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Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East (Vol. I: Champa; Vol. II: Suvarnadvipa) v1.c9: Book III

Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East (Vol. I: Champā; Vol. II: Suvarṇadvīpa) v1.c9

Language
English

Contents

Book III

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THE INSCRIPTIONS OF CHAMPA.

Prefatory Remarks

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I. As regards the serial number of kings bearing the same name, some discrepancy will be noticed between the headings of Inscriptions and the historical account given in Part I. This is due to the fact that headings of inscriptions have been mostly kept identical with those in the original publications, while a different and independent arrangement has been followed in Part I.* Thus Indravarman and Jaya Indravarman have been usually regarded as two distinct names, whereas the two have been treated as the same in Part I for reasons given on p. 65. The following table shows the name as given in inscription-headings and historical account in parallel columns.

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| Nos. of Inscriptions | Name in Inscription-headings | Name in Part I. |
| 29, 30. | Vikrāntavarman II | Vikrāntavarman III |
| 47. | Jaya Indravarman I | Indravarman III |
| 51. | Harivarman I | Harivarman II |
| 52-58 | Jaya Parameśvaravarman I | Jaya Parameśvaravarman III |
| 60. | Rudravarman III | Rudravarman IV |
| 61. | Harivarman II | Harivarman IV |
| 65. | Jaya Indravarman II | Jaya Indravarman V |
| 68. | Harivarma-deva III | Harivarman V |
| 69, 71. | Jaya Indravarman III | Jaya Indravarman VI |
| 72-78. | Jaya Harivarman I | Jaya Harivarman VI |
| 79-83. | Jaya Indravarman IV | Jaya Indravarman VII |

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*The original idea was to publish only the inscriptions in a separate volume and they were printed before Part I.

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| Nos. of Inscriptions. | Name in Inscription-headings | Name in Part I. |
| 85-93. | Jaya Parameśvaravar-man II | Jaya Parameśvara-varman IV |
| 94, 95. | Jaya Indravarman V | Jaya Indravarman X |
| 100, 104. 106-109. | } Jaya Simhavarman II or Indravarman IV | Jaya Simhavarman III or Indravarman XI |
| 110-116. | Jaya Simhavarman III | Jaya Simhavarman IV |
| 122. | Indravarman | Indravarman XII |

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II. The attention of the reader is drawn to a few serious printing mistakes in the following pages.

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| Page. | Line. | Incorrect. | Correct. |
| 122. | 3. | Rudravarman III | Bhadravarman III |
| 135. | 2. | Add after the word "illustrious" in line 2 "King Śri Jaya Śaktivarman, son of the illustrious." | |
| 157. | 17. | 972. | 986. |
| 215. | 13. | Indravarman IV | Indravarman XI |
| 224. | 3. | Of Jayaśimhavarman IV | 'of Nauk Glaun Vijaya. |

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III. Please omit the Roman figures at the beginning of the headline of the Inscriptions Nos. 40, 77, 78 and 82.

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The Inscriptions of Champa.

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| No. | (Ins. = Inscription) | Page |
| 1. | Vo-Chanh Rock Ins. | 1 |
| 2-3 | Cho Dinh Rock Ins. | 3 |
| 4. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Bhadravarman | 4 |
| 5. | Chiem-Son Rock Ins. | 8 |
| 6. | Hon-Cue Stone Ins. | 9 |
| 7. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Śambhuvarman | 9 |
| 8. | Hue Stelae Ins. | 13 |
| 9. | Tra-Kieu Rock Ins. of Prakāśadharma | 13 |
| 10. | Thach-Bich Rock Ins. of Prakāśadharma | 15 |
| 11. | Duong Mong Pedestal Ins. of Prakāśadharma | 15 |
| 12. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Prakāśadharma dated 579 Śaka | 16 |
| 13. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Prakāśadharma | 26 |
| 14. | Myson Pedestal Ins. of Prakāśadharma | 27 |
| 15. | Lai Cham Ins. of Prakāśadharma | 28 |
| 16. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Vikrāntavarman I dated 609 Śaka. | 28 |
| 17. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Vikrāntavarman I | 31 |
| 18. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Vikrāntavarman I | 36 |
| 19. | Myson Pedestal Ins. of Vikrāntavarman I | 36 |
| 20. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Vikrāntavarman II dated 63 × | 37 |
| 21. | Myson Stelae Ins. of Vikrāntavarman II dated 653 Śaka | 38 |
| 22. | Po Nagar Stelae Ins. of king Satyavarman dated 706 Śaka | 41 |
| 23. | Yang Tikuh Stelae Ins. of Indravarman I dated 723 Śaka | 44 |
| 24.a } | Glai Lamov Stelae Inscriptions of Indravarman I | |
| 24.b } | dated 723 Śaka | 55 |
| 25. | Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Harivarman I dated 735 Śaka | 61 |

