一切經音義 7

English (machine translation) 7

Language: English

7.1

Compiled by the Translation-Bureau Monk Huilin

7.2

Sounds of the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, from fascicle 520 to 565, forty-six fascicles in all.

戰慄 ("trembling with fear"): The first character has the fanqie reading [tɕ- + -jɛn = zhàn] (旃善反). Gu Yewang says: "戰 means fearful." The Mao Shi says: "Trembling and apprehensive (戰戰兢兢)." Examining 戰戰兢兢: it describes a state of fear. The Erya says: "戰 means to shake." Guo Pu says: "To move and hurry in fright." It is also written 𢥇, and in ancient script it is written 𣥭. The second character has the fanqie reading [l- + -iɪt = lì] (隣一反). The Jixun says: "戰慄 means fearful." The Zishu says: "Anxious and grieved." The Kaosheng says: "Cautious and respectful. It is formed with the radical 忄 (pronounced xīn, 'heart') and 栗 as phonetic."

7.5

源底 ("source and bottom"): The first character has the fanqie reading [ŋ- + -ʉɐn = yuán] (愚袁反). The Liji says: "Penetrating to the source of rites and music." Zheng Xuan says: "源 means root." The Guangya says: "The root of the myriad things is called 源." The Shuowen writes it 原, or 原, which are ancient characters.

7.6

伴侶 ("companion"): The first character has the fanqie reading [b- + -ɑn = bàn] (傍漫反). Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: "伴 means a fellow traveler (旅)." The Yunying says: "伴 means an associate or companion (儔侶)." The Shuowen says: "A large appearance. It is formed with the radical 人 ('person') and 半 as phonetic. The character 半 is formed with 八 and 牛; to write it 半 in vulgar script is erroneous. 儔 has the fanqie reading 長流反." The second character has the fanqie reading [l- + -iɤ = lǚ] (力舉反). The Guangya says: "侶 means companion; it is also written 旅." The Gujin zhengzi says: "侶 means mate (儷). It is formed with the radical 人 ('person') and 呂 as phonetic. The character 呂 depicts the shape of the spine. 儷 is pronounced lì."

7.7

勃惡 ("fierce and evil"): The first character has the fanqie reading [b- + -uət = bó] (蒲沒反). It has already been explained fully in fascicle 429 of the preceding sūtra text.

7.8

履踐 ("to tread upon"): The first character has the fanqie reading [l- + -i = lǚ] (梨旨反); the second character has the fanqie reading [dz- + -iɛn = jiàn] (錢演反). They were already explained in fascicle 455 of the preceding text.

7.9

挑目 ("to gouge out eyes"): The character has the fanqie reading [tʰ- + -ieu = tiāo] (體遙反). The Yunquan says: "挑 means to poke out." The Kaosheng says: "挑 means to gouge out (抉, fanqie 縈悅反)." The Zishu says: "It is formed with the radical 扌 (pronounced shǒu, 'hand') and 兆 as phonetic." In the sūtra text, some write it with the radical 木 as 桃 (fanqie 徒刀反), which is incorrect; or with the radical 刀 as 𠛪, which is also commonly used.

7.10

㓷鼻 ("to cut off the nose"): The first character has the fanqie reading [ŋ- + -i = yì] (魚器反). It has already been explained fully in fascicle 455 of the preceding sūtra text.

7.11

鋸解 ("to saw apart"): The first character has the fanqie reading [k- + -iɤ = jù] (居御反). The Guoyu says: "For moderate punishments, knives and saws were used." Jia Kui says: "Using a knife to saw and cut off, referring to punishments like capital decapitation, castration, amputation of the nose (㓷, pronounced yì), and amputation of the feet (刖, pronounced yuè)." The Cangjiepian says: "A saw that severs objects." The Shuowen says: "To hack and clash (搶, fanqie 戚陽反; 搪, pronounced táng). It is formed with the radical 金 ('metal') and 居 as phonetic." The Kaosheng says: "搶搪 means a saw; the Fangyan states it is a dialect synonym for a saw." The second character has the fanqie reading [k- + -ɛ = jiě] (隹買反). The Kaosheng says: "解 means to divide, sever, and separate."

7.12

交涉 ("to wade through; to involve"): The character has the fanqie reading [dʑ- + -jɛp = shè] (常業反). The Cangjiepian says: "Walking through water is 涉 (to cross)." The Shuowen says: "To walk on foot across water is called 涉. It is formed with the radical 步 ('step') and 沝 (fanqie 之蘂反) as phonetic. In ancient script it was written [水*(止/少)*水]."

7.13

琰魔王 (King Yama): The Sanskrit name of the ghost king who presides over the nether underworld. In older translations he was called King Yanluo (閻羅王); in sūtra texts written 剡 (fanqie 尸染反) 魔, these are all corrupt abbreviations and incorrect. The correct Sanskrit sound is Yamarāja (琰閻奄反摩); the ancients translated it as 'the Impartial One' (平等).

7.14

黧黑 ("sallow black"): The first character has the fanqie reading [l- + -i = lí] (力知反). The Tongsuwen says: "Speckled black is called 黧." The Kaosheng says: "A face that is 𩓀 (fanqie 七遵反) and black, with a yellowish hue; it also has the pronunciation [l- + -ei = lǐ] (fanqie 禮𠔃反)." The Wenzixing yinyi says: "黧 means the dark complexion of the elderly. It is formed with the radical 黑 ('black') and an abbreviated 䵑 as phonetic."

7.15

謬誤 ("error and blunder"): The first character has the fanqie reading [m- + -jəu = miù] (眉救反). The Yunying says: "謬 means error." The Yunquan says: "Deceitful and false." The Guangya says: "謬 means to deceive." The Posthumous Titles Code (Shifa) says: "When name and reality diverge, it is called 謬." The Shuowen says: "The wild words of an insane person. It is formed with the radical 言 ('speech') and 翏 (fanqie 六幼反) as phonetic; it is also written 嘐." The second character has the fanqie reading [ŋ- + -uo = wù] (五故反). The Zishu says: "詿 (fanqie 公賣反) means to mislead." The Hanshu says: "Those who committed misdeeds through error (詿誤) were all pardoned and released," which is this. The Zuozhuan says: "To incur guilt because of another is called 誤." The Shuowen says: "誤 means error. It is formed with the radical 言 ('speech') and 吳 as phonetic."

7.16

欲扣 ("wishing to knock"): The character has the fanqie reading [kʰ- + -əu = kòu] (苦厚反). It has already been explained fully in fascicle 456 of the preceding sūtra text.

7.17

Fascicle 521

7.18

析為 ("to split into"): The character has the fanqie reading [s- + -iek = xī] (星積反). It has already been explained fully in fascicle 456 of the preceding sūtra text.

