 虫, 糸, and 𡵄, picturing the shape of a cocoon moth. The Sanqi jing says, "Just as a silkworm spinning a cocoon expels silk and binds itself." The sūtra writing it as 蠒 is not the original character).

4.20

Sumeru (蘇迷盧: formerly called Xumi (須彌) or Milou (彌樓), both being corruptions. Properly it is Sumeru (蘇迷盧), translated here as 'Wondrous High Mountain' (妙高山). Huilin cites the Abhidharmakośa-śāstra: 'Its eastern face is silver, northern face gold, western face crystal, and southern face blue vaḍūrya.' The Mahāprajñāpāramitōpadeśa says: 'Being made of the four jewels, it is called "wondrous"; surpassing all mountains, it is called "high". It is also named Wondrous Light, meaning that the lights of the four-colored jewels uniquely illuminate the world, hence named Wondrous Light. It rises eighty thousand yojanas above the water').

4.21

Campaka (瞻蔔迦: formerly called 瞻蔔; properly it is campaka (瞻博迦). Ancient translations rendered it as turmeric flower. The Mahāprajñāpāramitōpadeśa says: 'A yellow flower; the tree is tall and grand, and the fragrance of the flower is smelled from afar. In the Western lands there are many of these trees').

4.22

極爆 (for the first character, 極, the Shuowen says it takes 木 as radical and 亟 as phonetic. 亟 takes 二, 人, 又, and 口, meaning that between heaven and earth, nothing is more urgent for humanity than the hands and mouth. 二 signifies heaven and earth; 勹 is the ancient character for 人; 又 is the hand. For the second character, [bào], fanqie 補教 [b- + -(j)iæu = bjæu/bào]. The Shuowen says: “爆 means to scorch.” The Guangya says: “It means heat.” The Kaosheng says: “The sound of firewood burning; a fierce blaze.” The Yunying says: “A leaping flame.” The Yunquan says: “The sound of fierce fire.”)

4.23

胷臆 (for the first character, [xiōng], fanqie 香邕 [x- + -(j)woŋ = xioŋ/xiōng]. The Shuowen says: “胷 means the chest (膺).” It is noted that 胷 is also written 臆; it is sometimes written 匈. For the second character, [yì], fanqie 應力 [ʔ- + -ɨk = ʔɨk/yì]. The Shuowen says: “臆 is the chest-bone. It takes 肉 as radical and an abbreviated 意 as phonetic.”)

4.24

沈淪 (for the first character, [chén], fanqie 直林 [ɖ- + -im = ɖim/chén]. The Yupian says: “To submerge.” The Qieyun says: “Great; turbid.” For the second character, [lún], fanqie 劣迍 [l- + -uən = luən/lún]. It also means to sink; ripples of water. The Erya says: “Small waves are called 淪.”)

4.25

盲龜 (for the first character, [máng], fanqie 武庚 [m- + -æŋ = mˠæŋ/máng]. The Qieyun says: “Having no eyes.” The Wenzi says: “Music Master Kuang was blind (瞽盲).” The character books say: “盲 means seeing nothing.” For the second character, [guī], fanqie 居追 [k- + -wi = kwi/guī]. The Shuoyuan says: “The numinous turtle is five-coloured, resembling gold and jade; its back is dark (yin) and its belly faces the sun (yang). Elevated above, it resembles heaven; flat below, it models the earth.” The Da Dai Liji says: “There are three hundred and sixty-four shelled creatures, and the divine turtle is their elder.” The Erya says: “The first is called the divine turtle.” The Shanhaijing says: “Mount Daku has many three-legged turtles.”)

4.26

Mahāyāna-mūlajātahṛdayabhūmidhyāna-sūtra, Fascicle Two

4.27

吮乳 (for the first character, [shǔn], fanqie 徐充 [z- + -ɨoŋ = ziwoŋ/shǔn]. The Yunying says: “To suck.” It takes 口 as radical and 允 as phonetic. In the sūtra it is written as 呪, which is a corrupt cursive form. For the second character, [rǔ], fanqie 儒主 [ɲ- + -ɨo = ɲiwo/rǔ]. The Qieyun says: “Soft; a class of curd.” The Kaosheng says: “Mother's fluid is called 乳.” The Shuowen says: “It takes 乙 as radical and 孚 as phonetic.”)

4.28

瀑漲 (for the first character, [bào], fanqie 薄報 [b- + -ɑu = bɑu/bào]. The Erya says: “A torrential rain (瀑雨) is called dòng.” Guo's commentary says: “In Jiangdong, summer torrential rain is called dòng rain.” 涷 is pronounced 東. For the second character, [zhàng], fanqie 知亮 [ʈ- + -ɨaŋ = ʈɨaŋ/zhàng]. The Qieyun says: “Great floodwaters overflowing.” The Shuowen says: “Waters swelling.” It takes 水 as radical and 張 as phonetic; it is a phono-semantic character.)

4.29

矛矟 (for the first character, [máo], fanqie 莫侯 [m- + -əu = məu/máo]. The Lüshi chunqiu says: “Chiyou made lances.” The Kaosheng says: “A qiú-lance is of the dagger-axe class.” The Shuowen says: “A lance is twenty feet long, mounted on war chariots.” Some write it with the vulgar character 鉾. For the second character, [shuò], fanqie 雙卓 [ʃ- + -ˠʌk = ʃˠʌk/shuò]. The Boya says: “矟 is also a lance.” The Gujin zhengzi says: “A lance is eighteen feet long.” The Wenzidian says: “It is the halberd-lance (戟矟) of today.” Some write it as 槊 or 㮶; neither is the standard character.)

4.30

髓惱 (for the first character, [suǐ], fanqie 雖柴 [s- + -iɛ = sie/suǐ]. The Shuowen says: “Fat within the bones. It takes 骨 as radical and an abbreviated 隨 as phonetic.” For the second character, [nǎo], fanqie 能老 [n- + -ɑu = nɑu/nǎo]. The Wenzi jilüe says: “Marrow in the head.” In the Shuowen the character 𡍗 takes 匕 and 囟; 囟 is pronounced 信, the fontanelle of an infant. It takes 巛, which depicts hair on top, meaning adjoining the head above. In the present sūtra it is written as 腦, or as [腮-田+(囟-乂+夕)], 𦠊, 腦, 𰈐, or 𱟈; all five forms are corrupt errors.)