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26. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Harivarman I dated 735 Śaka 61

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27. Glai Klong Anoh Stelae Ins. of Harivarman dated 7 x x 65

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28. Bakul Stelae Ins. dated 751 Śaka. 65

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29. A,B,C. Po Nagar Stelae Ins. of Vikrāntavarman III 67

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30. Po Nagar Stelae Ins. of Vikrāntavarman III dated 776 Śaka ...... 71

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31. Dong Duong Stelae Ins. of Indravarman II dated 797 Śaka...... 74

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32. Bo Mang Stelae Ins. of Indravarman I dated 811 Śaka...... 89

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33. Phu Thuan Stelae Ins. of Indravarman II 92

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34. Bo Mang Stelae Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman I 93

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35. Ban-lanh Stelae Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman I dated 820 Śaka 94

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36. Dong Duong Stelae Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman I 98

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37. An-Thai Stelae Ins. dated 824 Śaka 105

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38. The Chau-sa Stelae Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman I dated 825 Śaka 109

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39. Hoa- Que Stelae Ins. of Bhadravarman III dated 831 Śaka 111

v1.c9.s1.10.121

40. Lac Thanh Fragmentary Stelae Ins. of Bhadravarman III, dated 832 Śaka 121

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41. Phu-Luong Stelae Ins. of Bhadravarman III dated 83x Śaka 122

v1.c9.s1.10.125

42. Bang-An Stelae Ins. of Bhadravarman III 125

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43. Nhan Bieu Stelae Ins. of Indravarman III dated 833 Śaka 129

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44. Ha Trung Stelae Ins. of Indravarman III, dated 838 Śaka 137

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45. Po Nagar Stelae Ins. of Indravarman III dated 840 Śaka 138

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46. Lai Trung Stelae Ins. of Indravarman III dated 843 (?)Śaka 139

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47. Po Nagar Stelae Ins. of Jaya Indravarman III dated 887 Śaka 143 48. Po Nagar Temple Ins. 144

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49. Do. Do.
50. Do. Do.
51. Myson Stone Ins. of Harivarman II dated 913 Śaka 145

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52. Po Klaun Garai Rock Ins. of Parameśvaravarman III dated 972 Śaka. 145

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53. Do. 147

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54. Do. 150

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55. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Parameśvaravarman III dated 972 Śaka... 151

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56. Lai Cham Ins. of Parameśvaravarman III dated 977 Śaka... 154

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57. Phu-Qui Temple Ins. of Parameśvaravarman III dated 977 Śaka...... 154

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58. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Parameśvaravarman III 155

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59. Myson Pillar Ins. dated 978 Śaka 155

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60. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Rudravarman IV dated 986 Śaka 157

v1.c9.s1.10.159

61. Myson Fragmentary Pillar Ins. of Harivarman IV 159

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62. Myson Stelae Ins. dated 1003 Śaka. 161

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63. Myson Fragmentary Pillar Ins. of Paramabodhisattva dated 1003 Śaka... 168

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64. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Paramabodhisattva dated 1006 Śaka 168

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65. Myson Stone Slab Ins. of Indravarman V dated 1010 Śaka. 169

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66. Po Nagar Temple Ins. 173

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67. Huong Que Stelae Ins. dated 1033 Śaka 175

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68. Myson Stone Ins. of Harivarmadeva V dated 1036 Śaka 175

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69. Myson Pillar Ins. of Indravarman VI dated 062 1 Śaka 176

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70. Myson Pedestal Ins. dated 1062 Śaka. 177

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71. Po-Nagar Temple Ins. of Indravarman VI dated 1065 Śaka 177

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72. Myson Stelae Ins. of Harivarman VI 178 73. Myson Pillar Ins. of Harivarman VI 180

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74. Myson Stelae Ins. of Harivarman VI dated 1079 Śaka 183

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75. Batau Tablah Ins. of Harivarman VI dated 1082 Śaka 192

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76. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Harivarman VI dated 1082 Śaka 194

v1.c9.s1.10.195

77. Hoa-mi Fragmentary Rock Ins. of Harivarman VI 195

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78. Myson Temple Ins. 195

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79. Myson Temple Ins. of Indravarman VII 195

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80. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Indravarman VII dated 1089 Śaka. 198

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81. Myson Stelae Ins. of Indravarman VII dated 1092 Śaka. 198

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82. An Thuan Stelae Ins. of Indravarman VII 200

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83. Do 201

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84. Myson Pillar Ins. dated 1125 Śaka 202

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85. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Parameśvaravarman IV dated 1148 Śaka 205

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86. Cho-dinh Pillar Ins. of Parameśvaravarman IV dated 1148 Śaka 206

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87. Myson Temple Ins. dated 1152 Śaka 207