7.19

霑彼 ("moistening those"): The character has the fanqie reading [ʈɕ- + -jɛm = zhān] (輒廉反). The Han Shi says: "霑 means soaked." The Kaosheng says: "Slightly moistened (濕, fanqie 尸執反)." The Liji states that Confucius said: "Rain soaked my clothes and I lost my composure." Gu Yewang says: "霑 means soaked (濡, fanqie 耳珠反)." The Wenzi jilüe writes it in the abbreviated form 沾. The Shuowen says: "霑 means 𩃵 (pronounced rǎn). It is formed with the radical 雨 ('rain') and 沾 as phonetic."

7.20

滴數 ("number of drops"): The character has the fanqie reading [t- + -iek = dī] (丁歷反). The Kaosheng says: "Falling water; it is also written 𤁷." The Shuowen says: "Water dripping into a pool (灓, fanqie 力桓反; 灓 means leaking flow)." The Zishu says: "Water dripping." In the sūtra text it is written with the radical 水 as 渧, which is a vulgar character. The second character has the fanqie reading [ʂ- + -ioŋ = shù] (霜句反).

7.21

不齅 ("does not smell"): The character has the fanqie reading [x- + -iəu = xiù] (休救反). It has already been explained fully in fascicle 456 of the preceding sūtra text.

7.22

Fascicle 522 (No characters require phonetic glosses)

7.23

Fascicle 523

7.24

嫌害 ("dislike and harm"): The first character has the fanqie reading [ɣ- + -jɛm = xián] (刑閻反). The Kaosheng says: "Hate in the heart (惡, fanqie 烏固反)." The Shuowen says: "Discontent in the heart; also that 嫌 means suspicion. It is formed with the radical 女 ('woman') and 兼 as phonetic." The second character has the fanqie reading [ɣ- + -ɑi = hài] (何賴反). The Cangjiepian says: "害 means to injure." The Guangya says: "害 means to sever." The Kaosheng says: "害 means to obstruct; it is also written 夆 (pronounced hài), meaning to block and ambush (in level tone; 夆 is also the name of a pavilion)." The Shuowen says: "害 means to wound. It is formed with the radical 宀 (pronounced mián), 口, and an abbreviated 夆 as phonetic."

7.25

遜謝 ("to humbly decline"): The character has the fanqie reading [s- + -uən = xùn] (孫寸反). The Yunying says: "遜 means respectful." The Kaosheng says: "遜 means to yield and avoid." The Jixun says: "To vacate one's position and depart." The Shuowen says: "遜 means to flee. It is formed with the radical 辵 (fanqie 丑略反) and 孫 as phonetic; it is also written with the radical 心 as 遜." The second character has the fanqie reading [z- + -ia = xiè] (夕夜反). The Kaosheng says: "To thank for a favor; to decide; to inform. It is formed with the radical 言 ('speech') and 射 as phonetic."

7.26

危脆 ("fragile and precarious"): The character has the fanqie reading [tsʰ- + -wiɛ = cuì] (清歲反). The Guangya says: "脆弱 means delicate." Gu Yewang says: "脆 means soft and pliable (愞, fanqie 奴乱反); it is also written 膬." The Kaosheng says: "Fatty meat; soft and tender (耎, fanqie 而兖反)." The Shuowen says: "Tender meat that breaks easily. It is formed with the radical 肉 ('flesh') and an abbreviated 絕 as phonetic." In the sūtra it is written with 危 as 脆, which is incorrect.

7.27

塊等 ("clods of earth, etc."): The character has the fanqie reading [kʰ- + -wɑi = kuài] (恢碓反). The Yili says: 'Sleeping on straw mats with a clod for a pillow,' which is this. The Yunying says: 'A clod of earth.' The Shuowen says: 'A clump of earth (土[嘆-口+木], fanqie 匹剝反). It is formed with the radical 土 ('earth') and an abbreviated 鬼 as phonetic (or 愧, fanqie 五猥反); it is also written 𠙽, a pictographic character.' Another source says: 'Earth clod (堛, fanqie 被逼反; 堛 is another name for a clod).'"

7.28

Fascicle 524

7.29

沮壞 ("ruined and broken"): The first character has the fanqie reading [dz- + -jɤ = jǔ] (牆呂反). The Guangya says: "沮 means to daub." The commentary on the Mao Shi says: "沮 also means to break down; it also says that 沮 means to stop. It is formed with the radical 水 ('water') and 且 (fanqie 七胥反) as phonetic." The second character has the fanqie reading [ɣ- + -wɛi = huài] (懷䠿反 [or 聵五壞反]). The Jixun says: "壞 means decayed." The Yunquan says: "To break of itself is called 壞. It is formed with the radical 土 ('earth') and an abbreviated 褱 as phonetic."

7.30

菴沒羅果 (Āmra fruit): A Sanskrit name of a fruit, also called 菴波羅 (āmbra); that is, the mango fruit (ānluoguo).

7.31

牟娜娑果 (Mānasa fruit [or panasa / jackfruit]): Also the Sanskrit name of a fruit. This fruit is shaped like a winter melon; it does not exist in this country.

7.32

溉灌 ("to irrigate"): The first character has the fanqie reading [k- + -əi = gài] (基懿反 [or 於戲反]). The Yunying says: "To water and irrigate." The Shuowen says: "溉 also means to irrigate." Gu Yewang says: "溉 is like pouring water on. It is formed with the radical 水 ('water') and 既 as phonetic."

7.33

Fascicles 525, 526, 527, and 528

7.34

The above four fascicles largely match the preceding texts, and contain no characters requiring phonetic glosses.

7.35

Fascicle 529

7.36

蘇扇多 (Suśānta): A Sanskrit name of a Buddha, rendered into Chinese as 'Wondrous Queller of Calamities' (Miaoxizai).

7.37

撞擊 ("to strike and beat"): The first character has the fanqie reading [ɖ- + -ɔŋ = zhuàng] (濁江反). Gu Yewang says: "撞 is like 擊 ('to hit')." The Guangya says: "撞 means to pierce (刺, fanqie 妻亦反)." The Shuowen says: "撞 means to pound. It is formed with the radical 扌 (pronounced shǒu, 'hand') and 童 as phonetic."

7.38

訶責 ("to berate and scold"): The character has the fanqie reading [h- + -ɑ = hē] (虎珂反). The Kaosheng says: "訶 means to denounce (譭, pronounced huǐ); to be angry." The Jixun says: "訶 means to scold." The Yunying says: "To shout at in anger." In sūtras it is written 阿, which is also acceptable. The second character has the fanqie reading [ʈʂ- + -ɛk = zé] (莊革反). The Shuowen says: "責 means to demand. It is formed with the radical 貝 ('cowrie/wealth') and an abbreviated 朿 (pronounced cì) as phonetic. In the Shuowen it is written 𧵩 in ancient script."