4.31

Mahāyāna-mūlajātahṛdayabhūmidhyāna-sūtra, Fascicle Three

4.32

蚊虻 (for the first character, [wén], fanqie 勿汾 [m- + -ɨun = mɨun/wén]. The Shuowen writes it as 蟁; the Wu pronunciation is 閩. A flying insect that bites people. In the sūtra it is written with the vulgar character 蚉. For the second character, [méng], fanqie 莫耕 [m- + -æŋ = mˠæŋ/méng]. The Shenglei says: “Resembles a fly but larger.” The Shuowen says: “Generated by transformation in the grasses and blossoms of mountains and marshes; also born on deer bodies. Those large in form are called 虻; the small are called [虫*((天*天)/日)], pronounced 暫.)”

4.33

攢鎽 (for the first character, [cuán], fanqie 在桓 [dz- + -uɑn = dzuɑn/cuán]. The Qieyun says: “To bring together.” The Zitong says: “攢 means to gather; that is, to gather into one place.” For the second character, [fēng], fanqie 敷容 [pʰ- + -ɨoŋ = pʰioŋ/fēng]. The Yunji says: “A sword blade.” The Kaosheng says: “鎽 means sharp; pointed. It takes 金 as radical and 峯 as phonetic.”)

4.34

象蹋 (for the first character, [xiàng], fanqie 徐兩 [z- + -ɨaŋ = zɨaŋ/xiàng]. The Erya says: “Among the excellences of the south, there are the rhinoceroses and elephants of Liangshan.” Guo's commentary says: “Large beasts, with long trunks and large ears; giving birth once every three years.” Sometimes written 𤉢. For the second character, [tà], fanqie 徒合 [d- + -ʌp = dʌp/tà]. The Yunying says: “To kick.” The Kaosheng says: “To trample underfoot.” In the sūtra it is written 踏, pronounced 他合 [tʰ- + -ʌp = tʰʌp/tà], meaning walking on the ground; this was not the sūtra's meaning. Another written form 踏 does not form a proper character.)

4.35

跏趺 (for the first character, pronounced 加 [jiā]; for the second character, pronounced 夫 [fū]. Both characters are conventionally used in common practice; standardly they are written as the two forms 加跗. Zheng's commentary on the Yili says: “跗 is the upper side of the foot.” Gu Yewang says: “The top of the foot.” It is noted that the Jingangding yuqie yi says: “There are two kinds of seated postures, namely full cross-legged (全加) and half cross-legged (半加). To sit crossing both legs is full cross-legged; to sit with foot atop thigh is half cross-legged. These refer to postures for subduing Māra, auspiciousness, and so forth, as explained previously.”)

4.36

船撥 (for the first character, [chuán], fanqie 述緣 [ʑ- + -iuɛn = ʑiuɛn/chuán]. The Fangyan says: “West of the Pass, boats (舟) are called 船.” The Shuowen says: “船 means a boat (舟). It takes 舟 as radical and an abbreviated 沿 as phonetic.” For the second character, [bō], fanqie 煩靺 [b- + -uɑt = buɑt/bō]. The Kaosheng says: “Bamboo or wood bound together floating on water.” The Jixun says: “A wooden raft (橃).” Sometimes written 筏 or 栰, which are vulgar errors; anciently written 𦪑.)

4.37

萎悴 (for the first character, [wěi], fanqie 於媯 [ʔ- + -wiɛ = ʔwiɛ/wěi]. The Yunying says: “萎 means withered and drooping.” The Shuowen says: “It takes 草 as radical and 萎 as phonetic, meaning grass fallen limp upon the ground.” For the second character, [cuì], fanqie 情醉 [dz- + -yis = dzyi/cuì]. It is noted that 萎悴 ought properly to be written 瘁 or 顇. The Erya says: “It means illness.” 悴 means sorrow. In the sūtra it is written with the vulgar character 忰.)

4.38

Mahāyāna-mūlajātahṛdayabhūmidhyāna-sūtra, Fascicle Four

4.39

螻蟻 (for the first character, [lóu], fanqie 落候 [l- + -əu = ləu/lóu]. Guo's commentary on the Erya says: “蛖螻 is the mole cricket (螻蛄).” The Shuowen says: “螻蛄, or what is now called the rock-rat; head resembles a hare, tail is furry and blue-yellow; it is fond of eating millet and beans in the fields.” For the second character, also written 螘 or 𧕶, pronounced with the fanqie 魚綺 [ŋ- + -iɛ = ŋiɛ/yǐ]. The Erya says: “蚍蜉 are large ants; small ones are 螘.” The Zilin says: “In northern Yan, 蚍蜉 are called 蟻.”)

4.40

迦蘭陁 (a Sanskrit term; also written 迦蘭多 or 迦蘭鐸迦; translated here as 'sweet-sounding bird' [kalaviṅka/kalandaka]. Because this bamboo grove had many such birds roosting in it, it was named after them; it is located in Rājagṛha.)

4.41

貨鬻 (for the first character, [huò], fanqie 呼臥 [x- + -uɑ = xuɑ/huò]. The Qieyun says: “Bribery goods and merchandise.” The character books say: “Market goods; also to sell. It takes 貝 as radical and 化 as phonetic.” For the second character, [yù], fanqie 余六 [j- + -uk = juk/yù]. The Qieyun says: “鬻 means to sell.” The Erya says: “鬻 means congee.” The Shuowen writes it as 鬻, taking 毓 as radical and an abbreviated 鬻 as phonetic.)