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88. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Parameśvaravarman IV dated 1155 Śaka 207 89 Cho-dinh Temple Ins. of Parameśvaravarman IV dated 1155 Śaka 207

v1.c9.s1.10.208

90. Myson Temple Ins. of Parameśvaravarman IV dated 1156 Śaka. 208

v1.c9.s1.10.209

91. Lomngoeu Stelae Ins. of Parameśvaravarman IV 209

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92. Phanrang Pillar Ins. of Parameśvaravarman IV 209

v1.c9.s1.10.210

93. Kim Choua Ins. of Parameśvaravarman IV 210

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94. Myson Pillar Ins. of Indravarman X dated 1165 Śaka 210

v1.c9.s1.10.211

95. Myson Pillar Ins. of Indravarman X 211

v1.c9.s1.10.213

96. Phanrang Lintel Ins. dated 1166 Śaka 213

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97. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of princess Sūryadevī dated 1178 Śaka 312

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98. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of princess Sūryadevī 214 99. Po Nagar Vase Ins. of Śakrānta dated 1179 Śaka 214

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100. Bronze Vase Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman III dated 1181 Śaka 214

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101. Pilaster Ins. 215

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102. Choek Yang Stelae Ins. dated 1185 Śaka 215

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103. Kiem Ngoc Stelae Ins. dated 1187 Śaka 216

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104. Batau Tablah Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman III 216

v1.c9.s1.10.217

105. Po Nagar Temple Ins. dated 1189 Śaka 217

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106. Phanran Lintel Ins. of Indravarman XI dated 1196 Śaka. 217

v1.c9.s1.10.218

107. Yang Kur Ins. of Indravarman XI dated 1200 Śaka 218

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108. Po Nagar Temple Ins. of Indravarman XI 218

v1.c9.s1.10.219

109. Po Nagar Stelae Ins. of Indravarman XI 219

v1.c9.s1.10.220

110. Po Sah Fragmentary Stelae Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman IV dated 1228 Śaka 219 111-115. Po Klong Gorai Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman IV 220

v1.c9.s1.10.221

116. Tali Temple Ins. of Jaya Simhavarman IV 221

v1.c9.s1.10.222

117. Binh Dinh Gate Ins. of Vira Bhadravarman dated 1323 Śaka. 222

v1.c9.s1.10.223

118. Cheo-Reo Ins. of Viṣṇu-Jātti Vira Bhadravarman dated 1331 Śaka 223

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119. Cheo-Reo Ins. of Vira Bhadravarman 223

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120. Phuoc-thinh Stelae Ins. dated 1333 Śaka 223

v1.c9.s1.10.224

121. Bien Hoa Viṣṇu Image Ins. of Nauk Glaun Vijaya dated 1343 Śaka 224

v1.c9.s1.10.225

122. Nui Ben Lang Stelae Ins. of Indravarman XII dated 1358 Śaka 225

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123. Ron Buddhist Inscription 225

v1.c9.s1.10.226

124. Phu-Luong Fragmentary Stelae Inscription 226

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125. Dong Duong Temple Ins. 226

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126. Khanh Tho Dong Buddhist Ins. 226

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127. Ban Metruot Stone Ins. 227

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128. Myson Pillar Ins. 227

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129. La-Tho Silver Plate Ins. 227

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130. La-Tho Silver Jug Ins. 227

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This image is blank.

No. 1. Vo-Chanh Rock Inscription

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The inscription was edited by Bergaigne (Corpus. No. XX, p. 191), and further commented upon by M. Finot (B. E. F., Vol. XV, No. 2. p. 3).

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The inscription is engraved on two faces of a block of Granite, found close to the village of Vo-Chanh in the province of Khánh-Hoà. It contains fifteen lines of writing in the first face, and seven lines of writing on the second face. As these last are line by line continuations of lines 8-14 of the first face, it appears that the first seven lines of the second face are lost. Very little, however, remains of the first seven lines of the first face. The inscription is composed in Sanskrit, and may be referred, on palaeographic grounds, to the third or second century A. D. There are two verses in *Vasantatilakā* metre, and the rest is in prose.

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The inscription records the donation made by a king belonging to the family of Śrī Māra.

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TEXT.

v1.c9.s2.5

(६)……प्रजानां करुण……(७) प्रथम-विजय…… ……………………(८)……गर्णमस्याम्¹ । आज्ञापितं सदसि राजवरेण……………… (६)………………राजगण-वागमृतं पिवन्तु ॥ श्री-मार-राजकुल-व (१०) ◡ ◡ — न² श्री-मार-लो ◡ —³ कुलानन्दनेन । आज्ञापितं स्वजन-स (११) ◡ — मध्ये वाक्यं-प्रजा-हितकरं करिणोर्वरेण ॥

v1.c9.s2.6

¹ Bergaigne reads: “गर्णमन्यम्”. The above reading is that of Finot. It is no doubt the last portion of the word ‘पूर्णाणमस्याम्’.