7.39

Fascicle 530

7.40

慚愧 ("shame and remorse"): The first character has the fanqie reading [dz- + -ɑm = cán] (藏含反); the second character has the fanqie reading [k- + -wi = kuì] (歸畏反). The two characters define each other glossingly.

7.41

耽著 ("indulged and attached"): The character has the fanqie reading [t- + -ɑm = dān] (都甘反). The Yunying says: "躭 means fondness (好, fanqie 呼奧反)." The Kaosheng says: "躭 means to amuse oneself with; to cling to. It is formed with the radical 身 ('body') and an abbreviated 躭 (pronounced dān) as phonetic."

7.42

Plantain (芭蕉; first character bu + pa fanqie, second ji + xiao fanqie; the name of a perennial herbaceous plant. Found everywhere; originally from Jiaozhi. The Zizhi says: "Its fruit is edible; its leaves resemble mats and can be made into cloth.").

7.43

Fascicle 531 and Fascicle 532

7.44

In the two fascicles above, the thirty-two marks of a great person are explained again; they were already glossed and explained repeatedly in the first fascicle, fascicle 401, and fascicle 479 of this sūtra, and are not recounted redundantly here.

7.45

Fascicle 533, Fascicle 534, and Fascicle 535 (The three fascicles above contain no difficult characters requiring sound or gloss.)

7.46

Fascicle 536

7.47

Hunter (獵者; li + ye fanqie. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "Lie (獵) means to take." The Erya says: "Lie means cruelty (虐)." Guo Pu says: "To oppress and hunt down is violent cruelty." Note: Tian (畋, pronounced tian) and shou (狩) are lie (hunting); it takes the dog radical (犬) with lie (巤) phonetic. Tian is pronounced tian; lie is pronounced as above.).

7.48

Severe suffering (劇苦; qi + ni fanqie. The Cangjiepian says: "Ju (劇) means severe illness." The Jixun says: "It is an expression denoting that an illness is critical and heavily worsening." The Fangyan says: "When an illness improves slightly, it is called ju." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes the knife radical (刀) with qu (豦) phonetic." The sūtra text writes 劇, which is a vulgar character and not the standard form. Qu is pronounced qu (渠).).

7.49

Lazy and remiss (懶憜; first character le + gan fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Not diligent." The Shuowen says: "Lax and neglectful." It takes the heart radical (心) with lai (賴) phonetic. Sometimes written with the woman radical (女) as 嬾; one source says that eating while lying down is called 嬾. Second character tu + wo fanqie; the Guangya says: "Duo (憜) means lazy." The Shuowen says: "Duo means disrespectful." It takes the heart radical (心) with sui (隋) phonetic. The Yunying says: "Duo means lax." Writing it as 墮 is erroneous. Sometimes written as 𢞑, which is the ancient character.).

7.50

Wingless (無翼; yang + zhi fanqie. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: "Yi (翼) means to assist." The Shuowen says: "Yi means wing." It takes the feather radical (羽) with yi (異) phonetic.).

7.51

Provisions (資糧; li + qiang fanqie. Sometimes written as 粮. The Jixun says: "Liang (糧) means stored provisions." The Shuowen says: "Liang means grain." It takes the rice radical (米) with liang (量) phonetic. The sūtra text says "provisions for bodhi": bodhi is the unexcelled path, and provisions are the six perfections and the myriad practices.).

7.52

Fascicle 537

7.53

Jambudvīpa (贍部洲; chang + yan fanqie; the southern continent. The old name Yanfuti is corrupt. Its meaning has already been explained fully above in the first fascicle. The three continents below are to be understood accordingly.).

7.54

Pūrvavideha (𠢧身洲; the eastern continent.).

7.55

Aparagodānīya (牛貨洲; the western continent.).

7.56

Uttarakuru (俱盧洲; the northern continent; fully as explained previously.).

7.57

Vinaya (毘柰邪; Sanskrit; the basket of moral precepts, also called the basket of subduing).

7.58

Echoes (諸響; xu + liang fanqie; an echoing sound in an empty valley).

7.59

Mirage (陽焰; the shimmering heat vapour seen from afar upon the ground or on roofs during hot times; it resembles flames yet is not flames, hence called 'vapour flame' (mirage); it is like an illusion, like a phantom).

7.60

Gandharva-city (尋香城; formerly called Gandharva-city; Sanskrit; already fully explained in the first fascicle of Sounds and Meanings).

7.61

Serene and tranquil (憺怕; first character tang + lan fanqie, second pu + bai fanqie. The Huainanzi says: "Dan (憺) means fulfilled; pa (怕) means calm." The Guiyuan zhucong says: "Danpa means the mind and intent are satisfied." A character book says: "Free from conceptual proliferation (prapañca)." The Yunying says: "Tranquil and peaceful." The sūtra text writes 淡泊 or 澹泊, which are both incorrect. The Gujin zhengzi says: "The character dan takes the vertical heart radical (忄) with zhan (詹) phonetic; the character pa also takes the heart radical (心) with bai (白) phonetic.").

7.62

Fascicle 538 (Contains no characters requiring sound or gloss.)

7.63

Fascicle 539

7.64

Interrogate (問詰; qing + yi fanqie. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: "Jie (詰) means to inquire into someone's crime." The Guangya says: "Jie means to reprove." The Shuowen says: "Jie means to question." It takes the speech radical (言) with ji (吉) phonetic.).

7.65

Reply (酬荅; first character shi + liu fanqie; the Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: "Chou (酬) means to reciprocate." Zheng Xuan says: "Chou means to treat generously." The Shuowen says: "Chou means to toast." It takes the wine-vessel radical (酉) with zhou (州) phonetic. Second character dang + na fanqie; the Yunying says: "Da (荅) means to answer." The Kaosheng says: "Da means so." The Gujin zhengzi says: "The character da takes the joined hands radical (廾) with cao (草) and he (合) phonetic." The standard form is written 𣌭, taking he (合) and ri (日), qian + yue fanqie, which is the ancient character. Nowadays it is commonly written 荅, which corrupts and loses the original form.).

7.66

Obstruction (滯礙; first character zhi + li fanqie; Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: "Zhi (滯) means to stay." Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "Zhi means prolonged." The Shuowen says: "Zhi means hindered." It takes the water radical (水) with dai (帶) phonetic. Second character wo + gai fanqie; the Guangya says: "Ai (礙) means to resist." The Shuowen says: "Ai means to stop." It takes the stone radical (石) with yi (疑) phonetic.).