4.42

廛肆 (for the first character, [chán], fanqie 直連 [ɖ- + -iɛn = ɖiɛn/chán]; this is the standard character. In the text of the sūtra it is written 䣑, or as [堐-圭+(里/八/土)] or 𫮈; both forms are erroneous. It is noted that the Zhouli says: “廛 refers to empty ground in the marketplace.” The Kaosheng says: “One and a half mǔ.” The Yunying says: “A dwelling.” For the second character, [sì], fanqie 息利 [s- + -i = si/sì]. The Erya says: “肆 means old and new.” The Guangyun says: “To display; to let loose.” It is also written 肆.)

4.43

貿易 (for the first character, [mào], fanqie 莫侯 [m- + -əu = məu/mào]. The Erya says: “貿 means commerce and market-trade.” The Kaosheng says: “貿 means to buy; also to exchange.” For the second character, pronounced with the fanqie 半益 [p- + -ɨɛk = pɨɛk/yì], meaning to barter goods back and forth. The Shuowen says: “It takes 日 as radical and 勿 as phonetic.”)

4.44

蔓延 (for the first character, [màn], fanqie 無怨 [m- + -ʉɐn = mʉɐn/màn]. The Yunying says: “蔓 refers to the sprouts of melons.” For the second character, 延, the Erya says: “延 means long; 延 means to draw out.” It is noted that 蔓延 is like creeping vines spreading and drawing out without break. The second character 延 is also written 莚, pronounced 余戰 [j- + -iɛn = jiɛn/yán]. The Guangya says: “蔓 means long; 莚 means widespread.” Both characters take 草 as radical.)

4.45

窗牖 (for the first character, [chuāng], fanqie 楚江 [tʃʰ- + -ɔŋ = tʃʰɔŋ/chuāng]. It is noted that the Shuowen writes it as 牕: an opening in a wall is called a 牖; an opening in a roof is called a 牕. It takes 片 as radical, and 悤 depicts the shape of intersecting apertures. In the sūtra it is sometimes written 𬯗 or 窓; both forms are erroneous. For the second character, [yǒu], fanqie 由酒 [j- + -ɨu = jɨu/yǒu]. The Shuowen says: “Piercing a wall with crossed wood is a 牖. It takes 片 and 戶 as radicals, and 甫 as phonetic.” 悤 is pronounced 楚江 [chuāng].)

4.46

欻然 (for the first character, [xū], fanqie 輝律 [x- + -uǐt = xiuət/xū]. Bian Cong says: “欻 means swift.” The Cangjie pian says: “To rise up suddenly.” The Shuowen says: “To blow up. It takes 炎 as radical and an abbreviated 吹 as phonetic; it is an associative compound.” For the second character, the character 然 takes 肉, 犬, and 灬. 灬 is pronounced 標, depicting the appearance of fire. It means a dog pursuing meat, with fire (灬) roasting it; this is also an associative compound.)

4.47

蓬勃 (for the first character, [péng], fanqie 蒲公 [b- + -uŋ = buŋ/péng], meaning chaotic. For the second character, [bó], fanqie 蒲沒 [b- + -uot = buot/bó]. 勃 means flourishing. It is noted: like the flourishing chaos of tumbleweeds. Now in the sūtra text it is written as the two forms 熢 and 㶿. The first is pronounced 峯, meaning a watchman's beacon fire at night; the character books have no péng pronunciation for it. For the second character, 㛘 means smoke rising; if dust rises it is written 𡋯; if fragrant vapour it is written 馥; if perverse of mind it is written 悖; if broad waters it is 浡; none of these describe a chaotic, flourishing, sudden rising appearance. It should properly be written 蓬勃.)

4.48

牝馬 (for the first character, [pìn], fanqie 頻忍 [b- + -ɨn = bǐn/pìn]. The Erya says: “A female horse is called a shè.” Guo's commentary says: “The name for a mare.” The Wei Zhi says: “He taught the people to raise milch cows and mares.” The Shijing says: “Three thousand mares and stallions.” For the second character, 馬, the Shuowen says: “A pictograph; head, tail, four legs, and a ruler on top.” 騇 is pronounced 舍; 騋 is pronounced 來.)

4.49

槌胷 (for the first character, [chuí], fanqie 直追 [ɖ- + -wi = ɖwi/chuí]; this is a vulgar character, standardly written 椎. The Shuowen says: “To strike. It takes 木 as radical and 隹 as phonetic.” For the second character, [xiōng], fanqie 勗恭 [x- + -ɨoŋ = xioŋ/xiōng]. The Shuowen says: “The breast (膺); also written 匈.” The character books say: “To beat the chest (椎胷) means that in the extremity of grief and resentment one harms one's own body.”)

4.50

Mahāyāna-mūlajātahṛdayabhūmidhyāna-sūtra, Fascicle Five

4.51

鉾矟 (for the first character, standardly written 矛, pronounced 莫侯 [m- + -əu = məu/máo]. For the second character, [shuò], fanqie 雙卓 [ʃ- + -ˠʌk = ʃˠʌk/shuò]. It has already been glossed and explained above in Fascicle Two.)

4.52

霹靂 (for the first character, [pī], fanqie 普擊 [pʰ- + -ek = pʰek/pī]. For the second character, [lì], fanqie 郎擊 [l- + -ek = lek/lì]. The Shuowen says: “霹靂 means splitting thunder shaking in battle; whatever it strikes breaks at once, like an assault in battle.” Wang Chong's Lunheng says: “When the yin and yang qi are surging, the sound of their colliding is rapid thunder.”)

4.53

阿練若 (also written 阿練兒, 阿蘭若, or 阿蘭那; all are corrupt Sanskrit transliterations. Correctly it is araṇya, translated in meaning as 'solitary and quiet place' or 'place free of contention'. The dwellings are varied: some reside on gravel sands, mountain forests, open wildernesses, or among charnel grounds and cold groves; all are at least one krośa beyond villages and towns, far removed from noise and clamour.)

4.54

虎豹 (for the first character, [hǔ], fanqie 呼古 [x- + -uo = xuo/hǔ]. The Shuowen says: “The lord of mountain beasts.” The Shanhaijing says: “Mount Youdu has many black tigers and spotted leopards.” The Huainanzi says: “When the tiger roars, the valley winds arise.” For the second character, [bào], fanqie 博教 [p- + -æu = pˠæu/bào]. Guo's commentary on the Erya says: “The leopard resembles a bear with a small head, short legs, black and white spots; it can lick and eat copper, iron, bamboo, and bones. The white ones are specially named mò, pronounced 陌.”)