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² Finot Suggests ‘वंशविभूषणेन’.

v1.c9.s2.8

³ Finot Suggests ‘लोकनपतेः’.

v1.c9.s2.9

लोकस्यास्य गतागति वि (१२)……………न सिंहासनाध्या- सीनेन पुत्रे भ्रातरि नान्यके¹ खसमीकरणच्छन्देन (१३) (तृ)तेषु यत्किञ्चिद् रजतं सुवर्णमपि वा सस्थावरजङ्गमं कोष्ठागारक…… ……………(१४) नं प्रियहिते सर्व्वं विसृष्ट² मया तदेवं मयानुज्ञातं भविष्यैरपि रा (१५) जभिरनुमन्तव्यं विदितमस्तु च मे भृत्यस्य वीरस्य………………

v1.c9.s2.10

TRANSLATION.

v1.c9.s2.11

(6) Mercy for the people…………
(7) First conquest………………
(8) Ordered by the excellent king in the assembly, on the full-moon day (¹).
(9) Let them drink the nectar of the words of kings. (10-11) Royal family of Śrī Māra…… … He who is the delight of the family of Śrī Māra, and conversant with the ways of the world, being seated on the throne, said (the following) words, beneficial to the people, in the midst of his own kinsmen, (12) after having satisfied his sons, brothers and kinsmen (¹) by enjoying wealth in common with them.³
(13) “Whatever silver, gold, movable and immovable property and stores (of grain ¹) that I possess,

v1.c9.s2.12

1. ‘एकार’ is doubtful.
2. Finot reads ‘विष्ट’—apparently a slip for विसृष्ट which is clear on the estampage.
3. I do not understand the meaning of the word ‘करिणोव्वरेण’ and ‘नान्यके’. The last, used along with sons and brothers, seems to denote ‘kinsmen’ or ‘relatives’. Bergaigne takes it in the sense of ‘no one else’, but the use of the plural ‘तृतेषु’ in the absolute construction compels us to reject this view. That participle, being in the plural, requires at least one more subject other than ‘भ्रातरि’ and ‘पुत्रे’.

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(14) All that I consecrate to those who are dear and near to me. This is my commandment, and the future kings also should
(15) approve of it. Be it known to my heroic servant (or servant called Vira).

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Nos. 2 and 3. Cho Dinh Rock inscriptions.

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These inscriptions were edited by M. Bergaigne (Corpus No. XXI, p. 199), and commented upon by Finot (B. E. F., Vol. II, p. 186).

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The inscriptions are engraved on a rock, situated in the village of Nhan-thap, in the province of Phu-yen, to the north of cape Varella. Cho Dinh is really the name of a marketplace in the neighbourhood.

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No. 2 contains 3 lines, and No. 3, one short line, in Sanskrit prose. The characters seem to be very ancient and may be referred to about 400 A. D.

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No. 2 contains the name of king Bhadravarman and refers to a sacrifice offered to Śiva, called Bhadreśvarasvāmin, by Mahārāja Bhadravarman or one of his descendants.

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No. 3 probably refers to human sacrifice, but it is not certain. Both the inscriptions seem to belong to the same age, and were probably written by the same individual.

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TEXT.

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No. 2.

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(१) नमो देवाय भद्रेश्वरस्वामिपादप्रसादात् अग्नये त्वा जुष्टं करिष्यामि (२) धर्ममहाराज-श्रीभद्रवर्मणो यावच्चन्द्रादित्यौ तावत् पुत्रपौत्रं मोदयति (३) पृथिविप्रसादात् कार्म्म'सिद्धिरस्तु।

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1. Read पृथिवी-प्रसादात्.
2. Read 'कर्म'.

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शिवो दामो यज्ञयते ।

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TRANSLATION.

v1.c9.s2.26

No. 2.

v1.c9.s2.27

Reverence to God! By the favour of the feet of the Bhadreśvarasvāmin I shall make thee agreeable to Fire (i. e. sacrifice thee). So long as the Sun and the Moon endure, he (Agni) will save the sons and grandsons of Dharma-Mahārāja Śrī Bhadravarman. May the work (sacrifice) be successful through the grace of the earth.

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No. 3.

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Śiva,¹ the slave is bound (to the post).

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¹ Bergaigne takes the word ‘Śiva’ as an adjective to ‘dāsa’, and translates it as ‘auspicious’ (propitiatoire).

No. 4. My-son Stelae Inscription of Bhadravarman

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The inscription was edited by M. Finot (B. E. F., Vol. II, p. 187).

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The village of My-son, containing vestiges of many monuments of the past, is in the district of Quang Nam (for detailed accounts of the ruins of My-son, cf. B. E. F. Vol. IV, p. 805). The inscription, engraved on two faces of a stelae in front of the large temple of My-son to the east, contains 21 lines of writing. The language is Sanskrit, and the inscription is written throughout in prose. There are, however, mistakes in spelling and grammar.