7.67

Crossroads (四衢; ju + yu fanqie. The Erya says: "A way leading one direction is called lu; a way leading four directions is called qu." Guo Pu says: "An intersection leading out in four directions." The Shuowen also agrees; it takes the movement radical (行) with qu (瞿, qi + yu fanqie) phonetic.).

7.68

Buried in mud (掩泥; sometimes written 揜, both yan + jian fanqie. The Jixun says: "Yan (掩) means to hide away." The Yunying says: "Yan means to cover over." The Shuowen says: "Yan means to gather up." It takes the hand radical (扌, pronounced shou) with yan (奄) phonetic; also written 弇.).

7.69

Stūpa (窣堵波; Sanskrit; this is the brick pagoda containing the spiritual bone relics of the Buddha's fractured body; formerly called futu).

7.70

Extinguish (殄滅; first character tian + xian fanqie; Kong Anguo's commentary on the Shangshu says: "Tian (殄) means to cut off." The Erya says: "Tian means to exhaust." The Shuowen agrees; it takes the bad/death radical (歹) with zhen (㐱) phonetic. Second character mian + jie fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Mie (滅) means to perish." The Yunying says: "Mie means to sink away." The Jixun says: "Mie means to cut off." The Yunquan says: "Mie means to dissipate." The Shuowen says: "Mie means to exhaust completely." It takes water (水), xu (戌), and fire (火); xu is the grave of fire, and within xu is water mutually extinguishing fire, hence it takes water and xu. Writing it as 灭 is also acceptable.).

7.71

Moqi (莫耆; Sanskrit; the name of an antidote medicine. This medicine mostly comes from the Great Snow Mountains and can neutralize all poisons; it does not exist in this country.).

7.72

Sting and gnaw (螫噉; first character shu + zhi fanqie, or he + ge fanqie, both readings are admissible; the Shuowen says: "Insects injecting venom; scorpions." It takes the insect radical (虫) with she (赦) phonetic. Second character dan + gan fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "To eat." The Erya says: "Dan (噉) means to swallow." The Gujin zhengzi says: "Dan means to eat." It takes the mouth radical (口) with gan (敢) phonetic. The Shuowen says: "Dan means to chew." Sometimes written 淡 or 啗, both identical.).

7.73

Fascicle 540

7.74

Gu sorcery (蠱道; first character gong + wu fanqie; a character book says: "The spirit of insect poison," pronounced gu. The Chunqiu Zuo zhuan says: "Insects in a vessel constitute gu; it is generated by darkness and licentiousness." The Yijing says: "Remedying what was corrupted (gu) by the father." Wang Bi's commentary says: "Gu is like an affair." Also pronounced ye, and also called 'wilderness ways'; all of these are types of sorcery and cursing.).

7.75

Wangliang demons (魍魎; first character wang + fang fanqie, second li + xiang fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "The wangliang is a water deity; it is also an evil demon." The Huainanzi says: "The wangliang resembles a three-year-old child, reddish-black in colour, with red eyes, red claws, long ears, and fine hair." The Guoyu says: "Water prodigies and monstrous demons." Sometimes written 𧈿蜽 or [(网-ㄨ)*鬼][兩*鬼]; both are used interchangeably.).

7.76

Incense sachet (香囊; nai + tang fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "An incense pouch with an oblique mouth." Note: An incense censer ball is an implement for burning incense, made spherically openwork with bronze, iron, gold, or silver, containing a gimballed incense sachet mechanism inside skillfully contrived so that although it rotates freely in all directions on the outside, the interior remains constantly level and prevents it from overturning; used by imperial consorts and noble persons.).

7.77

Contain and store (盛貯; first character pronounced cheng in the level tone. Second character zhang + lü fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "To accumulate wealth." The Shuowen says: "Zhu (貯) means to amass." It takes the cowrie radical (貝) with ning (宁) phonetic. Sometimes written [(巢-果+缶)*宁], a vessel for storing rice.).

7.78

Precious casket (寶函; xia + yan fanqie. The ancient form is 㮀 or 椷. The Kaosheng says: "A wooden box." The Shuowen writes 函: "Han means a casket." The Guiyuan zhucong says: "A vessel holding scriptures or precious gems." Writing it as 函 in the sūtra text is also common usage.).

7.79

Utmost sincerity (竭誠; first character qu + che fanqie; the Jixun says: "Jie (竭) means drying up of water." The Erya says: "Jie means to exhaust." Kong Anguo's commentary on the Lunyu says: "Exhausting one's loyalty and devotion without sparing one's body." The Shuowen says it takes the stand radical (立) with he (曷) phonetic. Second character pronounced cheng; the Erya says: "Cheng (誠) means trustworthy." The Boya says: "Cheng means reverent." Note: Cheng is like 'true'.).

7.80

Perish young (殀歿; first character yao + jiao fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Dying young is called yao (殀)." Du Yu's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "Being broken short is called yao." The Gujin zhengzi says it takes the bad/death radical (歹) with yao (夭) phonetic. Second character mo + gu fanqie; Kong Anguo's commentary on the Shangshu says: "Mo (歿) means death." Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: "Mo means to extinguish." The Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: "Mo means to exhaust." The Shuowen says it takes the bad/death radical (歹) with shu (殳) phonetic.).

7.81

Censure and punish (譴罰; first character qi + jian fanqie; the Guangya says: "Qian (譴) means to reprimand." The Cangjiepian says: "Qian means to scold." The Guiyuan zhucong says: "Qian means to reprove (zhu + ge fanqie) and question." It takes the speech radical (言) with qian (遣) phonetic. Second character fan + wa fanqie; the Shangshu says: "Those subject to tattooing penalties number one thousand; those subject to amputation of the feet number five hundred." The Kaosheng says: "Inflicting punishment on someone is called fa (罰)." The Shuowen says: "A minor offense." It takes the knife radical (刀) with li (詈, pronounced li) phonetic. The character li properly takes 𠕀 and 言; writing it with 'four' (四) in sūtras is mistaken. Cai Yong's Stone Classics writing it with the inch radical (寸) as 罸 is mistaken.).

7.82

Violent and evil (勃惡; first character pu + mo fanqie. The Guangya says: "Bo (勃) means flourishing." The Yupian says: "Bo means furiously flourishing." The Yunying says: "Bo means to rise up." The Shuowen says: "Bo means to push aside." It takes the strength radical (力) with bo (孛) phonetic.).

7.83

Display might (奮威; first character fen + wen fanqie. The Guangya says: "Fen (奮) means to rise up; to advance." It takes the big radical (大) with zhui (隹, a bird) over tian (田). A character book says: "A large bird in a field spreading its feathers intending to take flight is called fen.").

7.84

Brave and sharp (勇銳; ying + hui fanqie. The Boya says: "Rui (銳) means an awl's sharp point." The Kaosheng says: "The point of an awl (zhui) or knife." The Shuowen says: "A sharp tip." It takes the metal radical (金) with dui (兌) abbreviated phonetic.).