4.55

豺狼 (for the first character, [chái], fanqie 士諧 [dʐ- + -æi = dʐˠæi/chái]. The Erya says: “The dhole has dog feet.” Guo's commentary says: “Its feet resemble a dog's.” The Qieyun says: “Of the wolf class.” The Liji says: “The dholes make an offering of beasts.” For the second character, pronounced 郎 [láng]. The Erya says: “Female badgers and female wolves.” The Shuowen says: “Resembles a dog, with a pointed head and white cheeks. It takes 犬 as radical and 良 as phonetic.”)

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優曇 (for the second character, [tán], fanqie 徒含 [d- + -ɑm = dɑm/tán]. A Sanskrit word; also written 烏曇; it should be udumbara, translated here as 'wondrously auspicious flower' or 'propitious flower'. It originally does not exist among humans, being a wondrous celestial flower, seen only once in an age.)

4.57

Mahāyāna-mūlajātahṛdayabhūmidhyāna-sūtra, Fascicle Six

4.58

隙光 (for the first character, [xì], fanqie 綺戟 [kʰ- + -ɨɐk = kʰɨɐk/xì]. The Qieyun says: “Leisure; an interval.” The Kaosheng says: “A hole in a wall.” The Shuowen says: “Empty intervals are all called 隙. It takes 阜 and 白; upper and lower are small.” In the sūtra text it is written 隟 or 隙; both are incorrect. For the second character, [guāng], fanqie 古皇 [k- + -uɑŋ = kuɑŋ/guāng]. The Erya says: “光 means filling.” The Qieyun says: “Bright; great; manifest.” Anciently written with the character 光.)

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飛蛾 (for the first character, [fēi], fanqie 芳非 [pʰ- + -ɨwɐi = pʰiwi/fēi]. The Yunying says: “To soar.” The Shuowen says: “Depicts the shape of bird wings fluttering in flight.” For the second character, [é], fanqie 五何 [ŋ- + -ɑ = ŋɑ/é]. The Shuowen says: “Silkworm moth.” In the Erya it is written 䖸, the same; standardly it is written 䖸.)

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牝鹿 (for the first character, [pìn], fanqie 頻忍 [b- + -ɨn = bǐn/pìn]. The Erya says: “A male deer is a jiā; a female deer is a yōu; their fawn is a mí.” This distinguishes male from female and discriminates mother from offspring. 麚 is pronounced 加 [jiā]; 麀 is pronounced with the fanqie 於牛 [ʔ- + -ɨu = ʔɨu/yōu]; 麛 is pronounced 迷 [mí]. For the second character, 鹿 standardly takes 比 as radical.)

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芳餌 (for the first character, [fāng], fanqie 𢾭亾 [pʰ- + -ɨɐŋ = pʰɨɐŋ/fāng]. The Kaosheng says: “Fragrant grass; also fine and flourishing.” For the second character, [èr], fanqie 仍吏 [ɲ- + -ɨ = ɲɨ/èr]. The Yunying says: “Food.” The Shuowen says: “Flour cakes. It takes 食 as radical and 耳 as phonetic.”)

4.62

牆壁 (for the first character, [qiáng], fanqie 疾良 [dz- + -ɨaŋ = dzɨaŋ/qiáng]. The Shuowen says: “A low wall. Five planks make a dǔ.” The Shiming says: “A wall (牆) is a barrier (障), that by which one screens and protects oneself. It takes 嗇 as radical and 爿 as phonetic.” In the sūtra it is written [土*(圭/皿)], 𡓜, or [土*(坐-工+皿)]; all are incorrect. For the second character, [bì], fanqie 比激 [p- + -ek = pek/bì]. The Shuowen says: “A room wall.” The Shiming says: “壁 means to ward off (辟), meaning to ward off wind and cold. It takes 土 as radical and 辟 as phonetic.”)

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坏瓦 (for the first character, [pī], fanqie 芳杯 [pʰ- + -uʌi = pʰuʌi/pī]. The Shuowen says: “Unbaked earthenware vessels.” For the second character, [wǎ], fanqie 五寡 [ŋ- + -ua = ŋua/wǎ]. Also written 瓦, a pictograph. The Gukaoshi says: “In the Xia dynasty, the Kunwu clan first made earthenware tiles.”)

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芭蕉 (for the first character, [bā], fanqie 霸麻 [p- + -a = pa/bā]. For the second character, pronounced 即消 [jiāo]. Wang's commentary on the Chuci says: “The name of a fragrant herb. It grows in Jiaozhi; its leaves resemble mats, and when boiled and soaked they can be spun into cloth. It is an unsolid plant: from outside to inside it has no core substance whatsoever. Therefore it is often cited as a metaphor in the sūtras. The Vimalakīrti-sūtra says: ‘This body is like a plantain tree, with no solidity within’; this is it.)

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蝦蟆 (for the first character, [xiā], fanqie 胡家 [ɣ- + -a = ɣa/xiā]. For the second character, [má], fanqie 莫遐 [m- + -a = ma/má]. The Qieyun says: “An aquatic creature.” Also written 蜝. The Bencao says: “The toad is also called chán, also called qùfǔ.” The Erya says: “The qùfǔ is the toad (蟾蜍).” Guo says: “Resembles a frog, living on dry land; in Huainan it is called qùfǔ.” 𪓰 is pronounced 甫.)

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Mahāyāna-mūlajātahṛdayabhūmidhyāna-sūtra, Fascicle Seven

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洟唾 (for the first character, [tí], fanqie 他計 [tʰ- + -ei = tʰei/tí]. For the second character, [tuò], fanqie 他臥 [tʰ- + -uɑ = tʰuɑ/tuò]. The Shuowen says: “Nasal fluid is called 洟. It takes 水 as radical and 夷 as phonetic. Oral fluid is called 唾. It takes 口 as radical and an abbreviated 埵 as phonetic.” In the sūtra text it is written 涕, pronounced 他禮 [tʰ- + -ei = tʰei/tǐ]. The Shuowen says: “Eye fluid; tears and weeping are sounds of grief; this is not the meaning of 洟唾.)”