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The inscription records the donation of lands to the God Bhadreśvara. Although the author of the inscription speaks of himself in the first person, and refers to king Bhadravarman in the third person, it is clear from lines 5 and 11, that the endowment was given by the king himself.

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As the God Śiva is called Bhadreśvara, it would follow that the temple was also founded by Bhadravarman. For it was a well known usage in these countries to designate Śiva by a term composed of the first part of the king's name and the word Īśvara. It may be argued, of course, that the temple was founded by a predecessor of the king, also called Bhadravarman. But the endowment of lands, consisting practically of the entire valley in which the temple is situated, precludes this idea.—for if there had been a temple already in possession of any part of these territories, the fact would have been mentioned.

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Judging from the number and beauty of temples which once surrounded the shrine, and the many endowments that have been made to it by successive kings, the temple of Bhadreśvara seems to have enjoyed a very high prestige in Champā.

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TEXT.

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(ii).

v1.c9.s3.8

(१) सि' ॐ नमो महेश्वर उमाश्च प्र......(२) ब्रह्माणं विष्णुमेव च नमो पृथिवी वायुराकाशमप (:) (३) ज्योतिश्च पञ्चमं नमस्कृत्याह मिच्छामि सर्वविशेषैरनुध्यातं दुस्क(क्त) (४) म्म्र्व्यपोहन् (तु) सुकृतो नयुतन्तुदा² भद्रेश्वर स्वामिपदानुध्या(ने)न चास्साक(म्) महारा(जेन) (५) भद्रवर्मणा मानुष्यमध्वानं ज्ञा(त्वा) भद्रेश्वराय अक्षयी नीवी दत्ता यथा (पूर्वेण)³ (६) सुलहपर्व्वतो दक्षिणेन महापर्व्वतः पश्चिमेन कुचकपर्व्वत उत्तरेण म(हानदी) (७) परिमाणाभ्यन्तरा सकुटुम्बि- जना भूमि¹ दत्ता जनपद मर्यादा (:) षड्भागे पि……(८) स्वामिना दशभागेनानुगृहीता देवस्य देय (आ) इन् (इ) तदेव यथाभिलिखितमुर्ध्व(तो) (६) देवस्य जन्मप्रभृति धर्म्मप्रसवो यः तत्फलं भद्रवर्मणः यदि कश्चिद् (आ)क्रम्य हर(ति) (१०) विनाशयति वा मुक्तदोषा² कुटुम्बिनः तस्योपरि अधर्म्म³ स्यात् चानुर्व्वय राजा(नम्) (११) राजमात्रं वा सह कुटुम्बभिः विज्ञापयामि ममानुकम्पार्थं यन्मया दत्तं मा विनाशय(त) ॥

v1.c9.s3.9

¹ The इकार is doubtful.

v1.c9.s3.10

² The passage is corrupt. Apparently the writer intended to say "व्यपोहितुं सुकृतं नयश्च तनितुम्".

v1.c9.s3.11

³ This is the corrected reading cf. B. E. F. Vol. XVIII, No. 10, p. 14.

v1.c9.s3.12

(१) यदि विनाशयथ जन्मनि जन्मनि वो यत्सुकृतं तन्मम स्यात् (२) यच्च मम दुष्कृतं तद् युष्म(आ)कं स्यात् अथ सम्यक् परिपालयथ तद् युष्माकमेव (३) धर्म्म⁴ स्यादिति भूयो विज्ञायामि⁵ य इह प्रभवति…………………देवबलिकागरकाः (ने-) (४) (पा)ङ्कम्मं न कारयितव्यं स्यात् ओर…………रत्नगतं वा राजकुलकार्य्यमनुष्ठेयं……(५) (अ)थ गुरो ऽस्माकं राजान् (१)……यत् किञ्चित्…………फलायेषु पादेषु पदितव्यमिति (६)…………⁶ (७) कुशलायतनाः बहुरत्न च…………⁷ (८)…………⁸ अयन् न स्वरतो धर्म्मभव………(६)…………पालयति तस्यैष धर्म्म (:) यो नतु पालति⁹ अभिनाशयतु अथ विनाशयति (१०)…………………तस्य भद्रेश्वरस्वामि जानाति ॥

v1.c9.s3.13

TRANSLATION.

v1.c9.s3.14

(a).

v1.c9.s3.15

(1) Perfection has been attained. Reverence to Maheśvara and to Umā………(2) to Brahmā and to Viṣṇu. Reverence to the Earth, Wind, Sky, Water (3) and fifthly, the Fire.

v1.c9.s3.16

1. Read ‘भूमिर्’.
2. Read मुक्तदोषाः.
3. Read अधर्मः.
4. Read धर्मः.
5. Read विज्ञापयामि.
6. About 27 aksaras.
7. About 16 aksaras.
8. About 18 aksaras.
9. Read पालयति.