7.85

Fascicle 541

7.86

Deficient and reduced (缺減; first character quan + yue fanqie. The Shenglei writes it with chui as 𡙇. The Shuowen says: "A broken earthenware vessel; a narrow-mouthed jar." The Shuowen's standard form of 𡙇 takes the jar radical (缶) as 鈌. Guo Pu's commentary on the Erya says: "An earthenware basin." The Cangjiepian says: "Que (缺) means deficient." Gu Yewang says: "Que is like a blemish." The Shuowen says: "A broken vessel." It takes the vessel radical with jue (决) abbreviated phonetic. The second character, jian, has two sounds, both in the rising tone; it takes the water radical (水) with xian (咸). Though the strokes are one and the same, the meanings applied in the sound and gloss differ: the original sound is geng + zhan fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "To diminish something so it becomes less is called jian." The Shuowen says: "Jian means to reduce." This is not adopted here. The other sound is xian + an fanqie. The Zidian says: "Spontaneous wear and diminishment is called jian." The Jixun also says: "Jian means depletion." A character book says: "Short and scarce." We now adopt this latter reading, xian + an fanqie, which suits the context smoothly.).

7.87

Extremely emaciated (𤸃極; se + zhou fanqie. The Erya says: "Shou (瘦) means emaciated (ji, pronounced ji)." The Wenzi jilüe says: "Depletion of muscle and flesh." The Shuowen says: "Shou means gaunt (qu)." The standard form is written 𤸃; nowadays it is commonly written 瘦, which is a vulgar character. The Erya says: "Qu means emaciated." The Shuowen says: "Ji means little flesh." It takes the sickness radical (疒) with sou (叜) phonetic.).

7.88

Fragrant mist (氛郁; first character fang + wen fanqie; the Shuowen says: "Auspicious vapour." Sometimes written 零, as mist vapour; or written 雰. Second character yu + liu fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Dense fragrant vapour.").

7.89

Fresh and pure (鮮淨; xing + jian fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "Xian (鮮) means fine." A character book says: "Xian means new." The Shuowen says: "Xian means good." Also written 鱻; the Shuowen says 鱻 means pure.).

7.90

Curtained carriage canopy (幰蓋; first character xiang + yan fanqie. The Shiming says: "The xian (幰) of a carriage is netting, used to fend off heat." The Shenglei says: "A curtained cover atop a carriage." The Yupian says: "Spreading cloth atop a carriage is called xian." Missing in the Shuowen.).

7.91

Banners and bells (旛鐸; first character fang + fan fanqie; the Shuowen says: "The general term for banners and flags." Today's dhvaja, patākā, pennants, and flags are of this kind; alternating five colors suspended atop a banner pole is called a fānqi. Second character tang + luo fanqie; the Shuowen says: "A large bell." It takes the metal radical (金) with yi (睪) phonetic. In military law, five men make a squad, and five squads make a platoon; the platoon commander holds the tuo, which is a metal bell.).

7.92

Swelling and blisters (腫疱; first character zhu + yong fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Zhong (腫) is a sickness." The Shuowen says: "Zhong means an abscess." It takes the flesh radical (肉) with zhong (重) phonetic. Second character bai + er fanqie; the Guiyuan zhucong says: "Sores caused by heat-vapour on a person's face are called pao (疱)." The Shuowen says: "Wind-vapour sores on the face." It takes the sickness radical (疒) with bao (包) phonetic. Sometimes written with the face radical (面) as 靤 or 𲊬, both identical; one source says small facial sores.).

7.93

Dried and withered (枯涸; first character kang + gu fanqie; Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "Ku (枯) means desiccated." The Shuowen says: "Wood desiccated; withered wood is ku." It takes the wood radical (木) with gu (古) phonetic. Second character he + duo fanqie; Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "He (涸) means dried up." The Guangya says: "He means exhausted." The Shuowen says: "He means exhausted." Note: He means dried-up water; it takes the water radical (水) with gu (固) phonetic.).

7.94

Wrapped in garments (衣裹; ge + huo fanqie. The Kaosheng says: "Guo (裹) means to bundle.").

7.95

Boxes and chests (箱篋; first character xi + jiang fanqie; the Zilin says: "Xiang (箱) is a bamboo receptacle." The Yunying says: "The name of an implement holding books or clothing." The Kaosheng says: "Belonging to the category of qie (chests)." Note: Shallow ones are called xiang; deep ones are called qie. Second character qian + jia fanqie; the Kaosheng says: "Qie (篋) means a casket (han, pronounced xian)." A character book says: "Belonging to the category of xiang." The Shuowen says: "Qie means a wicker chest." It takes the receptacle radical with qie phonetic; qie is sometimes written with the wood radical as 𣛄, both are acceptable.).

7.96

To rescue and deliver (baji 拔濟: the upper word is [pronounced] with the fanqie ban + ba [ba]. The Kaosheng says: 'Ba 拔 means to draw out, to save.' The Guiyuan zhuceng says: 'It means to lead out.' The Shuowen says: 'Ba means to pull up; it is categorized under the hand radical 扌 and takes ba 犮 as phonetic.' The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] jing + ye [ji]. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'Ji 濟 means to ferry across.' Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: 'Ji means to benefit.' Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: 'Ji means to accomplish.' The Gujin zhengzi says: 'It is categorized under the water radical 水 and takes qi 齊 as phonetic.').

7.97

Deluded and erroneous (mimiu 迷謬: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] mi + you [miu]. Zheng Xuan says: 'Miu 謬 means an error.' The Guangya says: 'Miu means to deceive.' The Fangyan says: 'Miu means false.' The Shifa says: 'When name and reality conflict, it is called miu.' Liu Xi says: 'Miu means discrepancy.' The Shuowen says: 'Miu is categorized under the speech radical 言 and takes liao 翏 as phonetic.' In the sūtra text it is written with er 尒 as 謬, which is a popular form, not the standard character.).

7.98

Narrow and inferior (xialie 陿劣: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] xian + jia [xia]. The Liji says: 'When it is broad, wickedness can be harboured; when it is narrow, desire is brooded over.' The Kaosheng says: 'Xia 陿 means confined.' The Yupian says: 'Confined and narrow, not spacious.' In the sūtra text it is written with the dog radical 犬 as 狹, or with the mound radical 阝 and jia 夾 as 陜; both are incorrect. The standard form in the Shuowen is categorized under 阝 and bi 匕, taking jia 夾 as phonetic. It means confined and cramped. The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] li + chuo [lie]. The Guangya says: 'Lie 劣 means possessing little strength.' The Shuowen says: 'Lie means weak; it is an associative compound.' It is also written with the heart radical 忄 as 𭝂, which is an ancient form not used in contemporary times.).