4.68

Mahāyāna-jātaka-cittabhūmi-parīkṣā-sūtra, Fascicle 8

4.69

Apes and monkeys (yuanhou 猿猴: the first character has the fanqie [reading] wang + yuan [yuan]. The Erya writes it as 蝯 and states: "The naoyuan is good at pulling itself up." Guo [Pu's] commentary states: "It is adept at climbing and clambering." The second character is pronounced hou: a macaque. It takes 'dog' [as semantic component] and hou as phonetic).

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Dust and grime (aiben 埃坌: the first character has the fanqie [reading] wu + kai [ai]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Fine dust." It takes 'earth' [as semantic component] and yi as phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [reading] man + men [ben]. The Kaosheng says: "Defiled." The dictionary states: "Dust adhering to things").

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Greenbottle flies (qingying 青蠅: the second character has the fanqie [reading] yu + ling [ying]. The Kaosheng states: "A flying insect." Zheng [Xuan's] commentary on the Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry states: "The fly, as an insect, defiles white color and turns it black, metaphorically representing how sycophants distort and throw into chaos good and evil." It also states: "A flaw in a white jade tablet can still be polished away; a flaw in these words can never be undone").

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Feidan 吠憚 (these are characters within a mantra. The first character adopts the borrowed pronunciation wei + yi [fan] [wei]. The second character is pronounced dan. One does not seek character meanings [in mantras]).

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Dhāraṇī-sūtra for the Protection of the Realm's Sovereign, Fascicle 1

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Radiantly bright (bingyao 炳曜: the first character has the fanqie [reading] bing + yong [bing]. The Kaosheng says: "Bright." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Blazing and bright." It takes 'fire' [as semantic component] with 丙 over 一; it is a phono-semantic character. The second character has the fanqie [reading] yi + xiao [yao]. The Yunying says: "Sunlight." The Qieyun says: "To illuminate." It is also written in the two forms 耀 and 燿, meaning glorious light and dazzling shine).

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Sand and saline marshes (shalu 沙滷: the first character has the fanqie [reading] suo + jia [sha]. The Erya says: "Turbid sand emerges." Guo [Pu's] commentary says: "East of the [Yangtze] River, sandbanks in the water are called shan; in the west there is Shazhou, which is the Mingsha Mountain." The second character has the fanqie [reading] lang + gu [lu]. The Erya says: "Saline is bitter." Guo's commentary says: "This refers to bitter soil." We note that it refers to desert and saline-bitter land. Both characters should properly take 'water' [as semantic component]. In the text of the scripture it is written 砂, which is granulated stone; when written 鹵, it is lubu, the name of court processional music that leads the Emperor's imperial carriage. Neither represents the characters for sand and saline marshes).

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Lotus blossom (handan 菡萏: the first character has the fanqie [reading] hu + gan [han]. The second character has the fanqie [reading] dan + gan [dan]. The "Treatise on Plants" in the Erya states: "The lotus (he) is the fuqu; its blossoms are the handan." The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry states: "Before opening it is called furong; once opened it is handan." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "菡 takes 'grass' [as semantic component] and han as phonetic, pronounced han; 萏 takes 'grass' [as semantic component] and xian as phonetic, pronounced xian." In the text of the scripture, the two forms 菡萏 are both erroneous).

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Jieluo 羯邏 (the first character has the fanqie [reading] ju + ye [jie]. The second character has the fanqie [reading] lu + he [luo]. It is Sanskrit, so one does not seek character meanings).

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To strike and tap (fuji 拊擊: the first character has the fanqie [reading] fu + wu [fu]. The Qieyun says: "To clap." The second character has the fanqie [reading] gu + li [ji]. The Qieyun says: "To beat." The "Canon of Shun" in the Classic of Documents says: "I strike the stones and tap the stones, and all the animals follow along and dance." Kong [Anguo's] commentary says: "拊 also means to strike." Both characters take 'hand' [as semantic component], with 付 and 毄 both serving as phonetics).

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Billowing waves (bota 波濤: the first character has the fanqie [reading] bo + ke [bo]. The Qieyun says: "Waves and billows of water." The Erya says: "Large waves are lan; small waves are lun." The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'water' [as semantic component] and an abbreviated bo as phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [reading] tu + dao [tao]. The Kaosheng says: "Billows surging." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Surging waves are called tao." It takes 'water' [as semantic component] and an abbreviated shou as phonetic).

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Dhāraṇī-sūtra for the Protection of the Realm, Fascicle 2

4.81

Butcher and executioner (kuikuai 魁膾: the first character has the fanqie [reading] ku + [gui] [kui]. Kong's commentary on the Classic of Documents says: "魁 means a master." Zheng's commentary on the Classic of Rites says: "The head." The Records of the Grand Historian says: "A robust man." It takes 'dipper' [as semantic component] and gui as phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [reading] gui + wai [kuai]. The Guangya says: "膾 means to slice." We note that kuikuai refers to masters of slaughter and ferocious execution. It takes 'flesh' [as semantic component] and hui as phonetic).

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Swirling vortex (xuanfu 旋澓: the first character is also written 漩, pronounced with the fanqie si + yuan [xuan]. The Kaosheng says: "A whirlpool." The Erya says: "旋 means to turn around and return." The second character has the fanqie [reading] fu + fu [fu]. The Sancang says: "澓 means deep." It refers to places where water swirls and eddies in rivers and seas. It takes 'water' [as semantic component] and fu as phonetic).

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Membrane of delusion (chimo 癡膜: the first character has the fanqie [reading] chou + zhi [chi]. The Qieyun says: "Deluded and foolish." The second character has the fanqie [reading] mu + ge [mo]. The Qieyun says: "The thin skin of flesh." The Kaosheng says: "What is inside the skin and outside the flesh is called mo." It takes 'flesh' [as semantic component] and mo as phonetic).