v1.c9.s3.17

Having saluted them I wish all eminent people to note the following: That with a view to (4) atone for all evil deeds, and to perform good and virtuous work,¹ and having realised the destiny of human life,² a perpetual endowment has been given to Bhadreśvara by our king Bhadravarman, who is devoted to the feet of Bhadreśvarasvāmi: To wit, (6-7) the land within (the boundaries viz.) Sulaha mountain in the east, the great mountain in the south, the Kucaka mountain in the west and the Great River in the north, together with its inhabitants, has been given. (8) The (royal share of the) revenue consisting of a sixth of the produce, but reduced, through the favour of the Lord (king? or the owner of the temple to which land is given?) to one-tenth, is to be given to the God. If what is written above is not done for the God by anybody, (9) the fruit of merits, acquired by him since his very birth, belongs to Bhadravarman. But if somebody plunders, or destroys it by force, then (10) the people are exempt from guilt which falls upon that man alone. To the king, versed in the four Vedas, and to his (11) officers and other people, I declare: Out of compassion for me don't destroy my gifts.

v1.c9.s3.18

¹ This portion of the text is not quite intelligible, but the above rendering seems to bring out the sense intended to be conveyed.

v1.c9.s3.19

² Finot translates "ways of man". For the use of the word 'adhvan' in the above sense cf. Durmaram puruṣeṇeha manye adhvanyanāgate. (Mahābhārata, Aśvamedhaparvan ch. 80, v. 24. Bombay Edition).

v1.c9.s3.20

(1) If you destroy it, all your good deeds in your different births shall be mine, (2) and all the bad deeds done by me shall be yours. If, on the contrary, you properly maintain ( the endowment ), (3) the merit shall belong to you ( alone ). I again declare . . . . . [ the broken fragments in Lines 4-8 do not yield any sense ] (9) he who maintains. the merit belongs to him. He who does not maintain but destroys, will himself be destroyed......(10) Bhadreśvarasvāmi knows.

No. 5. Chiêm-Son Rock Inscription

v1.c9.s4.1

The inscription was edited by Finot (B. E. F., Vol. XVIII, No. 10, p. 13). It is engraved on a rock, overhanging the river Song-Thu-bon, a little to the east of My-son. It contains four lines, and describes the boundaries of the temple of Bhadreśvara. To the east, ‘Sulaha mountain’,—to the south, the Great (mountain),—to the west, Kucaka mountain,—and to the north, the Grand River *i. e.* Song-Thu-Bon. The writing belongs to the period of Bhadravarman ( 5th century A. D. ).

v1.c9.s4.2

Although similar boundaries are given in two other inscriptions (Nos. 4 and 7), the northern boundary is given here for the first time. It shows that the boundaries given are not those of My-son circle, but of the dominions belonging to the temple.

v1.c9.s4.3

TEXT.

v1.c9.s4.4

(१) पूर्व्वेण सु (२) ह पर्वत (३) दक्षिणेन महा . . . . . पश्चिमेन कुचक प- (४) र्व्वत . . . . . उत्तरेण महानदी ।

v1.c9.s4.5

Comparing the above with the relevant portions of Nos. 4 and 7, we may restore the text as follows:

v1.c9.s4.6

पूर्व्वेण सुलहपर्व्वतो दक्षिणेन महापर्व्वतः । पश्चिमेन कुचोकपर्व्वत¹ उत्तरेण महानदी ॥

v1.c9.s4.7

¹ Finot formerly read it as ‘कुचक’ but later on suggested the reading ‘कुचोक’. He takes it as an indigenous word meaning ‘the august mountains’.

v1.c9.s4.8

To the east, the Sulaha mountain, to the south, the Great mountain, to the west, Kucoka mountain, to the north the Great River.

No. 6. Hon-Cuc Stone Inscription

v1.c9.s5.1

The inscription was noticed by Aymonier (J. A. 1896 part I, p. 149), and edited by Finot (B. E. F. Vol. II, p. 186).

v1.c9.s5.2

It was engraved on a rock called Hon-Cuc near the village of Chim-Son in the province of Quang-Nam. It contains two lines in Sanskrit, and probably belongs to the time of king Bhadravarman.

v1.c9.s5.3

TEXT.

v1.c9.s5.4

(१) नमो भगवतो महादेवाय भद्रेश्वरस्वामिनः (२) शिरसा प्रणिपत्य ।

v1.c9.s5.5

TRANSLATION.

v1.c9.s5.6

Reverence to the August Mahādeva Bhadreśvarasvāmi by bowing down the head in obeisance.