7.99

Fascicle 542

7.100

Fascicle 543

7.101

Holding the torch of the Dharma (bing faju 秉法炬: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] bi + min [bing]. The Kaosheng says: 'Holding grain in hand.' The Jixun says: 'Holding a sheaf of grain.' The Wenzi shiyao says: 'Holding one stalk of grain in hand; it is categorized under you 又—you is a hand—and under grain 禾.' The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] qu + yu [ju]. The Shuowen says: 'Binding bamboo splints together to burn them is called ju 炬; in antiquity it was written 𥬙.').

7.102

Dharma conch (faluo 法蠃: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] lu + he [luo]. The Erya says: 'The fuluo is the yiyu.' Guo Pu's commentary says: 'The yiyu is a snail.' We note: the conch is white in color and is a musical instrument of the Grand Court of Imperial Sacrifices (Taichang); blowing it produces a fine sound heard for several li. The standard form in the Yan shi ziyang is written 蠃, taking guo 𣎆 as phonetic. In sūtra texts it is often written 螺, which is a popular form. This character 螺 has the three tones of level, rising, and departing; furthermore, it is not ancient, hence it is not adopted.).

7.103

Two feet / Pair of feet (shuangzu 雙足: [the upper word is pronounced with the fanqie] shuo + [zhuo] [shuang]. Gu Yewang says: 'Shuang 雙 means two single items.' The Shuowen says: 'Shuang means two items.' The Fangyan says: 'Two flying birds are called shuang.' The Qunshu zhiyao says: 'The character shuang is categorized under zhui 隹—zhui is a bird—and under you 又—you is a hand; holding two birds in hand is shuang.' In the sūtra text it is written with jiu 久 as 双, which is incorrect; the error has persisted for a long time.).

7.104

Fascicle 544

7.105

Hell (diyu 地獄: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] yu + [jiang] [yu]. The Yupian says: 'A place where prisoners are bound and held is collectively called yu 獄.' Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Contending over property is called song 訟; contending over crime is called yu 獄.' The Shuowen says: 'Yu means severe' (pronounced ku + jiao [jue]); it is categorized under yin 犾 (pronounced yin)—yin refers to two dogs biting each other—and under yan 言, as yan means litigation. Diyu refers to a place of dark confinement in the netherworld.).

7.106

Dim and obscured (hunyi 昏翳: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] hu + kun [hun]. Kong Anguo's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'Hun 昏 means dim.' The Kaosheng says: 'Hun means confused.' The Shuowen says: 'Hun means dark at dusk; it is categorized under the sun radical 日 and under di 氐' (pronounced ding + li [di]). The Zishu says: 'When the sun rests below di, it is hun.' The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] ying + ji [yi]. The Yunying says: 'Yi 翳 means covered.' The Guangya says: 'Yi means obstructed.' The Shuowen says: 'A magnificent parasol; it is categorized under feathers 羽 and yi 殹' (殹 is pronounced yi + ji [yi]).).

7.107

Traversing darkness (she'an 涉暗: [the upper word is pronounced with the fanqie] chang + ye [she]. The Yunying says: 'She 涉 means to undergo or pass through.' The Kaosheng says: 'She means to wade across water.' The Shuowen says: 'Walking through water on foot; it is categorized under water 水 and steps 步, an associative compound.' The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] wu + gan [an]. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: 'When the sun lacks light, it is called an 暗.').

7.108

Sarvajña (sa-po-ruo 薩婆若: this is a corrupt Sanskrit transcription; the correct Sanskrit pronunciation is sarvajña [sawajiniang 薩嚩吉孃], two conjoined syllables. In the Tang language it is 'all-knowledge of knowledge' [sarvākārajñatā], which is an alternative name for prajñāpāramitā.).

7.109

Lightly reprimanding (qingqiao 輕誚: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] qing + yao [qiao]. The Kaosheng says: 'Reprimanding; also laughing at.' The Cangjie pian says: 'Rebuking.' The Shuowen says: 'Harassing.' It is also written 譙, taking xiao 肖 in abbreviated form as phonetic under the speech radical 言.).

7.110

Resisting and opposing (juni 拒逆: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] qu + yu [ju]. The Yunying says: 'Ju 拒 means to oppose.' The Guangya says: 'Ju means to ward off' (pronounced han 旱). The Shuowen says: 'To resist' (pronounced kou + lang [kang]). The Yunquan says: 'Ju means to disobey.').

7.111

Others drowning (ta ni 他[溺-羽+((司-一)*(司-一))]: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] ning + de [ni]. The Zishu says: 'To sink into water; not floating is called ni 溺.' The Kaosheng says: 'To submerge.' It is also written 愵, where 愵 means sorrowful. In the Shuowen it is written 㲻.).

7.112

Physical appearance (xingmao 形貌: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] mei + pao [mao], an ancient character in the large seal script. The Shuowen writes it 皃, meaning appearance and deportment; it is categorized under person 人 and white 白, picturing a human face. The Zishu says: 'Mao 貌 means form.' It is also written with the head radical 頁 as 貌; 頁 is the head, and it takes bao 豹 in abbreviated form as phonetic; 頁 is pronounced xie [jie]).

7.113

Withered and emaciated (kucui 枯顇: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] ku + hu [ku]. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: 'Ku 枯 means dried up' (pronounced ku + dao [gao]). The Kaosheng says: 'Wood dried and dead.' The Shuowen says: 'Wood dried up'; the standard character is written 㱠, meaning dried flesh and bones. The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] qing + sui [cui]. The Shuowen says: 'Emaciated (jiaocui 顦顇).' The Yunying says: 'Jiaocui means thin and sickly in appearance.' It is also written 悴. The Gujin zhengzi says: 'It is categorized under 頁 and takes cui 卒 in abbreviated form as phonetic.').

7.114

Fascicle 545

7.115

Dull-witted and blunt (andun 暗鈍: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] tu + hun [dun]. The Cangjie pian says: 'Dun 鈍 means stubborn and stupid.' We note: dull-witted and blunt refers to consciousness being murky and not clear. The Shuowen says: 'Dun means gou' (pronounced da + lao [lao]); gou 錭 means stubborn and blunt; it is categorized under metal 金 and takes tun 屯 as phonetic; 屯 is pronounced tun 豚.).

7.116

Cowardly and fearful (qiewei 怯畏: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] qiang + jie [qie]. It is also written 㹤. The Shuowen says: 'Having much fear.' The Liji says: 'The brave consider it bitter to be cowardly; the cowardly are fearful and inferior.' The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] wei + wei [wei]. The Kaosheng says: 'That to which the mind submits.' The Guangya says: 'Wei 畏 means to fear; also to revere.' The Lunyu says: 'The gentleman has three fears: he fears the mandate of Heaven, he fears great men, and he fears the words of sages.' Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'Submission is called wei.' The Zishu says: 'Wei means to dread.' The Shuowen says: 'Wei means evil; it is categorized under zhao 爪, as a tiger's claws are fearful; it is categorized under person 人 and takes ghost 鬼 in abbreviated form as phonetic.').