4.84

Dhāraṇī-sūtra for the Protection of the Realm's Sovereign, Fascicle 3

4.85

Dense grove (conglin 叢林: the first character has the fanqie [reading] cu + hong [cong]. Kong's commentary on the Classic of Documents says: "叢 means to gather." The dictionary says: "Any gathering of things is called cong." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "The clustering growth of grasses and trees is called cong." It takes [业 minus 木 plus 十] and qu, with the phonetic pronounced tu + jiao [fan] [zuo]. The second character has the fanqie [reading] li + jin [lin]. The Yupian says: "Trees standing upright." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Two trees side by side").

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The character mang 莽 (the first character has the fanqie [reading] mo + lang [mang]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Grass above and below with a dog in the middle." The scripture writes 莾, which is a vulgar character).

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To cleanse defilements (digou 滌垢: the first character has the fanqie [reading] tu + li [di]. The Qieyun says: "To purify." The Yupian says: "To remove." The Kaosheng says: "To wash clean." The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'water' [as semantic component] and tiao as phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [reading] gu + hou [gou]. The Yunying says: "Dust." The Kaosheng says: "Defiled." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "垢 means dirt (jia)." It takes 'earth' [as semantic component] and hou as phonetic. 圿 is pronounced jian + ba [fan] [jia]).

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Pleasant and harmonious (yichang 怡[申*(乞-乙+易)]: the first character has the fanqie [reading] yu + zhi [yi]. The Qieyun says: "Harmonious and joyful." The Erya says: "怡 means pleased, joyful, and happy." The second character has the fanqie [reading] chou + liang [chang]. The Yupian says: "Open and free (tongchang)." The Yunying says: "To penetrate." The Classic of the Pulse says: "The colon is the repository of gut qi." It takes 申 and an abbreviated 膓 [as phonetic]).

4.89

Dhāraṇī-sūtra for the Protection of the Realm's Sovereign, Fascicle 4

4.90

Listen attentively (diting 諦聽: the first character has the fanqie [reading] du + ji [di]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "諦 means to examine carefully." It takes 'speech' [as semantic component] and di as phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [reading] ta + ding [ting]. The Kaosheng says: "To wait." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "To examine." The dictionary says: "To deliberate." It also means to listen. The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 𢛳, 'ear', and ren as phonetic. 𢛳 is pronounced de. 壬 has the fanqie [reading] ta + ding [ting]. It means to examine and grasp the sound with one's ears. 壬, being phonetic, also has the fanqie ta + ding [ting]).

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Torrential flow (baoliu 瀑流: the first character has the fanqie [reading] bo + bao [pu]. The Guangyun says: "Heavy rain." The Erya says: "A sudden downpour is called dong." Guo says: "East of the [Yangtze] River, summer torrential rain is called dong, pronounced dong." The Yupian says: "Swift." It takes 'water' [as semantic component] and bao as phonetic. As for the character liu 流 below, the Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'water' [as semantic component] and 㐬; 㐬 has the fanqie [reading] ta + hu [tu], which is the ancient script for 㜽 written upside down; 㜽 is pronounced zi. In the text of the scripture it is written 流, which is incorrect).

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Perilous and hazardous (weixian 危險: the first character has the fanqie [reading] yu + wei [wei]. The Yupian says: "To collapse." The dictionary says: "Dangerous." The Kaosheng says: "Also perilous." The Zilin says: "It consists of a person situated on a precipice." The second character has the fanqie [reading] xu + jian [xian]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Perilous and obstructed." The Yunji says: "Hazardous and difficult." It also means wicked. It takes 'mound' [as semantic component] and qian as phonetic).

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Herbs and trees (huimu 卉木: the first character has the fanqie [reading] xu + gui [hui]. The Classic of Poetry says: "The herbs and trees flourish luxuriantly." The commentary says: "Numerous." The Erya says: "卉 means grass." Guo [Pu's] commentary says: "The collective name for all grasses." The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes three 屮 to form 芔; two 屮 make 艸. 屮 has the fanqie [reading] chou + lie [che], which represents the shape of grass and herbs first sprouting. 艸 is now written 廾, pronounced cao).

4.94

Kaundinya (Jiaochenru 憍陳如: the first character has the fanqie [reading] ju + qiao [jiao]. This is an abbreviated Sanskrit name. In full it is Ajñātakaṇḍina. Ajñāta is translated here as 'understanding', signifying his name because he was the first to realize and understand the Dharma. Kaṇḍina is a brahmin lineage name. The suffix na indicates the masculine grammatical gender, showing it is derived from the father. In the new translations of scriptures, it is rendered as Ājñāta-Kaṇḍina).

4.95

Tathāgata (Duotuo'agadu 多陀阿伽度: or called agadu; this is an unrefined Sanskrit rendering. Correctly it is tathāgata, translated here as Rulai (Thus Come). Among the ten epithets [of the Buddha], it is the first epithet).

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Arhat (Aluohe 阿羅訶: the second character is pronounced he. This is an erroneous and abbreviated Sanskrit transcription. Correctly it is arhate, translated here as Worthy of Offerings (yinggong), meaning worthy of receiving the sublime offerings of humans and gods. It is the second among the ten epithets).

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Samyak-saṃbuddha (Sanmiaosanfotuo 三藐三佛陀: the original pronunciation of miao has the fanqie [reading] mo + jiao [miao]; to approximate the Sanskrit sound, it borrows the pronunciation mi + yao [fan] [miao]. Correctly it is samyak-saṃbuddha, all three characters in the falling tone, translated here as Correct and Equal Enlightenment, and also called Correct and Universal Knowledge. This is the third epithet).