No. 7. My-son Stelae Inscription of Sambhuvarman

v1.c9.s6.1

The inscription was edited by M. Finot (B. E. F. Vol. III, p. 206) without any translation.

v1.c9.s6.2

For localities cf. No. 4. It is engraved on a stelae close to the one containing No. 4, and is practically a continuation of the latter. It contains 24 lines of writing in Sanskrit. There are three verses in *mandākrāntā* metre. The rest is in prose.

v1.c9.s6.3

The inscription refers to two kings Śri Rudravarman and his successor (probably also son) Śambhuvarman. During the reign of the first, in the year four hundred and . . . . . (the tenth and unit figures being lost), the temple of the God of Gods, *i. e.* the one erected by Bhadravarman I for Bhadreśvara (*cf.* No. 4), was destroyed by an incendiary. But king Śambhuvarman re-installed the God under the name Śambhu-Bhadreśvara (apparently so called after the original founder of the temple and its restorer). The inscription also confirms the grant of land made originally in No. 4.

v1.c9.s6.4

(१) . . . . . तिः ॥ गंगेशस्य ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ (२) ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡(स्य) गुणानाम् । बिभ्रद् गुर्वीं धुरमनवरात् (मा) ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ (३) ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ (श्री रु) द्रवर्मा नरेन्द्रः ॥ तस्मिन् ब्रह्मक्षत्रियकुलतिलके श्रीरुद्र (४) (वर्मणि) . . . . . युत्तरेषु चतुर्षु वर्षशतेषु शकानां व्यतीतेष्वभिदग्धं देवदेवाल— (५) (यम्) . . . . . स्थित्युत्पत्तिप्रलयवशिनश्शूलिनस्स्मराणां संस्थि¹-नां अदहदनहि-◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ । (६) ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ यममलिनो वद्यवेत्स्वभावः² कृत्स्नं वेत्ति त्रिभुवनगुरु+कारणं स्थाणुरेव ॥ (७) . . . . . परिमाणे शककाले स्वपुण्यातिशयाद् दिवं अधिरूढस्य श्रीरुद्रवर्मणो (८) . . . . . ति गुणा विभव .........ग्रमहान्यशास्यमलि (९) . . . . . रता स्वकृत्यमतिहान- सात्म्यं स्. वे समस्तं इह यस्य तृ......(१०) . . . . . लप्रसृतो नितान्तोर्जितश्रीश्रीशम्भुवर्माभिषेकनामा ॥ धृतसुचरि (११) . . . . . धान्ना प्रकाशः वसतिरवनिसूर्य्यस्सम्पदा ख्यातवीर्य्यो (१२) . . . . . श्री प्रशस्तधर्म्मदिण्डकनामा ॥ प्रकृष्टधर्म्मसगुणो नृ (१३) . . . . . मी शरत्प्रदोषेन्दुरिवाभ्युदेति . . . . . (१४)

v1.c9.s6.5

1. Read ‘संस्थानाम्’.
2. Read ‘वेद्य’.

v1.c9.s6.6

णनवांशकत्रिंशद्भागमौ रिका...........(१६).........(ल)ग्ने सुविशुद्धे¹ तृतीयादित्यकेतुचतुर्थासुरगुरुजीवबुधषष्ठराहु . . . . . (१७).........मस सप्तचत्वारिंशत् कुडवासु सप्तदश नलिकासु पुर- स्कृत गोपस्व (१८).........ब्रह्म दुर्व्वलि रम्भसामि जातरूपाग्रसनिक- सहितेन² ब्राह्मणस्वतिशयाचार्य्य (१६) . . . . . न श्रीशम्भु- वर्म्मणा प्रतिष्ठापितः ततश्शम्भुभद्रेश्वरः ॥ सृष्टं येन त्रितयमखिलं भूर्भुवस्स्वः (२०) स्वशक्त्या येनोत्खातं भुवनदुरितं वह्निनेवान्धकारम् । यस्याचिन्त्यो जगति महिमा यस्य नादिर्न चान्तश् (२१) चम्पादेशे जनयतु सुखं शम्भुभद्रेश्वरोऽयम् ॥ अपि च भद्रवर्म्मणा राज्ञा येयं अक्षायणी भूमिः (२२) सकुटुम्बिजना दत्ता तस्याः पूर्वेण सुल्लहपर्व्वतो दक्षिणेन महा- पर्व्वतः पश्चिमेन कुचकपर्व्वतः (२३) . . . . . भूभौ ये कुटुम्बिनो निवसन्ति तैर्दशमो भागो दातव्यो राजाधिराजे . . . . . (२४) . . . . . स्थितिमनुपालयाद्विर्न विनाशयित्— (भिः) . . . . .

v1.c9.s6.7

TRANSLATION. (Fragmentary passages not conveying a complete sense are mostly left out.)
(1) . . . . . of Gaṅgeśa.
(2) .........of qualities.........carrying weighty burdens
(3) King (Śrī Ru)dravarman. During the reign of that Rudravarman, the ornament of the Brahma-Kṣatriya family, (4) while four hundred (and .........?) years of the Śakas had elapsed, the temple of the God of Gods was burnt by fire.

v1.c9.s6.8

1. The एकार is not distinct. 2. Read जातरूपाप्रासनिकसहितेन.

v1.c9.s6.9

(5-6) The God with trident,¹ the controller of creation, maintenance and dissolution; who, though not unfriendly, yet burnt (i e. destroyed) all forms including Gods; who is unblemished and by nature both a knower as well as an object of knowledge;² is one fixed cause of the universe, the preceptor of the three worlds, and knower of all things.

v1.c9.s6.10

(7) Of Rudravarman who has ascended to heaven by the abundance of his virtues in the Śaka year.........

v1.c9.s6.11

(10) Having Śrī Śambhuvarman as the coronation name.

v1.c9.s6.12

(11) who, a Sun in earth, is famous for his prowess.

v1.c9.s6.13

(12) Whose name is Śrī Praśastadharma [diṇḍika³].

v1.c9.s6.14

(13) Possessing excellent qualities he shines like the moon of autumn evening.

v1.c9.s6.15

(15-17) [ Astronomical details. ]

v1.c9.s6.16

(18-19) Then Śambhu-Bhadreśvara was established by Śambhu-Varman, accompanied by Durvvalirambhasāmi, the priest, and Jātarūpa who is entitled to foremost seat of honour.⁴

v1.c9.s6.17

(19-21) May this Śambhu-Bhadreśvara—by whom, by his own prowess, the three worlds, bhūḥ, bhuvaḥ and svaḥ have baen created, by whom the sin of the world has been removed even as darkness is expelled by fire, whose glory is unthinkable in this world, who has neither beginning nor end—(may He) cause happiness in the kingdom of Campā.

v1.c9.s6.18

1. Here sixth case-ending is used for the first.

v1.c9.s6.19

2. Cf. Gītā “वेत्तासि वेद्यञ्च परञ्चधाम तथा ततो विश्वमनन्तरूपम्”.

v1.c9.s6.20

3. Finot takes ‘दिण्डिक’ as an ascetic, and is inclined to the view that Praśastadharma was his religious name as opposed to the coronation name. Most probably Praśastadharma was his ordinary name as opposed to coronation name.

v1.c9.s6.21

4. This is the only interpretation of l. 18 that occurs to me. But the passage in very obscure.

v1.c9.s6.22

(21) Again, the land, with its people, which was given as perpetual (endowment) by king Bhadravarman (22) is bounded by Sullaha mountain in the east, the Great mountain in the south, Kucaka mountain in the west, . . . . . (23) tenth part is to be given by the people who live in the land . . . . .

v1.c9.s6.23

(24) This endowment is to be maintained, not destroyed.

No. 8. Hue Stelae Inscription

v1.c9.s7.1

It is mutilated and contains only the last seven lines of a Sanskrit Inscription. It contains an imprecation against those who would destroy the endowments given by . . . . . Varman, king of Champā, to the God Kandarpa-Pureśvara.

v1.c9.s7.2

As Bhavapura was the name of the capital of Bhavavarman of Cambodge, and Indrapura, that of Indravarman of Champā, so Kandarpapura might be the name of the capital in the time of Kandarpadharma. The inscription may therefore be referred to Kandarpadharma or one of his successors, and the capital of this king may be looked for in the neighbourhood of Hue.

v1.c9.s7.3

B. E. F., Vol. XI, p. 259.

No. 9. Trà-kiêu Rock Inscription of Prakāśadharma

v1.c9.s8.1

The inscription was edited by M. Huber (B. E. F., Vol. XI, p. 263). It is engraved on one face of a cubic block of stone found at Trà-kiêu in the province of Qnang-Nam. It contains four lines of writing. The language is Sanskrit. The inscription is written throughout in verse, and contains 2 stanzas in Āryā metre.

v1.c9.s8.2

The inscription refers to some gifts of king Śrī Prakāśadharma, king of Champā, in honour of king Kandarpadharma, the father of his great-grandmother (grandfather's mother).

v1.c9.s8.3

(१) शक्तिः परस्य न रिपुं ज्ञपयति गमितापि दण्डभेदभयेन ।
(य)स्य त्वदण्डभेदा सकलमरिभभीर्भिनत्ति शक्तिभृत इव ॥
(२) स श्रीप्रकाशधर्मा नृपतिः कन्दर्पधर्म्मणो धरणिभुजः
प्रपितामहीपितुरिदं स्थापितवानर्चनाय हटकयुगलम् ॥

v1.c9.s8.4

TRANSLATION.

v1.c9.s8.5

(1) The power¹ (lance) of other (kings), even when aided by much dreaded political expedients like *daṇḍa* (punishment) and *bheda* (disunion)—(even when applied with such force as to make the staff of the lance liable to break)—is not able to crush the enemy. There is, however, a king, who, like Kumāra, breaks through all his enemies, without fear and unaided by the political expedients of *daṇḍa* (punishment), and *bheda* (disunion)—(without wielding the lance so powerfully as to break it).

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