7.117

Pregnant (huaiyun 懷孕: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] heng + guai [huai]. Kong's commentary on the Lunyu says: 'Huai 懷 means at peace; it also says: huai means to return.' Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Huai means to come.' In ancient script the standard character is categorized under woman 女 as 㜳, 㜳 being the character for gestation (ren 妊). The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] yi + zheng [yun]. Zheng Xuan on the Liji says: 'Ren 妊 (pronounced ren 壬); being pregnant with a child is called yun 孕.' The Guangya says: 'Yun means carrying within the body' (pronounced shen 身). The Shuowen says: 'Carrying a child; it is categorized under nai 乃 and takes child 子 as phonetic.' The character [㑗] is pronounced shen 身.).

7.118

Fascicle 546

7.119

Yawning and opening the mouth (qianqu 欠㰦: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] qiu + ju [qu]. The Picang says: 'Opening the mouth, yawning, and expelling breath.' In the sūtra text it is written with the mouth radical 口 as 呿, which is incorrect; that is merely the sound of sleeping.).

7.120

Sneering and laughing (chixiao 嗤笑: [the upper word is pronounced with the fanqie] chi + zhi [chi]. The Han shi says: 'The appearance of harmony and pleasure in will and intention.' The Kaosheng says: 'Chixiao 嗤笑 means laughing at.' The Zishu says: 'Chi means playful laughter.' The Shuowen writes it 欪, and also says: '𣢑; 𣢑 is the appearance of laughing playfully; it is categorized under qian 欠 and takes zhi 㞢 as phonetic; 㞢 is pronounced zhi 之.').

7.121

Restless and agitated (zaorao 躁擾: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] zao + dao [zao]. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: 'Zao 躁 also means agitated.' Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'Not peaceful and quiet.' Gu Yewang says: 'Zao means moving.' The Zishu says: 'Impatient disposition.' The Shuowen categorizes it under foot 足 with gao 槀 [sao 喿] as phonetic; sao 喿 is pronounced sang + dao [sao]. The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] er + shao [rao]. The Kaosheng says: 'Rao 擾 means disordered.' The Shuowen says: 'Rao means troubled; it is categorized under the hand radical 扌 and takes you 擾 [憂], pronounced nu + dao [nao], as phonetic.' In sūtras it is written with you 憂 as 擾, which is incorrect.).

7.122

Kāca-maṇi (jiachemoni 迦遮末尼: a Sanskrit name for a jewel; this is a kind of stone and not an extraordinary gem; it does not exist in this land and is like jade or stone.).

7.123

Companions and peers (penglü 朋侶: [the upper word is pronounced with the fanqie] pu + hong [peng]. The Taigong Liutao says: 'The friends of friends are called peng 朋; the associates of peng are called dang 黨.' The Kaosheng says: 'Coming from the same master's school.' The Zishu says: 'Peng means peers; it was also a counting unit in ancient times; in antiquity cowries were used in trading, and five cowries made one peng. This is also a phonetic loan of the ancient character for phoenix (feng 鳳); using feng as a loan for peng is because when a phoenix flies, myriad birds follow it; hence the ancient character for phoenix was borrowed for pengdang (party/faction).' The Shuowen writes it 倗, where 倗 means to assist; it is categorized under person 人 and takes peng 朋 as phonetic. The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] li + ju [lü]. The Cangjie pian says: 'Lü 侶 means a pair (li 儷).' The Guangya and Yupian say: 'Lü means a companion.' The Gujin zhengzi states it is categorized under person 人 and takes lü 呂 as phonetic; li 儷 is pronounced li + di [li].).

7.124

Deep and profound (shen'ao 深奧: the lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] wu + gao [ao]; also pronounced yu + liu [yu]; the meanings are the same. The Guangya says: 'Ao 奧 means stored away.' Guo's commentary on the Fangyan says: 'The hidden, recessed corner of a room.' The Shuowen says: 'To penetrate deeply; the southwest corner of a room; it is categorized under cave 穴 with [山/兀/廾] as phonetic; [山/兀/廾] is pronounced gong + liu [gong]; below it is gong 廾 [gong], above it is the ancient character for six 六; mian 宀 is pronounced mian 綿. Writing it with rice 米 as 奧 is incorrect.').

7.125

Fascicle 547

7.126

Resentment and grudge (qianhen 慊恨: [the upper word is pronounced with the fanqie] ye + tian [qian]. The Yunying says: 'Suspicion and grudge.' Wang Bi's commentary on the Yijing says: 'The heart being unsettled.' The Kaosheng says: 'Ill-will in the heart.' The Shuowen states it is categorized under heart 心 and takes jian 兼 as phonetic. In sūtras it is sometimes written with woman 女 as 嫌, which is also the same; wu 惡 is pronounced wu + gu [wu].).

7.127

Empty and lacking (kongque 空缺: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] ku + gong [kong]. The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] qing + yue [que]. The Yupian says: 'Que 缺 means a flaw (dian 玷).' The Mao Shi says: 'When the "Deer Cry" falls into disuse, harmonious music is lacking.' The Shuowen says: 'A broken vessel.' The Cangjie pian says: 'Que means a deficit; it is categorized under [午/止] and takes guai 夬 as phonetic.' It is also written with chui 垂 as 𡙇, used interchangeably; dian 玷 is pronounced ding + yan [dian]; [午/止] is pronounced fang + gou [fou]; guai 夬 is pronounced jue 决.).

7.128

Relieved and cured (chuyu 除愈: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] yi + zhu [yu]. The Jixun says: 'Yu 愈 means recovery from illness; also to improve, to surpass; it is categorized under heart 心 and takes yu 俞 as phonetic; the character yu 俞 is categorized under boat 舟.').

7.129

Fascicle 548

7.130

Upright and folding the hands (duangong 端拱: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] du + guan [duan]. The Kaosheng says: 'Duan 端 means correct.' In the fasting robes of the Zhouli there are the black duan and the plain duan; Zheng Zhong says: 'Duan means the origin.' The Fangyan says: 'Duan means the clue.' The Shuowen says: 'Duan means straight; it is categorized under standing 立 and takes zhuan 耑 (pronounced du + guan [duan]) as phonetic.' The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] jiang + yong [gong]. Du Yu's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: 'Joining the hands together is called gong 拱.' The Liji says: 'Standing upright and folding the hands' is an example of this. The Shangshu says: 'Hanging down one's robes and folding one's hands, looking up to accomplishment.' The commentary on the Mao Shi says: 'Gong means the standard model.' The Shuowen says: 'Clasping the hands together; it is categorized under hand 手 and takes gong 共 as phonetic.').