4.98

Delicacies and provisions (zhenshan 𭹀膳: the first character is correctly written 珍, with the fanqie [reading] zhi + lin [zhen]. The Kaosheng says: "Precious." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Valued." The "Conduct of the Scholar" states: "The scholar is the treasure on the mat." The second character has the fanqie [reading] shi + zhan [shan]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Food utensils." The Rites of Zhou says: "The palace caterers (shanfu), two regular officers, are in charge of the king's provisions." The Fangyan says: "膳 means delicious food." It takes 'flesh' [as semantic component] and shan as phonetic. It is sometimes written 饍, which is a vulgar and incorrect character).

4.99

Dhāraṇī-sūtra for the Protection of the Realm's Sovereign, Fascicle 5

4.100

Donning armor (huanjia 擐甲: the first character has the fanqie [reading] hu + guan [huan]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "To wear armor." We note that the Shuowen [jiezi], Zilin, and Yupian all pronounce it with the fanqie hu + guan [huan]; only the Wujing wenzi yinyi pronounces it with the fanqie gu + huan [huan]. The second character has the fanqie [reading] gu + qia [jia]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "A military weapon." The Yinpu writes it as 鉀, stating: "Suit of armor." It is also the name of a heavenly stem; the Erya states: "When the Grand Year is at jia, it is called epon").

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Slow and relaxed (chihuan 遲緩: the first character has the fanqie [reading] zhi + zhi [chi]. The Qieyun says: "Prolonged and late." The Erya says: "遲遲 means slow." Guo's commentary says: "Leisurely and slow." The second character has the fanqie [reading] hu + guan [huan]. The Qieyun says: "Unhurried." The Erya says: "Unrestrained and relaxed means loose." Guo's commentary says: "All mean spacious and slow." The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'silk' [as semantic component] and yuan as phonetic).

4.102

Śamatha (this is Sanskrit; it is translated here as 'calming', which is holding the mind in concentration).

4.103

Vipaśyanā (also Sanskrit; it is translated here as 'insight', which is the wisdom of contemplative illumination. These are the two terms for concentration and wisdom).

4.104

Dhāraṇī-sūtra for the Protection of the Realm's Sovereign, Fascicle 6

4.105

Stuttering and halting (jianse 謇澀: the first character has the fanqie [reading] jiu + nian [jian]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "謇 means to stammer," referring to difficulty in speech. It is sometimes written 𧮈 with 'speech'. The second character has the fanqie [reading] se + li [se]. We note that the character se should properly take 'person' [as semantic component] to form 㒊. The dictionary states: "Babbling and halting speech is speech that is not smooth." Here it is written with 'water' as 澀; the Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Water obstructed and unable to flow." This does not bear the meaning of stuttering and stammering. 譶 has the fanqie chu + yin [fan] [ta]).

4.106

Broken hoarseness (xipo 𤺊破: the first character has the fanqie [reading] xian + qi [xi]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Voice scattered by illness." It is also written 𧬊, meaning a mournful voice. The scripture writes 嘶; the dictionary states: "The neighing of a horse is si." This does not bear the meaning of a raspy voice).

4.107

Beaming and pleased (xiyi 熙怡: the first character has the fanqie [reading] xu + qi [xi]. The dictionary says: "Harmonious." The Qieyun says: "Respectful; to nourish." The Erya says: "緝熈 means bright." The second character has the fanqie [reading] yu + zhi [yi]. The Erya says: "怡 means pleased." The Kaosheng says: "Harmonious and joyful." The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'heart' [as semantic component] and tai as phonetic; 台 is pronounced yi).

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Bili reed-pipe (bili 觱篥: the first character has the fanqie [reading] bei + ji [bi]. The second character has the fanqie [reading] li + zhi [li]. Originally it is the name of a foreign instrument. The Classic of Poetry says: "In the first month the cold winds blow sharply; in the second month the chill intensifies." The commentary says: "The first month is the first month of the Zhou calendar; 觱發 means biting cold wind. The second month is the first month of the Yin calendar; 篥烈 means piercing cold air." The text of the scripture writes 篳篥, and both characters are equivalent. The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'bamboo' [as semantic component] with bi and li as phonetics).

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Cry of the crane (heli 鶴唳: the first character has the fanqie [reading] xia + ge [he]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "The crane is white in color with a long bill and a vermilion crest; it lives for a thousand years, a bird of the divine immortals." The Baopuzi states: "The crane calls in the ninth marsh, and its cry is heard reaching the heavens." The Huainanzi states: "The rooster knows the coming of dawn, and the crane knows midnight." This is it. The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'bird' [as semantic component] and he as phonetic. 寉 has the fanqie [reading] he + ge [he], and says it takes 冖 and 隹; 隹 is a bird, and when the bird flies high wishing to emerge beyond 冖, it is pronounced gui + ying [fan]. The second character has the fanqie [reading] lang + ji [li]. The Qieyun says: "The cry of a crane").

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Zither and flute (zhengdi 箏笛: the first character has the fanqie [reading] ze + jing [zheng]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "A stringed musical instrument with strings plucked and a body like a zhu." Originally it was the great se zither with twenty-seven strings; the men of Qin were unrighteous, and when two sons fought over their father's se, each obtained thirteen strings, so it was named zheng (dispute). The second character has the fanqie [reading] tu + li [di]. The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "A flute has seven holes; it is commonly called the Qiang flute." The Fengsu tong[yi] says: "笛 (di) means 滌 (to cleanse), meaning to cleanse away evil and impurity and usher in proper qi").

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Sound of the conch (luosheng 蠃聲: the first character has the fanqie [reading] luo + ge [luo]. The Qieyun says: "A kind of shellfish." The Erya says: "The small conch is called han." Guo Pu's commentary says: "The large ones are as big as a bushel, produced in the Southern Sea; they can be made into wine cups." The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'insect' [as semantic component] and luo as phonetic. Vulgar script writes 螺, or sometimes 蠡; both forms are pronounced li or lu. We note that luo was originally the name of an ancient musical instrument blown to harmonize music; therefore scriptures frequently speak of 'conch sound', or 'Dharma conch', to represent the Dharma's sound universally heard by sentient beings).

4.112

Valley echo (guxiang 谷響: the first character has the fanqie [reading] gu + wu [gu]. The Qieyun says: "A mountain valley." Laozi says: "The valley spirit never dies; it is called the Mysterious Female." The second character has the fanqie [reading] xu + liang [xiang]. The Kaosheng says: "The echo responding in cliffs and valleys." It is also written in the three forms [鄉/占], 𧬰, and 嚮, which are all interchangeable).

4.113

Dhāraṇī-sūtra for the Protection of the Realm's Sovereign, Fascicle 7

4.114

Vines and creepers (tengluo 藤蘿: the first character has the fanqie [reading] tu + deng [teng]. The dictionary says: "藤 resembles kudzu and grows climbing." The Yupian says: "A creeping vine (lei)," pronounced lei. The second character has the fanqie [reading] luo + he [luo]. The Erya says: "Tangmeng is nuluo; nuluo is dodder." The Yunying says: "蘿 means vines." The first character teng is written 蕂 in the scripture text, pronounced shi + zheng [fan] [sheng], which is the character for jusheng, another name for sesame; it does not bear the meaning of vines. 苣 is pronounced ju).

4.115

Ewe goat (guyang 羖羊: the first character has the fanqie [reading] gong + hu [gu]. The Erya says: "As for summer sheep, the ram is called yu and the ewe is called gu." Guo's commentary says: "A black ewe goat; nowadays people call it zanggu." 羭 has the fanqie [reading] yang + zhu [yu]. 牂 has the fanqie [reading] zi + sang [zang]. 羖 is also written 𦍩, which is the same).

4.116

Mineral ore (shikuang 石礦: the first character has the fanqie [reading] chang + chi [shi]. The Shiming says: "The substance of a mountain is called stone." The second character has the fanqie [reading] gu + meng [kuang]. The Qieyun says: "Uncut stone containing gold or jade." The Shuowen [jiezi] says: "Unrefined metal." It takes 'stone' [as semantic component] and guang as phonetic. It is also written 𨥥; purple mineral ore is a medicinal name. In the text of the scripture it is written with 'metal' and guang as 鑛, which is a vulgar character in use).

4.117

Bells and clappers (lingduo 鈴鐸: the first character has the fanqie [reading] lang + ding [ling]. The Qieyun says: "A bell resembles a zhong bell but is smaller." The second character has the fanqie [reading] tu + luo [duo]. The Shiming says: "鐸 (duo) means 度 (measure), referring to the limits and regulations of orders and commands." That is, a metal bell with an iron clapper was shaken to conduct military affairs; a metal bell with a wooden clapper was shaken to promote civil administration and teachings. We note that it is rung to awaken sentient beings and represents the transmission of the words of the Dharma).

4.118

Linta (驎陁: the first character has the fanqie [reading] liang + ren [lin]. The second character has the fanqie [reading] tu + he [tuo]. It is Sanskrit, the name of a red flower. We note that the character 驎 refers to a black-maned blue-black horse).

4.119

Deft eloquence (bianjie 辯捷: the first character has the fanqie [reading] pi + jian [bian]. The Qieyun says: "To guide; to order." The dictionary says: "Eloquent and wise." The Shuowen [jiezi] says it takes 'speech' [as semantic component] and bian as phonetic; 辡 is pronounced bian. The second character has the fanqie [reading] ji + ye [jie]. The Yunying says: "Swift; surpassing." The Kaosheng says: "Swift." The Erya states: "Succession and rapidity mean quickness (jie)." Guo's commentary says: "捷 means continuous succession." That is the unhindered eloquence of expression mentioned in scriptures).

4.120

Dhāraṇī-sūtra for the Protection of the Realm's Sovereign, Fascicle 8

4.121

謇訥 (Stuttering and hesitating speech: the upper character has the fanqie 九[朁-日+車]; the Shuowen says it means stammering in speech; it is formed from 言 with the phonetic 褰 abbreviated; it is also written as 𧮈; the scripture text writes it with the foot classifier as 蹇, which means lame in the feet, and is not the intended meaning here. The lower character has the fanqie 奴骨; character dictionaries say it also means stuttering).

4.122

筏喻 (Raft parable: the upper character has the fanqie 房越; the Fangyan says that a bamboo raft is called a 箄, and a 箄 is called a raft; this was the common usage of Qin and Jin. Note: Temporarily tying together firewood and timbers to transport loads over water is called a raft [筏]; it is also written as 撥 or 𦪑; 箄 is pronounced 牌).

4.123

歌吹 (Singing and playing wind instruments: the upper character has the fanqie 古俄; the Qieyun says it means ballads and songs; the Shijing says: “I sing and then chant ballads”; the Erya says: “Singing without accompaniment is called chanting [謠].” The lower character has the fanqie 尺偽; the Erya says: “Blowing [pipes] without accompaniment is called harmony [和]”; the Shuowen writes it as 籥).

4.124

Sūtra of the Dhāraṇī of the Lord of the Realm Protecting the Country, Fascicle Nine

4.125

巡狩 (Imperial tour of inspection: the upper character has the fanqie 祥倫; the Qieyun says it means everywhere, to inspect. The lower character has the fanqie 舒救; the Yunying says that 狩 means hunting; the Shangshu says: “In the second month he went east on an inspection tour, arriving at Mount Dai, where he made a burnt offering”; Kong’s commentary says: “The feudal lords guard the territory for the Son of Heaven, and therefore he tours and inspects it; in accordance with spring, he first toured the east, followed by summer, autumn, and winter according to the same pattern; having toured and inspected the Four Peaks, he then returned to announce it in the Great Ancestral Temple”).

4.126

孤惸 (Solitary and orphaned: the upper character has the fanqie 古胡; the Kaosheng says it means alone; the Shuowen says that having no father is called 孤; it is formed from 子 with the phonetic 觚 abbreviated. The lower character has the fanqie 葵營; the Kaosheng says it means solitary and alone; the Wenzidianshuo says that having no brothers is called 惸; the Shuowen writes it as 㷀, formed from 卂 with the phonetic 營 abbreviated; it is also written with the person classifier as 𠌻, or abbreviated as 焭, which are all interchangeable characters).

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續一切經音義 — Classical Chinese