7.131

Well yoked (shan'e 善軛: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] yu + ge [e]. The Kaogongji says: 'The wheelwright makes the carriage axle width six chi long.' Zheng Zhong says: 'This refers to the carriage yoke at the end of the shaft pressing upon the ox's neck.' The Shuowen says: 'The front of the carriage shaft; it is categorized under carriage 車 and e 戹; e 戹 is pronounced e 厄. In the sūtra text it is written 軛 in abbreviated form, which is a popular character.').

7.132

Eggshell (luanqiao 卵㲉: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] lang + guan [luan]. The Shuowen says: 'All creatures without milk are born from eggs; walking creatures are born from wombs.' A questioner asked: 'How is it that fish, not being flying creatures, are born from eggs?' The answer is: 'Birds float upon the clouds, and fish float upon the water; they are of the same kind.' In ancient script it is written [丱-(〡*┘)+(巳-口+?)]; in seal script it is written [兆-?+?], a pictographic character. The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] ku + jiao [qiao]. The Jixun says: 'The skin of a bird's egg is called qiao 㲉.' The Kaosheng says: 'The empty skin of an egg; it is categorized under egg 卵 and takes qiao 殼 as phonetic; ke 殼 is pronounced ku + jiao [qiao].').

7.133

Match and confront / Opposing match (didui 𰚇對: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] tu + li [di]. Du Yu's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: 'Di 敵 means confronting; it also says: di means matching.' The Erya says: 'Di means an equal.' The Shuowen says: 'Di means an enemy; it is categorized under puzhi 支 (pronounced pu + bo [pu]) and takes di 滴 in abbreviated form as phonetic.' The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] dang + nei [dui]. The Kaosheng says: 'Dui 對 means to reply; also an equal.' The Shuowen says: 'Debating and responding without boundary; it is written with [業-木+十] (pronounced chu + xue [jue]), kou 口, and cun 寸 as 對. In the sūtra text it is written with gong 廾 (pronounced cao) and zhi 至 as 对, which is erroneous.').

7.134

Pathway (xijing 蹊徑: the upper word is [pronounced with the fanqie] xing + ji [xi]. Du Yu's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: 'Xi 蹊 means a narrow path.' Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: 'A pathway (xijing) is a track made by birds and beasts; it is categorized under foot 足 and takes xi 奚 as phonetic; it is also written 徯.' The lower word is [pronounced with the fanqie] jing + ding [jing]. The Zhouyi says: 'Gen represents narrow pathways.' Gu Yewang says: 'Jing 徑 means a small path.' The Guangya says: 'Jing means a shortcut.' It is categorized under chi 彳 and takes jing 巠 as phonetic; chi 彳 is pronounced chou + chi [chi], and jing 巠 is pronounced jing 經.).

7.135

Suddenly arising (xuzuo 欻作: [the former word is pronounced with the fanqie] hui + lü [xu]. Xue Zong's commentary on the Xijing fu says: 'Xu 欻 means suddenly.' The Cangjie pian says: 'Xu means abruptly' (pronounced cu + gu [cu]), 'to arise.' The Shuowen says: 'Being blown upward by something; it is categorized under yawn 欠 and takes yan 炎 as phonetic.').

7.136

Fascicle 549

7.137

Supple and soft (rouruan 柔耎: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] er + zhuan [ruan]. Zheng Zhong's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Ruan 耎 is soft leather with thick fat.' The Shuowen says: 'Finely tanned soft leather; ruan means weak; it is categorized under da 大 and takes er 而 as phonetic.' It is also written 偄, which is interchangeable.).

7.138

Deluded and erroneous (mimiu 迷謬: [the lower word is pronounced with the fanqie] mi + you [miu]. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: 'Miu 謬 means an error.' The Fangyan says: 'Miu means false.' The Guangya says: 'Miu means to deceive.' The Shifa says: 'When name and reality conflict, it is called miu.' Liu Xi says: 'Miu means discrepancy.' The Shuowen says: 'The character miu is categorized under speech 言 and takes liao 翏 as phonetic.' In the sūtra text it is written with er 尒 as 謬, which is a popular form, not the standard character; liao 翏 is pronounced liu + you [liu].).

7.139

Sudden and violent (猝[日/出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十)]): The upper character has the fanqie cu + ne (cù). The correct standard form takes the radical ‘dog’ (犬) as 猝. The Shenglei says: ‘Cāngcù (仓猝) means hurried and swift.’ The Kaosheng says: ‘It means flurried, hurried.’ It is also written as 碎 with the same meaning. The sūtra text writes it as 卒, which is an abbreviated form; it is also easily confused with bīngzú (兵卒, foot soldiers), so it is proper to change it to take ‘dog’ as the standard form. The lower character has the fanqie pu + mao (bào). The Kaosheng says: ‘It means fierce and violent; swift; without goodness.’ The Shuowen says: ‘The character [日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)] takes “sun” (日), “emerge” (出), “two hands” (廾), and [(犀-尸)-牛+十] as a compound ideograph.’ 廾 is pronounced gong (gǒng); [(犀-尸)-牛+十] is pronounced tao (tāo). The current sūtra text writes it as 暴, which is a popular form.

7.140

Deceiving and deluding (撟誑): The upper character has the fanqie ju + yao (jiǎo). The Jixun says: ‘Jiǎo (撟) means deceptive.’ The Zishu says: ‘Jiǎo means falsely fabricated.’ The sūtra text traditionally takes ‘arrow’ (矢) as 矯, which is not appropriate for this usage. The lower character has the fanqie ju + kuang (kuàng). Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: ‘Kuàng means to mislead.’ Du Yu's commentary on the Chunqiu says: ‘Kuàng means to deceive.’ The Kaosheng says: ‘To deceive one another with words.’ The Shuowen says: ‘It takes “speech” (言) with kuáng (狂) as phonetic.’ It is also written as 㤮 or as [目*狂]; these are both ancient characters, now fallen out of use.

7.141

Mistake and lapse (𠌤失): Has the fanqie jie + yan (qiān). The Kaosheng says: ‘𠌤 means a fault or error.’ The Zishu says: ‘The character 𠌤 properly takes “person” (人), “heart” (心), and qiān (幵) as phonetic.’ 幵 is pronounced qian (qiān). In the sūtras it mostly takes “person” (人) with “two heavens” (二天) as 𠍴, which is a popular form. It is also written as 諐 or 愆, which are both ancient characters. 朅 has the fanqie qiang + yan (qiān).

First 141 of 198 passages. Read on

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese